Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 15e(Laudon)

Chapter 8 - Securing Information Systems

1) Which of the following refers to policies, procedures, and technical measures used to prevent
unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damage to information systems?
A) Security
B) Controls
C) Benchmarking
D) Algorithms
E) Identity management

2) Which of the following refers to all of the methods, policies, and organizational procedures that
ensure the safety of the organization's assets, the accuracy and reliability of its accounting records, and
operational adherence to management standards?
A) Legacy systems
B) SSID standards
C) Vulnerabilities
D) Security policy
E) Controls

3) Most computer viruses deliver a:

A) worm.
B) Trojan horse.
C) driveby download.
D) keylogger.
E) payload.

4) Which of the following statements about wireless security is not true?

A) SSIDs are broadcast multiple times and can be picked up fairly easily by sniffer programs.
B) Radio frequency bands are easy to scan.
C) An intruder who has associated with an access point by using the correct SSID is capable of
accessing other resources on the network.
D) Intruders can force a user's NIC to associate with a rogue access point.
E) Bluetooth is the only wireless technology that is not susceptible to hacking by eavesdroppers.

5) All of the following are specific security challenges that threaten the communications lines in a
client/server environment except:
A) errors.
B) tapping.
C) theft and fraud.
D) radiation.
E) sniffing.

6) All of the following are specific security challenges that threaten corporate servers in a client/server
environment except:
A) hacking.
B) malware.
C) denial-of-service attacks.
D) sniffing.

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E) vandalism.

7) All of the following are specific security challenges that threaten corporate systems in a
client/server environment except:
A) theft of data.
B) copying of data.
C) alteration of data.
D) radiation.
E) hardware failure.

8) CryptoLocker is an example of which of the following?

A) Worm
B) SQL injection attack
C) Sniffer
D) Evil twin
E) Ransomware

9) Which of the following statements about Internet security is not true?

A) The use of P2P networks can expose a corporate computer to outsiders.
B) A corporate network without access to the Internet is more secure than one that provides access.
C) VoIP is more secure than the switched voice network.
D) Instant messaging can provide hackers access to an otherwise secure network.
E) Smartphones have the same security weaknesses as other Internet devices.

10) A Trojan horse:

A) is software that appears to be benign but does something other than expected.
B) is a virus that replicates quickly.
C) is malware named for a breed of fast-moving Near-Eastern horses.
D) installs spyware on users' computers.
E) is a type of sniffer used to infiltrate corporate networks.

11) A salesperson clicks repeatedly on the online ads of a competitor in order to drive the competitor's
advertising costs up. This is an example of:
A) phishing.
B) pharming.
C) spoofing.
D) evil twins.
E) click fraud.

12) Which of the following is a virus that uses flaws in Windows software to take over a computer
remotely?
A) Sasser
B) Zeus
C) Cryptolocker
D) ILOVEYOU
E) Conficker

13) ________ is malware that hijacks a user's computer and demands payment in return for giving
back access.

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A) A Trojan horse
B) Ransomware
C) Spyware
D) A virus
E) An evil twin

14) ________ is malware that logs and transmits everything a user types.
A) Spyware
B) A Trojan horse
C) A keylogger
D) A worm
E) A sniffer

15) Which of the following statements about botnets is not true?

A) Eighty percent of the world's malware is delivered by botnets.
B) Botnets are often used to perpetrate DDoS attacks.
C) Ninety percent of the world's spam is delivered by botnets.
D) Botnets are often used for click fraud.
E) It is not possible to make a smartphone part of a botnet.

16) Using numerous computers to inundate and overwhelm the network from numerous launch points
is called a(n) ________ attack.
A) DDoS
B) DoS
C) SQL injection
D) phishing
E) botnet

17) Which of the following is not an example of a computer used as a target of crime?
A) Knowingly accessing a protected computer to commit fraud
B) Accessing a computer system without authority
C) Illegally accessing stored electronic communication
D) Threatening to cause damage to a protected computer
E) Breaching the confidentiality of protected computerized data

18) Which of the following is not an example of a computer used as an instrument of crime?
A) Theft of trade secrets
B) Intentionally attempting to intercept electronic communication
C) Unauthorized copying of software
D) Breaching the confidentiality of protected computerized data
E) Schemes to defraud

19) Which of the following specifically makes malware distribution and hacker attacks to disable
websites a federal crime?
A) Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
B) Economic Espionage Act
C) Electronic Communications Privacy Act
D) Data Security and Breach Notification Act
E) National Information Infrastructure Protection Act

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20) The intentional defacement or destruction of a website is called:
A) spoofing.
B) cybervandalism.
C) cyberwarfare.
D) phishing.
E) pharming.

