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IIT MATHEMATICS
QUADRATIC EQUATION
WORKBOOK

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
1. INTRODUCTION : (d) A quadratic equation whose roots are
The algebraic expression of the form & is ( x – ) ( x – ) = 0 i.e.
ax2 + bx + c, a 0 is called a quadratic x2 – () x + = 0 i.e. x2 – (sum of
expression, because the highest order roots) x + product of roots = 0.
term in it is of second degree. Quadratic
equation means, Illustration 1:
2
ax + bx + c = 0. In general whenever If are the roots of a quadratic
one says zeroes of the expression ax2 + equation x2 – 3x + 5 = 0, then the
bx + c, it implies roots of the equation equation whose roots are (– 3+ 7)
ax2 + bx + c = 0, unless specified and ( – 3+ 7) is -
otherwise. (A) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
A quadratic equation has exactly two (B) x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
roots which may be real (equal or (C) x2 – 4x – 1 = 0
unequal) or imaginary. (D) x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
Solution :
2. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC
Since are the roots of equation
EQUATION & RELATION
x2 – 3x + 5 = 0
BETWEEN ROOTS &
So  – 3+ 5= 0
CO-EFFICIENTS:
 – 3+ 5 = 0
(a) The general form of quadratic equation   – 3= – 5
is ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0.  – 3= – 5
The roots can be found in following Putting in (– 3+ 7) & (– 3+ 7)
manner : .........(i)
 b c – 5 + 7, – 5 + 7
a  x2  x    0
 a a  2 and 2 are the roots.
2  The required equation is
 b c b2
  x    0 x2 – 4x + 4 = 0.
2a  a 4a 2
2
 b b2 c Illustration 2 :
 x     If and are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0,
2a  4a 2
a
find the value of (a+ b)–2 +(a+ b)–2 .
 b  b2  4ac Solution :
 x
2a b c
We know that + =  & =
This expression can be directly used to a a
find the two roots of a quadratic (a + b)–2 + (a + b)–2
equation. 1 1
The expression b2 – 4 ac D is called = 
(b)
 a  b   a  b 
2 2

the discriminant of the quadratic

equation. a 22  b2  2ab  a2 2  b2  2ab
=
If & are the roots of the quadratic
 a   ba  ba  b 
2
(c) 2 2

equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , then :

(i) = – b/a a2      2ab     2b
2 2 2

(ii) c / a =
a   ab     b 
2
2 2
(iii) || = D / | a |
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 (+  can always be written as b  D
(+ )2 – 2) x=
2a
a 2      2   2ab      2b2
2
(i) D > 0  roots are real & distinct
 
(unequal).
 a   ab     b 
2
2 2
(ii) D = 0  roots are real & coincident
 b2  2ac  (equal)
 b
a2    2ab     2b2 (iii) D < 0  roots are imaginary.
 a  a
2
=  (iv) If p + iq is one root of a quadratic
2
 2c  b 2 equation, then the other root must be the
 a a  ab   a   b  conjugate p – iq & vice versa. (p, q R
   
b2  2ac & i = 1 ) .
=
a 2c 2
(b) Consider the quadratic equation
Alternatively :
ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c Q & a
If are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
0 then;
then, a + b+ c = 0
(i) If D is a perfect square, then roots are
c
 ab =  rational.

(ii) If = p + q is one root in this case,
c
same as a+b = – (where p is rational & q is a surd) then

 2 2 other root will be p – q .
  ab–2 + (b)–2 = 
c2 c2
  
2
 2 Illustration 3:
= If the coefficient of the quadratic
c2 equation are rational & the coefficient
 b / a   2 c / a 
2
b2  2ac of x2 is1, then find the equation one of
= =
c2 a 2c 2 
whose roots is tan .
Do yourself - 1 : 8
(i) Find the roots of following equations : Solution :
(a) x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 
(b) x2 – 8x + 16 = 0 We know that tan = 2 –1
8
(c) x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 Irrational roots always occur in
(ii) Find the roots of the equation conjugational pairs.
a(x2 + 1) – (a2 + 1)x = 0, where a 0.
Hence if one root is (–1 + 2 ), then
6x x
(iii) Solve : 2 =2+ other root will be (–1 – 2 ). Equation
x 4 x2 is
(iv) If the roots of 4x2 + 5k = (5k + 1)x
differ by unity, then find the values of (x –(–1+ 2 )) (x–(–1– 2 )) = 0
k. x2 + 2x –1 = 0

