Tech Compendium Final PDF

Yale-UNIDO
TECHNOLOGY COMPENDIUM
Presented by the
Yale-UNIDO Global Green Chemistry Initiative
Funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
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About the Technology Compendium
The Technology Compendium provides a worldwide snapshot of green chemistry and green engineering
technologies across a broad range of sectors and industries that include innovations to date that are
currently commercially available or are in the process of becoming commercially available. It is a
searchable document which allows companies, government agencies, non-government agencies, and
academia to seek for green chemistry and green engineering solutions that are relevant to current
projects or concerns in the area. The compendium is divided into four sections.
Section One: A compendium of green chemistry and green engineering technologies divided by sectors.
Each entry includes the name of a technology and a short description of what its applications. The entry
then lists the human health and environmental benefits of the technology, which explains how it is
advantageous to the processes and technologies that are currently commonly used. References are
included with links, providing further information about the technologies and potential contact
information for companies and agencies to pursue further information and potentially incorporate the
technologies into their products and practices.
Section Two: Green chemistry case studies provided by our National Cleaner Production Centers (NCPCs)
Partners. Case studies describe green chemistry solutions in developing countries and countries in
transition.
Section Three: A Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) Rubric which is a methodology to estimate and
demonstrate POP/unintentional POP savings through green chemistry and green engineering.
Section Four: An in-depth case study describing green chemistry done at Braskem, a Brazilian plastics
company.
The Technology Compendium creates a directory of green chemistry and green engineering
technologies which allows points of connection to be made on multiple levels. Companies can see what
technologies exist and what solutions to potential problems they have are already available.
Government and non-government agencies can assess the state of current technologies and provide
guidance to companies and corporations. Educators, students, and researchers are all able to research
topics of interest in the field, study, and ultimately create new innovations in green chemistry and green
engineering.
About the Global Green Chemistry Initiative
There is empirical evidence that the purchase of chemicals for processing of products has dramatically
grown since the 1970s. OECD's Environment Outlook notes that the global chemical purchase was worth
US$ 171 billion in 1970, while it had grown to more than US$ 4.12 trillion in 2010. The report also notes
that while annual global chemical sales doubled over the period 2000 to 2009, OECD's share decreased
from 77% to 63% and the share of the BRIICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, and South
Africa) increased from 13% to 28%. Recent forecasts by the American Chemistry Council predict
significant growth in chemical production in developing countries until 2021, compared to a more
modest growth in developed countries (cited in UNEP's Global Chemicals Outlook - Towards Sound
Management of Chemicals, 2013).
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There is a need for innovative approaches to reduce the use of hazardous chemicals throughout the
industrial life cycle. Addressing the challenges posed by hazardous chemicals will require holistic, wide-
ranging actions and environmentally sound management. Amongst other aspects, innovation,
application and knowledge-transfer of environmentally benign approaches and technological solutions
are essential elements of a reduction strategy with a goal of "zero" waste.
One approach to advance the sustainable development is Green Chemistry, which can be defined as the
"design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of
hazardous substances". As such, Green Chemistry focuses on the inherent nature/properties of
chemicals, materials, products, processes, or systems. It is transdisciplinary in nature, encompassing
elements of chemistry, engineering, biology, toxicology and environmental science.
Green Chemistry reduces pollution at its source by minimizing or eliminating the hazards of chemical
feedstock, reagents, solvents and products; or encouraging the invention and innovation of new and
non-hazardous solvents, surfactants, materials, processes and products. This is unlike remediation,
which involves end-of-the-pipe treatment or cleaning up of environmental spills and other releases.
While remediation removes hazardous materials from the environment, Green Chemistry keeps
hazardous substances out of the environment in the first place. Green Chemistry has been an emerging
area of sustainable design since its introduction in the 1990s. While the progress has touched virtually
all sectors of society and industry ranging from agriculture to energy to building materials to
pharmaceuticals and personal care products and cleaners, these accomplishments have taken place
largely in the industrialized nations of the world. There are only nascent efforts to advance Green
Chemistry in a small number of developing countries and economies in transition with the lack of
awareness of the mechanisms and the potential of Green Chemistry as the single largest barrier to its
broad-based adoption. It is evident it needs to play a larger role in accelerating inclusive and sustainable
industrial development in the future in such way that Green Chemistry can effectively contribute to the
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals adopted at the United Nations General Assembly in
New York, on 25 September 2015, under the frame of the UN Agenda 2030 for Sustainable
Development.
Acknowledgements
The Global Green Chemistry Initiative is a collaboration lead by the Center of Green Chemistry & Green
Engineering at Yale and UNIDO in cooperation with National Cleaning Production Centres from Colombia,
Brazil, Egypt, South Africa, Serbia, and Sri Lanka. Its mission is to increase the general global awareness
and capacities on deployable Green Chemistry approaches for the design of products and processes that
advance global environmental benefits throughout their life cycles. The Initiative is funded by the Global
Environment Facility (GEF).
We’d like to thank our team at the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale for
writing, editing, and curating the content in the Technology Compendium. Our team includes our project
leaders and writers, Philip Coish PhD, Kimberly Chapman, Marcus Vinicius Pinto Pereira Junior, Amma
Asantewaa Agyei Boakye, Franchette Brosoto, and Seon Augusto Ferreira, our scientific reviewers,
Mahlet Garedew and Predrag Petrovic, our Center directors and administration, Professor Paul Anastas,
Professor Julie Zimmerman, and Karolina Mellor PhD. In addition, we’d like to thank the authors of the
case studies from the participating National Cleaner Production Centres and Braskem and SENAI.
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We would like to thank Mr. Nitesh Mehta and his team at the Green ChemisTree Foundation for their
assistance in locating technologies and for hosting our Technology Compendium in their database. We
would like to thank the EPA for their Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards as a resource for
the Technology Compendium.
Disclaimer
Yale and the Center for Green Chemistry & Green Engineering (“CGCGE”) have prepared this
compendium of commercial green chemistry technologies from a range of governmental, commercial,
and academic sources. The technologies featured were ones that (1) have an identified potential
application; (2) is a chemical reaction, process, or product; and (3) addresses a human health and/or
environmental need. The sources for the information are indicated for each featured technology.
CGCGE did not conduct independent assessments of the technologies or the third-party source
descriptions, and makes no independent representations or warranties as to their cost, efficacy, safety,
or performance. Nor does CGCGE make any representations or warranties as to the suitability of any
featured technology for any particular application.
It is CGCGE’s hope that this Technology Compendium will serve as a useful starting place for identifying
green technologies for purposes of evaluation, assessment, and, when deemed appropriate by the user,
utilization. In no case will CGCGE be responsibility for any liability or damages resulting from the use of
any of the featured technologies.
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Table of Contents
Section One 17
Agrochemicals/Biocides 18
3D TRASAR Cooling System Chemistry and Control
Spinetoram
Serenade Biofungicide
Messenger: An Environmentally Friendly Alternative for Traditional Pesticides
Spinosad
Instinct
Natural Larvicide: Encapsulated Spinosad
Sentricon Termite Colony Elimination System
CONFIRM Insecticide
Synthesis of Disodium iminodiacetate for Herbicide Production
KATHON 7 TL
RNAi Biopesticide
GRANDEVO® Advanced Bioinsecticides
Sustainable Water Treatment and Nutrient Recovery Solutions
Cool Terra - Engineered Biocarbon Technology
THPS Biocides
Biofuels 37
Renewable Petroleum Production and Other Chemicals via Microbial Paths
The Plantrose Process
Application of Genetically Modified Blue-green Algae in Bioethanol Production
Catalytic BioForming Process
Biosynthesizing Higher Alcohols from Carbon Dioxide Recycle
Catalytic Electrolysis: Waste Treatment and Fuel Production
5
DuPont's Cellulosic Ethanol Production Process
Propylene Glycol and Monomers from Natural Glycerin
Updraft Gasification System
REFNOVA™ Biomass Fractionation
Bulk Chemicals 49
Gas Fermentation Process for Carbon Gas Streams
Development of Microorganism for the Synthesis of 1,4-butanediol for Industrial Purposes
TAML Oxidant Activators
MAX HT Bayer Sodalite Scale Inhibitor
Maximyze: High Quality Paper and Paperboard Production Through Enzymes
Producing Propylene Oxide via Hydrogen Peroxide
Nanocatalyst Technology Towards Hydrogen Peroxide Production
BiOH Polyols
Optimyze: Enyzme that Improves Paper Recycling
Extraction of Lignin Derivatives from Biomass
Safer, Sustainable, Biodegradable, Solid-State Chemistry for Treating Cooling Water Systems
Production of 3-butene-1,2-diol from erytritol
AquaRefining™
Molecular Catalysts for Sustainable Wastewater Electrolysis
Use of Palladium Nanoparticles/polyoxometalate–ionic Liquid Composites on Silicon Dioxide as Catalysts

for Ketone Production from Diaryl Ethers
Production in an Aqueous Medium of Superhydrophobic Coatings from Plant-Based Materials
FLUEPAC® Activated Carbon Products for Superior Mercury Control from Flue Gas and Green Re-Use of
Coal Combustion Residuals
SYLVAROAD™: Sustainable Additive to Allow Asphalt Re-Use
HgX™ - Amended Silicates
Biosynthesis of Muconic Acid from Aromatic Compounds and Lignin
Use of Aluminum-Biochar Composites as Catalysts in the Isomerization of Glucose
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Enzymatic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide from Glucose
Downflow Gas Contactor
Floor Batch Microwave Reactor
Wealth Out of Waste
Coflore
High-Purity Glucaric Acid Production through Microbial Fermentation
Flow Chemistry Reactors
Innosyn’s Flow Chemistry
Enzymicals AG Enzymes
Baypure CX: Biodegradable and Non-Toxic Chelating Agent
End-of-Life Tires as a Feedstock to Produce Consistent, High Quality Carbon Blacks
Consumer Products 86
Npulp® Straw Paper and Molded Pulp Products
Simple and Efficient Recycling of Rare Earth Elements from Consumer Materials Using Tailored Metal
Complexes
Cosmetics 90
Nisarg Soapnut Extract
Biocatalytic Process for the Synthesis of Esters for the Cosmetic Industry
Biocatalytic Production of Biobased Personal Care Products
PhytoSpherix
Electronics 96
Advanced Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Coldstrip
Greener Quantum Dot Synthesis
SCORR—Supercritical CO2 Resist Remover
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Halogen-free Flame Retardant
FARADAYIC® HF-FREE ElectroPolishing Process
No-Clean Soldering
EV8: A Robust, Efficient, and Low-Cost Refrigeration Solution Powered by Only Water and Sunlight
Nonflammable Electrolytes for Batteries
Sustainable Technology for Thermal Printing Paper
Soy-Based Toner Cartridges for Printers and Photocopiers
DryView
Fully Biodegradable Dyes from Algae
Fine Chemicals 111
Three-Steps, One-Pot Synthesis for dNTPs in Polymerase Chain Reactions
Production of Succinic Acid by Anaerobic Fermentation
Synthesis of Levulinic Acid from Cellulosic Waste
Efficient Production of High-Performing Specialty Chemicals Through Metathesis Catalysis
Biosynthesis of Malonic Acid
Greener Synthesis of NDI Radical Ions
Renewable Oil Production from Algae
Stepan Company PA Lites Polyester Polyol
High-Value Chemical Intermediates from Starch and Lactose
Sugars from Lignocellulosic Materials for the Production of Bio-Based Fuels and Chemicals
Environmentally Friendly Copper Corrosion Inhibitor for Cooling Water Systems
Ashless Friction Modifier/Antioxidant for Lubricants
ENVIROGLUV: A Method for Decorating Glass with Radiation Curable Environmentally Friendly Inks
Metabolic Engineering of Crops for Commercial Production of Biodegradable Plastics
Greenhouse Gases: From Waste to Product
Environmentally Benign Antibacterial Agents
High Energy Efficiency, Environmentally Friendly Refrigerants
STABREX Microorganism Control Chemical
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Flow Miniplant Technology
Bio-Butanol and Acetone Synthesis
Cyprene - A Bio-Based Solvent from Furacell Technology
Biodiesel and NOBS Bleach
CASCAT GmbnH Chemo-Ezymatic Cascade Reactions
Pennakem Biosolvents and Fine Chemicals
Biosynthetic Selections
Re-Refined Waste Oils
EziG
Synbiochem
GRASP™
Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether (CPME)
Amyris Clean Processes
Oleo-Furan Surfactant (OFS) Technology for Functional Chemicals
Environmentally Friendly Adhesives for Wood Composites
Bio Gen Active Scale 131
Benign Tunable Solvents Coupling Reaction and Separation Processes
Membrane-Based Production of Lactate Esters
Production of Chemicals, Fuel, and Animal Feed from Waste Biomass
Zeta Fraction
Reactive Diluent and Green Solvents
Zenora HTA
Food 155
Development of Selective Protein Testing by Using a Novel iTAG Solution
Enzymatic Interesterification Reaction of Triglycerides
ULTIMER: Aqueous Polymer Dispersions
Tailored Oils from Microalgal Fermentation
9
Vitaworks' Taurine Synthesis
Envirocid Plus
Coffee Flour: Nutritionally Dense Flour Made from Discarded Coffee Cherry Pulp and Skin
Breaking the Mold
BIOCOPACPlus: Bio-Lacquer Produced from Tomato Waste
Oriental Yeast Company Dough Improver and Biotechnology Products
ROBUST™/OPERABLE™
Metals 171
Encapsulated Alkali Metals for Applications in Synthetic Processes
Iridium-catalyzed Reaction for the Direct Synthesis of Aryl Boronic Esters from Hydrocarbons
Green Synthesis of Solid Metal Oxides
Transition-metal Catalyzed Reactions in an Aqueous Environment with Atmospheric Air
Silicone Synthesis through Catalysis with Earth Abundant Metals
Hydrogen-Mediated Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation
Non-Precious-Metal Catalytic Systems for Hydrosilylation of Alkenes
Amphiphilic Dipyridinium-phosphotungstate as a Catalyst for Fatty Ester Epoxidation and Oxidative