21) Evil twins are:

A) Trojan horses that appears to the user to be a legitimate commercial software application.
B) e-mail messages that mimic the e-mail messages of a legitimate business.
C) fraudulent websites that mimic a legitimate business's website.
D) computers that fraudulently access a website or network using the IP address and identification of
an authorized computer.
E) bogus wireless network access points that look legitimate to users.

22) Pharming involves:

A) redirecting users to a fraudulent website even when the user has typed in the correct address
in the web browser.
B) pretending to be a legitimate business's representative in order to garner information about a
security system.
C) setting up fake website to ask users for confidential information.
D) using e-mails for threats or harassment.
E) setting up fake Wi-Fi access points that look as if they are legitimate public networks.

23) Which of the following is the single greatest cause of network security breaches?
A) Viruses
B) User lack of knowledge
C) Trojan horses
D) Cyberwarfare
E) Bugs

24) Tricking employees into revealing their passwords by pretending to be a legitimate member of a
company is called:
A) sniffing.
B) social engineering.
C) phishing.
D) pharming.
E) snooping

25) According to Ponemon Institute's 2015 Annual Cost of Cyber Crime Study, the average
annualized cost of cybercrime for companies in the United States was approximately:
A) $1.5 million.
B) $15 million.
C) $150 million.
D) $1.5 billion.
E) $15 billion.

26) Which of the following refers to eavesdroppers driving by buildings or parking outside and trying

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to intercept wireless network traffic?
A) War driving
B) Sniffing
C) Cybervandalism
D) Drive-by tapping
E) Snooping

27) ________ is a crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of personal information to
impersonate someone else.
A) Identity theft
B) Spoofing
C) Social engineering
D) Evil twins
E) Pharming

28) ________ identify the access points in a Wi-Fi network.

A) NICs
B) Mac addresses
C) URLs
D) UTMs
E) SSIDs

29) A foreign country attempting to access government networks in order to disable a national power
grid is an example of:
A) phishing.
B) denial-of-service attacks.
C) cyberwarfare.
D) cyberterrorism.
E) evil twins.

30) According to the 2016 Identity Fraud Study by Javelin Strategy & Research, how much did
consumers lose to identity fraud in 2015?
A) $1.5 million
B) $15 million
C) $150 million
D) $1.5 billion
E) $15 billion

31) All of the following have contributed to an increase in software flaws except:
A) the growing complexity of software programs.
B) the growing size of software programs.
C) demands for timely delivery to markets.
D) the inability to fully test programs.
E) the increase in malicious intruders seeking system access.

32) Which of the following is an example of a keylogger?

A) Zeus
B) Conficker
C) Sasser

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D) ILOVEYOU
E) Cryptolocker

33) Smartphones have the same security flaws as other Internet-connected devices. (TRUE)

34) The Apple iOS platform is the mobile platform most frequently targeted by hackers. (FALSE)

35) Viruses can be spread through e-mail. (TRUE)

36) The term cracker is used to identify a hacker whose specialty is breaking open security systems.
(FALSE)

37) Wireless networks are more difficult for hackers to gain access too because radio frequency bands
are difficult to scan. (FALSE)

38) A computer virus replicates more quickly than a computer worm. (FALSE)

39) One form of spoofing involves forging the return address on an e-mail so that the e-mail message
appears to come from someone other than the sender. (TRUE)

40) Sniffers enable hackers to steal proprietary information from anywhere on a network, including e-
mail messages, company files, and confidential reports. (TRUE)

41) DoS attacks are used to destroy information and access restricted areas of a company's information
system. (FALSE)

42) Zero defects cannot be achieved in larger software programs because fully testing programs that
contain thousands of choices and millions of paths would require thousands of years. (TRUE)

43) Most IoT devices support sophisticated security approaches. (FALSE)

44) Malicious software programs referred to as spyware include a variety of threats such as computer
viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. (TRUE)

45) What are the security challenges faced by wireless networks?

