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Stempek
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Chapter 1 Practice Set Exercises

Q1: Use the Internet to find the number of RFCs.
A1: As of 9/15/2020, there are 8900 RFCs.
S1: https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/index provides an index of all RFCs to date.

Q2: Use the Internet to find the subject matter of RFCs 2418 and 1603.
A2: The subject matter of RFC 2418, per the title “IETF Working Group Guidelines and Procedures”,
is an outline of the guidelines and procedures for the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
RFC 2418 obsoletes, or directly replaces, RFC 1603. The subject matter of RFC 1603, per the
title “IETF Working Group Guidelines and Procedures”, is an outline of the guidelines and
procedures for the IETF working groups.
S2: https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php allows for the search and retrieval of RFCs,
while https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/index provides an index all RFCs to date.

Q3: Use the Internet to find the RFC that discusses the IRTF working group guidelines
and procedures.
A3: The RFC that discusses the IRTF working group guidelines and procedures is RFC 2014.
S3: https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php allows for the search and retrieval of RFCs,
while https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/index provides an index all RFCs to date.

Q4: Use the Internet to find two examples of historic RFCs.

A4: Two examples of historic RFCs are RFC 407 and RFC 734.
S4: https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php allows for the search and retrieval of RFCs.

Q5: Use the Internet to find two examples of experimental RFCs.

A5: Two examples of experimental RFCs are RFC 909 and RFC 1075.
S5: https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php allows for the search and retrieval of RFCs.

Q6: Use the Internet to find two examples of informational RFCs.

A6: Two examples of informational RFCs are RFC 96 and RFC 1120.
S6: https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php allows for the search and retrieval of RFCs.
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Q7: Use the Internet to find the RFC that discusses the FTP application.
A7: The first RFC that discusses the FTP is RFC 114, however, the primary RFC that outlines the File
Transfer Protocol application is RFC 959 (also known as STD 9).
S7: https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php allows for the search and retrieval of RFCs.

Q8: Use the Internet to find the RFC for the Internet Protocol (IP).
A8: The RFC for the Internet Protocol is RFC 791, and it is a part of STD 5.
S8: https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php allows for the search and retrieval of RFCs.

Q9: Use the Internet to find the RFC for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
A9: The primary RFC for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is RFC 793, and it is STD 7.
S9: https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php allows for the search and retrieval of RFCs.

Q10: Use the Internet to find the RFC that details the Internet standards process.
A10: There are three RFCs that detail the Internet Standards Process, and the versions are RFC
1310, RFC 1602, and RFC 2026. RFC 2026 is the final revision and the main RFC for the Internet
Standards Process. RFC 2026 is also known as Best Current Practice 9 (BCP 9).
S10: https://www.rfc-editor.org/search/rfc_search.php allows for the search and retrieval of RFCs.
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Chapter 2 Practice Set Exercises

Q1: How are OSI and ISO related to each other?
A1: The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body that was created in
1947 to establish a worldwide agreement on international standards. The Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model is a standard set forth by the ISO in the late 1970s that covers all
aspects of network communications.
S1: Found on page 20, paragraph 3 (section 2.2 THE OSI MODEL).

Q2: Match the following to one or more layers of the OSI model:
a. route determination
b. flow control
c. interface to transmission media
d. provides access for the end user
A2: a. Network layer
b. Data link layer & Transport layer
c. Physical layer
d. Application layer
S2: a. Found on page 25, paragraph 10.
b. Found on page 25, paragraph 4. Found on page 26, paragraph 5.
c. Found on page 24, paragraph 2.
d. Found on page 27, paragraph 6.

Q3: Match the following to one or more layers of the OSI model:
a. reliable process-to-process message delivery
b. route selection
c. defines frames
d. provides user services such as e-mail and file transfer
e. transmission of bit stream across physical medium
A3: a. Transport layer
b. Network layer
c. Data link layer
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d. Application layer
e. Physical layer
S3: a. Found on page 26, paragraph 1.
b. Found on page 25, paragraph 10.
c. Found on page 25, paragraph 2.
d. Found on page 28, paragraph 1.
e. Found on page 24, paragraph 2.

Q4: Match the following to one or more layers of the OSI model:
a. communicates directly with user’s application program
b. error correction and retransmission
c. mechanical, electrical, and functional interface
d. responsibility for carrying frames between adjacent nodes
A4: a. Application layer
b. Data link layer & Transport layer
c. Physical layer
d. Data link layer
S4: a. Found on page 27, paragraph 6.
b. Found on page 25, paragraph 5. Found on page 26, paragraph 6.
c. Found on page 24, paragraph 1.
d. Found on page 25, paragraph 3.

