CSC2202 Data Communications and Computer Networks Program BSSE-5 Sec. A Week 1

CSC2202 Data Communications and Computer Networks
Program BSSE-5 Sec. A

WEEK 1
Introduction to Communication Devices
Dr. Mahmoud Aljawarneh
Week 1
COMMUNICATION DATA FLOW NETWORK NETWORK TOPOLOGY NETWORK MODELS PROTOCOL STANDARDS
Outline
1 COMMUNICATION
2 DATA FLOW
3 NETWORK
4 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
5 NETWORK MODELS
6 PROTOCOL
7 STANDARDS
Dr.Mahmoud Aljawarneh (Szabist University, HYD) Course: CSC2202 , Class: BSSE 5A Week 1 2 / 42
Communication
• “The process of exchanging information, thoughts, ideas and feelings.”

• “The transmission of data from one device to another.”
• Communications devices are modems, cables, ports, etc.
Telecommunication
• “Communication at a distance”.
• ‘’Tele” is a “greek” word which means “far”.
• It includes telephony, telegraphy, and television.
Data Communications
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
• “The exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium
such as a wire cable”
Data Communications System
The efficiency of a data communications system depends on four fundamental

characteristics: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter.
1. Delivery:- Data must be delivered to the correct destination by the system.
2. Accuracy:- Data must be delivered accurately. Data that are altered in transmission
must be corrected before reception.
3. Timeliness:- Data must be delivered in a timely manner.
• In case of audio and video, timely delivery means: data must be delivered as they are
produced, in the same order as they are produced, and without significant delay. This
kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.
Data Communications System - Contd
Continued
4. Jitter:- “The variation in the arrival time of the packets.”
For example,
let us assume that video packets are sent every 30ms. If some of the packets arrive with
30-ms delay and others with 40-ms delay, an uneven quality in the video will be resulted.
Components of a Data Communications System
There are 5 components of a data communications system: message, sender,

receiver, transmission medium, and protocol.:
1. MESSAGE: “The information or data to be communicated.”
E.g.
text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
Components of a Data Communications System - contd
contd
2. SENDER: “The device that sends the data message.”
E.g.
computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
3. RECEIVER: “The device that receives the message.”

E.g.
computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on.
Components of a Data Communications System - contd

contd
4. TRANSMISSION MEDIUM: “The physical path by which a message travels from
sender to receiver.”
E.g.
twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and radio waves.
5. PROTOCOL “A set of rules that governs data communications.”

• It represents an agreement between the communicating devices.
• Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicated, just as a
person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who speaks only Japanese.
E.g.
Any???
Data Representation
DATA REPRESENTATION
• Text
• Numbers
• Images
• Audio
• Video
Data Flow
There are 3 modes of data flow between two communicating devices:
a. Simplex mode b. Half-duplex mode c. Full-duplex mode
Data Flow -Contd
SIMPLEX
1 The communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way street.
2 Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive.
3 The entire capacity of the channel is used for sending data in one direction.
E.g.
keyboards (can only send input) and monitors (can only accept output), radio and TV
broadcasting.
Data Flow -Contd
HALF-DUPLEX
1 Each device can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
2 It is like a one-lane road with traffic allowed in both directions

3 The entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for each direction.
E.g.
walkie-talkies and CB (citizen band) radios.
Data Flow -Contd
FULL-DUPLEX
1 It is also known as a “duplex mode”.
2 Both devices can transmit and receive simultaneously.

3 It is like a two-way street with traffic flowing in both directions at the same time.
4 Signals going in one direction share the capacity of the link with the signals going in
the other direction.
E.g.
telephone network.
Network
• “A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by

communication links.”
• A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
• A link is a communications pathway that transfers data from one device to
another.
Type of Connections
There are two types of connections:
1 point-to-point and
2 point-to-multipoint.
Type of Connections- Contd
POINT-TO-POINT: It provides a dedicated link between two devices.

• The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between those two devices.
• Link could be wire such as optical fiber cable, twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, or
wireless such as microwave or satellite.
• E.g. changing TV channels by remote control.
MULTIPOINT: It provides a shared link between several devices.

