Part1Stress Resultants Last Mod-1

Part 1: Stress Resultants
Dr. Rakesh K. Kapania

Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Department
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
© 2006 Rakesh K. Kapania, Professor, Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia

Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0203.
Course Motivation
You must be able to solve these type of problems
Beams
Frames
Bars
Rods
Plane - Stress
Hole
Plane - Strain Problems
Course Motivation
Strength of material can not solve

these type of problems
For Beams, We assumed plain section remains plane

Euler - Bernoulli Theory
A A
Actual for Thick Beams
A
A
Course Motivation
Fracture problems Similarly, Non-Uniform loads or point loads
P
Away from load:
Stress Vector
X3 V T~
dA
D
X1 X2
dA = Infinitisimal area on the surface

D = Domain of the body
S = Boundary surface
T~ = Surface Traction(Force/unit area)
Stress Vector
~
V
~
∆F
~
∆A
Cutting Plane
~ ∆F~
T = lim
∆A→0 ∆A
Stress Vector
Let there be some surface Traction ( Force/unit area) T~ (x, y, z, t) and ~v =

unit normal on dA. It has three components T1 , T2 , T3 .
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
T1 (x, y, z, t) T1 (x1 , x2 , x3 , t)
T~ = Ti = ⎝ T2 (x, y, z, t) ⎠ = ⎝ T2 (x1 , x2 , x3 , t) ⎠
T3 (x, y, z, t) T3 (x1 , x2 , x3 , t)
dfi = Ti dA
Note : T~ and ~v may or may not be parallel to each other.
It is convenient to include the direction of unit normal when specify force T~

(or Ti )
(ν)
T~ (ν) (x1 , x2 , x3 , t) or Ti (x1 , x2 , x3 , t)
Stress Vector
To completely express, the state of stress at a point, we use three mutually

orthogonal planes passing through that point.
The stress vectors on the three mutually orthogonal (co-ordinate) planes are
denoted as: T~ (1) , T~ (2) , T~ (3) or using indicial notation T~ (i)
Stress Vector
Notation for τij , the stress tensor components
1. The First subscript i refers to the normal ~ei which denotes the face on
which T~ (i) acts
2. The Second subscript j corresponds to the direction ~ej in which the stress
acts.
3. The normal components (τii , no summation over i) are positive if they

produce tension, and negative if they produce compression.
The shearing components (τij ) are positive if directed in positive xj direction

while acting on the face with the unit normal +~ ei , or if directed in the negative
xj -direction while acting on the face with unit normal −~ ei .
Stress Vector
X3
T(2)
τ21 τ23
τ22 τ22
X2
τ21
T(2) τ23
X1
Stress Component τij
⎛ ⎞
τ11 τ12 τ13
⎝τ21 τ22 τ23 ⎠
τ31 τ32 τ33
Later on we will prove τij = τji
Mathematically τij = T~ (i) .~ej

Components of stress vector are the stresses
T~ (1) = τ11 e~1 + τ12 e~2 + τ13 e~3

T~ (2) = τ21 e~1 + τ22 e~2 + τ23 e~3
T~ (3) = τ31 e~1 + τ32 e~2 + τ33 e~3
Cauchy's Relation
X3
T~ (1)
C ~ν
T~ (ν)
T~ (2) ∆X3 τ11

τ21
τ12
τ22
O τ13 B X2
∆X2
τ23 τ31
τ32
∆X1 T~ (3)
τ33
A
X1
Cauchy's Relation
T~ (i) = Traction vector acting on xi − plane = τij ~ej

