Republic of the Philippines

Supreme Court
Baguio City

THIRD DIVISION

COSCO PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 179488

SHIPPING, INC.,
Petitioner, Present:

VELASCO, JR., J., Chairperson,

PERALTA,
- versus - ABAD,
MENDOZA, and
PERLAS-BERNABE, JJ.

KEMPER INSURANCE Promulgated:

COMPANY,
Respondent. April 23, 2012
x--------------------------------------------------x

DECISION

PERALTA, J.:

This is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court
seeking to reverse and set aside the Decision[1] and Resolution[2] of the Court of
Appeals (CA), in CA-G.R. CV No. 75895, entitled Kemper Insurance Company v.
Cosco Philippines Shipping, Inc. The CA Decision reversed and set aside the
Order dated March 22, 2002 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 8, Manila,
which granted the Motion to Dismiss filed by petitioner Cosco Philippines
Shipping, Inc., and ordered that the case be remanded to the trial court for further
proceedings.
The antecedents are as follows:
Respondent Kemper Insurance Company is a foreign insurance company based in
Illinois, United States of America (USA) with no license to engage in business in
the Philippines, as it is not doing business in the Philippines, except in isolated
transactions; while petitioner is a domestic shipping company organized in
accordance with Philippine laws.

In 1998, respondent insured the shipment of imported frozen boneless beef (owned
by Genosi, Inc.), which was loaded at a port in Brisbane, Australia, for shipment to
Genosi, Inc. (the importer-consignee) in the Philippines. However, upon arrival at
the Manila port, a portion of the shipment was rejected by Genosi, Inc. by reason
of spoilage arising from the alleged temperature fluctuations of petitioner's reefer
containers.

Thus, Genosi, Inc. filed a claim against both petitioner shipping company and
respondent Kemper Insurance Company. The claim was referred to McLarens
Chartered for investigation, evaluation, and adjustment of the claim. After
processing the claim documents, McLarens Chartered recommended a settlement
of the claim in the amount of $64,492.58, which Genosi, Inc. (the consignee-
insured) accepted.

Thereafter, respondent paid the claim of Genosi, Inc. (the insured) in the amount of
$64,492.58. Consequently, Genosi, Inc., through its General Manager, Avelino S.
Mangahas, Jr., executed a Loss and Subrogation Receipt[3] dated September 22,
1999, stating that Genosi, Inc. received from respondent the amount of $64,492.58
as the full and final satisfaction compromise, and discharges respondent of all
claims for losses and expenses sustained by the property insured, under various
policy numbers, due to spoilage brought about by machinery breakdown which
occurred on October 25, November 7 and 10, and December 5, 14, and 18, 1998;
and, in consideration thereof, subrogates respondent to the claims of Genosi, Inc.
to the extent of the said amount. Respondent then made demands upon petitioner,
but the latter failed and refused to pay the said amount.
Hence, on October 28, 1999, respondent filed a Complaint for Insurance Loss and
Damages[4] against petitioner before the trial court, docketed as Civil Case No. 99-
95561, entitled Kemper Insurance Company v. Cosco Philippines Shipping,
Inc. Respondent alleged that despite repeated demands to pay and settle the total
amount of US$64,492.58, representing the value of the loss, petitioner failed and
refused to pay the same, thereby causing damage and prejudice to respondent in
the amount of US$64,492.58; that the loss and damage it sustained was due to the
fault and negligence of petitioner, specifically, the fluctuations in the temperature
of the reefer container beyond the required setting which was caused by the
breakdown in the electronics controller assembly; that due to the unjustified failure
and refusal to pay its just and valid claims, petitioner should be held liable to pay
interest thereon at the legal rate from the date of demand; and that due to the
unjustified refusal of the petitioner to pay the said amount, it was compelled to
engage the services of a counsel whom it agreed to pay 25% of the whole amount
due as attorney's fees. Respondent prayed that after due hearing, judgment be
rendered in its favor and that petitioner be ordered to pay the amount of
US$64,492.58, or its equivalent in Philippine currency at the prevailing foreign
exchange rate, or a total of P2,594,513.00, with interest thereon at the legal rate
from date of demand, 25% of the whole amount due as attorney's fees, and costs.