• It is also known as MULTIDROP connection.
• Two kinds of sharing: spatially shared and timeshared connections.
• SPATIALLY SHARED:- If several devices use the link simultaneously.
• TIMESHARED:- If users take turn.
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
• “The structure of a network including physical arrangement of devices.”
• “The way in which a network is laid out physically.”
• “The geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and the linking
devices (usually called nodes) to one another.”
• Two or more devices connect to a link.
• Two or more links form a topology.
CATEGORIES OF TOPOLOGY
• There are four basic topologies: mesh, star, bus and ring.
MESH TOPOLOGY
1. Every device has a dedicated

point-to-point link to every other
device.
2. The term dedicated means that
the link carries traffic only between
the two devices it connects.
Mesh Topology -Contd
ADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY

• The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own data
load, thus eliminating the traffic problems that can occur when links must be shared
by multiple devices.
• A mesh topology is robust or strong. If one link becomes unusable, it does not
incapacitate or disable the entire system.
• Privacy or security due to dedicated links.
• Easy fault identification and fault isolation due to point-to-point links.
Mesh Topology -Contd
DISADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY

• Installation and reconnection are difficult, because every device is connected to every
other device.
• Large number of wirings takes greater space in walls, ceilings, or floors.
• The hardware required to connect each link (I/O ports and cables) is expensive.
• For these reasons, mesh topology is usually implemented as a backbone connecting

the main computers of a hybrid network that can include several other topologies.
• One practical example of a mesh topology is the connection of telephone regional
offices in which each regional office needs to be connected to every other regional
office.
Star Topology
Each device has a dedicated

point-to-point link only to a
central controller, usually called
a hub.
If one device wants to send data to
another, it sends the data to the
controller, which then relays the
data to the other connected device.
Star Topology -Contd

ADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY
• Less expensive.
• Easy installation and reconfiguration.
• Far less cabling needs to be housed or accomodated.
• Robustness. If one link fails, only that link is affected. All other links remain active.
• Easy fault identification and fault isolation.
DISADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY

• If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead.
APPLICATIONS OF STAR TOPOLOGY
• Local-area networks (LANs).
Bus Topology
It provides multipoint connection.
• One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.
• Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
• A drop line is a connection running between the device and the main cable.
• A tap is a connector that either splices into the main cable or punctures the
sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the metallic core.
Bus Topology -Contd

ADVANTAGES OF A BUS TOPOLOGY
• Ease of installation.
• Less cabling than mesh or star topology.
DISADVANTAGES OF A BUS TOPOLOGY

• Difficult reconnection and fault isolation. Adding new devices may require
modification or replacement of the backbone.
• As a signal travels along the backbone, some of its energy is transformed into heat.
Therefore, it becomes weaker and weaker as it travels farther and farther. For this
reason, there is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the distance
between those taps. Signal reflection at the taps can cause degradation in quality.
• A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission.
Bus Topology -Contd
APPLICATION OF A BUS TOPOLOGY

• Ethernet LANs.
Ring Topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the two devices
on either side of it.
• A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it
reaches its destination. Also – Each device includes a repeater.
• When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater regenerates
the bits and passes them along.
Ring Topology -Contd

ADVANTAGES OF A RING TOPOLOGY
• Easy installation and reconfiguration.
• Adding or deleting devices, requires changing only two connections.
• Fault isolation is simple. If one device does not receive a signal within a specified
period, it can issue an alarm. The alarm alerts the network operator to the problem
and its location.
DISADVANTAGES OF A RING TOPOLOGY

• Unidirectional traffic can be a disadvantage. A break in a ring (such as a disabled
station) can disable the entire network. This weakness can be solved by using a dual
ring or a switch capable of closing of the break.
APPLICATION OF A RING TOPOLOGY is IBM’s Token Ring LANs.

HYBRID TOPOLOGY
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
A network can be hybrid.

For example, we can have a main
star topology with each branch
connecting several stations in a bus
topology..
NETWORK MODELS
• As we know that computer networks are created by different entities.
• Standards are needed so that these heterogeneous networks can communicate with
one another.
• The two best-known standards are the OSI model and the Internet model.
• OSI model defines a seven-layer network.
• The internet model defines a five-layer network.
CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS
• There are 3 categories of networks.
• Local Area Networks (LANs).
• Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs).
• Wide Area Networks (WANs).
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) - Contd
• It normally covers an area less than 2 miles.

• It is usually privately owned.
• It links the devices in a single office, building, or campus.
• Currently, LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
• A LAN can be as simple as two PCs and a printer or it can extend throughout a
company and include audio and video peripherals.
Early LANs had data rates in the 4 to 6 Mbps range.