Q5: Match the following to one or more layers of the OSI model:
a. format and code conversion services
b. establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
c. ensures reliable transmission of data
d. log-in and log-out procedures
e. provides independence from differences in data representation
A5: a. Presentation layer
b. Session layer
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c. Data link layer & Transport layer

d. Session layer
e. Presentation layer
S5: a. Found on page 27, paragraph 3.
b. Found on page 28, figure 2.6.
c. Found on page 25, paragraph 5. Found on page 26, paragraph 6.
d. Found on page 26, paragraph 8.
e. Found on page 27, paragraph 3.

Q6: Show the communication at the application layer (see Figure 2.14) for the simple
private internet in Figure 2.19.

A6:

S6: This diagram was sourced from diagram 2.14 on page 35 and modified to fit the example of
figure 2.19.
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Q7: Show the communication at the application layer (see Figure 2.14) for the simple
private internet in Figure 2.20.

A7:
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S7: This diagram was sourced from diagram 2.14 on page 35 and modified to fit the example of
figure 2.20.

Q8: A 100-byte message is sent through a private internet using the TCP/IP protocol
suite. If the protocol adds a 10-byte header at each layer, what is the efficiency
of the system (the ratio of the number of useful bytes to the number of total
bytes)?
A8: If there are 10-bytes added at each layer, then this will be an additional 50-bytes. This is a
result of there being 5 layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite. This results in a ratio of 100 useful
bytes to 150 total bytes, or an efficiency of 66.67%.
S8: This information was sourced from page 28, paragraph 4.

Q9: If a port number is 16 bits (2 bytes), what is the minimum header size at transport
layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite?
A9: The header at the transport layer will contain both the sender and receiver port numbers, and
considering the size of the port number is 16 bits (2 bytes), the minimum header size at the
transport layer will be 16 bits + 16 bits = 32 bits (or 4 bytes).
S9: This information was sourced from page 39, paragraph 2.

Q10: If a logical address is 32 bits (4 bytes), what is the minimum header size at network
layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite?
A10: The header at the network layer will contain both the sender and receiver logical addresses,
and considering the size of the logical address is 32 bits (4 bytes), the minimum header size at
the network layer will be 32 bits + 32 bits = 64 bits (or 8 bytes).
S10: This information was sourced from page 37, paragraph 6.

Q11: If a physical address is 48 bits (6 bytes) what is the minimum header size at the
data link layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite?
A11: The header at the data link layer will contain both the sender and receiver physical addresses,
and considering the size of the physical address is 48 bits (6 bytes), the minimum header size
at the network layer will be 48 bits + 48 bits = 96 bits (or 12 bytes).
S11: This information was sourced from page 36, paragraph 1.
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Q12: Do we encapsulate our message when we send a regular letter to a friend? When
we send a post card to a friend while we are vacationing in another country, do we
encapsulate our message?
A12: The short answer is yes. The reasoning is simple: first we are taking our letter (message) and
enclosing (encapsulating) it in the envelope; next we place the destination and return
addresses on the letter (header 1); then when the post office receives it, it will be sorted and
another set of addresses will be added (header 2); finally the letter will arrive at its
destination post office where it will be again sorted and another set of addresses will be
added (header 3) before being carried to initial final address specified. These steps will have
multiple repeats depending on how far the letter is being sent (i.e. international or to the next
town over).
S12: This information was sourced from page 23, paragraphs 4 & 5.

Q13: Why do you think that we do not need addresses at the physical layer?
A13: We do not need addresses at the physical layer, because all bits are converted into a signal
that is transported (broadcast) through physical connections to every station in the network.
S13: This information was sourced from page 30, paragraphs 2 & 3.

Q14: Why do you think a radio station does not need the addresses of its listeners when
a message is broadcast?
A14: The radio station doesn’t need the addresses of its listeners, because it is only using a one-
way transmission on a signal that can be “found” or accessed by anyone that has a signal
receiver and wants to access that specific signal, or channel. There is no requirement of
communication from the receiver to the broadcaster.
S14: This information is an opinion and was sourced from my understanding of this chapter.

