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    Chemistry Project: By: Class: XI Topic: Hydrocarbons (Alkenes) Subject Teacher

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    Yaman
    This document provides information about hydrocarbons called alkenes. It discusses their general formula, methods of preparation, physical properties including isomerism, and chemical properties such as addition reactions with halogens, hydrogen halides, oxidation, and polymerization reactions. Alkenes react readily through addition reactions due to their unsaturated double bond structure.

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    Chemistry Project: By: Class: XI Topic: Hydrocarbons (Alkenes) Subject Teacher

    Uploaded by

    Yaman
    448 views7 pages
    This document provides information about hydrocarbons called alkenes. It discusses their general formula, methods of preparation, physical properties including isomerism, and chemical properties such as addition reactions with halogens, hydrogen halides, oxidation, and polymerization reactions. Alkenes react readily through addition reactions due to their unsaturated double bond structure.

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    Class XI Hydrocarbons project

    Original Title

    Hydrocarbons

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    This document provides information about hydrocarbons called alkenes. It discusses their general formula, methods of preparation, physical properties including isomerism, and chemical properties such as addition reactions with halogens, hydrogen halides, oxidation, and polymerization reactions. Alkenes react readily through addition reactions due to their unsaturated double bond structure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    448 views7 pages

    Chemistry Project: By: Class: XI Topic: Hydrocarbons (Alkenes) Subject Teacher

    Uploaded by

    Yaman
    This document provides information about hydrocarbons called alkenes. It discusses their general formula, methods of preparation, physical properties including isomerism, and chemical properties such as addition reactions with halogens, hydrogen halides, oxidation, and polymerization reactions. Alkenes react readily through addition reactions due to their unsaturated double bond structure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    1

    Chemistry
    Project

    By:
    Class: XI
    Topic : Hydrocarbons(Alkenes)
    Subject Teacher:
    2

    HYDROCARBONS
    Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds
    containing carbon and hydrogen only, e.g.,
    alkane, alkene and alkynes.

    ALKENES
    These are unsaturated non-cyclic hydrocarbons
    which have.sp2 -hybridisation with 120° bond
    angle.
    Alkenes are also called olefins [oil.forming]
    which indicates their high reactive nature.
    Alkenes have general formula Cn H2n, where n =
    2,3,4 …
    C2H4 (ethene), C3H6 (propene), etc.
    Methods of Preparation of Alkenes
    (i) From aIkynes
    3

    Physical Properties of Alkenes


    Alkene as a class resemble alkanes in physical
    properties, except in types of isomerism and
    difference in polar nature.
    C1 to C3 are gases, the next fourteen are liquids
    and the higher members are solids.
    Alkenes show a regular increase in boiling point
    with increase in size.
    Isomerism in Alkenes
    Alkene show both structural isomerism and
    geometrical isomerism.
    Structural isomerism exhibited by alkenes are
    chain isomerism and position isomerism.
    Alkenes also exhibit stereoisomerism as
    geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism.
    4

    Isomerism in Alkenes
    Chemical Properties of Alkenes
    (i) Addition of halogens
    (ii) Addition of hydrogen halides HCI, HBr, HI
    add up to alkenes to form alkyl halides as per
    their reactivity order
    HI > HBr > HCI
    Addition reaction of HBr to unsymmetrical
    alkenes (Markownikoff’s rule) According to
    Markownikofrs rule, the negative part of the
    addendum (adding molecule) gets attached to
    that carbon atom which possesses lesser number
    of hydrogen atom.
    Anti-Markownikoff addition or peroxide effect
    or kharash effect In the presence of organic
    peroxide, addition of only HBr molecule on
    unsymmetrical alkene takes place contrary to
    the Markownikoffs rule.
    5

    (v) Oxymercuration-demercuration This


    reaction is an example of hydration of alkene
    according to Markownikoffs rule.
    It is an anti-addition reaction.
    It is better than catalytic hydration by dil.
    H2SO4, as it avoids rearrangement.
    (vi) Bydroboration oxidation
    This reaction involved syn-addition of reagent.
    (vii) Oxidation Alkenes decolourise cold dilute
    aqueous solution of potassium permanganate
    (Baeyer’s reagent). It is used as a test for
    unsaturation.
    6

    Acidic KMnO4 or acidic K2Cr2O7 oxidise


    alkenes to ketones and/or acids depending upon
    the nature of alkene and the experimental
    conditions.
    (viii) Ozonolysis
    (ix) Polymerisation
    (x) Reaction with sulphur monochloride
    (xii) Diels-Alder reaction
    (xiii) Substitution reactions These occur at
    very high temperature at allylic position
    Reactions for Ethene [Ethylene] (C2 H4)
    7

    Conjugated dienes
    Dienes having alternate single (-) and double
    bonds (=) are called conjugated alkenes. These
    give Diels, Alder reaction.

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