ANSWER:
Wireless networks are vulnerable because radio frequency bands are easy to scan. Both
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi networks are susceptible to hacking by eavesdroppers. Local area
networks (LANs) using the 802.11 standard can be easily penetrated by outsiders armed
with laptops, wireless cards, external antennae, and hacking software. Hackers use these
tools to detect unprotected networks, monitor network traffic, and, in some cases, gain
access to the Internet or to corporate networks. Wi-Fi transmission technology was designed
to make it easy for stations to find and hear one another. The service set identifiers (SSIDs)
identifying the access points in a Wi-Fi network are broadcast multiple times and can be
picked up fairly easily by intruders' sniffer programs. Wireless networks in many locations do
not have basic protections against war driving, in which eavesdroppers drive by buildings or
park outside and try to intercept wireless network traffic. A hacker can employ an 802.11
analysis tool to identify the SSID. An intruder that has associated with an access point by
using the correct SSID is capable of accessing other resources on the network, using the

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Windows operating system to determine which other users are connected to the network,
access their computer hard drives, and open or copy their files. Intruders also use the
information they have gleaned to set up rogue access points on a different radio channel in
physical locations close to users to force a user's radio NIC to associate with the rogue
access point. Once this association occurs, hackers using the rogue access point can
capture the names and passwords of unsuspecting users.

46) Explain how an SQL injection attack works and what types of systems are vulnerable to this type
of attack.
ANSWER:
SQL injection attacks take advantage of vulnerabilities in poorly coded web application
software to introduce malicious code into a company's systems and networks. These
vulnerabilities occur when a web application fails to properly validate or filter data entered by
a user on a web page, which might occur when ordering something online. An attacker uses
this input validation error to send a rogue SQL query to the underlying database to access
the database, plant malicious code, or access other systems on the network. Large web
applications using databases are most vulnerable, as they may have hundreds of places for
inputting user data, each of which creates an opportunity for an SQL injection attack.

47) How is the security of a firm's information system and data affected by its people, organization,
and technology? Is the contribution of one of these dimensions any more important than the other?
Why?
ANSWER:
There are various technological essentials to protecting an information system: firewalls,
authentication, encryption, anti-virus protection etc. Without technology implemented
correctly, there is no security. A firm's employees are its greatest threat, in terms of
embezzlement and insider fraud, errors, and lax enforcement of security policies. Probably
the most important dimension is organization, because this is what determines a firm's
business processes and policies. The firm's information policies can most enhance security
by stressing intelligent design of security systems, appropriate use of security technology,
and the usability of its security processes.

48) The HIPAA Act of 1996:

A) requires financial institutions to ensure the security of customer data.
B) specifies best practices in information systems security and control.
C) imposes responsibility on companies and management to safeguard the accuracy of financial
information.
D) outlines medical security and privacy rules.
E) identifies computer abuse as a crime and defines abusive activities.

49) The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act:

A) requires financial institutions to ensure the security of customer data.
B) specifies best practices in information systems security and control.
C) imposes responsibility on companies and management to safeguard the accuracy of financial
information.
D) outlines medical security and privacy rules.
E) identifies computer abuse as a crime and defines abusive activities.

50) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act:

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A) requires financial institutions to ensure the security of customer data.
B) specifies best practices in information systems security and control.
C) imposes responsibility on companies and management to safeguard the accuracy of financial
information.
D) outlines medical security and privacy rules.
E) identifies computer abuse as a crime and defines abusive activities.

51) Which of the following is the most common type of electronic evidence?
A) Voice-mail
B) Spreadsheets
C) Instant messages
D) E-mail
E) VOIP data

52) Which of the following is a type of ambient data?

A) Computer log containing recent system errors
B) A file deleted from a hard disk
C) A file that contains an application's user settings
D) A set of raw data from an environmental sensor
E) Data that has been recorded over

53) Computer forensics tasks include all of the following except:

A) presenting collected evidence in a court of law.
B) securely storing recovered electronic data.
C) collecting physical evidence on the computer.
D) finding significant information in a large volume of electronic data.
E) recovering data from computers while preserving evidential integrity.

54) Target has had to pay out over $100 million to U.S. banks, credit card companies and consumers
as a result of a data breach in 2013. (TRUE)

55) Three major concerns of system builders and users are disaster, security, and human error. Of the
three, which do you think is most difficult to deal with? Why?
ANSWER:
Disaster might be the most difficult because it is unexpected, broad-based, and frequently life
threatening. In addition, the company cannot know if the disaster plan will work until a
disaster occurs, and then it's too late to make corrections. Security might be the most difficult
because it is an ongoing problem, new viruses are devised constantly, and hackers get
smarter every day. Furthermore, damage done by a trusted employee from inside cannot be
obviated by system security measures. Human error might be most difficult because it isn't
caught until too late, and the consequences may be disastrous. Also, administrative error can
occur at any level and through any operation or procedure in the company.