Cleavage with Hydrogen Peroxide
Other 180
Energy Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Ultrasound Homogenizers
Direct Processing of Cellulose by Dissolution in an Ionic Liquid with Microwave Radiation
Sterilization by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Composite Distribution Poles
Greenlist
Non-Fluorous, Highly CO2-Soluble Materials
CO2 as a Blowing Agent in the Production of Polystyrene Foam
Solvent-Free Precision Cleaning Process with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Plasma Technology
MetZyme
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Nzomics Biocatalyts
Developing Bioprocesses Using Biocatalysis in Single or Multiple Transformation Steps
Autodisplay/MATE
In Silico Enzyme Revolution
Novasep's Custom Molecules
Zymtronix Enzyme Immobilization
Custom-Tailored Enzymes for Industrial Applications
Paints/Coating 198
Pre-Composite Polymer as a Coating Agent for TiO2 in Paint Formulations
Green Polyurethane
FARADAYIC TriChrome Plating Process
Water-based Acrylic Alkyd Paints
Low-VOCs Alkyd Paint with Sefose Sucrose Esters Formulation
Primer Paints for Automobiles Developed with a Urethane Acrylate Oligomer Primer
Archer RC Technology for Coatings with Reduced VOC Content
Yttrium-based Cationic Electrodeposition Coatings
Cromatipic
ePD™
HyperDRY
Safe Solvents for Flexographic Printing
Rightfit Organic Pigments
ACQ Preserve® Wood Preservative
Water Based Polyurethane Coating
Envirogluv: Environmentally Friendly Inks for Glass and Ceramicware
Sea-Nine
CANVERA™ Polyolefin Dispersion Technology
Yttrium as a Lead Substitute in Cationic Electrodeposition Coatings
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PLATech Adhesive-Sealant
R-GUARD: Efficient Building Envelope
BETAMATE™ and BETAFORCE™ Polyurethane Adhesives
FORMASHIELD™ 100% Acrylic Binders
One-Step, Chromate-Free Anticorrosion Coatings for Aluminum Alloys and Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel
Heavy-Metal Free Heavy-Duty Anti-Corrosion Coating
Decovery
Petrochemicals 228
Development of a Solid Catalyst for the Polymerization Reaction of Isobutylene
Vegetable-oil Based Fluid Insulator for High-Voltage Transformers
AlkyClean
Biolon DDDA
Farnesene
Simvastatin Manufacturing through Biocatalysts
Renewable Oils for High Performance Lubricants
Converting Landfill Wastes to Multi-Functional Green Polyols for Coating Applications
Petretec Polyester Regeneration Technology
Biodegradable Copolyester
Waste Oil Source Reduction Through Extended Oil Service Life
Membrane Separation in Solvent Lube Dewaxing
Multipurpose Exopolymer as a Raw Material
Degradable Biosolvents from Renewable Feedstock
Sustainable High-Performing Biopolymers
Biobased Solvents
Biobased Chelates and Flavors, and Single Step Ferulic Acid Production Process
Cambond
12
Gevo Hydrocarbons Production
Pharmaceuticals 251
PREVYMIS™ (Letermovir), Merck’s CMV Prophylaxis Medicine
An Improved Peptide Manufacturing Platform for the Production of Etelcalcetide
Green Synthesis of Aprepitant
Yeast-catalyzed Synthetic Alternative for the Production of a Drug Candidate
Improved Synthesis of Ibuprofen
Aerobic Oxidation Methods for Pharmaceutical Synthesis
Use of Trasaminase Towards Greener Manufacturing of Sitagliptin
Evolution of Biocatalysts Towards the Production of Atorvastatin
Green Synthesis of Taxol via Plant Cell Fermentation and Extraction
Redesign of the Sertaline Production Process
Efficient Production of Cytovene
EvanPhos
An Alternative Synthesis of Bisnoraldehyde, an Intermediate to Progesterone and Corticosteroids
Green Chemistry in the Redesign of the Pregabalin Process
Green Chemistry in the Redesign of the Celecoxib Process
GLDA – A Biodegradable Chelating Agent
Eucodis Bioscience Enzymes
Plastics and Polymers 270
Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Natural Plastics
AirCarbon
TIPA Sustainable Packaging
Greener Organic Chemistry in Polymer Industry
Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide as Raw Materials to Synthesize Biodegradable Polymers
13
Pevalen
NatureWorks PLA Process
Synthesis of 4-Aminodiphenylamine via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Eastman 168™ Non-Phthalate Plasticizer
Production of Biodegradable Plastic from Methane
Paptic Packaging Material from Wood Feedstock
Developing Enzymatic Bioprocesses to Reinvent the Lifecycle of Plastics
Sustainable Polymers
Glycerol to Lactic Acid Conversion
Methods for Reduced Environmental Impact in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)
Improved Synthesis of Thermal Polyaspartic Acid
Green Biocomposites
Surfactants 289
Second Generation Surfactant as Nanoreactors for Organic Reaction in Aqueous Systems
RE-HEALING Halogen-Free Firefighting
Biocatalytic Surfactant Synthesis
Evotherm
Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant
Protein Surfactant Complex
Antibiofilm/Antifouling Platform
The More Sustainable Choice: 100% Renewable Ethoxylates
Estolides: A Low-Cost, High-Performance Renewable Fluid Certified for Motor Oil
Surfactants for Carbon Dioxide Solutions
Method's Sustainable Detergents and Soaps
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Textiles/Textile Processing 301
Biosynthesis of 1,3-Propanediol from Cornstarch
EcoWorx Carpet Tiles
Lipase-catalyzed Polymerization Reactions for the Synthesis of Polyester
BioPreparation of Cotton
OC-biobinder™
Avitera SE
OrganoTex
ProDet C
Colorifix: Dyes from Agricultural Waste
Green Leather Crust
Nano-Dye
BioPreparation™ of Cotton Textiles: A Cost Effective, Environmentally Compatible Preparation Process
Alternative Green Adhesives for Textile Composites in Commercial Buildings: TractionBack and 180 Walls
Cellulosic and Ecological Fiber Textiles and Non-Woven Fibers from Textile and Paper Waste
Green Chemical Bleaching Options for the Denim Industry
Textile Fibre from Wood Pulp
Durable Water Repellency (DWR) of Textiles
Sustainable Fungi-based Leather
CiCLO Biodegradable Fabrics
Bionic-Finish ECO
Water 323
NEXAR Polymer Membrane Technology
Waterline CI
West Fork Biotreatment Project
Zero Discharge System for Cooling Towers
15
Forward Water Technologies: Forward Osmosis System
Sorbent for the Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water
Section Two: National Cleaner Production Center Case Studies 331
HEROMAT Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Coating for Façades
Ionic Liquids as Potential Green Solvents for Purification of Manufacturing Waste-Water
Production of Ethylene from Bio-Ethanol
Production of Biodiesel from Spent Cooking Oil
Change in the Formulation of Several Polikem Products Eliminating Corrosive and Aggressive Raw
Materials
Sustainable Coffee Husk Filler as an Accelerator for the Vulcanization of Natural Rubber Latex
Tea Leaves for Natural Dyes
Section Three: POPs Rubric 364
Section Four: SENAI Case Study 379
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Section One
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Agrochemicals and Biocides
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Technology: 3D TRASAR Cooling System Chemistry and Control
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Nalco Company
Stage of Development: Commercial
Description of the Technology: 3D TRASAR® Cooling System Chemistry and Control technology
developed by the Nalco Company allows a close monitoring of the water used in industrial cooling
systems. The control of the mineral scale and microbe growth in the water allows for a selective water
treatment, which reduces the usage of water and chemicals.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Water-based cooling systems are used in
many buildings and industrial process. The water used in these systems requires treatment to avoid
microbial growth and mineral scaling in heat-exchange surfaces. The lack of treatment can lead to an
increase in the use of energy due to the improper heat transfers. On the other hand, the overuse of
chemical, such as biocides, in the water can increase the corrosion rate in the system, that can end up
causing serious infrastructure problems. After the water is saturated with metallic products of the
corrosive process, the extra biocides, and materials coming from the leaks, the system is emptied and
the water is replaced by fresh water, generating a large volume of waste, and requiring more water.
The Nalco Company developed a system that closely monitors the state of the water and depending on
the results decides on a treatment. The 3D TRASAR® Cooling System Chemistry and Control technology
use a scale Inhibitor and dispersant polymer that acts as a fluorescent tag to detect when the water
condition favors mineral scaling, and a fluorescent substance, called resazurin, that signifies the
presence of anaerobic organisms. The system detects the planktonic and sessile bacteria activity and
regulates the amount of biocide in the water, reducing the chances of system corrosion and avoiding the
formation of biofilms on the heat exchange surfaces. The technology also uses an innovative corrosion
inhibitor, phosphino succinic oligomer, that secures the system against corrosion.
The 3D TRASAR® Cooling System Chemistry and Control technology has been commercialized since 2006,
and has contributed to the decrease of water and chemical usage while reducing the need for system
maintenance.
References: Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2008 Greener Reaction
Conditions Award" https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2008-
greener-reaction-conditions-award (accessed on July 3, 2019)
Abstracted from "3D TRASAR™ Technology for Cooling Water" https://www.ecolab.com/offerings/3d-