Q15: Why do you think both the sender and receiver addresses are needed in the Internet?
A15: Both sender and receiver addresses are needed in the Internet in order to define where the
message is being sent, and who it has been sent by (important if a response is warranted, or
for tracking of information purposes). It is also important in the case of error reporting and
correction.
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S15: This information is an opinion and was sourced from my understanding of this chapter.

Q16: Why do you think there is a need for four levels of addresses in the Internet, but
only one level of addresses (telephone numbers) in a telephone network?
A16: The Internet requires four layers of addresses as a result of there being multiple layers of
communication occurring, therefore requiring an address for each layer. With telephone
communications, however, there is typically only communication between 2 “users” or
devices in a single communication layer and therefore only requires the single address level.
S16: This information is an opinion and was sourced from my understanding of this chapter.
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Chapter 3 Practice Set Exercises

Q1: Imagine the length of a 10Base5 cable is 2500 meters. If the speed of propagation

in a thick coaxial cable is 200,000,000 meters/second, how long does it take for a bit to travel

from the beginning to the end of the network? Ignore any propagation delay in the equipment.

A1: Using the equation d = t * v (where d is the length, t is time, and v is our velocity) we can use

the given information to calculate the time it takes to travel by rearranging the equation to t =

d / v. This will look as follows: t = (2500 m) / (200,000,000 m/s) = 0.0000125 s or 12.5 μs.

S1: This information was sourced from page 54, paragraph 3.

Q2: Using the data in Exercise 1, find the maximum time it takes to sense a collision. The worst case

occurs when data are sent from one end of the cable and the collision happens at the other end.

Remember that the signal needs to make a round trip.

A2: This problem will re-utilize the same equation as number 1 (t = d /v), only this time we need to
account for a return trip. This will look as follows: t = (2*2500 m) / (200,000,000 m/s) =
0.000025 s or 25 μs.

S2: This information was sourced from page 54, paragraph 3.

Q3: The data rate of 10Base5 is 10 Mbps. How long does it take to create the smallest frame? Show

your calculation.

A3: For this problem we will need to utilize the same equation, but now we have it in the form of t
= l / r (where t is time, l is length of frame, and r is rate of transmission). This will look as
follows (using the assumption that our smallest frame is 64 bytes or 512 bits): t = (512 bits) /
(10 Mbps) = 0.0000512 s or 51.2 μs.

S3: This information was sourced from page 54, paragraph 3.

Q4: Using the data in Exercises 2 and 3, find the minimum size of an Ethernet frame for collision

detection to work properly.

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A4: This problem will combine the math of problem 2 and the conversion of bits to bytes. This will
look as follows: size = (2*2500 m)(10 Mbps) / (200,000,000 m/s)( 8 bits/byte) = 31.25 bytes.

S4: This information was sourced from page 54, paragraph 3.

Q5: An Ethernet MAC sublayer receives 42 bytes of data from the LLC sublayer. How many bytes of

padding must be added to the data?

A5: The required size of the data section is 46 bytes, therefore the padding required will be 46
bytes – 42 bytes = 4 bytes required.

S5: This information was sourced from page 49, paragraph 3.

Q6: An Ethernet MAC sublayer receives 1510 bytes of data from the LLC layer. Can the data be

encapsulated in one frame? If not, how many frames need to be sent? What is the size of the

data in each frame?

A6: Since the maximum frame size is 1500 bytes, the data will need to be encapsulated into two
separate frames. The first will contain the maximum of 1500 bytes. While the second will
contain 46 bytes, with 10 being useful and the other 36 being padded to meet the minimum
frame size requirement.

S6: This information was sourced from page 49, paragraph 3.

Q7: Compare and contrast CSMA/CD with CSMA/CA.

A7: Similarities: in both, each station will have an equal right to the medium & will sense the
medium. Differences: CSMA/CD can send if no signal is sensed, while CSMA/CA needs to
inform each station; collisions can occur in CSMA/CD, but are avoided in CSMA/CA.

S7:

Q8: Use Table 3.10 to compare and contrast the fields in IEEE 802.3 and 802.11.
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A8:

Fields IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.11

Destination Address 6 ---
Source Address 6 ---
Address 1 --- 6
Address 2 --- 6
Address 3 --- 6
Address 4 --- 6
FC --- 2
D/ID --- 2
SC --- 2
PDU Length 2 ---
Data and Padding 1500 ---
Frame Body --- 2312
FCS (CRC) 4 4

S8: