8.6-9 Metrology of Gears and Screw Threads - 박형모

Advanced Measurement System
Advanced Measurement System
Metrology of Gears and Screw Threads
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

1 Presenter : Hyeongmo Park
Incheon National University E-mail : [email protected]
Contents
1. Measurement of Screw Threads
2. Screw Thread Terminology
3. Measurement of Screw Thread Elements

- Measurement of Major Diameter
- Measurement of Minor Diameter
- Measurement of Effective Diameter
- Measurement of Pitch
4. Thread Gauges

Measurement of Screw Threads
• Screw Thread geometry has evolved since the early 19th century.
• The property of interchangeability is associated more strongly with screw threads than with
any other machine part.
• Screw thread gauging plays a vital role in industrial metrology.
• In contrast to measurements of geometric features such as length and diameter, screw thread
measurement is more complex.
• We need to measure interrelated geometric aspects such as pitch diameter, lead, helix and
flank angle among other
http://www.usfastener.com/screwsizes.html

Screw Thread Terminology
Screw thread The ASTME defines a screw thread as follows : screw thread is the helical ridge produced
by forming a continuous helical groove of uniform section on the external or internal
surface of a cylinder or cone.
External thread The screw thread formed on the external surface of a workpiece is called an external
thread.
Internal thread The screw thread formed on the internal surface of a workpiece is called an internal
thread.
Design and Analysis of Metric bolted

Joints(2012), Lee, Y.-L&Ho, H.C.

Pitch It is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent threads,

measured parallel to the axis of the thread.
Lead It is the axial distance moved by the screw when the screw is given one complete
revolution about its axis.
Single-start thread In case of a single-start thread, the lead is equal to the pitch.
Therefore, the axial distance moved by the screw equals the pitch of the thread.
Multiple-start thread In a multiple-start thread, the lead is an integral multiple of the pitch.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lead_and_pitch_in_screws.png

Major diameter In case of external threads, the major diameter is the diameter of the major
cylinder(imaginary), which is coaxial with the screw and touches the crests of an external
thread.
Minor diameter In case of external threads, the minor diameter is the diameter of the minor
cylinder(imaginary), which is coaxial with the screw and touches the roots of an external
thread.
Pitch diameter(Effective diameter)

It is the diameter of the pitch cylinder, which is coaxial with the axis of the screw and
intersects the flanks of the threads in such a way as to make the widths of threads
and the widths of spaces between them equal.
https://www.ostermfg.com/resources/bolt-sizes

Lead angle It is the angle made by the helix of the thread at the pitch line with the plane
perpendicular to the axis.
Helix angle It is the angle made by the helix of the thread at the pitch line with the axis.
Flank angle It is the angle formed between a flank of the thread and the perpendicular to the axis of
the thread that passes through the vertex of the fundamental triangle
Angle of thread This is the angle between the flanks of a thread measured in the axial plane
Lead angle
Angle of
thread
Flank angle
Helix angle

Measurement of Screw Thread Elements
• Measurement of screw thread elements is necessary not only for manufactured components,
but also for thread tools, taps, threading hobs, etc.
- Major diameter
- Minor diameter
- Effective diameter
- Pitch
- Angle
- Form of thread

• Measurement of Major Diameter
- The simplest way of measuring a major diameter is to measure it using a screw thread micrometer
- When using screw thread micrometer, only light pressure should be used because anvil can deform
- For a more precise measurement, it is better to use a bench micrometer
- Major advantage of bench micrometer is that a fiducial indicator is a part of the measuring system
Measuring anvils
Fiducial indicator
Clamp
Micrometer head
Fig.(a) SCREW THREAD MICROMETER – Mitutoyo 126-137 Fig.(b) Bench micrometer

• Measurement of Major Diameter
- The anvil positions are set by inserting a setting cylinder.
- The setting cylinder is taken out, the workpiece is inserted between the anvils, and the
deviation is noted down on the micrometer head
Measuring anvil
Setting cylinder Measuring anvil
Screw Thread
Holding centre Holding centre
Fig.(b)
Fig.(a)

• Measurement of Minor Diameter
- The best way of measuring a minor diameter is to measure it using a floating carriage.
- The carriage has a micrometer with a fixed spindle on one side and a movable spindle with a
micrometer on the other side.
- Minor diameter is measured by a comparative process, wherein small V-pieces that make
contact at the root of the threads are used.
Fig.(a) floating carriage micrometer

• Measurement of Effective Diameter
- We defined an effective diameter of a screw thread as the diameter of the pitch cylinder
- Since it is a notional value, it cannot be measured directly and we have to find the means of
measuring it in an indirect way.
- Thread measurement by wire method is a simple and popular way of measuring an effective
diameter.
- There are three methods of using wires: one-wire, two-wire, and three-wire methods.
Fig.(a) one-wire method Fig.(b) two-wire method Fig.(c) three-wire method