trasar-technology-for-cooling-water
Category: Agrochemicals/Biocides
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Hazard Reduction, Analytical
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Technology: Spinetoram
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Dow AgroSciences LLC
Description of the Technology: Dow AgroSciences LLC has previously developed a biopesticide, called
Spinosad, that is effective in against vegetable insect plagues but does not work to combat pests found
in tree fruits and tree nuts. Dow used artificial neural networks to evaluate the design molecules with
similar properties as Spinosad, but that could potentially be used tree fruits and tree nuts, finding
spinetoram as a promising alternative. Dow used the principles of green chemistry to develop a
synthetic pathway for the synthesis of Spinetoram that proved to be as environmentally friendly as
Spinosad, and to be effective on tree fruits and tree nuts.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Insecticides for against pests in tree fruits
and tree nuts have been traditionally based in organophosphates. The Dow AgroSciences LLC has
previously designed a biopesticide, Spinosad, from spinosyns A and D to combat insects; however, there
limited bioinsecticides options for application in tree fruits and tree nuts. Dow studied possible
bioinsecticides for pest-control in tree fruits and tree nuts and synthesized Spinetoram that proved to
have the desired insecticidal properties and to be less environmentally persistent.
Dow used artificial neural networks to evaluate the relationship of the spinosyns molecular structure to
its properties, so that the information could be applied in the design of a molecule with similar
characteristics and with the potential of being used in the pest-control of tree fruits and tree nuts. The
novel formulation, called Spinetoram, is a combination of 3'-O-ethyl-5,6-dihydro spinosyn J and 3'-O-
ethyl spinosyn L, and can be produced in a synthetic route from spinosyns J and L. Those two natural
compounds can be converted to the products with minimal damage to the environment, and most of
solvents and catalysts can be reused in multiple processes.
Spinetoram has proven insecticide action in tree fruits and tree nuts, and its toxicity to humans and the
environment is much lower than conventional organophosphate insecticides. For instance, spinetoram
acute oral toxicity is 1,000 times lower when compared to azinphos-methyl, a common
organophosphate insecticide. Spinetoram is more effective than traditional insecticides, requiring much
lower doses to have the same desired action. Spinetoram has been on the market since 2007.
References: Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2008 Designing Greener
Chemicals Award" https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2008-
designing-greener-chemicals-award (accessed July 3, 2019)
Abstracted from "EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet"

https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_G-4674_01-Oct-09.pdf
(accessed July 3, 2019)
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Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
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Technology: Serenade Biofungicide
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: AgraQuest, Inc. (Currently Bayer CropScience)
Description of the Technology: AgraQuest, Inc. created a biofungicide for fruits and vegetables that are
specific to target organisms, and that does not pose any threats to human health and the environment.
The microbial fungicide, called Serenade®, produces lipopeptides that combat the growth and
development of fungi. Serenade® is suitable for the cultivation of organic products, according to the
National Organic Standard (2002), and is on the international market since 2000.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? AgraQuest, Inc. designed Serenade®, a
microbial-based fungicide for vegetables and fruits. Serenade® was created with the Bacillus subtilis QST-
713 and has been commercialized in the United States and many other countries since 2000. Serenade®
can be found as an aqueous suspension, wettable powder, or water-dispersible granules, and its
performance was evaluated in 30 crops in 20 different countries. AgraQuest's technology has no
negative impact on human health and is also approved for home applications.
The Bacillus subtilis QST-713 was first discovered in a plantation in California by AgraQuest. The QST-713
strain protects the plant by both creating a protective layer on the surface of the plant leaf, which
prevents the attack of the pathogens, and by producing multiple different lipopeptides that inhibits the
development of fungi by different mechanisms of action. The microorganism synthesizes three different
groups of lipopeptides: iturins, agrastatins/plipastatins, and surfactins. QST-713 is the first known strain
to be able to generate all three lipopeptides which affords the strain unique antifungal properties. The
iturins in combination with agrastatins restrain the development of fungi spores, and both iturins and
plipastatins are credited for their antifungal properties. Surfactins do not have antifungal properties
alone; however, when in very small concentrations, less than or equal to 25 ppm, in mixtures with
iturins they interfere with the spore growth and germ tubes formation. The combined properties make
Serenade® an effective and specific fungicide.
Serenade® water-dispersible granules are approved by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI)
and by the National Organic Standards (US, 2002) to be applied in organic plantations. Serenade® is
specific to the targeted organism. Serenade® also eliminates risks of workplace safety and groundwater
reservoirs pollution.
References: Abstracted from "United States Environmental Protection Agency. Presidential Green
Chemistry Challenge: 2003 Greener Reaction Conditions Award"
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2003-small-business-
award (accessed July 30, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Hazard Reduction
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Technology: Messenger: An Environmentally Friendly Alternative for Traditional Pesticides
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: EDEN Bioscience Corporation (technology acquired by Plant

Health Care, Inc.)
Description of the Technology: EDEN Bioscience Corporation designed Messenger® which is a protein-
based formulation that is an alternative for traditional pesticides. EDEN's technology uses the protein
harpin that enhances the natural protective mechanisms of the plant, and provides resistance against
pests. Messenger® is non-toxic and biodegradable, and it enhances the plant growth, allowing for higher
production yields.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? One of the biggest current agricultural
challenges is the reduction of production waste caused by pests. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, $300 billion of food is wasted because of pests each year around the
globe. Pesticides and genetically modified organism (GMOs) have been created to reduce these losses;
however, they are very controversial and have some environmental drawbacks. To combat pests in an
environmentally friendly way, EDEN Bioscience Corporation developed a protein-based technology.
EDEN's technology, Messenger® is created with proteins called harpin that intensify the plant's defense
system and enhances the plant growth, and without changes in the genetic material. Harpins increases
the crop production yield by boosting the plant's photosynthetic process, absorption of nutrients, and
root growth. Messenger® is produced in an energy efficient aqueous fermentation process that does not
rely on organic solvents and hazardous chemicals. The process eliminates the formation of hazardous
waste, and only generates highly biodegradable byproducts.
Messenger® is certified by the U.S EPA and it has been tested in many terrestrial and aquatic organisms
showing no negative effects. By seasonally using the small amount of 0.004 to 0.14 pounds of the harpin
per acre, the plants can effectively combat viral, fungal, and bacterial pests, which greatly increases the
crop yield. Messenger® proved to efficiently work in 40 different crops, and even defended the plants
from diseases that had no previous treatment. Harpin is readily biodegradable by UV light and microbes
and is an alternative for traditional pesticides and GMO technologies. EDEN's technology innovatively
provides enhancement of crop yields and quality by using an eco-friendly technology that solely relies
on the natural defense mechanism of the plant.
23
Technology: Spinosad
Description of the Technology: Dow AgroSciences LLC created a pesticide that is produced from
Saccharopolyspora spinosa, a microorganism found in the soil. The pesticide, called Spinosad, is
biodegradable, has a low mammalian and avian toxicity, and doesn't pose risks of groundwater
contamination. Spinosad can effectively combat insect pests in many fruits and vegetable plantations.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? One of the many agricultural challenges is the
creation of low-impact pesticides. Agricultural pests can result in significant reduction in the crop yield,
leading to the use of synthetic pesticides for combating plagues. Traditional chemical pesticides are
known to negatively impact the environment and human health, and allow pests to become resistant.
Dow AgroSciences LLC created Spinosad to develop a low-environmental-impact pesticide that complies
all environmental regulations.
The insecticide properties of Spinosad were discovered in samples of Caribbean soil where the
microorganism, Saccharopolyspora spinosa, is responsible for insecticidal activity. The microorganism
metabolizes spinosyn A and D, commonly known as Spinosad, that are macrocyclic lactones with four
central carbon rings bonded to two sugars molecules. The mixture of spinosyn A and D attacks the
neural system of the insects, resulting in death. Spinosad is commercially produced in a fermentation
process with Saccharopolyspora spinosa colonies cultivated with natural feedstocks such as soybeans.
Spinosad has a low-toxicity to birds and mammals, and is toxic to fish, but much less toxic than
conventional chemical pesticides. The low toxicity in mammals greatly reduces the safety risks of the
handling and spraying of the product. Spinoside is readily biodegradable. It degraded in presence of
light, and does not deeply penetrate the soil which eliminates the risks of groundwater contamination.
Spinosad is very selective and doesn't affect 70 to 90% of wasps that have favorable interactions with
the plant, and it is very effective, which reduces the number of required applications. Dow created a
pesticide that can efficiently combat chewing insect plagues and is used in more than 250 crops around
the world.
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-1999-designing-greener-
chemicals-award (accessed August 1, 2018)
Abstracted from "Dow Chemical Company: Spinosad Product Safety Assessment"

http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_091c/0901b8038091c93b.pdf?filepath
(accessed August 1, 2018)
24
Keywords: Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
25
Technology: Instinct
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: The Dow Chemical Group
Description of the Technology: Instinct was developed by The Dow Chemical Group as an additional
component for fertilizer mixtures, aiming to both improve their absorption by plants and to diminish the
environmental hazard associated with their extensive use in agriculture. Instinct consists of aqueous,
microcapsule suspensions that is compatible with many popular nitrogen fertilizers. It acts by keeping
applied nitrogen in the plants' root zone for a longer time, improving its absorption rates and
consequently reducing waste, air, and water contamination.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? As worldwide population grows, the
necessity for greater agriculture production increases, and so does the pressure for higher yields
through the use of fertilizers. With this prospect of growth, fertilizers, which already are one of the
major causes of air and water bodies pollution and contamination, become a potential increasing hazard
for human and environmental health. Acknowledging the danger associated with the extensive use of
fertilizers, the Dow Chemical Group has been working towards the creation of technologies that reduce
the environmental hazard of fertilizers, culminating with the commercialization of Instinct.
By retaining nitrate-based fertilizers in the plants' root zone, Instinct contributes not only to a greater
efficiency of the fertilizer use but also to the decrease of leaching into the soil and water bodies. It keeps
the nitrate from reacting with the atmospheric gases, thereby avoiding the release of the pollutant
nitrogen oxides. Since the start of its commercialization in 2014, Instinct has been providing both
economic and environmental advantages to agricultural production in the US. With an accumulated
carbon emission reduction of 664,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide and over $200 million of additional
production revenue, Instinct has shown that it is possible to converge efficiency and profitability with
green chemistry principles.
Conditions Award " https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2016-
greener-reaction-conditions-award (accessed July 31, 2018)
Keywords: Efficiency, Feedstock, Degradation
26
Technology: Natural Larvicide: Encapsulated Spinosad
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Clarke
Description of the Technology: Natural by Clarke is an alternative to current pesticides that are quickly
degrade in water and thus cannot be used to eliminate mosquito larvae.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The current pesticide dominating the market
is called Spinosad. Although efficient, its instability in water prevents it from being successfully used in
aquatic environments to control mosquito larvae.
Clarke took the challenge to improve the existent pesticide technology and tackle its drawbacks. The
company developed a matrix that protects the molecule of spinosad and slowly releases the pesticide
into the aquatic environment. Though the molecule continues to be unstable, it can be kept in water in
significant concentrations for up to 180 days, which gives it the desired aquatic efficiency. The capsule
matrix, made of insoluble calcium sulfate, dissolves slowly and is environmentally safe, not persisting in
the environment and having toxicity 15-fold less than its synthetic competitors. It meets all regulatory
standards and requires less frequent application than alternative pesticides.
designing-greener-chemicals-award (accessed August 6, 2018)
Keywords: Solvents, Durability, Design
27
Technology: Sentricon Termite Colony Elimination System
Description of the Technology: Dow AgroSciences LLC new termite colony elimination system aims to
substitute application pesticides in large areas of the soil, many of which can be environmentally
hazardous. The technology works by setting a bait only in the specific areas where termites are active.
Sentricon was approved by EPA as reduced-risk product.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Termites are a widespread pest that affects
about 1.5 million households in the United States, most of which seek help through termite
treatment/control options. Traditionally, termite control is done by using huge volumes of pesticides
that are applied in large areas of soil around houses or buildings in order to create a barrier to termites.
This method, however, is very wasteful, given the amount of pesticide needed, and is a cause of soil
contamination and potential exposure to humans.
Dr. Nan-Yao Su of the University of Florida researched the key features in successful termite bait-
systems. In collaboration with Dow AgroSciences, they created Sentricon Termite Colony Elimination
System, a bait-system based on the use of the chemical hexaflumuron. Unlike traditional methods, this
technology is applied specifically in termite active areas and offers high performance and reduced
hazard.
Keywords: Hazard Reduction
28
Technology: CONFIRM Insecticide
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Rohm & Haas Company; The Dow Chemical Company
Description of the Technology: CONFIRM is a new insecticide created by Rohm & Haas Company, a
subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company, that targets caterpillar pests in turf and a variety of crops.
The innovative reduced-risk technology has lower toxicity to non-target beings and less hazard to farm
workers.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Pests are one of the most common causes of
economic loss for crops. Pest control has been one of the main focuses of agriculture support research,
especially insecticides. This extensive effort resulted in many available insecticide options in the market;
however, most of them have many drawbacks, especially in terms of human and environmental health.
From high levels of toxicity to accumulation through the food chain, issues presented by conventional
pesticides generated a need for new, greener alternatives.
Looking to provide an environmentally friendly alternative to the insecticides market, Rohm & Haas
Company created CONFIRM. CONFIRM is a caterpillar control chemical that outperforms its traditional
competitors in both environmental compatibility and efficiency. The technology is a very selective
insecticide that acts by mimicking 20-hydroxy ecdysone, a substance that regulates the insect’s
development, and thus is able to disrupt the molting process - the caterpillars then die from starvation.
The CONFIRM insecticide, like the natural molecule that it mimics, is biodegradable, non-persistent, and
non-toxic to other living beings like humans. It poses no harm to workers, consumers, or the
environment.
29
Technology: Synthesis of Disodium iminodiacetate for Herbicide Production
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Monsanto Company
Description of the Technology: The Monsanto Company created a novel synthesis for Disodium
iminodiacetate (DSIDA) which is a major substrate in the production of Monsanto's Roundup® herbicide.
In their novel synthesis, Monsanto uses a proprietary copper catalyst for the dehydrogenation of
diethanolamine. Monsanto's new synthesis of DSIDA reduces the use of hazardous chemicals, the
number of reaction steps, and has an improvement in the overall yield.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The synthesis of Monsanto's glyphosate-
based Roundup® herbicide has disodium iminodiacetate (DSIDA) as one of its substrates. The traditional
synthesis of DSIDA is done by the Strecker process that uses hazardous chemicals, such as hydrogen
cyanide, ammonia, formaldehyde, and hydrochloric acid, that can have negative impacts on human
health and the environment. The Strecker process is also exothermic and produces unstable
intermediates, requiring precautions to avoid a runaway reaction. For every 7 pounds of DSIDA
produced through this procedure as much as 1 pound of waste is generated.
Monsanto designed an improved copper catalyst that allows the large-scale application of the metal-
catalyzed synthesis of amino acids salts from amino-alcohols. They used their proprietary copper
catalyst for the dehydrogenation of diethanolamine. The substrates used have reduced toxicity and are
less volatile. The dehydrogenation reaction absorbs heat, require no special concerns with reaction
runway, and produces zero waste. In the reaction, after the catalyst is removed by filtration, no further
purification steps are required, and the product can be obtained with high yield and purity and can be
directly used in the production of Roundup®.
Montanto's innovation eliminates the use of hazardous chemicals in the synthesis of DSIDA and is
economically advantageous. The catalyst used can be recovered and reused, and this technology can be
further expanded to the production of other commodities.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-
07/documents/award_entries_and_recipients2016.pdf (accessed August 15, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
30
Technology: KATHON 7 TL
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: The Dow Microbial Control
Description of the Technology: The Dow Microbial Control created a solid biocide, called KATHON 7 TL,
that can be used in the treatment of water in industrial cooling systems. The solid formulation is
effective in preventing biofilm formation, enhancing the system's productivity and reducing the energy
usage. KATHON 7 TL is commercialized as a tablet with water-soluble packaging and has many economic
and environmental advantages. The formulation eliminates the use of heavy metal stabilizers, and is
more potent than the convention liquid biocides, reducing costs and environmental impacts from
transportation.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The Dow Microbial Control designed a solid
biocide that has chloromethylisothiazolone/methylisothiazolone (CMIT/MIT) as its active chemicals.
Dow's biocide, KATHON 7 TL, has many advantages over conventional liquid biocides and has the ideal
size to be used in small/medium cooling towers. Since CMIT and MIT are unstable in liquid state, Dow
Microbial Control developed a novel binder that would allow the solidification of CMIT/MIT. Dow's
formulation does not include heavy metals, as the developed binder not only solidifies but also stabilizes
the compounds. Traditional liquid formulations require cooper salt stabilizers to achieve the desired
performance.
Dow's solid tablet is coated by a water-soluble packaging that reduces risks with the transportation,
handling, and runoff of the product. KATHON 7 TL is almost 5 times more effective than the liquid
biocides. Less product is needed for the same results, which reduces costs and greenhouse gases
emission from the transportation of the material. Dow's technology can efficiently treat water form
industrial cooling systems, saving water with a more environmentally friendly product.
Chemistry Challenge: award entries and recipients 2016"
Keywords: Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
31
Technology: RNAi Biopesticide
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: GreenLight Biosciences
Description of the Technology: GreenLight Biosciences technology provides an innovative platform for
synthesis of RNA for pest and insects control with high selectivity, diminishing collateral damage in large
scale applications such as in agriculture and disease vector control.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Insect control continues to be a challenge
around the world of constantly. There is an increasing population of insects categorized as pests that
impose a threat to agricultural activities, which can impact agriculture productivity and food supply.
Many insect species can be vectors for human diseases, and insect control is a necessary measure.
Insect control is important from many perspectives and it is also important to perform the control in a
way that avoids collateral damage to species other than the targeted one and being aware of potential
environment and human health hazards.
GreenLight Biosciences has created a RNA based technology that is highly selective when compared to
traditional methods. One of its products, dsRNA pesticide, is based on the natural process of RNA
interference, and it can be used to suppress key genes of targeted pest species in a process that results
in the death of the target pest, and also controls other processes related to pest proliferation and
virulence. Its RNA-based technology can also be used to control vector inset populations without
negatively impacting other organisms (including humans), precisely targeting species of mosquitos that
are correlated with specific diseases.
References: Abstracted from "Greenlight Biosciences Raises $18m Series D for RNAi Biopesticide"
(https://agfundernews.com/greenlight-biosciences-raises-18m-series-d-rnai-biopesticide.html/)
Abstracted from "Greenlight Biosciences" (https://www.greenlightbiosciences.com/)
Sector: Agrochemicals/Biocides
32
Technology: GRANDEVO® Advanced Bioinsecticides
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Marrone Bio Innovations
Description of the Technology: GRANDEVO® insecticide by Marrone Bio Innovations is a bio-based

technology that targets sucking and chewing insects, flies, and mites that can be hazardous to crops. The
bioinsecticide can be applied in a variety of conventional crops, including but not limited to fruits,
vegetables, nuts, etc.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Marrone Bio Innovations developed
GRANDEVO®, a microbial-based bioinsecticide that contains several active compounds that acts in many
ways to protect crops from insects, flies and mites. In addition to killing undesired insects, active
compounds repel, stop feeding, and reduce reproduction of pests. In full scale tests, the technology
proved very efficient in many different systems, controlling pests up to 99% of the population. Even
though it excels as a stand-alone product, it achieves even better results when accompanied in rotation
by other products of the firm as part of a pest management program. It is economical and worker-
friendly in terms of its application, with a short 4-hour re-entry interval and minimum need for personal
protective equipment. The technology is listed under OMRI and NOP, distinguishing itself from
competitors as it is approved for organic use.
References: Abstracted from "Grandevo bioinsecticide for management of key insect and mite pests"
(https://marronebio.com/products/grandevo/)
Sector: Agrochemicals/Biocides
Keywords: Renewable, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
33
Technology: Sustainable Water Treatment and Nutrient Recovery Solutions
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Ostara
Description of the Technology: Ostara developed Pearl technology which recovers nutrients from
industrial, agricultural, and municipal water treatment streams and subsequently transforms them into
a granular fertilizer called Crystal Green that improves crop yields and reduces runoff. Pearl is a fully
customizable and modular treatment solution, that is fitted into main or side-stream operations of
water treatment systems, to remove phosphorus by adding magnesium in a controlled pH setting. This
allows nutrients to crystallize into highly pure fertilizer granules for further finishing processes before
distribution. In addition to Pearl, Ostrara has also developed WASSTRIP (Waste Activated Sludge
Stripping to Remove Internal Phosphorus) for facilities that use anaerobic digestion. WASSTRIP catalyzes
nutrient removal and recovery, protects digesters and equipment from struvite, improves
dewaterability, and reduces biosolids by removing phosphorus upstream prior to the digester.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The main environmental benefits of Ostara’s
innovation are efficient resource utilization and waste minimization. The use of waste from water
treatment processes extends the life span of raw materials that would otherwise have been converted
into waste and disposed to either landfill or in water bodies. Crystal Green is effective on a variety of
crops and soil types and allows for increased efficiency of phosphorus uptake by the plants. This also
helps to minimize the phosphorus tie-up that is common in soils of extreme pH, ultimately contributing
positively to soil health. Crystal Green also overcomes the challenges of traditional phosphorus sources
that cause injury to certain seeds. Through its low salt index Crystal Green increases seed safety by
reducing salt injury and consequently promoting yield.
The application of Ostara Crystal Green fertilizer which is sustainably sourced (through recovery from
waste) is shown to reduce nutrient runoff, improve fertilizer efficiency, and protect sensitive waterways.
References: Abstracted from "Ostara. Sustainable Water Treatment and Nutrient Recovery Solutions"
https://ostara.com/nutrient-management-solutions/ (accessed April 20, 2019)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology
34
Technology: Cool Terra - Engineered Biocarbon Technology
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Cool Planet
Description of the Technology: Cool Planet developed Cool Terra®, a biomass-derived biochar-based soil
amendment whose porous structure improves soil health, water retention, and structure while
sequestering carbon from the air. Cool Terra® fosters an environment for beneficial microbes that
further enhance soil fertility.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Cool Planet developed a renewable soil
additive that optimizes the productivity of soil, fertilizer, and water while sequestering carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere. Cool Planet’s Engineered Biocarbon™ technology derives raw biochar from
renewable, non-food biomass heated in low oxygen conditions. During post-treatment, Cool Planet’s
technology adjusts the biochar’s pH to neutral, changes it to be hydrophilic, and removes dust and
detrimental residues such as hydrocarbon.
Globally, about 70% of available freshwater is devoted to agriculture. Due to its porous structure that
can retain water and nutrients, Cool Terra optimizes soil water-holding capacity, reduces evaporation
loss, and increases water retention in the root zone, reducing the water necessary to maintain crops.
This increases nutrient retention and reduces fertilizer leeching and runoff, optimizing fertilizer usage
and limiting fertilizers’ potential damage to human and environmental health. Cool Terra enables higher
production while reducing resources used and pollution associated with agriculture.
References: Abstracted from “Cool Terra® Biochar-Based Soil Amendment Featuring Engineered
Biocarbon™ Technology,” “The Important Role of Cation Exchange Capacity in Soil,” and “Carbon
Sequestration & Agriculture Sustainability" www.coolplanet.com
Abstracted from “Water Uses” www.fao.org
Keywords: Efficiency, Renewable
35
Technology: THPS Biocides
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Albright & Wilson Americas (now Rhodia, a member of the