56) Hackers and their companion viruses are an increasing problem, especially on the Internet. What
are the most important measurers for a firm to take to protect itself from this? Is full protection
feasible? Why or why not?
ANSWER:
For protection, a company must institute good security measures, which will include firewalls,
investigation of personnel to be hired, physical and software security and controls, antivirus

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software, and internal education measures. These measures are best put in place at the time
the system is designed, and careful attention paid to them. A prudent company will engage in
disaster protection measures, frequent updating of security software, and frequent auditing of
all security measures and of all data upon which the company depends. Full protection may
not be feasible in light of the time and expenses involved, but a risk analysis can provide
insights into which areas are most important and vulnerable. These are the areas to protect
first.

57) Define computer forensics and describe the types of problems it is designed to address.
ANSWER:
Computer forensics involves the scientific collection, examination, authentication,
preservation, and analysis of data held on or retrieved from computer storage media in such
a way that the information can be used as evidence in a court of law. It deals with the
following problems:

 Recovering data from computers while preserving evidential integrity

 Securely storing and handling recovered electronic data
 Finding significant information in a large volume of electronic data
 Presenting the information to a court of law

Electronic evidence may reside on computer storage media in the form of computer files and
as ambient data, which are not visible to the average user. An example might be a file that
has been deleted on a PC hard drive. Data that a computer user may have deleted on
computer storage media can be recovered through various techniques. Computer forensics
experts try to recover such hidden data for presentation as evidence. An awareness of
computer forensics should be incorporated into a firm's contingency planning process.

58) Your company, an online discount pet supply store, has calculated that a loss of Internet
connectivity for 3 hours results in a potential loss of $2,000 to $3,000 and that there is a 50% chance
of this occurring each year. What is the annual expected loss from this exposure?
A) $500
B) $1,000
C) $1,250
D) $1,500
E) $2,500

59) Application controls:

A) can be classified as input controls, processing controls, and output controls.
B) govern the design, security, and use of computer programs and the security of data files in general
throughout the organization.
C) apply to all computerized applications and consist of a combination of hardware, software, and
manual procedures that create an overall control environment.
D) include software controls, computer operations controls, and implementation controls.
E) monitor the use of system software and prevent unauthorized access to software and programs.

60) ________ controls ensure that valuable business data files on either disk or tape are not subject to
unauthorized access, change, or destruction while they are in use or in storage.
A) Software
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B) Administrative
C) Data security
D) Implementation
E) Input

61) An analysis of an information system that rates the likelihood of a security incident occurring and
its cost would be
included in which of the following?
A) Security policy
B) AUP
C) Risk assessment
D) Business impact analysis
E) Business continuity plan

62) A statement ranking information risks and identifying security goals would be included in which
of the following?
A) Security policy
B) AUP
C) Risk assessment
D) Business impact analysis
E) Business continuity plan

63) Which of the following defines acceptable uses of a firm's information resources and computing
equipment?
A) An information systems audit policy
B) A CA policy
C) A MSSP
D) A UTM system
E) An AUP

64) Which of the following focuses primarily on the technical issues of keeping systems up and
running?
A) Business continuity planning
B) Security policies
C) Disaster recovery planning
D) An AUP
E) An information systems audit

65) An acceptable use policy defines the acceptable level of access to information assets for different
users. (FALSE)

66) How can a firm's security policies contribute and relate to the six main business objectives? Give
examples.
ANWSER:
A firm's security policies can contribute and relate to the six main business objectives as
follows:

 Operational excellence: Security policies are essential to operational excellence. A firm's

daily transactions can be severely disrupted by cybercrime such as hackers. A firm's

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 efficiency relies on accurate data. In addition, information assets have tremendous value,
and the repercussions can be devastating if they are lost, destroyed, or placed in the
wrong hands.

 New products, services, business models. Security policies protect a company's ideas for
new products and services, which could be stolen by competitors. Additionally, enhanced
security could be seen by a customer as a way to differentiate your product.

 Customer and supplier intimacy: Customers rely on your security if they enter personal
data into your information system, for example, credit card information into your e-
commerce site. The information you receive from customers and suppliers directly affects
how able you are to customize your product, service, or communication with them.

 Improved decision making: Secure systems make data accuracy a priority, and good
decision making relies on accurate and timely data. Lost and inaccurate data would lead to
compromised decision making.