In its Answer[5] dated November 29, 1999, petitioner insisted, among others, that
respondent had no capacity to sue since it was doing business in the Philippines
without the required license; that the complaint has prescribed and/or is barred
by laches; that no timely claim was filed; that the loss or damage sustained by the
shipments, if any, was due to causes beyond the carrier's control and was due to the
inherent nature or insufficient packing of the shipments and/or fault of the
consignee or the hired stevedores or arrastre operator or the fault of persons whose
acts or omissions cannot be the basis of liability of the carrier; and that the subject
shipment was discharged under required temperature and was complete, sealed,
and in good order condition.

During the pre-trial proceedings, respondent's counsel proffered and marked its
exhibits, while petitioner's counsel manifested that he would mark his client's
exhibits on the next scheduled pre-trial. However, on November 8, 2001, petitioner
filed a Motion to Dismiss,[6] contending that the same was filed by one Atty.
Rodolfo A. Lat, who failed to show his authority to sue and sign the corresponding
certification against forum shopping. It argued that Atty. Lat's act of signing the
certification against forum shopping was a clear violation of Section 5, Rule 7 of
the 1997 Rules of Court.
In its Order[7] dated March 22, 2002, the trial court granted petitioner's Motion to
Dismiss and dismissed the case without prejudice, ruling that it is mandatory that
the certification must be executed by the petitioner himself, and not by
counsel. Since respondent's counsel did not have a Special Power of Attorney
(SPA) to act on its behalf, hence, the certification against forum shopping executed
by said counsel was fatally defective and constituted a valid cause for dismissal of
the complaint.

Respondent's Motion for Reconsideration[8] was denied by the trial court in an

Order[9] dated July 9, 2002.

On appeal by respondent, the CA, in its Decision[10] dated March 23, 2007,
reversed and set aside the trial court's order. The CA ruled that the required
certificate of non-forum shopping is mandatory and that the same must be signed
by the plaintiff or principal party concerned and not by counsel; and in case of
corporations, the physical act of signing may be performed in behalf of the
corporate entity by specifically authorized individuals. However, the CA pointed
out that the factual circumstances of the case warranted the liberal application of
the rules and, as such, ordered the remand of the case to the trial court for further
proceedings.
Petitioner's Motion for Reconsideration[11] was later denied by the CA in the
Resolution[12] dated September 3, 2007.

Hence, petitioner elevated the case to this Court via Petition for Review
on Certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, with the following issues:
THE COURT OF APPEALS SERIOUSLY ERRED IN RULING THAT
ATTY. RODOLFO LAT WAS PROPERLY AUTHORIZED BY THE
RESPONDENT TO SIGN THE CERTIFICATE AGAINST FORUM
SHOPPING DESPITE THE UNDISPUTED FACTS THAT:

A) THE PERSON WHO EXECUTED THE SPECIAL POWER OF

ATTORNEY (SPA) APPOINTING ATTY. LAT AS RESPONDENT'S
ATTORNEY-IN-FACT WAS MERELY AN UNDERWRITER OF THE
RESPONDENT WHO HAS NOT SHOWN PROOF THAT HE WAS
AUTHORIZED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF RESPONDENT TO
DO SO.

B) THE POWERS GRANTED TO ATTY. LAT REFER TO [THE

AUTHORITY TO REPRESENT DURING THE] PRE-TRIAL [STAGE]
 AND DO NOT COVER THE SPECIFIC POWER TO SIGN THE
CERTIFICATE.[13]

Petitioner alleged that respondent failed to submit any board resolution or

secretary's certificate authorizing Atty. Lat to institute the complaint and sign the
certificate of non-forum shopping on its behalf. Petitioner submits that since
respondent is a juridical entity, the signatory in the complaint must show proof of
his or her authority to sign on behalf of the corporation. Further, the SPA[14] dated
May 11, 2000, submitted by Atty. Lat, which was notarized before the Consulate
General of Chicago, Illinois, USA, allegedly authorizing him to represent
respondent in the pre-trial and other stages of the proceedings was signed by one
Brent Healy (respondent's underwriter), who lacks authorization from its board of
directors.
In its Comment, respondent admitted that it failed to attach in the complaint a
concrete proof of Atty. Lat's authority to execute the certificate of non-forum
shopping on its behalf. However, there was subsequent compliance as respondent
submitted an authenticated SPA empowering Atty. Lat to represent it in the pre-
trial and all stages of the proceedings. Further, it averred that petitioner is barred
by laches from questioning the purported defect in respondent's certificate of non-
forum shopping.

The main issue in this case is whether Atty. Lat was properly authorized by
respondent to sign the certification against forum shopping on its behalf.