Solvay Group)
Description of the Technology: Albright & Wilson Americas developed a coordination compound,
tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS), that has the potential to be applied as a biocide
for the prevention of algae and bacteria growth in water for industrial use. THPS has fewer impacts on
the environment with low toxicity and high biodegradability and effectivity.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The treatment of industrial water against the
growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria and algae, is traditionally done with applications of very
toxic biocides that deeply impact humans and the environment. The typical biocides are not very
biodegradable, leading to their bioaccumulation in the environment, and enduring impacts. Albright &
Wilson Americas, currently, Rhodia, designed a biocide that has low toxicity and is very biodegradable.
The novel biocide, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS), is an organophosphorus
compound that has exceptional activity against microorganisms, requiring lower doses of the biocide to
achieve the desired action.
The THPS compound is non-halogenated and is produced in a water solution, and so does not generate
volatile organic compounds emissions. THPS can be readily degraded in the environment by many
processes, such as by oxidative processes, hydrolysis, and interaction with light and/or microorganisms.
This allows the degradation of most of the THPS, into low-toxicity compounds, before infiltrating the
environment. The efficiency of THPS generally allows its use in levels that non-toxic to fish, further
reducing its hazards.
THPS low-toxicity facilitates its transportation, handling, and application, and it has been accepted to be
used in environmentally sensitive areas. THPS has many advantages over traditional biocides, as it also
does not bioaccumulate, eliminating problems that could come from its concentration in living
organisms. THPS is a great alternative to more hazardous biocides, and it greatly reduces the impacts of
biocides on human health and the environment.
chemicals-award (accessed August 3, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
36
Biofuels
37
Technology: Renewable Petroleum Production and Other Chemicals via Microbial Paths
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: LS9, Inc. (Acquired by REG Life Sciences)
Stage of Development: Pre-commercial
Description of the Technology: LS9, Inc. developed a microbial synthesis method through genetic
engineering that can be used to produce of a variety of chemicals. The path is used to generate
UltraCleanTM diesel, which is produced from biomass and is a greener alternative to petroleum-based
diesel.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Renewable fuels offer an alternative to fossil
fuels given its scalability, efficiency, and potential to be adopted by industry and customers, and
sometimes can replace fossil fuels. One of the biggest challenges is to make renewable fuels competitive
to traditional fuels in terms of finding cost-efficient feedstocks and synthetic methodology.
LS9 created a technology that allows cost-efficient production of high-performing biofuels and other
chemicals through a one-step fermentation process. By genetic engineering microorganisms, the
company developed a platform that converts simple sugars into several types of important chemicals,
such as alkanes, olefins, fatty alcohols, etc. The technology has the advantage of allowing selective
control of the final product by inducing genetic changes into the microorganisms. Among the benefits
are the insolubility of the products with the fermentation medium, allowing quick and easy extraction,
and the fact that it does not require toxic metal catalysts. Pre-commercial testing of UltraCleanTM diesel
indicated that it is price competitive that would meet or exceed the ASTM International (formerly
American Society for Testing and Materials) 6751 standard for on-road vehicle use. The technology
could result in a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions that can reach up to 85% when compared to
petroleum-based diesel.
References: Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2010 Small Business Award"
award (accessed August 6, 2018)
Category: Biofuels
Keywords: Renewable, Synthetic Methodology
38
Technology: The Plantrose Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Renmatix
Description of the Technology: Renmatix in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, developed an enzyme/acid-

free hydrolysis of polysaccharides from plants into sugars for the production of biofuels. The process
utilizes supercritical water as both solvent and catalyst, lowering costs and potentially increasing the
demand for plant-based biofuels worldwide and decreasing the dependence on petrochemical fuels.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The production of plant-based biofuels
worldwide is based on the breakdown of polysaccharides, such as cellulose, into smaller monomeric
sugar units that can be used in fermentation processes for fuel production. However, the conventional
methods for acquiring cellulosic sugar rely on the usage of enzyme and or acid catalysts, making the
process expansive and non-competitive with petrochemical fuels and direct fermentation of first-
generation sugars.
In order to lower the costs of cellulose-based ethanol, Renmatix in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania,
formulated a technology that used supercritical water as solvent and catalyst in the hydrolysis of
cellulose into xylose and glucose. In their process, the plant material and water are heated and
transferred to a fractional reactor that separates the hemicellulose from cellulose and lignin in a two-
step continuous process based on solubility. The cellulosic fraction moves into the reactor where the
supercritical water facilitates decrystallization, dissolution, and hydrolysis. After obtaining the cellulosic
sugar, lignin solids are obtained as a byproduct of the process, and they can be burned to produce
energy that can be incorporated into the process.
Renmatix technology allows an efficient and faster hydrolysis of cellulose into xylose and glucose
without the need for enzyme and/or acid catalysts. Their supercritical water hydrolysis of plant material
requires less chemical input, making their process more sustainable, and more cost-efficient, which can
potentially increase the production of biofuels, and decrease the intense petrochemical demand. The
cellulosic sugar can be used in a variety of different biochemical technologies, supplying a market need
for “plantrochemicals”.
award (accessed on July 1, 2019)
Category: Biofuels
Keywords: Efficiency, Solvents, Energy, Catalysis
39
Technology: Application of Genetically Modified Blue-green Algae in Bioethanol Production
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Algenol
Description of the Technology: Algenol in Fort Myers, Florida, genetically modified blue-green algae to
produce ethanol from carbon dioxide as part of their photosynthetic process. Their algae can use carbon
dioxide from industrial gas waste to produce ethanol, which not only would help reduce greenhouse gas
emissions but also would decrease the dependence of food crop based ethanol. Algenol's technology
can produce bioethanol in a cheaper process that generates 15 to 20 times more ethanol than corn-
based ethanol per acre.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Algenol has been studying ways to genetically
modify cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) to increase ethanol production from photosynthesis without
disturbing its overall performance. They developed a hybrid blue-green algae that can transform 80% of
the absorbed carbon into methanol, without any alterations in the general photosynthetic yield. Their
technology can produce ethanol with an efficiency of 15 to 20 times higher than corn-based ethanol per
acre and has a low-carbon footprint.
The hybrid algae are grown in saltwater proprietary photobioreactors (PBRs) which lowers the risk of
water contamination by heterotrophic organisms and reduces the water usage. Their reactor technology
also allows an optimum irradiance over a greater surface area, which decreases photosaturation, a
limiting feature in aquatic photosynthesis where the energy of excess photon absorption is wasted on
non-photosynthetic processes.
According to the press release by the EPA, Algenol ethanol production in a single 2,000-acre commercial
Algenol module has the same environmental impact of "planting 40 million trees or removing 36,000
cars from the road". This technology is currently being applied in a pilot scale and will be expanded with
the support of a $25 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy. Other efforts of Algenol to
reduce the global reliance on fossil-fuel include a partnership with the Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory (PNNL) to apply hydrothermal liquefaction to produce bio-oil from plant material.
References: Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2015 Specific Environmental
Benefit: Climate Change Award" https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-
challenge-2015-specific-environmental-benefit-climate (accessed on July 1, 2019)
Category: Biofuels
Keywords: Efficiency, Energy, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
40
Technology: Catalytic BioForming Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Virent Energy Systems, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Plant-based materials can be used as an alternative in the production of
fuels. Virent Energy Systems, Inc. developed an aqueous catalytic process to generate gasoline, diesel,
kerosene or naphtha-type fuels. This technology allows the cost-competitive and renewable production
of multiple fuels from biomass-derived sugars in a process that requires less energy than conventional
methods.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Virent Energy Systems, Inc. explored the
possibility to use food and non-food plant-based materials to the production of multiple fuels and
developed a technology that allows for the manufacturing of gasoline, diesel, kerosene, or naphtha-type
fuels from biomass. The catalytic BioForming® process starts with the hydrotreating catalysis of sugars in
the aqueous solution. Then, hydrogen and other intermediates are produced from proprietary aqueous-
phase reforming of sugar alcohols, and the generated intermediates can be catalytically treated to form
different fuels. The flexibility on the type of fuel produced with this technology allows fuel to be
manufactured accordingly to the market need, allowing a much more targeted production.Unlike many
previous biomass-based fuel productions, Virent's catalytic BioForming® process has more options for
raw materials, works with both food and non-food plant sugars, and allows the use of "mixed sugar
streams, polysaccharides, and C5- and C6- sugars" from cellulosic sources. The process generates more
net energy, and its produced fuels can be directly commercialized as they do not require any machinery
adaptations. Since the hydrophobic fuel is produced in water, the separation is facilitated, not requiring
a distillation process, and greatly reducing the energy input. Virent's fuels have compatible properties
with petroleum-based fuels having identical composition, functionality, and performance, but allows the
product to be based on renewable sources. Virent's technology is cost-competitive with petroleum-
based fuels and is 20–30 percent per Btu cheaper than ethanol, which reduces the international
dependency on fossil fuels and presents a viable alternative the production of fuels from non-food
renewable sources.
Abstracted from "A review of catalytic aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons derived
from biorefinery water fractions"
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319916307273 (accessed on July 3, 2019)
Category: Biofuels
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
41
Technology: Biosynthesizing Higher Alcohols from Carbon Dioxide Recycle
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: James C. Liao, Ph.D., of the University of California, Los