 Competitive advantage: The knowledge that your firm has superior security than another
would, on an otherwise level playing field, make your firm more attractive to do business
with. Also, improved decision-making, new products and services, which are also affected
by security (see above), will contribute to a firm's competitive advantage. Strong security
and control also increase employee productivity and lower operational costs.

 Survival: New laws and regulations make keeping your security system up to date a matter
of survival. Inadequate security and control may result in serious legal liability. Firms have
been destroyed by errors in security policies.

67) What is the role of an information systems audit?

ANWER:
 An information systems audit examines the firm's overall security environment as well as
controls governing individual information systems. The auditor should trace the flow of
sample transactions through the system and perform tests, using, if appropriate,
automated audit software. The information systems audit may also examine data quality.

 The audit should review technologies, procedures, documentation, training, and personnel.
A thorough audit will even simulate an attack or disaster to test the response of the
technology, information systems staff, and business employees.

 The audit lists and ranks all control weaknesses and estimates the probability of their
occurrence. It then assesses the financial and organizational impact of each threat.
Management is expected to devise a plan for countering significant weaknesses in
controls.

68) How does disaster recovery planning differ from business continuity planning?
ANSWER:
Disaster recovery planning devises plans for the restoration of disrupted computing and
communications services. Disaster recovery plans focus primarily on the technical issues
involved in keeping systems up and running, such as which files to back up and the
maintenance of backup computer systems or disaster recovery services. Business continuity
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planning, on the other hand, focuses on how the company can restore business operations
after a disaster strikes. The business continuity plan identifies critical business processes
and determines action plans for handling mission-critical functions if systems go down.

69) Which of the following specifications replaced WEP with a stronger security standard that features
changing encryption keys?
A) TLS
B) AUP
C) VPN
D) WPA2
E) UTM

70) Which of the following statements about passwords is not true?

A) Authentication cannot be established by the use of a password.
B) Password systems that are too rigorous may hinder employee productivity.
C) Passwords can be stolen through social engineering.
D) Passwords are often disregarded by employees.
E) Passwords can be sniffed when being transmitted over a network.

71) An authentication token is a(n):

A) device the size of a credit card that contains access permission data.
B) type of smart card.
C) gadget that displays passcodes.
D) electronic marker attached to a digital authorization file.

72) All of the following are currently being used as traits that can be profiled by biometric
authentication except:
A) fingerprints.
B) facial characteristics.
C) body odor.
D) retinal images.
E) voice.

73) A firewall allows the organization to:

A) enforce a security policy on data exchanged between its network and the Internet.
B) check the accuracy of all transactions between its network and the Internet.
C) create an enterprise system on the Internet.
D) check the content of all incoming and outgoing e-mail messages.
E) create access rules for a network.

74) ________ use scanning software to look for known problems such as bad passwords, the removal
of important files, security attacks in progress, and system administration errors.
A) Stateful inspections
B) Intrusion detection systems
C) Application proxy filtering technologies
D) Packet filtering technologies
E) Firewalls

75) Currently, the protocols used for secure information transfer over the Internet are:

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A) TCP/IP and SSL.
B) S-HTTP and CA.
C) HTTP and TCP/IP.
D) S-HTTP and SHTML.
E) SSL, TLS, and S-HTTP.

76) In which method of encryption is a single encryption key sent to the receiver so both sender and
receiver share the same key?
A) SSL/TLS
B) Symmetric key encryption
C) Public key encryption
D) Private key encryption
E) Distributed encryption

77) A digital certificate system:

A) uses third-party CAs to validate a user's identity.
B) uses digital signatures to validate a user's identity.
C) uses tokens to validate a user's identity.
D) is used primarily by individuals for personal correspondence.
E) protects a user's identity by substituting a certificate in place of identifiable traits.

78) All of the following are types of information systems general controls except:
A) application controls.
B) computer operations controls.
C) physical hardware controls.
D) software controls.
E) administrative controls

79) For 100-percent availability, online transaction processing requires:

A) high-capacity storage.
B) a multi-tier server network.
C) fault-tolerant computer systems.
D) dedicated phone lines.
E) a digital certificate system.

80) In controlling network traffic to minimize slow-downs, a technology called ________ is used to
examine data files and sort low-priority data from high-priority data.
A) high availability computing
B) deep packet inspection
C) application proxy filtering
D) stateful inspection
E) unified threat management

81) An authentication system in which a user must provide two types of identification, such as a bank
card and PIN, is called:
A) smart card authentication.
B) biometric authentication.
C) two-factor authentication.