The petition is meritorious.

We have consistently held that the certification against forum shopping must be
signed by the principal parties.[15] If, for any reason, the principal party cannot sign
the petition, the one signing on his behalf must have been duly authorized. [16] With
respect to a corporation, the certification against forum shopping may be signed for
and on its behalf, by a specifically authorized lawyer who has personal knowledge
of the facts required to be disclosed in such document.[17] A corporation has no
power, except those expressly conferred on it by the Corporation Code and those
that are implied or incidental to its existence. In turn, a corporation exercises said
powers through its board of directors and/or its duly authorized officers and agents.
Thus, it has been observed that the power of a corporation to sue and be sued in
any court is lodged with the board of directors that exercises its corporate powers.
In turn, physical acts of the corporation, like the signing of documents, can be
performed only by natural persons duly authorized for the purpose by corporate
by-laws or by a specific act of the board of directors.[18]
In Philippine Airlines, Inc. v. Flight Attendants and Stewards Association of the
Philippines (FASAP),[19] we ruled that only individuals vested with authority by a
valid boardresolution may sign the certificate of non-forum shopping on behalf of
a corporation. We also required proof of such authority to be presented. The
petition is subject to dismissal if a certification was submitted unaccompanied by
proof of the signatory's authority.
In the present case, since respondent is a corporation, the certification must be
executed by an officer or member of the board of directors or by one who is duly
authorized by a resolution of the board of directors; otherwise, the complaint will
have to be dismissed.[20] The lack of certification against forum shopping is
generally not curable by mere amendment of the complaint, but shall be a cause for
the dismissal of the case without prejudice.[21] The same rule applies to
certifications against forum shopping signed by a person on behalf of a corporation
which are unaccompanied by proof that said signatory is authorized to file the
complaint on behalf of the corporation.[22]

There is no proof that respondent, a private corporation, authorized Atty. Lat,

through a board resolution, to sign the verification and certification against forum
shopping on its behalf. Accordingly, the certification against forum shopping
appended to the complaint is fatally defective, and warrants the dismissal of
respondent's complaint for Insurance Loss and Damages (Civil Case No. 99-
95561) against petitioner.

In Republic v. Coalbrine International Philippines, Inc.,[23] the Court cited

instances wherein the lack of authority of the person making the certification of
non-forum shopping was remedied through subsequent compliance by the parties
therein. Thus,
[w]hile there were instances where we have allowed the filing of a
certification against non-forum shopping by someone on behalf of a
corporation without the accompanying proof of authority at the time of its
filing, we did so on the basis of a special circumstance or compelling reason.
Moreover, there was a subsequent compliance by the submission of the proof
 of authority attesting to the fact that the person who signed the certification
was duly authorized.

In China Banking Corporation v. Mondragon International

Philippines, Inc., the CA dismissed the petition filed by China Bank, since the
latter failed to show that its bank manager who signed the certification against
non-forum shopping was authorized to do so. We reversed the CA and said
that the case be decided on the merits despite the failure to attach the required
proof of authority, since the board resolution which was subsequently attached
recognized the pre-existing status of the bank manager as an authorized
signatory.

In Abaya Investments Corporation v. Merit Philippines, where the

complaint before the Metropolitan Trial Court of Manila was instituted by
petitioner's Chairman and President, Ofelia Abaya, who signed the verification
and certification against non-forum shopping without proof of authority to sign
for the corporation, we also relaxed the rule. We did so taking into
consideration the merits of the case and to avoid a re-litigation of the issues
and further delay the administration of justice, since the case had already been
decided by the lower courts on the merits. Moreover, Abaya's authority to sign
the certification was ratified by the Board.[24]

Contrary to the CA's finding, the Court finds that the circumstances of this case do
not necessitate the relaxation of the rules. There was no proof of authority
submitted, even belatedly, to show subsequent compliance with the requirement of
the law. Neither was there a copy of the board resolution or secretary's certificate
subsequently submitted to the trial court that would attest to the fact that Atty. Lat
was indeed authorized to file said complaint and sign the verification and
certification against forum shopping, nor did respondent satisfactorily explain why
it failed to comply with the rules. Thus, there exists no cogent reason for the
relaxation of the rule on this matter. Obedience to the requirements of procedural
rules is needed if we are to expect fair results therefrom, and utter disregard of the
rules cannot justly be rationalized by harking on the policy of liberal
construction.[25]

Moreover, the SPA dated May 11, 2000, submitted by respondent allegedly
authorizing Atty. Lat to appear on behalf of the corporation, in the pre-trial and all
stages of the proceedings, signed by Brent Healy, was fatally defective and had no
evidentiary value. It failed to establish Healy's authority to act in behalf of
respondent, in view of the absence of a resolution from respondent's board of
directors or secretary's certificate proving the same. Like any other corporate act,
the power of Healy to name, constitute, and appoint Atty. Lat as respondent's
attorney-in-fact, with full powers to represent respondent in the proceedings,
should have been evidenced by a board resolution or secretary's certificate.