3. NATURE OF ROOTS : Illustration 4:

(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax + 2 Find all the integral values of a for
bx + c = 0 where a, b , c R & a 0 which the quadratic equation
then ; (x – a)(x – 10) + 1 = 0 has integral
roots.
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Solution :  both roots are negative.
Here the equation is a  0, b  0,c  0
x2 – (a + 10)x + 10a + 1 = 0. (f) If 
Since integral roots will always be a  0, b  0,c  0
rational it means D should be a perfect  both roots are positive.
square. (g) If sign of a = sign of b sign of c
From (i) D = a2 – 20a + 96.  Greater root in magnitude is negative.
D = (a – 10) 2 – 4 4 = (a – 10) 2 – D (h) If sign of b = sign of c sign of a
If D is a perfect square it means we  Greater root in magnitude is positive.
want difference of two perfect square as (i) If a + b + c = 0
4 which is possible only when (a –10) 2  one root is 1 and second root is c/a or
= 4 and D = 0. (–b–a)/a.
(a – 10) = ± 2 a = 12, 8 Ans.
Illustration 5 :
Do yourself - 2 : x 2  bx k 1
If equation = has roots
(i) If 2 + 3 is a root of the equation x2 + ax  c k 1
bx + c = 0, where b, c Q, find b, c. equal in magnitude & opposite in sign,
(ii) For the following equations, find the then the value of k is -
nature of the roots (real & distinct, real ab ab
(A) (B)
& coincident or imaginary). ab ab
(a) x2 – 6x + 10 = 0 a a
(C)  1 (D)  1
(b) x2–(7 + 3 ) x +6(1 + 3 ) =0 b b
(c) 4x2 + 28x + 49 = 0 Solution :
(iii) If , m are real and m, then show that Let the roots are & –.
given equation is
the roots of (–m)x2 – 5(+m)x – 2(– (x2 – bx)(k + 1) = (k – 1)(ax – c)
m) = 0 are real and unequal. {Considering, x c/a & k –1}
4. ROOTS UNDER PARTICULAR  x2(k + 1) – bx(k + 1) = ax (k – 1) –
CASES : c(k – 1)
 x2(k + 1) – bx(k + 1) – ax (k – 1) +
Let the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 c(k – 1) = 0
has real roots and Now sum of roots = 0
(a) If b = 0
(– = 0)
 roots are equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign ab
 b(k + 1) + a(k – 1) = 0 k =
(b) If c = 0 ab
 one root is zero other is – b/a Ans. (B)
(c) If a = c  Illustration 6:
 roots are reciprocal to each other If roots of the equation
a  0 c  0 (a – b)x2 + (c – a)x + (b – c) = 0 are
(d) If  equal, then a, b, c are in
a  0 c  0 (A) A.P. (B) H.P.
 roots are of opposite signs (C) G.P. (D) none of these
a  0, b  0,c  0 Solution :
(e) If  (a – b)x2 + (c – a)x + (b – c) = 0
a  0, b  0,c  0  As roots are equal so
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 B2 – 4AC = 0  – 5+ 6 = 0  = 2, 3
 (c – a) 2 – 4(a – b)(b – c) = 0 and  – 3+ 2 = 0  = 1, 2
 (c – a) 2 – 4ab + 4b2 + 4ac –4bc = 0 and  – 4 = 0  = 2, –2
 (c – a)2 + 4ac – 4b(c + a) + 4b2 = 0 So = 2 Ans. = 2
 (c + a) 2 – 2 . (2b)(c + a) + (2b) 2 = 0
6. COMMON ROOTS OF TWO
 [c + a – 2b] 2 = 0 c + a – 2b = 0 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS :
 c + a = 2b
Hence a, b, c are in A. P. (a) Only one common root.
Alternative method : Let be the common root of ax2 + bx
 Sum of the coefficients = 0 + c = 0 & a'x2 + b'x + c' = 0 then
a  + b+ c = 0 & a'  + b'+ c' = 0 .
Hence one root is 1 and other root is By Cramer’s Rule
bc 2  1
. = =
ab bc ' b' c a'c  ac' ab' a' b
Given that both roots are equal, so
ca' c'a bc' b' c
bc Therefore,  =
1= a – b = b – c  2b = a + c ab' a' b a' c  ac'
ab So the condition for a common root is
Hence a, b, c are in A.P. Ans. (A) (ca' – c'a)2 = (ab' – a'b) (bc'– b'c).
(b) If both roots are same then
Do yourself - 3 :
a b c
(i) Consider ƒ(x) = x2 + bx + c.  
(a) Find c if x = 0 is a root of ƒ (x) = 0. a' b' c'
1
(b) Find c if  are roots of ƒ (x) = 0. Illustration 8 :
 Find p and q such that px2 + 5x + 2 = 0
(c) Comment on sign of b & c, if < 0 and 3x2 + 10 x +q = 0 have both roots in
< & || > ||, where are roots of common.
ƒ(x) = 0. Solution :
5. IDENTITY : a1 = p, b1 = 5, c1 = 2
a2 = 3, b2 = 10, c2 = q
An equation which is true for every
We know that :
value of the variable within the domain
a1 b1 c1 p 5 2
is called an identity, for example :     
5(a – 3) =5a – 15, (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + a 2 b2 c 2 3 10 q
2ab for all a, bR. 3
Note: A quadratic equation cannot have   p  ;q=4
2
three or more roots & if it has, it
Illustration 9 :
becomes an identity. If ax2 + bx + c = 0
Find the possible value(s) of 'a' for
is an identity a = b = c = 0 which the equations x2 + ax + 1 = 0 and
x2 + x + a = 0 have atleast one common
Illustration 7 : root.
If the equation (2 – 5+ 6)x2 + (– Solution :
3+ 2)x + ( – 4) = 0 has more than Let is a common root
two roots, then find the value of ? then  + a+ 1 = 0
Solution : &  + + a = 0
As the equation has more than two roots by Cramer’s rule
so it becomes an identity. Hence
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 2  l  x  1  x  2  x  3  x  6
3 4 5
= = e.g. f(x) =
a 1 l  a
2
la x 2  x  7
3