Today, speeds are normally 100 or 1000 Mbps.
WIDE AREA NETWORK
WIDE AREA NETWORK -Contd

• A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission of data, image,
audio and video information over large geographic areas that may comprise a
country, a continent, or even the whole world.
• A WAN can be as simple as a dial-up line that connects a home computer to the
internet. It is referred to as a point-to-point WAN.
• A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that connect the internet. It is referred
to as a switched WAN.
– The point-to-point WAN is normally a line leased from a telephone or cable TV
provider that connects a home computer or a small LAN to an Internet service provider
(ISP). This type of WAN is often used to provide Internet access.
– The switched WAN connects the end systems, which usually comprise a router that
connects to another LAN or WAN. For example X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode).
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
MAN:
A network with a size between a LAN and a WAN. It normally covers the area inside a
town or a city.
Example
For example a high-speed DSL line, cable TV network, etc.
PROTOCOL
• In computer networks, communication occurs between entities in different systems.
• An entity is anything capable of sending or receiving information.
• For communication to occur, the entities must agree on a protocol.
• “A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.”
• A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is
communicated.
The key elements of a protocol are:
SYNTAX:- “The term syntax refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the
order in which they are presented.”
For example, a simple protocol might expect the first 8 bits of data to be the address of
the sender, the second 8 bits to be the address of the receiver, and the rest of the stream
to be the message itself.
PROTOCOL - Contd
2. SEMANTICS:- “The word semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits.”
How is a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to be taken based on
that interpretation?
For example,
does an address identify the route to be taken or the final destination of the message?
3. TIMING:- “The term timing refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent
and how fast they can be sent.”
For example,
if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps,
the transmission will overload the receiver and some data will be lost.
STANDARDS
• Standards are essential in creating and manufacturing an open and competitive

market for equipment manufacturers and in guaranteeing national and international
interoperability of data and telecommunications technology and processes.
• Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and
other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in today’s
marketplace and in international communications
CATEGORIES OF STANDARDS
Data communication standards fall into two categories: de facto and de jure.
DE FACTO:- The term de facto means “by fact” or “by convention”.
• “Standards that have not been approved by an organized body but have been
adopted as standards through widespread use.”
• These standards are often established originally by manufacturers who seek to define
the functionality of a new product or technology.
DE JURE:- The term de jure means “by law” or “by regulation”.
• “Standards that have not been made by an officially recognized body.”
Resources
From the Referred Book
Book
Behrouz A. Forouzan. 2007. Data Communications and Networking (McGraw-Hill
Forouzan Networking). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
ISBN: 978-0-07-296775-3

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CSC2202 Data Communications and Computer Networks

Program BSSE-5 Sec. A

Dr. Mahmoud Aljawarneh

• “The process of exchanging information, thoughts, ideas and feelings.”

Data Communications System

The efficiency of a data communications system depends on four fundamental

Data Communications System - Contd

Components of a Data Communications System

There are 5 components of a data communications system: message, sender,

Components of a Data Communications System - contd

3. RECEIVER: “The device that receives the message.”

Components of a Data Communications System - contd

5. PROTOCOL “A set of rules that governs data communications.”

Data Flow -Contd

Data Flow -Contd

2 It is like a one-lane road with traffic allowed in both directions

Data Flow -Contd

2 Both devices can transmit and receive simultaneously.

• “A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by

Type of Connections- Contd

POINT-TO-POINT: It provides a dedicated link between two devices.

MULTIPOINT: It provides a shared link between several devices.

1. Every device has a dedicated

Mesh Topology -Contd

ADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY

Mesh Topology -Contd

DISADVANTAGES OF MESH TOPOLOGY

• For these reasons, mesh topology is usually implemented as a backbone connecting

Each device has a dedicated

Star Topology -Contd

DISADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY

Bus Topology -Contd

DISADVANTAGES OF A BUS TOPOLOGY

Bus Topology -Contd

APPLICATION OF A BUS TOPOLOGY

Ring Topology -Contd

DISADVANTAGES OF A RING TOPOLOGY

APPLICATION OF A RING TOPOLOGY is IBM’s Token Ring LANs.

A network can be hybrid.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) - Contd

• It normally covers an area less than 2 miles.

Early LANs had data rates in the 4 to 6 Mbps range.

WIDE AREA NETWORK

WIDE AREA NETWORK -Contd

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

• Standards are essential in creating and manufacturing an open and competitive

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