Respondent's allegation that petitioner is estopped by laches from raising the defect
in respondent's certificate of non-forum shopping does not hold water.
In Tamondong v. Court of Appeals,[26] we held that if a complaint is filed for and in
behalf of the plaintiff who is not authorized to do so, the complaint is not deemed
filed. An unauthorized complaint does not produce any legal effect. Hence, the
court should dismiss the complaint on the ground that it has no jurisdiction over
the complaint and the plaintiff.[27] Accordingly, since Atty. Lat was not duly
authorized by respondent to file the complaint and sign the verification and
certification against forum shopping, the complaint is considered not filed and
ineffectual, and, as a necessary consequence, is dismissable due to lack of
jurisdiction.

Jurisdiction is the power with which courts are invested for administering justice;
that is, for hearing and deciding cases. In order for the court to have authority to
dispose of the case on the merits, it must acquire jurisdiction over the subject
matter and the parties. Courts acquire jurisdiction over the plaintiffs upon the filing
of the complaint, and to be bound by a decision, a party should first be subjected to
the court's jurisdiction.[28] Clearly, since no valid complaint was ever filed with the
RTC, Branch 8, Manila, the same did not acquire jurisdiction over the person of
respondent.

Since the court has no jurisdiction over the complaint and respondent, petitioner is
not estopped from challenging the trial court's jurisdiction, even at the pre-trial
stage of the proceedings. This is so because the issue of jurisdiction may be raised
at any stage of the proceedings, even on appeal, and is not lost by waiver or
by estoppel.[29]

In Regalado v. Go,[30] the Court held that laches should be clearly present for
the Sibonghanoy[31] doctrine to apply, thus:

Laches is defined as the "failure or neglect for an unreasonable and unexplained

length of time, to do that which, by exercising due diligence, could or should have
 been done earlier, it is negligence or omission to assert a right within a reasonable
length of time, warranting a presumption that the party entitled to assert it either
has abandoned it or declined to assert it.

The ruling in People v. Regalario that was based on the landmark doctrine
enunciated in Tijam v. Sibonghanoy on the matter of jurisdiction by estoppel is the
exception rather than the rule. Estoppel by laches may be invoked to bar the issue
of lack of jurisdiction only in cases in which the factual milieu is analogous to
that in the cited case. In such controversies, laches should have been clearly
present; that is, lack of jurisdiction must have been raised so belatedly as to
warrant the presumption that the party entitled to assert it had abandoned or
declined to assert it.

In Sibonghanoy, the defense of lack of jurisdiction was raised for the first time in
a motion to dismiss filed by the Surety almost 15 years after the questioned ruling
had been rendered. At several stages of the proceedings, in the court a quo as well
as in the Court of Appeals, the Surety invoked the jurisdiction of the said courts to
obtain affirmative relief and submitted its case for final adjudication on the
merits. It was only when the adverse decision was rendered by the Court of
Appeals that it finally woke up to raise the question of jurisdiction.[32]

The factual setting attendant in Sibonghanoy is not similar to that of the present
case so as to make it fall under the doctrine of estoppel by laches. Here, the trial
court's jurisdiction was questioned by the petitioner during the pre-trial stage of the
proceedings, and it cannot be said that considerable length of time had elapsed
for laches to attach.
WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The Decision and the Resolution of
the Court of Appeals, dated March 23, 2007 and September 3, 2007, respectively,
in CA-G.R. CV No. 75895 are REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The Orders of the
Regional Trial Court, dated March 22, 2002 and July 9, 2002, respectively, in Civil
Case No. 99-95561, are REINSTATED.

SO ORDERED.

DIOSDADO M. PERALTA
Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:
 PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR.
Associate Justice
Chairperson

ROBERTO A. ABAD JOSE CATRAL MENDOZA

Associate Justice Associate Justice

ESTELA M. PERLAS-BERNABE
Associate Justice

ATTESTATION

I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation
before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Courts Division.

PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR.

Associate Justice
Third Division, Chairperson

CERTIFICATION
Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution and the Division
Chairpersons Attestation, I certify that the conclusions in the above Decision were
reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of
the Courts Division.

RENATO C. CORONA
Chief Justice

[1]
Penned by Associate Justice Japar B. Dimaampao, with Associate Justices Conrado M. Vasquez, Jr. and Mario L.
Guaria III, concurring; rollo, pp. 31-38.
[2]
Id. at 40-41.
[3]
Records, p. 10.
[4]
Id. at 1-4.
[5]
Id. at 13-19.
[6]
Id. at 119-122.
[7]
Id. at 141-142.
[8]
Id. at 145-147.
[9]
Id. at 171-172.
[10]
CA rollo, pp. 74-81.
[11]
Id. at 86-95.
[12]
Id. at 105-106.
[13]
Rollo, p. 15.
[14]
Records, pp. 148-149.
[15]
Athena Computers, Inc. v. Reyes, G.R. No. 156905, September 5, 2007, 532 SCRA 343, 351; Development Bank
of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 147217, October 7, 2004, 440 SCRA 200, 205.
[16]
Eagle Ridge Golf & Country Club v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 178989, March 18, 2010, 616 SCRA 116, 132.
[17]
Athena Computers, Inc. v. Reyes, G.R. No. 156905, September 5, 2007, 532 SCRA 343, 351.
[18]
Republic v. Coalbrine International Philippines, Inc., G.R. No. 161838, April 7, 2010, 617 SCRA 491, 498.
[19]
G.R. No. 143088, January 24, 2006, 479 SCRA 605, 608.
[20]
Tamondong v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 158397, November 26, 2004, 444 SCRA 509, 520-521.
[21]
Section 5 of Rule 7 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure provides:
SEC. 5. Certification against forum shopping. − The plaintiff or principal party shall certify under oath in the
complaint or other initiatory pleading asserting a claim for relief, or in a sworn certification annexed thereto and
simultaneously filed therewith: (a) that he has not theretofore commenced any action or filed any claim involving
the same issues in any court, tribunal or quasi-judicial agency and, to the best of his knowledge, no such other action
or claim is pending therein; (b) if there is such other pending action or claim, a complete statement of the present
status thereof; and (c) if he should thereafter learn that the same or similar action or claim has been filed or is
pending, he shall report that fact within five (5) days therefrom to the court wherein his aforesaid complaint or
initiatory pleading has been filed. Failure to comply with the foregoing requirements shall not be curable by
mere amendment of the complaint or other initiatory pleading but shall be cause for the dismissal of the case
without prejudice, unless otherwise provided, upon motion and after hearing. The submission of a false
certification or non-compliance with any of the undertakings therein shall constitute indirect contempt of court,
without prejudice to the corresponding administrative and criminal actions. If the acts of the party or his counsel
clearly constitute willful and deliberate forum shopping, the same shall be ground for summary dismissal with
prejudice and shall constitute direct contempt, as well as a cause for administrative sanctions. (Emphasis supplied.)
[22]
Republic v. Coalbrine International Philippines, Inc., supra note 18, at 499.
[23]
Supra note 18.
[24]
Id. at 500-501. (Citations omitted.)
[25]
Clavecilla v. Quitain, G.R. No. 147989, February 20, 2006, 482 SCRA 623, 631.
[26]
Supra note 20, cited in Negros Merchant's Enterprises, Inc. v. China Banking Corporation, G.R. No. 150918,
August 17, 2007, 530 SCRA 478, 487.
[27]
Id. at 519.
[28]
Perkin Elmer Singapore Pte. Ltd. v. Dakila Trading Corporation, G.R. No. 172242, August 14, 2007, 530 SCRA
170, 186.
[29]
Figueroa v. People, G.R. No. 147406, July 14, 2008, 558 SCRA 63, 81.
[30]
G.R. No. 167988, February 6, 2007, 514 SCRA 616.
[31]
In Tijam v. Sibonghanoy, 131 Phil. 556 (1968), the Court held that a party may be barred by laches from
invoking lack of jurisdiction at a late hour for the purpose of annulling everything done in the case with the active
participation of said party invoking the plea of lack of jurisdiction.
[32]
Id. at 635-636.