(1 – a)2 = (a2 – 1)(1 – a)

a = 1, –2

Do yourself - 4 : Step-III : Check the value of y for any real

(i) If x2 + bx + c = 0 & 2x2 + 9x + 10 = 0 number greater than the right most
have both roots in common, find b & c. marked number on the number line. If it
(ii) If x2 – 7x + 10 = 0 & x2 – 5x + c = 0 is positive, then y is positive for all the
have a common root, find c. real numbers greater than the right most
(iii) Show that x2 + (a2 – 2)x – 2a2 = 0 and marked number and vice versa.
x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 have exactly one Step-IV : If the exponent of a factor is odd,
common root for all a R. then the point is called simple point and
7. SOLUTION OF RATIONAL if the exponent of a factor is even, then
INEQUALITIES : the point is called double point
 x  1  x  2  x  3  x  6
3 4 5

f x
x 2  x  7
3
Let y = be an expression in x
g x
where f(x) & g(x) are polynomials in x. Here 1,3,–6 and 7 are simple points and
–2 & 0 are double points. From right to
Now, if it is given that y > 0 (or < 0 or 
left, beginning above the number line (if
0 or  0), this calls for all the values of
y is positive in step 3 other wise from
x for which y satisfies the constraint.
below the line), a wavy curve should be
This solution set can be found by
drawn which passes through all the
following steps :
marked points so that when passing
Step I : Factorize f(x) & g(x) and generate the
through a simple point, the curve
form :
intersects the number line and when
y=
 x  a1 n  x  a2 n ......  x  ak n
1 2 k
passing through a double point, the
 x  b1 m  x  b2 m ......  x  bp 
1 2
m p curve remains on the same side of
number line.
where n1, n2.......nk, m1,m2......mp are
 x  1  x  2  x  3  x  6
3 4 5

natural numbers and a1,a2.....ak, f(x) =

x 2  x  7
3
b1,b2......bp are real numbers. Clearly,
here a1,a2......ak are roots of f(x) = 0 &
b1,b2,....bp are roots of g(x) = 0.
Step II : Here y vanishes (becomes zero) for As exponents of (x + 2) and x are even,
a1,a2,..........ak. These points are marked the curve does not cross the number
on the number line with a black dot. line. This method is called wavy curve
They are solution of y = 0. method.
f x Step-V : The intervals where the curve is
If g(x) = 0, y = attains an above number line, y will be positive
g x and the intervals where the curve is
undefined form, hence b1, b2......bk are below the number line, y will be
excluded from the solution. These negative. The appropriate intervals are
points are marked with white dots. chosen in accordance with the sign of

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 inequality & their union represents the = positive
solution of inequality.
Note :
(i) Points where denominator is zero will
never be included in the answer. Hence for x(x–3) (x+2) (x+6)  0
(ii) If you are asked to find the intervals x (–,–6] [–2,0] [3,)
where f(x) is non-negative or non-
positive then make the intervals closed Illustration 12 :
corresponding to the roots of the Let
numerator and let it remain open  x  1  x  2   x  3  x  6  .
3 4 5

corresponding to the roots of f(x) =

x2  x  7
3
denominator.
(iii) Normally we cannot cross-multiply in Solve the following inequality
inequalities. But we cross multiply if we (i) f(x) > 0 (ii) f(x) 0
are sure that quantity in (iii) f(x) < 0 (iv) f(x) 0
denominator is always positive. Solution :
(iv) Normally we cannot square in We mark on the number line zeros of
inequalities. But we can square if we the function : 1, –2, 3 and –6 (with
are sure that both sides are non black circles) and the points of
negative. discontinuity 0 and 7 (with white
(v) We can multiply both sides with a circles), isolate the double points
negative number by changing the sign : –2 and 0 and draw the wavy curve :
of inequality.
(vi) We can add or subtract equal quantity to
both sides of inequalities without
changing the sign of inequality. From graph, we get
(i) x (–, –6) (1, 3) (7, )
Illustration 10:
(ii) x (–, –6] {–2} [1, 3] (7, )
Find x such that 3x2 – 7x + 6 < 0
(iii) x (–6, –2) (–2, 0) (0, 1) (3, 7)
Solution :
D = 49 – 72 < 0 (iv) x [–6, 0) (0, 1] [3, 7)
As D < 0, 3x2 – 7x + 6 will always be Do yourself - 5 :
positive. Hence x . (i) Find range of x such that
(a) (x – 2)(x + 3) 0
Illustration 11 : x
(x2 – x – 6) (x2 + 6x) 0 (b) 2
x 1
Solution :
3x  1
(x–3) (x+2) (x) (x+6)  0 (c) 
Consider E = x(x–3)(x+2)(x+6), E = 0 4x  1
 2x  1 x  3 2  x 1  x 
2
x = 0, 3, –2, –6 (all are simple
 
