MODULE ON MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Instructor: Mr. Kevin John S. Minalang

Student’s Name:
OVERVIEW:
The course deals with nature of mathematics, appreciation of its practical, intellectual, and
aesthetic dimensions, and application of mathematical tools in daily life.
The course begins with an introduction to the nature of mathematics as an exploration of patterns
(in nature and the environment) and as an application of inductive and deductive reasoning. By exploring
these topics, students are encouraged to go beyond the typical understanding of mathematics as merely a
set of formulas but as a source of aesthetic in patterns of nature, for example, and a rich language in itself
(and of science) governed by logical and reasoning.
The course then proceeds to survey ways in which mathematics provides a tool for understanding
and dealing with various aspects of present-day living, such as managing personal finances, making social
choices, appreciating geometric designs, understanding codes used in data transmission and security and
dividing limited resources fairly. These aspects will provide opportunities for actually doing mathematics
in a broad range of exercise that bring out the various dimensions of mathematics as a way of knowing, and
test students’ understanding and capacity. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013)

Vision Statement: An institution committed to quality Christian Education responsive to the nation and
the world.
Mission Statement: The mission of SBC is the total development of the person through relevant programs
in Instruction, Research and Community based on the tenets of Truth, Faith and
Service.

Grading System:
Worksheets/ Activities 40%
Summative Test/Evaluation 40%
Major Exams 20%
100%
To pass the course, you must:
1. Read all required readings and watch all required videos.
2. Answer all activities in this material.
3. Participate in the discussion in online platforms.
4. Answer the evaluation part.
5. Take the prelim, midterm, pre-finals and final examination.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the course, the students would be able to:

Knowledge
1. Discuss and argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed, represented
and used.
2. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments made about mathematics
and mathematical concepts.
3. Discuss the language and symbols of mathematics.
Skills
4. Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data;
5. Analyze codes and coding schemes used for identification, privacy, and security purposes;
6. Use mathematics in other areas such as finance, voting, health and medicine, business,
environment, arts and design and recreation.
Values:
1. Appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday life.
2. Affirm honesty and integrity in the application of mathematics to various human endeavors.

Main Topic: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

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 Mathematics is a system of communication about objects like numbers, variables, sets, operations,
functions and equations. The aforementioned components, as defined in the dictionary, are found in
mathematics, thus mathematics qualifies as a language. Like other languages, mathematics has its vocabulary,
grammar, syntax, etc. Mathematics uses many symbols. There are ten digits (0,1,2, …9), symbols for
operations (+, - , x, ÷ ¿, symbols that represents values(x, y,z, etc. ) and many other special symbols (=,<,
π ,≥ , etc . ¿.

Learning Outcome: At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
 discuss the language, symbols and conventions of Mathematics(K);
 explain the nature of Mathematics as a language(K);
 performs operations on Mathematical expressions correctly(S); and
 acknowledge that Mathematics is a useful language (V).

Lesson 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

People frequently have trouble understanding mathematical ideas: not necessarily, because the
ideas are difficult, but because they are being presented in a foreign language - the language of
mathematics.
The language of mathematics makes it easy to express the kinds of thoughts that mathematicians
like to express. It is:
 precise (able to make very fine distinctions);
 concise (able to say things briefly); and
 powerful (able to express complex thoughts with relative ease).
The language of mathematics can be learned, but requires the efforts needed to learn any foreign
language.

Activity 1: Oh my Character!
Instruction: Recognize the characteristics of the language of mathematics represented by the following
statement. Write your answer before each number.
1. The teacher explains to his students that the equations for how the gravity works are only
valid when you are on earth and at reasonable altitudes. If you are too high up in the altitude,
you will have the wrong answers.
2. The expression “Ten plus thirty minus the product of five and six is ten” can be expressed
into 10 + 30 – (5 x 6) = 10.
3. Experts want to learn and solve problems concerning the level transmission of the disease
around the world caused by the SARS-CoV- 2 virus.

Lesson 2: EXPRESSIONS vs. SENTENCES

In English, nouns are used to name things we want to talk about (like people, places, and things);
whereas sentences are used to state complete thoughts. A typical English sentence has at least one noun,
and at least one verb. For example, consider the sentence

Carol loves mathematics.

Here, `Carol' and `mathematics' are nouns; `loves' is a verb.

The mathematical analogue of a `noun' will be called an expression. Thus, an expression is a

name given to a mathematical object of interest. Whereas in English we need to talk about people, places,
and things.