Angeles; Easel Biotechnologies, LLC
Description of the Technology: Aiming to produce alcohols with high energy content, Dr. Liao developed
genetically modified microorganisms that are able to produce long-chain alcohols from directly from
glucose and from atmospheric carbon dioxide.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Biofuels are currently one of the best
alternatives to fossil fuel, whether they are used as a substitute or as additives. One of the biggest
concerns for the use of biofuels, especially regarding the most popular biofuel, ethanol, is their low
energy content, which limits their performance. A solution is to produce long-chain alcohols that have
inherently high energy content, and thus have better performance as additives.
Dr. James C. Liao, board member of Easel Biotechnologies and professor at UCLA, created a technology
that is able to take carbon atoms from carbonic gas and yield higher alcohols. By utilizing part of the
existing amino acid synthetic pathway, Dr. Liao genetically engineered microorganisms to produce
alcohols with high yield and selectivity. In a parallel study, Dr. Liao’s lab was also able to change the
photosynthetic pathway of Synechococcus elongatus to produce the same higher alcohols from solar
energy and atmospheric carbon dioxide with higher rates than ethanol production from corn. Among
the advantages of these alcohols are their lower vapor pressure and greater energy density. The
technology is very promising in terms of sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
References: Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2010 Academic Award - James C.
Liao and Easel Biotechnologies, LLC" https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-
chemistry-challenge-2010-academic-award-james-c-liao-and-easel (accessed August 6, 2018)
Category: Biofuels
Keywords: Renewable, Synthetic Methodology
42
Technology: Catalytic Electrolysis: Waste Treatment and Fuel Production
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Catalytic Innovations, LLC
Description of the Technology: Catalytic Innovations, LLC developed a novel treatment for aqueous
organic waste that greatly reduces the energy input and the instability of the process, and generates
hydrogen (H2) fuel. Catalytic Innovations uses a catalytic, electrolysis process that degrades the
hazardous organic waste into carbon dioxide and H2, generating a clean aqueous waste with neutral pH.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Many industrial processes generate high
volumes of aqueous waste contaminated with hazardous organic compounds. The treatment of organic
wastewater requires high energy inputs and can be even more challenging when the waste has a low
pH. Current technologies for the remediation of organic-containing aqueous waste have several steps
and require unstable bio-digestion processes that are expensive and use a lot of energy.
Catalytic Innovations, LLC created a novel treatment process that treats the organic waste, generating a
renewable biofuel. Their technology uses selective catalytic electrolysis process with molecular
electrocatalysts. The surface-bound catalysts are as selective as homogeneous molecular complexes and
as stable as heterogeneous oxides. Catalytic Innovations' process can degrade the organic compounds in
the water in oxidative processes, and when coupled with a bipolar polymer electrolyte membrane can
generate carbon dioxide in the anode and hydrogen at the cathode. The remaining water waste is clean
and has a neutral pH, so it can be disposed or reused in industrial processes. The carbon dioxide can be
commercialized and the hydrogen used as a renewable fuel.
Catalytic Innovations' technology has been fully tested in a laboratory scale and is currently being
adapted to a pilot plant. This technology can potentially use hazardous waste with high environmental
impact to generate a commodity and a fuel in the process. Catalytic Innovations' creation can reduce the
disposal of chemical waste in the environment, and can possibly reduce water consumption.
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-1997-greener-synthetic-
pathways-award (accessed August 13, 2018)Abstracted from "Catalytic Innovation. Oxidation Catalysis"
http://www.catalytic-innovation.com/oxidation-catalysis.html (accessed Aug 13, 2018)
Category: Biofuels
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
43
Technology: DuPont's Cellulosic Ethanol Production Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: DuPont
Description of the Technology: DuPont designed an innovative three step process for the synthesis of
ethanol from corn stover, and they opened the largest plant for the production of cellulosic ethanol.
DuPont's technology uses an ammonia biomass pretreatment and genetically engineered enzymes and
microorganisms that results in a reduction in steps, cost, and environmental impact of the ethanol
production.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? DuPont created a novel three step
production process for cellulosic ethanol that is economically feasible, has high yields, and has a reduced
environmental impact. DuPont developed a new pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation processes,
allowing the generation of sugar from cellulose and fermentation to ethanol.
After a holistic evaluation of the process, DuPont enhanced each one of the three major steps of the
process. In the pretreatment, they employed diluted ammonium biomass that separates the
carbohydrate chains from the lignin matrix, without the generation of a large number of compounds
that interfere with the fermentation process. Conventional pretreatments require an expensive
"detoxification" step that is eliminated with DuPont's technology. In the hydrolysis step DuPont
genetically engineered an enzyme that can break down the cellulose and hemicellulose to 5 and 6
carbon sugars. Those sugars can then be fermented to ethanol by an improved, recombinant bacteria,
Zymomonas mobilis, that can consume both 6-carbon and 5-carbon sugars, such as glucose and xylose.
This innovative process can successfully synthesize ethanol in high yield and has reduced cost and
manufacturing steps when compared to other technologies for the production of cellulosic ethanol.
According to DuPont, the “Well-to-Wheel” lifecycle analysis of the process indicates a possible reduction
of 100% in greenhouse gas emissions when compared to gasoline. This technology has been used since
2015 for the large-scale production of cellulosic ethanol in their plant in Nevada, Iowa, that is
considered the Largest Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery in the world.
pathways-award (accessed August 13, 2018)
Abstracted from "DuPont Celebrates the Opening of the World's Largest Cellulosic Ethanol Plant"
http://www.dupont.com/corporate-functions/media-center/press-releases/dupont-celebrates-opening-
of-worlds-largest-cellulosic-ethanol-plant.html (accessed Aug 13, 2018)
Category: Biofuels
44
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
45
Technology: Propylene Glycol and Monomers from Natural Glycerin
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Galen J. Suppes at the University of Missouri-

Columbia
Description of the Technology: Professor Suppes and his research group created a low-cost method that
converts glycerin into propylene glycol that can substitute the petroleum-based ethylene glycol as an
antifreeze component of automotive fuels.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? As biodiesel production increases rapidly, the
market availability of glycerin, one of the byproducts of the production process, rises too. Most of the
glycerin supply is not absorbed by the economy due to lack of applications and uses for the substance.
The excess of glycerin becomes waste, and it limits how much revenue can be obtained per unit mass
from the biodiesel production process.
Professor Galen J. Suppes and his group observed a potential match between the excess supply of
glycerin and the high market demand for propylene glycol. Propylene glycol is a greener alternative to
ethylene glycol as an antifreeze substance for fuel mixtures, but the costs of its production process
reduces its competitiveness and its market share. By creating a copper-chromite catalyst with reactive
distillation Prof. Suppes developed a system that converts glycerin into propylene glycol, outperforming
the conventional propylene glycol production methods. The process has lower temperature and
pressure conditions, is less wasteful and less energy intensive, and has greater performance. Critically, it
provides cheap propylene glycol that is competitive in the market.
References: Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2006 Academic Award"
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2006-academic-award
Category: Biofuels
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology
46
Technology: Updraft Gasification System
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Nexterra
Description of the Technology: Nexterra developed gasification systems that convert non-recyclable
organic waste into clean heat and power. The fuel, such as biomass, is fed into a metering bin that
serves as short-term fuel storage and provides a constant supply of fuel. From the bin, fuel travels
through a horizontal auger then a vertical auger connected to the bottom of the gasification chamber.
Once in the gasifier, the fuel undergoes stages of drying, pyrolysis, gasification. Once processed, the fuel
becomes non-combustible ash. The remaining product is “syngas” which can be used like natural gas for
heat and power.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Non-recyclable organic waste such as wood
(bark/chips, sawdust), clean construction and demolition debris, and biosolids from sewage sludge is
often disposed. By using these as feedstock to create syngas, Nexterra’s systems simultaneously address
two issues: utilizing waste and providing a clean, renewable fuel.
Waste fuels from construction and demolition as well as biosolids are underutilized due to issues such as
NOx formation. Nexterra’s system’s process control of temperature, residence time, and velocity
reduces particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, and volatile organic compound formation and makes the
process safer for workers and for the environment. Low velocity gas also reduces carryover of
particulate matter which reduces boiler fouling and refractory wear. The system’s simple design and few
moving parts reduce parasitic load and maintenance.
References: Abstracted from “Nexterra's Gasification Technology” http://www.nexterra.ca/
Category: Biofuels
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Energy, Hazard Reduction
47
Technology: REFNOVA™ Biomass Fractionation
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Nova Pangaea
Description of the Technology: REFNOVA™ breaks down non-food biomass without bioactives such as
bacteria and enzymes. Internal catalysis enables the process to be continuous, fast, simple, and clean. It
begins with physical separations that progress to more aggressive processes such as thermochemical
hydrolysis and steam thermolysis operations. The staged process enables the extraction of the full range
of valuable products from the lignocellulosic feedstock at every stage while avoiding premature cell
degradation.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Biomass is an abundant, clean, renewable
feedstock for fuel. However, to be a viable alternative to crude oil-based products, biomass conversion
into liquid fuels and other chemicals must be effective, efficient, and profitable.
Nova Pangaea’s Refnova can produce C5 and C6 sugars of industrial purity in large scale volumes. It
converts over 80% of the biomass carbon into saleable products and energy, reducing energy usage and
chemical consumption. Because all fractions of the biomass can be recovered, used, or converted into
fuels or organic chemicals, there is almost no waste. The process avoids the use of enzymes or bacteria,
which contributes to high yields, lower costs, and larger product range.
References: Abstracted from “Using Steam to Convert Biomass Waste into Fuel and Chemical Precursors
at Oil Industry Scale and Profitability”, “Taking the world towards a sustainable, zero carbon, fossil fuel
free future”, and “Products & Services” https://www.novapangaea.com
Category: Biofuels
Keywords: Separation, Renewable
48
Bulk Chemicals
49
Technology: Gas Fermentation Process for Carbon Gas Streams
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: LanzaTech Inc.
Description of the Technology: LanzaTech Inc. in Skokie, Illinois developed a microbial process that
allows the production of fuels and specific chemicals from waste gas in high yield and specificity. Unlike
previous technologies, LanzaTech's process does not require the presence of hydrogen gas in the gas
mixture, which broadens the range of carbon-based gas mixtures that can be used in the process. After
adjustments on the microorganism, they were able to produce ethanol and 2,3-butanediol in high yields
at about room temperature and pressure with a specificity that eliminated the need for complex
purifications. This technology helps in the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions by giving a valuable
destination for something that was previously treated as waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Gases rich in carbon are commonly produced
as byproducts in many industrial processes. Even though they are often treated as waste, those gases
have the potential to be used in the synthesis of other carbon-based molecules, such as fuels. The
currently used chemical pathways to generate fuel using a gaseous mixture with high carbon monoxide
concentration require the presence of hydrogen in the gas mixture, which is a limitation for many
industrial processes that do not produce hydrogen as a byproduct. The gases often create a toxic
environment for the microorganisms, requiring costly, special conditions to guarantee microbe
functioning. Those conditions often decrease the solubility of the gas in the reactor medium and thereby
create further disadvantages.
LanzaTech Inc. genetically modified a microorganism to produce ethanol and 2,3-butanediol in high
yields and specificity. The microorganism is able to produce the desired molecules both in the presence
and absence of hydrogen due to biological water-gas shift reactions in the microbe. Initially, acetyl-CoA
is produced from carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide through a series of intermediates in the Wood-
Ljungdahl pathway that starts with a water-gas shift reaction with CO2 and CO catalyzed by carbon
monoxide dehydrogenase. After acetyl-CoA is formed, it is converted into ethanol in a process that is
directly connected to the microorganism growth. LanzaTech Inc. designed bioreactors that increases the
interfacial area per volume bubble, increasing its volumetric mass transfers, and consequently the gas
solubility in the reactor medium That results in higher product yield and productivity.
The microorganism used in their gas fermentation process works at room temperature and pressure, it
is more resistant to the toxicity of the gas, and worked with high specificity eliminating purification
steps. LanzaTech Inc. partnered with MTU, E4Tech, and Tsinghua University to analyze their technology,
revealing that the GHE from their fuel production is 50-70% lower than fossil fuels emissions.
References: Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2015 Greener Synthetic
Pathways Award" https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2015-
greener-synthetic-pathways-award (accessed on July 1, 2019)
50
Category: Bulk Chemicals
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Energy, Synthetic Methodology
51
Technology: Development of Microorganism for the Synthesis of 1,4-butanediol for Industrial Purposes
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Genomatica
Description of the Technology: A variety of commercial products are synthesized from 1,4-butanediol
(BDO). Genomatica designed a fermentation technology to produce bio-BDO from renewable feedstocks
in a process that releases 70% less carbon dioxide than the traditional petrochemical-based BDO.
Genomatica's method can also be applied in the synthesis of other bulk chemicals, further reducing the
international dependence on the petrochemical industry.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Many bulk chemicals used in a variety of
industrial sectors are derived from the petrochemical industry. One such chemical is the 1,4-butanediol
(BDO) that is applied in the production of many polymers with a $3 billion worldwide market and that is
traditionally obtained from petrochemical sources. Genomatica has developed a more efficient and less
impactful way to synthesize those monomeric chemicals by a fermentation process from renewable
biological materials.
Genomatica successfully designed a microorganism that can be used in a fermentation process that
successfully synthesizes BDO with the same performance as conventional petroleum-based BDO. The
fermentation process does not require organic solvents, and since it consumes carbon dioxide the net
emissions are reduced by 70%. All the water used in the process can be reused and the process requires
60% less energy when compared to the BDO from acetylene, greatly reducing costs with facilities and
production. The costs with the production of the bio-BDO are expected to be reduced by as much 30%
when compared to BDO from petroleum sources, and the synthesized product would have competitive
market prices. Genomatica also has the technology to expand the fermentation for the synthesis of
other industrial bulk chemicals.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology
52
Technology: TAML Oxidant Activators
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Terry Collins at Carnegie Mellon University
Description of the Technology: Professor Terry Collins at Carnegie Mellon University developed TAML
(tetraamido-macrocyclic ligand activators) that catalyze hydrogen peroxide in oxidation reactions.
Professor Collins' technology can potentially reduce the consumption of energy and water, and
eliminate the use of chlorinated compounds in many processes, such as in paper production and in
clothes washing.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Inspired by natural processes, professor Terry
Collins of Carnegie Mellon University designed with his research group low-impact catalysts for
oxidation reactions with hydrogen peroxide. Professor Collins' invention uses TAML (tetraamido-
macrocyclic ligand activators) that can catalyze oxidation reactions with the hydrogen peroxide that is
considered a natural oxidizer. TAML is composed of non-toxic tetradentate ligands coordinated to a
transition metal, iron, that can activate the hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent.
TAML has many promising applications, especially in the paper making industry, and in the production of
laundry products. Bleaches for stain removers are usually produced with hydrogen peroxide. The use of
TAML can revolutionize the performance of many bleaching products, and even reduce the volume of
water needed by washing machines. TAML can catalyze the hydrogen peroxide degradation of dye
molecules dissociated from fabrics during the wash, preventing the dye-exchange among different
fabrics. The TAML technology is selective, not interfering with most of the dyes used in fabric
production, only acting on the removal of stains without interfering with the fabric overall color.
Professor Collins’ technology can replace the traditional delignification process in the processing of
wood pulp for paper production that produces high volumes of chlorinated waste. TAML ligand
activators can catalyze hydrogen peroxide in the delignification process, and without the need for
elevated temperatures. This allows an efficient paper production that consumes significantly less
energy, compared to conventional hydrogen-peroxide-based delignification. TAML has been studied for
its possible application in the treatment of treat biologically contaminated water. Professor Collins
creation can greatly reduce the energy input, and the volume of water used and chlorinated waste
produced in many processes.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
53
Technology: MAX HT Bayer Sodalite Scale Inhibitor
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Cytec Industries Inc.
Description of the Technology: Bayer process plants, that produce alumina from the reduction of
bauxite for conversion to aluminum, faced an important problem related to material depositing on
heating pipes that lead to energy waste. Cytec Industries' product aims to inhibit the deposition and
crystallization of such materials, reducing the energy use and increasing the lifetime of the machinery.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Material deposition on the surface of heat
exchangers is one of the challenges in the alumina industry, as it increases energy consumption as it
lowers heat exchangers efficiency. When a high temperature caustic solution is used to extract the
alumina trihydrated from bauxite ore, it also removes silica from the raw material, which reacts with the
alumina in the hot surfaces of the exchangers to form an insoluble sodalite (crystalline aluminosilicate).
This unwanted byproduct piles up in layers on the heat exchangers, which are traditionally cleaned with
sulfuric acid, a very toxic reagent.
MAX HT inhibits the production of the sodalite in the Bayer process by incorporating into the crystal
layers and keeping it from accumulating on the heat exchangers surface. MAX HT is a heavy molecular
weight silane-based polymer, which, in dosages between 20-40 ppm, is able to act in the Bayer solution.
Increase in the heat exchangers efficiency and consequential energy saving are the immediate benefits,
but MAX HT also promotes less carbonic gas emissions (from energy production savings) and decreases
environment hazard from the reduction of sulfuric acid use.
greener-reaction-conditions-award (accessed August 2, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Durability, Energy
54
Technology: Maximyze: High Quality Paper and Paperboard Production Through Enzymes
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Buckman International, Inc
Description of the Technology: In conventional paper manufacturing, the higher the quality of the paper
being produced, the greater the energy intensity, wood cost, and volume of chemical additives needed.
Buckman International tackled this linear relationship by developing an enzyme that modifies wood
composition and increases its capacity for becoming strong and quality paper.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The conventional methods used to improve
the strength of the paper in paper production involve a more intensive mechanical treatment, which
requires more expensive pulps, higher energy consumption, and different chemical additives. The
production of higher quality paper leads to greater material and energy wastes, besides reducing the
atom economy of the entire process.
Buckman International’s Maximyze technology is a combination of natural enzymes resulted from