(d) 4 <0
points) x  x  6 x  9 2x 2  4x  9
7x  17
(e)  
x  3x  4
2
For x  3
 (f) x2 + 2 3x 2x2 – 5
E= x   x  3
x  2 x  6
 ve   
 ve  ve  ve

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8. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND
IT'S GRAPHS :
Consider the quadratic expression,
y = ax2 + bx + c , a 0 & a, b, c R
then ;
(a) The graph between x, y is always a
parabola. If a > 0 then the shape of the
parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0
then the shape of the parabola is Roots are complex conjugate
concave downwards. ax2 + bx + c > 0 x R
(b) The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c can be
divided in 6 broad categories which are
as follows:
(Let the real roots of quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 be & where ).

Roots are real & distinct

ax2 + bx + c > 0 x (, )
ax2+ bx+c<0x(–,)(,)

Roots are real & distinct

ax + bx + c > 0 x (–)  (, )
2

ax2 + bx + c < 0 x (, )

Roots are coincident

ax +bx + c < 0 x R–{}
2

ax2 + bx + c = 0 for x = 

Roots are coincident

ax + bx + c > 0 x R – {}
2

ax2 + bx + c = 0 for x = = 

Roots are complex conjugate

ax2 + bx + c < 0 x R
Important Note :

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(i) The quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c > (C) 3/4 (D) 1
0 for each x R a > 0, D < 0 & vice- Solution :
versa(Fig. 3) Since a = 4 > 0
(ii) The quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c < therefore its minimum value
0 for each x R a < 0, D < 0 & vice- 4  41   2 
2
D 16  4
= = =
4  4
versa (Fig. 6)
4a 16
9. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES 12 3
OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS : =  Ans.(C)
16 4
y = ax2 + bx + c:
We know that y = ax2 + bx + c takes Illustration 15 :
following form : If y = x2 – 2x – 3, then find the range of
 b
y = a  x   
2
 
b2  4ac 
,
y when :
(i) x R
 2a  4a 2 
(ii) x [0,3]
which is a parabola. (iii) x [–2,0]
  b D  Solution :
 vertex =  ,
 2a 4a  We know that minimum value of y will
occur at
When a > 0, y will take a minimum
b D
value at vertex ; x = ; ymin =
2a 4a
When a < 0, y will take a maximum
b D
value at vertex; x = ; ymax = .
2a 4a
If quadratic expression ax2+bx +c is a
perfect square, then a > 0 and D = 0
x= 
b
=–
 2  = 1
Illustration 13 : 2a 2 1
The value of the expression x2+2bx +c D   4  3  4
will be positive for all real x if - ymin =  = = –4
4a 4
(A) b2 – 4c > 0 (B) b2 – 4c < 0
2
(C) c < b (D) b2 < c (i) x R;
Solution : y [–4,) Ans.
As a > 0, so this expression will be (ii) x [0, 3]
positive if D < 0 f(0) = –3, f(1) = –4,
so 4b2 – 4c < 0 f(3) = 0
b2 < c  f(3) > f(0)
 y will take all the values from minimum
to f(3).
Ans. (D) y [–4, 0] Ans.
(iii) x [–2, 0]
Illustration 14 : This interval does not contain the
The minimum value of the expression minimum x value of y for x R.
4x2 + 2x + 1 is -
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2

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 *(iv) Find the range of 'a' for which :
(a) ax2 + 3x + 4 > 0 x R
(b) ax2 + 4x – 2 < 0 x R
10. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES
OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS:
y will take values from f(0) to f(–2)
f(0) =–3 a1x 2  b1x  c1 1
y = , ,
f(–2) = 5 a 2 x  b2 x  c 2
2
ax  bx  c
2

