Taller de Ecuaciones PDF

PRIMER TALLER
INTEGRANTES:
JULIÁN ADOLFO ROMERO SOLÍS (2019117062)
LINDA LILÍ MAYORQUÍN PÉREZ (2019117019)
JEISON RAFAEL GARCÍA GARCÍA (2014114063)
ALONSO ORTÍZ VENERA (2016117061)
ASIGNATURA: ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES
DOCENTE: ADA RADA
GRUPO: 5
UNIVERSIDAD DEL MAGDALENA

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
SANTA MARTA D. T. H. C
DESARROLLO
I.
1. (𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
=(−𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦+1
=
𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5
𝑥−𝑦 =1
−𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −5
1 −1 2−5
[ ]= =1
−1 −2 −3
Sea x= x+h (por Cramer)

Y=y+k
−1 −1
[ ]
−5 −2 −5−1
ℎ= = =1
−3 −3
1 −1
[ ] −5−1
−1 −5
𝑘= = =2
−3 −3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ; 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 → x=x-1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
y= y + 2 → y=y-2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+1−𝑦−2+1
=
𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 − 1 − 2𝑦 − 4 + 5
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
= =
𝑑𝑥 −(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 −1
= 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑦
𝑥
𝑦
Sea 𝑣 = = 𝑦 = 𝑥. 𝑣
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=𝑣+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑣 𝑣−1
𝑣+ =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑣
𝑥𝑑𝑣 𝑣−1−𝑣−2𝑣 2
= =
𝑑𝑥 1+2𝑣
2
𝑥𝑑𝑣 −(2𝑣 + 1)
= =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑣
1 + 2𝑣 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫
2𝑣 + 1 𝑥
2𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 2 +∫ 2 = −∫
2𝑣 + 1 2𝑣 + 1 𝑥
1 4𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2 +∫ 2 = −∫
2 2𝑣 + 1 2𝑣 + 1 𝑥
1
=𝑣= tan 𝜃 = 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√2 𝑣)
√2
1
= 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√2
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
= ∫2 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
√2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃+1 √2
2
1 1 1
=
√2
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = √2 𝜃 = √2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√2 v)
1 1
= ln[2𝑣 2 + 1] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√2 v) = - ln [𝑥] + 𝑐
2 √2
1 𝑦 2 1 𝑦
= ln [2 ( ) + 1] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√2 ) + ln [𝑥] = 𝑐
2 𝑥 √2 𝑥
1 𝑦−2 2 1 √2 (𝑦−2)
= ln [[2 ( ) + 1] [𝑥 − 1]] + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )=𝑐
2 𝑥−1 √2 𝑥−1
2. 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + (𝒚𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒚´ = 𝟎

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑥
3 2 𝑑𝑦 2 3
= (𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑦) = 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=(𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
= (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
↓ ↓
M(x, y) N(x, y)
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=-6xy; =-6xy
𝜕𝑌 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 = , 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐, 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒:
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)(1)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)(2)
𝜕𝑦
De (1):
𝜕𝐹
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝑥4 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
=𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = − + 𝑔(𝑦) (3)
4 2
𝜕𝐹 2
= = −3𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑔´(𝑦) (4)
𝜕𝑦
(4) = (2)
= −3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑔´(𝑦) = 𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑔(𝑦)
= = 𝑦3
𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 𝑑𝑔(𝑦) = ∫ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
𝑦4
𝑔(𝑦) = + 𝑐1 (5)
4
𝑥 4 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 4
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = − + +𝑐
4 2 4
𝑥4 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦4
= − + + 𝑐1 = 𝑐
4 2 4
1 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= (𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 ) − = 𝑐 ↔ 𝑐 = 𝑐 − 𝑐1
4 2
3. 2𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒚´ = 𝟎, dividimos todo entre -2xy:

𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑦´ − − = 0
𝑦 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑦´ − = 𝑥𝑦 −1
𝑥
1−𝑛
= v= 𝑦 = 𝑦2
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= = 2𝑦 → = 𝑥𝑦 −1 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 −1 𝑦
= = 2𝑦 [𝑥𝑦 + ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 2𝑦 2
= = 2𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣
= = 2x+
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 2𝑣
= − = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
−2
P(x)= ; 𝑄(𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−2 ∫ −2 1
FI= 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 =
𝑥2
𝑑𝑣 2𝑥 −2 𝑣
= 𝑥 −2 − = 2𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑
= [𝑣𝑥 ] = 2𝑥 −1
−2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑[𝑣𝑥 −2 ]= 2 ∫ 𝑥
2
= v𝑥 = 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
1
= v= 2 [2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑥
2 1
=𝑦 = [2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑥2
1
= y= √ 2 [2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐]
𝑥
1
= y= √2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒙
4. 2 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒏 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒚𝟐
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 −𝑥𝑦 −2
= − =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
3
Sea u= 𝑦
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥𝑦 −2
= dy= −
2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 −2
= = 3𝑦 2 ( − )
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 3𝑦 3 3𝑥
= = −
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 3𝑢 −3𝑥
= − =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 3𝑢 −3𝑥 −3 −3𝑥
= − = → 𝑝(𝑥) = , 𝑄(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 2
−3 𝑑𝑥 −3 −3 −3
∫𝑥 𝑙𝑛[𝑥] 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2
=𝑒 2 =𝑒 2 = 𝑒 = 𝑥 2
−3 −1
−3
𝑑𝑢 3𝑥 2 𝑢 −3𝑥 2
=𝑥2 − =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
−1
−3
𝑑 −3𝑥 2
= [𝑢𝑥 ] =
2
𝑑𝑥 2
−3 −1
−3
= ∫ 𝑑 [𝑢𝑥 ] . 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2
−3
= u𝑥 2 = −3√𝑥+c
3
3
= 𝑦 = 𝑥 [−3√𝑥 + 𝑐] 2
3 3
= y= √𝑥 2 [3√3 + 𝑐]
De y (1) =1
3
1= √(3 + 𝑐)
=1= 3+c
= c= -2
3 3
= y= √𝑥 2 [3√𝑥 − 2]
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝒚+𝟑𝒙−𝒚−𝟑
II. = , 𝒔𝒖𝒋𝒆𝒕𝒂 𝒂 𝒚 (𝟑) = 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒚−𝟐𝒙+𝟒𝒚−𝟖
𝑑𝑦 𝑥(𝑦 + 3) − (𝑦 + 3)
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑦 − 2) + 4(𝑦 − 2)
𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 + 3). (𝑥 − 1)
= =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 − 2). (𝑥 + 4)
𝑦−2 𝑥−1
=∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+3 𝑥+4
5 5
= ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥+4) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+3
= 𝑦 − 5𝑙𝑛[𝑦 + 3] = 𝑥 − 5𝑙𝑛[𝑥 + 4] + 𝑐
= 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 5(𝑙𝑛[𝑦 + 3] − 𝑙𝑛[𝑥 + 4] + 𝑐)
𝑦+3
= 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 5𝑙𝑛 ( )+𝑐
𝑥+4
III. (𝟕𝒙𝟒 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟖 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝟗𝒙𝒚𝟕 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 y (3) = 2
El primer paso es multiplicar toda la ecuación por el factor integrante u= (xy)

𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 (7𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑦 8 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 (2𝑥 5 − 9𝑥𝑦 7 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Después
M(𝑥, 𝑦) = 7𝑥 𝑚+4 𝑦 𝑛+1 − 3𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 8+𝑛
𝑛
N(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 𝑚+5𝑦 − 9𝑥 𝑚+1 𝑦 7+𝑛
𝜕𝑀
Entonces = 7(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑚+4 𝑦 𝑛 − 3(8 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 7+𝑛
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁
- 𝜕𝑦 = 2(𝑚 + 5)𝑥 𝑚+4 𝑦 𝑛 − 9(𝑚 + 1)𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 7+𝑛
7(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑚+4 𝑦 𝑛 − 3(8 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 7+𝑛 = 2(𝑚 + 5)𝑥 𝑚+4 𝑦 𝑛 − 9(𝑚 + 1)𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 7+𝑛
Igualando coeficientes:
7(𝑛 + 1) = 2(𝑚 + 5)
−3(8 + n) = −9(𝑚 + 1)
Resolviendo este sistema de ecuaciones tenemos que m = 2 y n = 1
La ecuación nos queda:

(74+2 𝑦1+1 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 8+1 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 2+5 𝑦1 − 9𝑥 2+1 𝑦1+7 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
(7𝑥 6 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 9 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 7 𝑦 − 9𝑥 3 𝑦 8 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Resolviendo la ecuación tenemos que

𝜕𝑀
= 7𝑥 6 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 9
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥 7 𝑦 − 9𝑥 3 𝑦 8
𝜕𝑥
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
14𝑥 6 𝑦 − 27𝑥 2 𝑦 8 = 14𝑥 6 𝑦 − 27𝑥 2 𝑦 8
Entonces;
𝜕𝐹
=𝑀
𝜕𝑥
Esto quiere decir que:
𝐹 = ∫(7𝑥 6 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 9 ) + 𝑔(𝑦)
= 7 ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑦 9 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)
=𝑥 7 𝑦 2 -𝑥 3 𝑦 9 𝑔(𝑦)
Ahora derivamos con respecto a y.
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑥 7 𝑦 − 9𝑥 3 𝑦 8 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
Igualando con N:
2𝑥 7 𝑦 − 9𝑥 3 𝑦 8 + 𝑔′ (𝑦) = 2𝑥 7 𝑦 − 9𝑥 3 𝑦 8
𝑔′(𝑦) = 0 Por lo que 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶1
Entonces 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 7 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 9 + 𝑐1 = 𝑐
Solución general 𝑥 7 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 9 = 𝐶
IV. 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒄
𝑑
( )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2)
= −6𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 ) = −2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
= = (÷ 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 +𝑥 2
−2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= = 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 ( ) +1
𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑢
= u= → 𝑦 = 𝑥. 𝑢 → =𝑢+
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑢 −2𝑢
= u+ = −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢2 +1
𝑑𝑢 −2𝑢−𝑢3 −𝑢
=x =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢3 +1
𝑢2 +1 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑢 = − ∫
𝑢3 +3𝑢 𝑥
1 3𝑢2 +3 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 3 𝑑𝑢 = − ∫
3 𝑢 +3𝑢 𝑥
1
= 𝑙𝑛[𝑢3 + 3𝑢] = −𝑙𝑛[𝑥] + 𝑐
3
𝑦 3 3𝑦
= 𝑙𝑛 [( ) + ] = −3𝑙𝑛[𝑥] + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 3 𝑦
= ln [𝑥 2 [( ) + 3 ]] = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑐

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PRIMER TALLER

ASIGNATURA: ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES

DOCENTE: ADA RADA

UNIVERSIDAD DEL MAGDALENA

Sea x= x+h (por Cramer)

2. 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + (𝒚𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒚´ = 𝟎

3. 2𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒚´ = 𝟎, dividimos todo entre -2xy:

III. (𝟕𝒙𝟒 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟖 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝟗𝒙𝒚𝟕 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 y (3) = 2

El primer paso es multiplicar toda la ecuación por el factor integrante u= (xy)

La ecuación nos queda:

Resolviendo la ecuación tenemos que

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