fermentation. These enzymes modify cellulose in a way that it ends up with more sites for hydrogen
bonding, which translates in more fibrils that binds the wood fibers together. By chemically modifying
the raw material itself through a low-cost and green process, Maximyze reduces the need of other, high
cost materials and methods. Maximyze is also less toxic than traditional treatments, thereby reducing
human and environment hazards. Since its commercialization, it has been successfully implemented in
over 50 paper mills around the world.
References: Abstracted from: Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge "2012 Designing Greener
Keywords: Design, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
55
Technology: Producing Propylene Oxide via Hydrogen Peroxide
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: The Dow Chemical Group BASF
Description of the Technology: This new technology improves the propylene oxide production process
via hydrogen peroxide, reduces waste, and energy and water consumption. It was developed as a joint
effort by the Dow Chemical Group and BASF.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Propylene oxide (PO) plays an important role
in many sectors of industry, serving as feedstock to produce detergents, food additives, polyurethanes,
etc. The versatility of the substance results in a great demand around the world, putting it on the top of
the rank in terms of volume produced. The process traditionally yields a variety of byproducts. Although
some are recovered and can be commercialized, their demand does not match supply and they become
waste to be disposed.
The Dow Chemical Group and BASF developed HPPO, which is stands for “Hydrogen Peroxide to
Propylene Oxide”, an innovative methodology that yields PO from hydrogen peroxide and propylene.
The technology substitutes the traditional multi-step process for a simpler process, in which propylene is
epoxidated by hydrogen peroxide in liquid methanol at moderate temperature and pressure, leading to
complete conversion to propylene oxide. The process eliminates the need to recycle reagents and
increases cost-efficiency up to 25%. It also reduces the production of wastewater by up to 80% and
lowers energy usage by 35% over traditional technologies.
greener-synthetic-pathways-award (accessed August 6, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Energy, Synthetic Methodology
56
Technology: Nanocatalyst Technology Towards Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Headwaters Technology Innovation
Description of the Technology: Headwaters Technology Innovation (HIT) created a new synthetic
methodology to generate hydrogen peroxide that prevents the use of hazardous chemicals used in
conventional synthetic methods. The technology consists in a metal catalyst that produces hydrogen
peroxide directly from oxygen and hydrogen gases, having water as the single byproduct.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Even though hydrogen peroxide is a clean
and environmentally friendly oxidant option compared to most halogen-based oxidants, its production
process is a challenge in terms of green chemistry principles. Conventionally, producing hydrogen
peroxide is only possible through a multi-step and energy-intensive process that requires the use of
several toxic reagents. The hazards of the process are diminished by the use of catalysts and the
recycling of reagents; however, it remains an important issue given the huge demand of the substance
in the market.
HIT innovated hydrogen peroxide manufacturing method by introducing NxCat, a 4-nanometer catalyst
that allows hydrogen peroxide to be produced from hydrogen and oxygen gases. The technology is
based on palladium and platinum and precludes the use of all hazardous chemicals and reaction
conditions of the conventional pathways. It eliminates unwanted byproducts, uses less energy and is
less expensive. The catalyst is also based on the use of safe and renewable feedstock, which reduces
hazard for workers.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
57
Technology: BiOH Polyols
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Cargill, Incorporated
Description of the Technology: BiOH Polyols is an innovative technology by Cargill, Inc. which aims to
provide an alternative to conventional foams that are manufactured from petroleum-based products.
BiOH Polyols uses renewable sources like vegetable oils and is a greener option compared to
conventional products currently available.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The flexibility and versatility of foams is due
to their key ingredient polyols which are used to produce polyurethane. Polyurethane is conventionally
made from petroleum-based feedstock.
Cargill, Inc. developed BiOH polyols which can be used for polyurethane applications. The carbon-carbon
double bonds in vegetable oils are epoxidized and then converted into desired polyols. The second step
of the process occurs in mild temperature and atmospheric pressure and is energy efficient and
inexpensive. BiOH polyols have competitive performance, low odor and color. Foams manufactured with
BiOH polyols are superior to petroleum-based ones and have a much lower environment footprint when
compared to traditional means of polyol production. A million pounds of BiOH polyols saves 700,000 of
crude oil, and reduces the energy investment by 23% and the carbon emissions by 36%.
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock
58
Technology: Optimyze: Enyzme that Improves Paper Recycling
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Buckman Laboratories International, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Optimyze uses enzymatic activity to remove contaminants, or stickies,
from paper before they go into paper mills for recycling. The technology avoids the use of hazardous
solvents that are conventionally used to remove the stickies.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Recycling paper is important to prevent
paper ending up as waste in landfills and becoming an environment hazard. One of the greatest
challenges of recycling paper products is to remove contaminants. Contaminants can produce holes in
the final recycled product and increase the frequency of machinery cleaning and maintenance.
Traditionally, the removal of the contaminants is achieved by the use of volatile hazardous solvents that
are produced from nonrenewable resources.
Buckman Laboratories has developed an alternative to the use of hazardous solvents. By taking
advantage of natural enzymatic activity, the company created an enzyme capable of solving stickies-
related problem in paper recycling. Optimyze technology contains an esterase enzyme that serves as a
catalyst for the hydrolysis of stickies (which contain poly(vinyl acetate) and similar compounds), into
poly(vinyl alcohol), a water-soluble polymer. Then the residues are removed with water. In addition to
being extremely efficient, the enzyme is much less toxic than conventional alternatives and it is
biodegradable.
Keywords: Purification, Solvents, Renewable
59
Technology: Extraction of Lignin Derivatives from Biomass
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Tom Renders at KU Leuven, Belgium
Stage of Development: Research and Development
Description of the Technology: Researches at KU Leuven, Belgium developed a novel catalytic process
for the extraction of lignin and hemicellulose derivatives and cellulose pulp from biomass. The extracted
lignocellulosic material can be used to produce a variety of chemical commodities that can be used in
many different industrial processes. The developed process can be used for large-scale production.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Biomass with high lignocellulose content can
be used in the production of many chemicals. This renewable raw material needs to be initially treated
to extract the lignocellulose. Traditional methods of lignocellulose fractionation were focused in the
extraction of the carbohydrate content of the biomass; however, more recent methods explore the
many other elements of this rich material, such as lignin. Lignin is a phenolic biopolymer interesting
structural characteristics that can be applied in the production of targeted aromatic compounds with
specific properties. Researches from KU Leuven, Belgium, have developed a fractionation process for
lignocellulosic biomass that allows the isolation of lignin and that avoids the common problem of lignin
condensation during the polymerization and isolation of its derivatives.
Their process allows the catalysts (Ru/C, Pd/C, Pt/C, and Rh/C) to be recycled, with liquid-liquid
extraction, and they can then be reused with almost no losses to the reaction yield. They also tested the
scalability of the process and found no expressive difference in yield in larger scales.
References: Abstracted from: Renders, T.; Cooreman, E.; Bosch, S. V. D.; Schutyser, W.; Koelewijn, S.-F.;
Vangeel, T.; Deneyer, A.; Bossche, G. V. D.; Courtin, C. M.; Sels, B. F. Catalytic lignocellulose biorefining in
n-butanol/water: a one-pot approach toward phenolics, polyols, and cellulose. Green Chemistry 2018,
20, 4607-4619. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/gc/c8gc01031e#!divAbstract
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction,