y [–3, 5] Ans. a1x  b1 a1x 2  b1x  c1

, :
a 2x 2  b2x  c 2 a 2x  b2
Illustration 16 :
If ax2 + bx + 10 = 0 does not have real Sometime we have to find range of
& distinct roots, find the minimum a x 2  b1x  c1
expression of form 1 2 .
value of 5a – b. a 2 x  b2 x  c 2
Solution : The following procedure is used :
Either f(x) 0 x R or f(x) 0 x Step 1 : Equate the given expression to y i.e.
R a x 2  b1x  c1
 f(0) = 10 > 0 f(x) x R y= 1 2
a 2 x  b2 x  c 2
 f(–5) = 25a – 5b + 10  Step 2 : By cross multiplying and simplifying,
 5a – b –2 obtain a quadratic equation in x.
Do yourself - 6 (a1– a2y)x2 + (b1 – b2y)x + (c1 – c2y) = 0
(i) Find the minimum value of : Step 3 : Put Discriminant 0 and solve the
(a) y = x2 + 2x + 2 inequality for possible set of values of
(b) y = 4x2 – 16x + 15 y.
(ii) For following graphs of y = ax2 + bx + c
with a,b,c R, comment on the sign of : Illustration 17 :
(i) a (ii) b (iii) c For x R, find the set of values
(iv) D (v) +  (vi)  x 2  3x  4
attainable by 2
x  3x  4
(1) Solution :
x 2  3x  4
Let y = 2
x  3x  4
(2) x2(y – 1) + 3x(y + 1) + 4(y – 1) = 0
Case- I : y 1
For y 1 above equation is a quadratic
equation.
(3) So for x R, D 0
 9(y + 1)2 – 16(y – 1)20
7y2 – 50y + 7 0
(iii) Given the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c  (7y – 1)(y – 7) 0
= 0 are real & distinct, where a,b,c R+, 1 
then the vertex of the graph will lie in y   , 7  – {1}
which quadrant. 7 

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Case II : when y = 1 Do yourself - 7 :
x 2  3x  4 8x  4
 2 (i) Prove that the expression
x  3x  4 x  2x  1
2

x + 3x + 4 = x2 – 3x+ 4
2
cannot have values between 2 and 4, in
x = 0 its domain.
Hence y = 1 for real value of x. x 2  2x  1
(ii) Find the range of 2 , where x
1  x  2x  7
so range of y is  , 7 
7  is real

11. LOCATION OF ROOTS :

Illustration 18 :
Find the values of a for which the This article deals with an elegant
ax 2  3x  4 approach of solving problems on
expression assumes all real quadratic equations when the roots are
3x  4x 2  a
values for real values of x. located / specified on the number line
Solution : with variety of constraints :
Consider the quadratic equation
ax 2  3x  4
Let y = ax2 + bx + c = 0 with a > 0 and let
3x  4x 2  a f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
x2(a + 4y) + 3(1 – y)x – (4 + ay) = 0
If x R, D  0 Type-1:
 9(1 – y) 2 + 4(a + 4y)(4 + ay) 0 Both roots of the quadratic equation are
 (9 + 16a)y2 + (4a2 + 46)y + (9 + 16a) 0 greater than a specific number (say d).
for all y R, (9 + 16a) > 0 & D 0 The necessary and sufficient condition
 (4a2 + 46) 2 – 4(9 + 16a)(9 + 16a) 0 for this are :
 4(a2 – 8a + 7)(a2 + 8a + 16) 0 (i) D 0 ; (ii) ƒ(d) > 0 ;
 a2 – 8a + 7 0 b
(iii) – > d
 1 a 7 2a
9 + 16a > 0 & 1 a 7
Taking intersection, a [1, 7]
Now, checking the boundary values of a
For a = 1

y=
x 2  3x  4
=–
 x  1 x  4
Note : When both roots of the quadratic
3x  4x  1
2
 x  1 4x  1 equation are less than a specific number
 x   y  –1 d then the necessary and sufficient
condition will be :
 a = 1 is not possible.
if a=7 (i) D 0 ; (ii) ƒ(d) > 0 ;
b
7x  3x  4
2
 7x  4 x  1 (iii) – < d
y= = 2a
3x  4x  7
2
 7  4x  x  1 Type-2 :
 x –1  y –1 Both roots lie on either side of a fixed
So y will assume all real values for number say (d). Alternatively one root
some real values of x. is greater than 'd' and other root less
So a (1,7) than 'd' or 'd' lies between the roots of
the given equation.