• Measurement of Effective Diameter : one-wire method
- First of all, the micrometer anvils are set over the standard gauge and the dimension is noted
down.
- Thereafter, the screw to be inspected is held either in hand or in a fixture, and the micrometer
anvils are set over the wire.
- An important point to be kept in mind is that the diameter of the wire selected should be
such that it makes contact with the screw along the pitch cylinder.
Steel Micrometer
wire anvils
Screw
Fig. one-wire method

• Measurement of Effective Diameter : two-wire method
- Two steel wires of identical diameter are placed on opposite flanks of a screw
- The distance over wires(M) is measure using a suitable micrometer.
- The effective diameter
𝑫𝒆 = 𝑻 + 𝑷 𝑻 = 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒔

( 𝑷 = 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓)
- The dimension under the wires
𝑻 = 𝑴 − 𝟐𝒅 𝒅 = 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆
Fig. two-wire method

• Measurement of Effective Diameter : two-wire method
- The correction factor P
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅
𝑶𝑭 = csc 𝑥 Τ2 Τ
𝑭𝑨 = csc 𝑥 2 − 𝑭𝑮 = 𝑮𝑪 c𝑜𝑡 𝑥 Τ2
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒑 𝒅 𝒅
Τ Τ
𝐀𝑮 = 𝑭𝑮 − 𝑭𝑨 = c𝑜𝑡 𝑥 2 − csc 𝑥 2 +
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝒑
𝑷 = 𝟐𝑨𝑮 = c𝑜𝑡 𝑥 Τ2 − 𝒅 [csc 𝑥 Τ2 − 𝟏]
𝟐

• Measurement of Effective Diameter : three-wire method
- The three-wire method is an extension of the principle of the two-wire method.
- Three wires are used to measure the value of M, one wire on one side and two wires on
adjacent thread flanks on the other side of the screw.
- Since three wires are used, the micrometer can be positioned more accurately to measure M,
the distance over the wires.
𝑬 = 𝑴 − 𝟐𝒉 − 𝟐𝒓
𝑬 = 𝑴 − 𝒅 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙Τ𝟐
𝒑
+ 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙Τ𝟐
𝟐
Fig.(a) three-wire method

• Measurement of Pitch
- Usually, a screw thread is generated by a single-point cutting tool, with the two basic
parameters being angular velocity of the workpiece and linear velocity of the tool.
- The tool should advance exactly by an amount equal to the pitch for one complete rotation of
the workpiece.
- Progressive pitch error, Periodic pitch error and Drunken threads

• Measurement of Pitch Error
- A round-nosed stylus makes contact with the

thread at approximately the pitch line.
- The screw, which is mounted between the centres

on a slide, is given a traverse motion in a direction
parallel to its axis.
- The stylus is mounted on a block supported by a

thin flexible strip and a strut.
- The micrometer reading is taken each time the

fiducial indicator reads zero.
Fig.(a) Pitch-measuring machine

Thread Gauges
• There are two methods for checking screw threads: inspection by variables and inspection by
attributes.
• The latter involves the use of limit gauges, called thread gauges, to assure that the screw is
within the prescribed limits of size.
• Thread gauges offer simpler and speedier means for checking screw threads.
• A complete set of standards is available for thread gauging, which comprises limits of size,
gauging methodology, and measurement.
- Type of application - Forms

(a) Working gauges (a) Plug screw gauges
(b) Inspection gauges (b) Ring screw gauges
(c) Master gauges


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Advanced Measurement System

Advanced Measurement System

Metrology of Gears and Screw Threads

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

1. Measurement of Screw Threads

2. Screw Thread Terminology

3. Measurement of Screw Thread Elements

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

• Screw thread gauging plays a vital role in industrial metrology.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Design and Analysis of Metric bolted

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Pitch It is the distance between two corresponding points on adjacent threads,

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Pitch diameter(Effective diameter)

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

- For a more precise measurement, it is better to use a bench micrometer

Fig.(a) SCREW THREAD MICROMETER – Mitutoyo 126-137 Fig.(b) Bench micrometer

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Fig.(a) floating carriage micrometer

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Fig.(a) one-wire method Fig.(b) two-wire method Fig.(c) three-wire method

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Fig. one-wire method

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

- The distance over wires(M) is measure using a suitable micrometer.

- The effective diameter

𝑫𝒆 = 𝑻 + 𝑷 𝑻 = 𝒅𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒔

- The dimension under the wires

Fig. two-wire method

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

- Progressive pitch error, Periodic pitch error and Drunken threads

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

- A round-nosed stylus makes contact with the

- The screw, which is mounted between the centres

- The stylus is mounted on a block supported by a

- The micrometer reading is taken each time the

Fig.(a) Pitch-measuring machine

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

- Type of application - Forms

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

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