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D) symmetric key authorization.
E) token authentication.

82) Which of the following provides additional security by determining whether packets are part of an
ongoing dialogue between a sender and receiver?
A) NAT
B) Packet filtering
C) Deep packet inspection
D) Stateful inspection
E) Application proxy filtering

83) Comprehensive security management products, with tools for firewalls, VPNs, intrusion detection
systems, and more, are called ________ systems.
A) DPI
B) MSSP
C) NSP
D) PKI
E) UTM

84) Organizations can use existing network security software to secure mobile devices. (FALSE)

85) The dispersed nature of cloud computing makes it difficult to track unauthorized access. (TRUE)

86) Biometric authentication is the use of personal, biographic details such as the high school you
attended and the first street you lived on to provide identification. (FALSE)

87) Packet filtering catches most types of network attacks. (FALSE)

88) NAT conceals the IP addresses of the organization's internal host computers to deter sniffer
programs. (TRUE)

89) SSL is a protocol used to establish a secure connection between two computers. (TRUE)

90) Public key encryption uses two keys. (TRUE)

91) Smartphones typically feature state-of-the-art encryption and security features, making them
highly secure tools for businesses. (FALSE)

92) Authentication refers to verifying that a person is who he or she claims to be. (TRUE)

93) You can test software before it is even written by conducting a walkthrough. (TRUE)

94) When errors are discovered in software programs, the sources of the errors are found and
eliminated through a process called debugging. (TRUE)

95) Is the cloud a safer and more secure computing environment than an in-house network?
Why or why not?
ANSWER:
No. Due to the fact that cloud computing is highly distributed, and that companies are

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interested in keeping costs low, cloud computing providers often distribute work to data
centers around the world where it can be accomplished most efficiently. This means you
don't always know who has access to your data and where it is being hosted. Also, the
disperse nature of cloud data makes it difficult to track unauthorized activity.

96) Why is software quality important to security? What specific steps can an organization take to
ensure software quality?
ANSWER:
Flaws in software create security vulnerabilities that open networks to intruders.
Organizations should implement effective security and controls, use metrics (system
assessments) and software testing, and regular/thorough testing.

97) You have just been hired as a security consultant by MegaMalls Inc., a chain of retail malls, to
make sure that the security of their information systems is up to par. Outline the steps you will take to
achieve this.
ANSWER:
 Establish what data and processes are essential to the company and determine what
internal and external data is essential to different employee roles within the company.
 Conduct a security check using software metrics and provide a risk assessment.
 Establish which legal/ethical standards need to be adhered to or are not implemented.
 Create a security policy based on my findings

98) What is a digital certificate? How does it work?

ANSWER:
Digital certificate - an attachment to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender
and to provide the receiver with the means to encode a reply; A digital certificate system
uses a trusted third party, a certificate authority, to validate a user's identity. Then, the CA
verifies a digital certificate user's identity offline. This information is put into a CA server,
which generates an encrypted digital certificate containing owner identification information
and a copy of the owner's public key. The certificate authenticates that the public key
belongs to the designated owner. The CA makes itw own public key available either in print
or on the internet, and the recipient of an encrypted message uses the CA's public key to
decode the digital certificate attached to the message, verifies it was issued by the CA, and
then obtains the sender's public key and identification information contained in the certificate.
By using this information, the recipient can send an encrypted reply.

99) Name and describe four firewall screening technologies.

ANSWER:
 Packet filtering - examines selected fields in the headers of data packets flowing back and
forth between the trusted network and the Internet, examining individual packets in
isolation; misses many types of attacks

 Stateful inspection - provides additional security by determining whether packets are part
of an ongoing dialogue between a sender and receiver by setting up tables to track
information over multiple packets; packets are accepted or rejected based on whether they
are part of an approved conversation or attempting to establish a legitimate connection.

 Network Address Translation (NAT) - can provide another layer of protection when static
packet filtering and stateful inspection are employed; conceals the IP addresses of the
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 organization's internal host computers to prevent sniffer programs outside the firewall from
ascertaining them and using that information to penetrate internal systems

 Application proxy filtering - examines the application content of packets by using a proxy
server that stops data packets originating outside the organization, inspects them, and
passes a proxy to the other side of the firewall

100) Explain how two-factor authentication increases security.

ANSWER:
It validates users through a multistep process. To be authenticated, a user must provide two
means of identification, one of which is typically a physical token, such as a smartcard or
chip-enabled bank card, and the other of which is typically data, such as a password or PIN.
Example: a bank card.

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