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 The necessary and sufficient condition Note: If a < 0 in the quadratic equation ax2 +
for this are : f(d) < 0 bx + c = 0 then we divide the whole
equation by 'a'. Now assume
b c
x 2  x  as f(x). This makes the
a a
coefficient of x2 positive and hence
Note : Consideration of discriminant is
above cases are applicable.
not needed.
Type-3 :
Illustration 19 :
Exactly one root lies in the interval (d,
Find the values of the parameter 'a' for
e).The necessary and sufficient
which the roots of the quadratic
condition for this are :
equation
ƒ (d) . ƒ (e) < 0
x2 + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = 0 are
(i) real and distinct
(ii) equal
(iii) opposite in sign
Note: The extremes of the intervals (iv) equal in magnitude but opposite in sign
found by given conditions give 'd' or 'e' (v) positive
as the root of the equation. Hence in this (vi) negative
case also check for end points. (vii) greater than 3
(viii) smaller than 3
(ix) such that both the roots lie in the
interval (1, 3)
Solution :
Let f(x) = x2 + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = Ax2 +
Type-4 : Bx + C (say)
When both roots are confined between  A = 1, B = 2(a – 1), C = a + 5.
the number d and e (d < e).The Also D = B2 – 4AC = 4(a – 1) 2 – 4(a
necessary and sufficient condition for + 5) = 4(a + 1)(a – 4)
this are : (i) D>0  (a + 1)(a – 4) > 0
 a (–, –1)(4, ).
(ii) D=0  (a + 1)(a – 4) = 0
 a = –1, 4.
(iii) This means that 0 lies between the roots
(i) D 0; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; of the given equation.
b  f(0) < 0 and D > 0
(iii) ƒ (e) > 0 (iv) d < – < e
2a i.e. a (–, –1) (4, )
Type-5 :  a + 5 < 0 a < – 5 a (–, –5).
One root is greater than e and the other (iv) This means that the sum of the roots is
roots is less than d (d < e). zero
The necessary and sufficient condition  –2(a – 1) = 0 and D > 0
for this are : f(d) < 0 and f(e) < 0 i.e. a –(–, –1) (4, ) a = 1
which does not belong to
(–, –1)(4, )  a 
(v) This implies that both the roots are
greater than zero
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 B C Solution :
 – > 0, > D  4–2 (k+1) + k2 + k–8 < 0
A A
 –(a – 1) > 0, a + 5 > 0,  k2 – k – 6 < 0
a (–, –1][4, ) (k–3) (k+2) < 0 –2 < k < 3
 a < 1, –5 < a, a (–, –1][4, ) Taking intersection, k (–2, 3).
 a (–5, –1].
(vi) This implies that both the roots are less Illustration 21 :
than zero Find all possible values of a for which
exactly one root of x2 –(a+1)x + 2a = 0
B C
 – < 0, > 0, D –(a – 1) < 0, lies in interval (0,3).
A A Solution :
a + 5 > 0, a (–, –1][4, ) f(0) . f(3) < 0
 a > 1, a > –5, a (–, –1][4, )  2a (9– 3(a + 1)+2a) < 0
 a [4, ).  2a (–a + 6) < 0
(vii) In this case  a(a – 6) > 0
B  a< 0 or a > 6
– >, A.f(3) > 0 and D 0.
2a Checking the extremes.
 –(a – 1) > 3, 7a + 8 > 0 and If a = 0, x2 – x = 0
a (–, –1][4, ) x = 0, 1
 a < –2, a > –8/7 and 1 (0, 3)
a (–, –1][4, ) If a = 6, x2 – 7x + 12 = 0
Since no value of 'a' can satisfy these x = 3, 4 But 4 (0, 3)
conditions simultaneously, there can be Hence solution set is
no value of a for which both the roots a (–,0] (6,)
will be greater than 3.
(viii) In this case Do yourself - 8 :
B (i) If are roots of 7x2 + 9x – 2 = 0,
– < 3, A.f(3) > 0 and D 0.
2a find their position with respect to
 a > –2, a > –8/7 and following ():
a (–, –1] [4, ) (a) –3 (b) 0
 a (–8/7, –1] [4, ) (c) 1
(ix) In this case (ii) If a > 1, roots of the equation
(1 – a)x2 + 3ax – 1 = 0 are -
B
1<– < 3, A.f(1) > 0, (A) one positive one negative
2A (B) both negative
A.f(3) > 0, D 0. (C) both positive
 1 < – 1(a –1) < 3, 3a + 4 > 0, 7a + 8 > 0, (D) both non-real
a (–, –1] [4, ) (iii) Find the set of value of a for which the
 – 2 < a < 0, a > –4/ 3, a > –8/7, roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + a2 + a –
 8  3 = 0 are less than 3.
a (–, –1] [4, ) a    , 1 (iv) If are the roots of x2 – 3x + a = 0,
 7 
a R and < 1 <, then find the values
of a.
Illustration 20 :
Find value of k for which one root of (v) If are roots of 4x2 – 16x + = 0,
equation x2 – (k+1)x + k2 + k – 8 = 0 R such that 1 << 2 and 2 << 3,
exceeds 2 & other is less than 2. then find the range of .
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12. GENERAL QUADRATIC  a0xn + a1xn–1 + ......... an–1x + an = a0(x –
EXPRESSION IN TWO )(x – ) ..... (x – n)
VARIABLES : Comparing the coefficients of like
f( x, y) = ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2 fy powers of x, we get
+ c may be resolved into two linear a
factors if ;   i = – a 1 = S1 (say)
= abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0 OR 0