The mathematical analogue of a `sentence' will also be called a sentence. A mathematical

sentence, just as an English sentence, must state a complete thought.

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The table below summarizes the analogy:

Mathematical definitions:

Expression or Mathematical expression – is a finite combination of symbols (number and letters) that is
well- formed according to the rules that depend on the context.
Mathematical sentence – it is an expression that has complete idea or thought. The idea can be true or
false.
Equation – a mathematical sentence that has an equal sign.

Activity 2.1: An Expression or a Sentence?

Instruction: Write S if the following terms represents a Sentence and E for Expression. Write your
answer before each number.

1. 2 4. 3 + 7 = 10
2. 2 + x 5. x – y = - 12
3. (x -3) + 10 6. m – n + 3 = 3 – n + m

Activity 2.2: True or False!

Instruction: Write TRUE if the following Mathematical sentence is correct and FALSE if it is not. Write your
answer on the space provided.
1. 2 = 4 – 2 4. 1 = 2 + 5
2. 4 + 0 = 4 5. 3 * 6 + 4 = 20
3. x – 1 = - 1 + x 6. y – 1 = y + 1

Lesson 3: CONVENTIONS IN THE MATHEMATICAL LANGAUGE

Languages have conventions. In English, for example, it is conventional to capitalize proper

names (like `Carol' and `Idaho'). This convention makes it easy for a reader to distinguish between a
common noun (like `carol', a Christmas song) and a proper noun (like `Carol'). Mathematics also has its
conventions, which help readers distinguish between different types of mathematical expressions.
A mathematical convention is a fact, name, notation or usage, which generally agreed upon by
mathematicians. Some examples of these conventions are the PEMDAS/GEMDAS rule in simplifying
number operations, square root of 0 is 0 and scientific notations.

Activity 3: Give me what I want!

Instruction: Research and give at least 5 Mathematical conventions. Write it in the space below.

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Lesson 4: The four basic concepts: SETS, FUNCTIONS, RELATIONS AND BINARY
OPERATIONS

Bit is a short for binary digit. A bit is a base 2 number system and uses two values, 0 and 1.
Computers represent information using bit.

Changing Hindu Arabic Number to Binary number

Hindu Arabic (base 10) Operation Quotient Binary(base 2)

1. 8 8÷2 4 Remainder 0
4÷2 2 Remainder 0
2÷2 1 Remainder 0
1÷2 0 Remainder 1
Therefore, the binary number of 8 is 1000.
2. 103 103 ÷ 2 51 Remainder 1
51 ÷ 2 25 Remainder 1
25 ÷ 2 12 Remainder 1
12 ÷ 2 6 Remainder 0
Focus Questions: 6÷2 3 Remainder 0
3÷2 1 Remainder 1
1÷2 0 Remainder 1
Therefore, the binary number of 103 is 1100111.

Changing Binary number to Hindu Arabic Number

Binary Number(base 2) Operation Product Hindu Arabic Number

1. 1000 0 x 20 0
0 x 21 0
8
0 x 22 0
1 x 23 8
Sum = 8
Therefore, the Hindu Arabic number of 1000 is 8.
2. 1100111 1 x 20 1
1 x 21 2
2
1x2 4
3
0x2 0 103
4
0x2 0
5
1x2 32
6
1x2 64
Sum = 103
Activity 4.1: Arabic numbers to Binary and vice-versa.
Instruction: Convert the following Arabic Numbers to Binary numbers and vice-versa. Write your solution in
a separate sheet of bond paper.
1. 45 2. 300

A SET is a group or collection of objects or numbers, considered as an entity unto self. Sets are
usually symbolized by uppercase, italicized, boldface letters such as A, B, S, or Z. Each object or number
in a set is called a member or element of the set.

Examples:
1. A = {Counting number}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, …}
2. B = {Primary colors}
B = {Red, Blue, Yellow}
3. Z = {Capital City of the Philippines}
Z = {Metro Manila}

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 Kinds of Set
1. Universal Set ( U ) – Set that contains all the elements being considered in a particular discussion.
2. Unit Set – a set containing only one element.
3. Empty or Null Set – a set that has no elements.
4. Finite Set – it is an empty set or if all its elements can be listed.

Activity 4.2: Set me free!

Instruction: Determine the kind of set represented by each set. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. A = {odd numbers}.
2. B = {multiple of 4 from 4 to 30}.
3. C = {even prime number}.
4. D = {Southern Baptist College}.
5. E = {Country in the world}.
6. F = {Pure Pilipino NBA player}.
7. G = {x | x is a common factor of 12 and 18}.
8. H = {Pambansang bayani ng Pilipinas}.