4A = Area of oblique face OAB
1
4A1 = 4OBC = ∆x2 ∆x3
2
1
4A2 = 4OCA = ∆x3 ∆x1
2
1
4A3 = 4OAB = ∆x1 ∆x2
2
1
4A~v = (−∆x1~e1 + ∆x2~e2 ) × (−∆x1~e1 + ∆x3~e3 )
2
1
4Avi~ei = [∆x2 ∆x3~e1 + ∆x1 ∆x3~e2 + ∆x1 ∆x2~e3 ]
2
= 4A1~e1 + 4A2~e2 + 4A3~e3 = 4Ai~ei
4Avi = 4Ai ⇒ νi = 4Ai /4A
Cauchy's Relation
From Equilibrium:
T~ (v) 4A − T~ (1) 4A1 − T~ (2) 4A2 − T~ (3) 4A3 + H.O.T. = 0

T~ (v) = T~ (1) v1 + T~ (2) v2 + T~ (3) v3 = T~ (i) vi
Or
(v)
Tj ~ej = τij ~ej vi
(v)
Tj = τij vi
Cauchy’s Relation
(v)
Ti = τji vj (3 Equations)
Example:
τ is given ⎛ ⎞
1000 200 0
[τ ] = ⎝ 200 −6000 −400⎠ psi
0 −400 0
(a) Find the components of the surface traction vector for an interface whose
normal vector is ~v = 0.11~e1 + 0.35~e2 + 0.93~e3
T~ (v) = τij vj ~ei Ti = τij vj

⎛ ⎞⎧ ⎫
1000 200 0 ⎨ 0.11 ⎬
= ⎝ 200 −6000 −400⎠ 0.35
⎩ ⎭
0 −400 0 0.93
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
⎨ 110 + 70 + 0 ⎬ ⎨ 180 ⎬
= 22 − 2100 − 372 = −2450 psi
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
−140 −140
T~ = 180~e1 − 2450~e2 − 140~e3

¯ ¯ p
¯~¯
¯T ¯ = (180)2 + (2450)2 + (140)2 = 2460.6psi
Example:
(b) Component of force intensity in ²-direction
W here ~² = 0.33i + 0.90j + 0.284k

~² = 0.33~e1 + 0.90~e2 + 0.284~e3
T~ .~² = Ti ²i = 180 × 0.33 + (−2450)(0.90) + (−140)(0.283)
= −2185.2 psi
(c) Normal Component
τn = T~ .~ν = 180 × 0.11 + (−2450)(0.35) + (−140)(0.93)

= −967.9 psi
(d) Tangental Component

q p
τs = ~
|T | − τn = 2460.62 − (−967.9)2
2 2
= 2262.2 psi

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Part 1: Stress Resultants

Dr. Rakesh K. Kapania

© 2006 Rakesh K. Kapania, Professor, Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia

You must be able to solve these type of problems

Strength of material can not solve

For Beams, We assumed plain section remains plane

Actual for Thick Beams

Fracture problems Similarly, Non-Uniform loads or point loads

dA = Infinitisimal area on the surface

Let there be some surface Traction ( Force/unit area) T~ (x, y, z, t) and ~v =

Note : T~ and ~v may or may not be parallel to each other.

It is convenient to include the direction of unit normal when specify force T~

To completely express, the state of stress at a point, we use three mutually

Notation for τij , the stress tensor components

3. The normal components (τii , no summation over i) are positive if they

The shearing components (τij ) are positive if directed in positive xj direction

Later on we will prove τij = τji

Mathematically τij = T~ (i) .~ej

T~ (1) = τ11 e~1 + τ12 e~2 + τ13 e~3

T~ (2) ∆X3 τ11

T~ (i) = Traction vector acting on xi − plane = τij ~ej

T~ (v) 4A − T~ (1) 4A1 − T~ (2) 4A2 − T~ (3) 4A3 + H.O.T. = 0

T~ (v) = τij vj ~ei Ti = τij vj

T~ = 180~e1 − 2450~e2 − 140~e3

(b) Component of force intensity in ²-direction

W here ~² = 0.33i + 0.90j + 0.284k

(c) Normal Component

τn = T~ .~ν = 180 × 0.11 + (−2450)(0.35) + (−140)(0.93)

(d) Tangental Component

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