a h g coefficient of x n 1
or S1 = –
h b f =0 coefficient of x n
2a
g f c S2 =   i  j = (–1) 2
ij a0
Illustration 22 : a
If x2 + 2xy + 2x + my – 3 have two S3 =   i  j k = (–1)3 3
i  j k a0
linear factor then m is equal to -
(A) 6, 2 (B) –6, 2 
(C) 6, –2 (D) –6, –2 an
Sn = n = (–1)n = (–1)n
Solution : a0
Here a =1, h =1, b = 0, g = 1, f = m/2, cons tan term
c = –3
coefficient of x n
1 1 1
where Sk denotes the sum of the product
So = 0 1 0 m/2 =0 of root taken k at a time.
1 m/2 –3 Quadratic equation : If are the
m2 roots of the quadratic equation
 – –( –3 –m/2 ) +m/2 = 0 b
4 ax2 + bx + c = 0,then  = – and
m2 a
  – +m+3=0 c
4 
 m2 – 4m – 12 = 0 a
m = –2, 6 Ans. (C) Cubic equation : If are roots of
a cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0,
Do yourself - 9 : then
(i) Find the value of k for which the b c
 +  +  = – , 
expression x2 + 2xy + ky2 + 2x + k = 0 a a
can be resolved into two linear factors. d
and –
13. THEORY OF EQUATIONS : a
Let , , , ...... n are roots of the Note :
equation, ƒ (x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + (i) If is a root of the equation f (x) = 0,
.... an-1x + an = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly
where a0, a1, ......... an are constants and divisible by (x – ) or (x – ) is a factor
a0 0. of f(x) and conversely.
ƒ(x) = a0(x – )(x – )(x – 3) ......... (ii) Every equation of nth degree ( n 1) has
exactly n root & if the equation has
(x – n) more than n roots, it is an identity.

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(iii) If the coefficients of the equation 23  23   23   3
f (x) = 0 are all real and +iis its root,    5  2     –
36   6  2
then –iis also a root. i.e. imaginary
1
roots occur in conjugate pairs.   , –6
(iv) If the coefficients in the equation are all 2
rational & +  is one of its roots, 1 1
Hence roots of equation = , ,– 6
2 2
then –  is also a root where
,Q & is not a perfect square. Illustration 24 :
(v) If there be any two real numbers ‘a’ & If  are the roots of
‘b’ such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0, find :
signs, then f(x) = 0 must have atleast (i)  a3
one real root between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
(vi) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd (ii) 2 () + 2 ( + ) + 2 ( + )
has atleast one real root of a sign Solution :
opposite to that of its last term. We know that  = p
= q
Illustration 23 :  = r
If two roots are equal, find the roots of (i) 3 + 33= 3 ()
4x3 + 20x2 – 23x + 6 = 0. {()2 – 3( +  + )}
Solution : = 3r + p{p2 – 3q} = 3r + p3 – 3pq
Let roots be and  (ii) 2 () + 2 () +2 (+) = 2 (p
20 –) +2 (p –) +2 (p– )
 = –
4 = p(222 ) 3r  p3 3pq = p(p2 –
 2+ = – 5 ............ (i) 2q) – 3r – p3 + 3pq = pq – 3r
23
 =  Illustration 25 :
4
If b2 < 2ac and a, b, c, d R, then prove
23 6 that ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 has exactly
   & –
4 4 one real root.
from equation (i) Solution :
23 Let be the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx
+ 2(– 5 –2) = –
4 +d=0
23 b
 – 10 – 42 = – Then  = –
4 a

   c
 =
23 a
 
6 d
 =
1 a
when =
2   –
 

1 3 b2 2c b2  2ac
2 = (–5 – 1) = – 2 = 2  =
4 2 a a a2
23  < 0, which is not possible if
when = – all  are real. So atleast one root is
6
non-real, but complex roots occurs in
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 pair. Hence given cubic equation has  cy2 – 2by + 4a = 0
two non-real and one real roots. Required equation is cx2 – 2bx + 4a = 0
 
Do yourself - 10 : (b) ,
(i) Let  be two of the roots of the  1  1
equation x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0. If   y
put, y = 
= 0, then show that pq = r  1 1 y
(ii) If two roots of x3 + 3x2 – 9x + c = 0 are 2
 y   y 
equal, then find the value of c.  a  + b + c = 0 
(iii) If be the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx 1 y  1  y 
+ d = 0, then find the value of   (a + c –b)y2 + (–2c + b)y +c = 0
1 Required equation is (a + c – b) x2 + (b
(a) 2 (b)  – 2c) x + c = 0

c 
  (c) 2, 2
put y = 2
14. TRANSFORMATION OF THE  =y
EQUATION :
ay + b y + c = 0
Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic
b2y = a2y2 + c2 + 2acy
equation with two roots  and . If we
 a2y2 + (2ac – b2) y + c2 = 0
have to find an equation whose roots are
Required equation is a2x2 + (2ac – b2) x
f() and f(), i.e. some expression in + c2 = 0
&  then this equation can be found
by finding  in terms of y. Now as  Illustration 27 :
satisfies given equation, put this  in If the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 are
terms of y directly in the equation. , ,  then find equation whose roots
y = f () 1 1 1
By transformation,  = g(y) are , ,
  
a(g(y))2 + b(g(y)) + c = 0
This is the required equation in y. Solution :
1  a
Put y = = = 
Illustration 26 :   d
If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are  and d dy
, then find the equation whose roots (= – ) Put x = 
a a
are :
 dy 
3 2
2 2    dy   dy 
 a  + b  + c  + d
(a) , (b) ,  a  a  a
   1  1
=0
(c)  , 
2 2
Required equation is d2x3 – bdx2 + acx
Solution : – a2 = 0
2 2
(a) ,
 