Relation – pertains to the relationship of two sets. In other definition it is the ordered pairs denoted by
(x,y).
Types of Relation
One to One One to Many
X Y X Y

1 a c
4
2 b d

Relation: (1,a),(2,b) Relation: (4,c),(4,d)

Many to One Many to Many

X Y X Y

5 7 g
e
6 8 h

Relation: (5,e),(6,e) Relation: (7,g),(7,h),(8,g),(8,h)

Function – a special type of relation where each values or element of X corresponds to one and only
one Y values/ element.
Example:
One to One Many to One
X Y X Y

1 3 1
2
2 4 -1

Function: (1,3),(2,4) Function: (1, 2),(-1,2)

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Activity 4.3: Function or mere Relation?
Instruction: Determine whether the following order pair is a function or a mere relation. Write your answer
before each number.
1. (1,2),(-1,3)
2. (0,1),(-2,4)(0,0)
3. (-3,3),(-3,0),(0,1),(1,1)
4. (4,5),(6,-1),(8,-3),(9,-9)
5. (-4,0),(-4,3),(-2,0)(-2,2),(-2,7)

Lesson 5: ELEMENTARY LOGIC: Connectives, quantifiers, negation, and variables.

Proposition or a statement is sentence that is either true or false (without additional information).
The logic connectives are defined by truth tables (but have English counter parts).

TRUTH TABLE (P and Q are Propositions)

Conjunction – Two simple proposition connected using the word and.

Examples:
1. Today is Friday and tomorrow is Saturday. P: Today is Friday. – T
Q: tomorrow is Saturday. – T
P ^ Q: T
2. Manila is the capital of the Philippines and Beijing is the capital of Japan.
P: Manila is the capital of the Philippines. – T
Q: Beijing is the capital of Japan. – F
P ^ Q: F
Disjunction - Two simple propositions that are connected using the word or.
Examples: 1. I will pass the exam or I will fail.
P: I will pass the exam. – T
Q: I will fail. – T
P v Q: T
2. I will clean the kitchen or I will clean the bathroom.
P: I will clean the kitchen – T
Q: I will clean the bathroom. – T
P v Q: T
Conditional (If-then Statement)- Two simple propositions that are connected using the words if…then.
Examples: 1.If 3 + 3 = 9, then 33 = 6.
P: If 3 + 3 = 9. – F
Q: then 33 = 6. – F
P ⇒ Q: T

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 Biconditional – conjunctions of two conditional statements where the “if statement” and “then
statement” of the first statement have been switched in the second statement.
Example:
It two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angle opposite them are congruent, and if two angles of a
triangle are congruent then, the sides opposite them are congruent.

Activity 5: Find the Logic!

Instruction: Determine whether the following is conjunction, disjunction, negation, conditional and
Biconditional statement. Write your answer before each item. Determine also the truth-value of each logic.
Write it after the statement.
1. a = 0 or b = 0.
2. e represents an irrational number. It is not the case that e represents an irrational number.
3. If I saved money, then I will buy some of the things I need.
4. Eric is a junior high school student and over 14 years old.
5. The polygon is a quadrilateral if and only if the polygon has four sides.

Focus Questions:
1. Is Mathematics a language itself? Why or Why not?

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
2. Describe the language of Mathematics.

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
3. Are the basic terms and ideas (sets, relations, functions, connectives, etc.) necessary to understand
mathematics language? Why or Why not?

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
4. Is mathematics a useless subject or discipline and cannot be applied in real world? Why or why not?

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.

Biblical Integration: Jesus is speaking to you through his language – John 8: 43

EVALUATION

I. Give five examples of a mathematical expression and five examples of mathematical sentence. Write
your answer below.
Mathematical Expression Mathematical Sentence
1. ___________________________ 1. __________________________
2. ___________________________ 2. __________________________
3. ___________________________ 3. __________________________
4. ___________________________ 4. __________________________
5. ___________________________ 5. __________________________

II. Choose any two numbers greater 1000. Convert this number to bits and vice versa. Show your
solution in separate sheets of bond paper or at the back of this page.

III. Give two examples for each set. Write your answer on the space provided.
A. Unit set

B. Empty Set

C. Infinite Set

IV. Complete the statement below;

The difference between function and relation
____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.

V. Give two examples of the following logic.

A. Conjunctions
1.

B. Disjuntions

C. Negation

D. Conditional

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“I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called me heavenward in Christ Jesus.” –
Philippians 3:14

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