2 2 Do yourself - 11 :
put, y =   = (i) If  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0,
 y
then find the equation whose roots are
2
 2  2 1 1
a   + b   y  + c = 0 (a) ,
 y  2 2
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 1 1 Illustrations 29 :
(B) , If (y2 – 5y + 3) (x2 + x + 1) < 2x for all
a  b a  b
x R, then find the interval in which y
1 1
(c)  ,  lies.
  Solution :
(ii) If are roots of x2 – px + q = 0, (y2 – 5y + 3) (x2 + x + 1) < 2x,  x 
then find the quadratic equation whose R
root are 2x
(22 )(33 ) and 2332 .  y2 – 5y + 3 < 2
x  x 1
Miscellaneous Illustrations : 2x
Let =P
Illustrations 28 : x  x 1
2

If  are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0,  px2 + (p – 2) x + p = 0

and  are the roots of x2 + rx + s = 0, (1) Since x is real, (p – 2)2 – 4p2  0
evaluate ( – ) ( –) ( – ) ( – ) in  –2  p 
2
terms of p, q, r and s. Deduce the 3
condition that the equations have a (2) The minimum value of 2x/(x2 + x + 1)
common root. is –2.
Solution : So, y2 – 5y + 3 < –2  y2 – 5y + 5 < 0
are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 5 5 5 5
  +  = –p,  = q ........(1)  y  ,
 2 2 
and ,  are the roots of x2 + rx + s = 0
  + = –r,  = s .........(2)
Now, ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) ( – )
= [2 – ( + ) + ] [2 – ( + ) + ]
= (2 + r + s) (2 + r + s)
= 22 +r( + ) + r2 + s(2 + 2)
+sr( + ) + s2
= 22 +r( + ) + r2 + s(( + )2
– 2)) + sr( + ) + s2
= q2 – pqr + r2q + s(p2 – 2q) + sr (–p) + s2
= (q – s)2 – rpq + r2q + sp2 – prs
= (q – s)2 – rq (p – r) + sp (p – r)
= (q – s)2 + (p – r) (sp – rq)
For a common root (Let  =  or  = )
.........(3)
then ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) = 0
.........(4)
from (3) and (4), we get
(q – s)2 + (p – r) (sp – rq) = 0
 (q – s)2 = (p – r) (rq – sp), which is the
required condition.

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 ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF (v) 12 << 16
1: (i) (a) –1, –2; (b) 4; 9: (i) 0, 2
(c) 1± 2 ; 10 : (ii) –27, 5;
1 1 c
(ii) a, ; (iii) (a) 2 (b2 – ac), (b)  ,
a a d
7 1
(iii) (c) 2 (3ad – bc)
3 a
1 11 : (i) (a) c2y2 + y(2ac – b2) + a2 = 0 ;
(iv) 3,  (b) acx2 – bx + 1 = 0;
5 (c) acx2 + (a+c)bx + (a + c)2 = 0
2: (i) b = – 4, c = 1;
(ii) x2 – p(p4 – 5p2q + 5q2)x
(ii) (a)imaginary;
+ p2q2(p2 – 4q)(p2 – q) = 0
(b) real & distinct ;
(c) real & coincident
3: (i) (a) c = 0; (b) c = 1;
(c) b  negative,
c  negative
9
4: (i) b , c = 5;
2
(ii) c = 0, 6
5: (i) (a) x(, 3] [2, ) ;
(b) x (2, 1) ;
 1 1
(c)   4 , 3  ;

1 
(d) x (–6,– 3)   , 2
2 
–{1}  (9, ) (e) [3,7];
(f) 
6: (i) (a) 1 (b) –1
(ii) (1) (i) a < 0 (ii) b < 0 (iii) c < 0
(iv) D > 0 (v) < 0 (vi) > 0
(2) (i) a < 0 (ii) b > 0 (iii) c = 0
(iv) D > 0 (v) > 0 (vi)  = 0
(3) (i) a < 0 (ii) b = 0 (iii) c = 0
(iv) D = 0 (v)  = 0 (vi)  = 0
(iii) Third quadrant
(iv) (a) a > 9/16
(b) a < –2
7: (ii) least value = 0,
greatest value = 1.
8: (i) – 3 < < 0 < < 1;
(ii) C;
(iii) a<2;
(iv) a<2;

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 2019

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