Catalysis
60
Technology: Safer, Sustainable, Biodegradable, Solid-State Chemistry for Treating Cooling Water
Systems
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: APTech Group, Inc.
Description of the Technology: APTech Group manufactures a solid-concentrated water treatment that
is used in commercial, institutional, and industrial systems to maintain equipment efficiency and reduce
bio-hazards, reducing operating costs and the dangers of disease born water mist.
APTech Group developed a process to produce a noncorrosive, solid-state concentrate containing only
active ingredient. When dissolved in solution, the product contains the same reproducible ratio of active
ingredients needed to prevent scale and corrosion in water systems. The company has recently
improved its technology to use only biodegradable materials.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Impurities in water lead to sludge deposits
and corrosion in boilers and cooling towers. Recirculating cooling water systems promote biological
growths, including: algae, slime, bacteria, and water-borne pathogens which accumulate to cause
biological fouling within cooling systems. All these can result in premature failure of equipment and
reduction in efficiency of cooling, heating and production processes. The presence of pathogens in
water, also cause serious health and safety concerns through inhalation of the contaminated droplets of
cooling water. It is necessary to treat water for scaling, corrosion and pathogens to extract all its useful
characteristics; however. using sodium hydroxide to facilitate the functioning of active ingredients of
scale inhibitors poses adverse health and environmental concerns.
APTech Group developed a safer, sustainable, biodegradable, solid-state chemistry for treating cooling
water systems. Heat loses due to scaling and sludge formation are eliminated through this innovation
which increases the efficiency of boilers and cooling towers. The absence of sodium hydroxide in the
process reduces cost and pollution caused by sodium hydroxide release into wastewater streams
accompanied by adverse health effects due to chemical exposure, and reduces the use of large volumes
of rinse water to control spillages of sodium hydroxide during its use. APTech Group's biodegradable
solid-concentrate provides a safer and more sustainable way to maintain equipment efficiency, reduce
bio-hazards and operating costs.
References: Abstracted from "APTech Group. Safe and Sustainable Water Treatment for Industrial and
Manufacturing Facilities" http://aptechgroup.com/markets-served/industry/ (accessed October 13,
2018)
Abstracted from "United States Environmental Protection Agency. Presidential Green Chemistry
Challenge Awards Program: Summary of 2010 Award Entries and Recipients"
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/award_entries_and_recipients2010.pdf
(accessed October 13, 2018)
61
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Solvents, Hazard Reduction
62
Technology: Production of 3-butene-1,2-diol from erytritol
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Researchers at the University of Liège
Description of the Technology: Researchers at the University of Liège, Belgium, developed a novel
continuous flow process that obtains olefins from deoxydehydration (DODH) of biobased erythritol. The
rapid process produces 3-butene-1,2-diol or butadiene with high yields, and variation of the reagent
ratio can selectively yield one product over the other. Unlike previous DODH processes, this one does
not require metal catalysts or organic solvent, which reduces its environmental impact, and allows the
production of many important chemical feedstocks from a biobased material.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Olefins can be used as feedstock in many
industrial processes. The process to obtain olefins from bio-based polyols involves the deoxydehydration
(DODH) reaction of polyols. Traditional deoxydehydration processes require metal catalysts, such as
molybdenum and rhenium catalysts, and a sacrificial reductant such as triphenylphosphine. More recent
DODH processes eliminated the metal catalyst requirement, but still used a large volume of formic acid
(FA) and triethylorthoformate (TEOF). To reduce the environmental impact of those operations
researchers at the University of Liège in Belgium studied ways to design a DODH process that would not
include metal catalysts and works in solventless conditions.
The process uses a multistep continuous flow technology integrated with on and off-line analysis. In
equimolar TEOF and catalytic FA, their methodology allows the deoxydehydration of erythritol when the
reaction medium is subjected to high temperatures (250 ºC) for a short time (1 to 6 minutes). This
technology selectively and rapidly produces 3-butene-1,2-diol or butadiene in high yields. The process can
be easily be changed to yield more of one product by changing the reaction conditions and the ratio of
reagents to starting material. The process developed by the researchers has the potential to produce
chemical feedstocks that are traditionally obtained from petroleum sources from biobased materials in a
reaction that does not require metal catalysts.
References: Abstracted from Tshibalonza, N. N.; Gérardy, R.; Alsafra, Z.; Eppe, G.; Monbaliu, J.-C. M. "A
versatile biobased continuous flow strategy for the production of 3-butene-1,2-diol and vinyl ethylene
carbonate from erythritol." Green Chemistry 2018, 20, 5147-5157.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/gc/c8gc02468e#!divAbstract
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
63
Technology: AquaRefining™
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Aqua Metals
Description of the Technology: AquaRefining™ is a technology developed by Aqua Metals that aims to
meet the increasing production capacity of batteries, Internet data centers, and energy production
industries by providing modular systems that reduce environmental impact. The technology is water-
based, non-pollutant and optimal in room temperature, and provides an alternative method for ultra
pure lead production.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? In a world that is driven by constant and fast
technological progress, the demand for energy resources to sustain industry production and products
use is steadily growing. In parallel, the demand for metals and other materials that constitute raw
material to manufacture tech products and batteries has also been increasing. Lead, one of the
materials in demand, is known not only for its high toxicity, but also for the environmentally invasive
extraction process, along with environmentally hazardous traditional purification process. Its
accumulation in the environment is a human health and environmental hazard.
Aqua Metals developed a new process for battery recycling that lowers the environmental impact. The
AquaRefining™ technology is based on a closed-loop methodology that is able to ultra-purify lead paste
from recycled batteries. By using modular systems that enable smelting operations, it can increase
overall lead production without increasing emissions from the process. The environmental impact and
other challenges typically associated with smelters are considerably diminished. Aqua Metals technology
has been used in many countries around the world, including Europe, North America, and East and
Southeast Asia.
References: Abstracted from "Aqua Metals Lead Reinvented – Aquarefining™"

https://www.aquametals.com/aquarefining/
Keywords: Purification, Efficiency, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction
64
Technology: Molecular Catalysts for Sustainable Wastewater Electrolysis
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Catalytic Innovations, LLC
Description of the Technology: Catalytic Innovations technology for wastewater electrolysis utilizes
selective catalysts that allow the treatment of organic wastewater and yield renewable fuel as a result of
the process.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? In the treatment process of water mixtures
electrolysis provides an efficient approach to both situations. However, its complexity and cost are
obstacles to its popularization and economic viability, keeping the technology from making a large
difference in the sector.
To make such a method commercially viable, Catalytic Innovations developed an electrolysis system
based on surface-bound molecular electrocatalysis, using a new material that allows high efficiency
oxidation. The technology challenges traditional methods that are multi-step, unstable, costly, and
energy intensive by providing an additive-free and efficient alternative. It consists of selective catalysts
and a stationary electrode, enabled by surface-bound molecular coatings. The coatings are integrated
into a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer and can oxidize dilute organic contaminants.
References: Abstracted from "Catalysis to Reduce the Impact of Waste Water"

(http://www.catalyticinnovations.com/oxidation-catalysis.html)
Sector: Bulk Chemicals
Keywords: Purification, Efficiency, Catalysis
65
Technology: Use of Palladium Nanoparticles/polyoxometalate–ionic Liquid Composites on Silicon
Dioxide as Catalysts for Ketone Production from Diaryl Ethers
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Zhanrong Zhang, Mingyang Liu, Jinliang Song, Huizhen Liu,

Zhenbing Xie, Shauaishuai Liu, Quinglei Meng, Pei Zhang, Buxing Han at Beijing National Laboratory for
Molecular Science and the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences
Description of the Technology: Researchers developed a catalyst system for the selective production of
cyclic ketones, a commodity in many industrial processes, from diaryl ethers and alkyl aryls. The
synthesis has high yields of greater than 80% and utilizes a proprietary catalyst system, Pd/H2[POM-
IL]@SiO2 that allows the breakage of the carbon-oxygen bonds in diaryl ethers. Because of the selectivity
towards the production of the ketone product, the complicated purification necessary to separate the
ketone from the alcohol byproduct in the traditional processes is not necessary.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Cyclic ketones and its derivatives have a wide
range of applications in many industrial processes, such as in the synthesis of Nylon 6. The conventional
synthesis of cyclic ketones required the oxidation of a cyclohexane or the hydrogenation of phenol. The
synthesis of cyclic ketones from a renewable source, lignin, is possible because of its high aromatic
content. To convert lignin into chemical commodities, first it would have to be broken down to smaller
molecules in a depolymerization process, so it could then be further transformed into a desired product.
The challenge arises from the high stability of the Caromatic-O bonds in those aryl systems, which have
been traditionally broken through hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis reactions with a specific catalyst,
such as Ni and Pd. Although effective in producing the ketone, those processes generate in equimolar
amounts an alcohol byproduct, leading to complicated purification steps.
The research team developed a palladium catalyst system that consists of a complex of an early
transition metal oxide, polyoxometalate (POM), and an ionic liquid (IL). The Pd/H2[POM-IL]@SiO2
catalysts were synthesized in a three step process that consisted of the synthesis of the POM-IL, its
incorporation to SiO2, and the addition of Pd nanoparticles to the system. The researchers reported the
cleavage of the Caromatic-O bonds and the synthesis of the ketones from diaryl ether with yields of greater
than 80%. The ketone was also selectively produced, which eliminated the need for further purification
steps. The unique POM-IL complex catalyst system can also be used produce cyclic ketones from alkyl
aryl ethers. The novel synthesis of cyclic ketones from lignin can potentially increase the usage of
renewable biomass in the chemical industry which has many environmental benefits.
References: Abstracted from Zhang, Z.; Liu, M.; Song, J.; Liu, H.; Xie, Z.; Liu, S.; Meng, Q.; Zhang, P.; Han,
B. Green Chemistry 2018, 20 (21), 4865–4869.
(https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/gc/c8gc02659a#!divAbstract)
66
Catalysis
67
Technology: Production in an Aqueous Medium of Superhydrophobic Coatings from Plant-Based
Materials
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Jared Morrissette, Patrick Carroll, Ilker Bayer, Jian Quin, Don
Waldroup, and Constantine M. Megaridis at University of Illinois Chicago
Description of the Technology: Researchers at the University of Illinois Chicago developed greener
coatings for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces. Unlike conventional methods, their
formulation does not contain fluoride and silane, is water based, and contain filler materials derived
from plant biomass. The developed coating has a high hydrophobicity, and its composition is around
99.5% from naturally-occurring materials.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Superhydrophobic coatings need a high
hydrophobicity and contain a polymer that decreases the surface energy of the material, and a filler
material that increases roughness of the surface. Because of the hydrophobic components in the
formulation, traditional production of those coatings requires organic solvents, and the use of water as a
solvent is not viable. Aqueous polymers solutions based in fluorinated compounds have been
developed, but fluorinated compounds have been linked to environmental impacts due to generation of
hazardous byproducts. Aqueous polymer solutions that do not contain fluorinated compounds have also
been designed, such as polymer solutions based in natural waxes and silicones, but they present issues
related to the mixing of the filler material and often require oxide nanoparticles, such as titanium oxide,
that are toxic and non-biodegradable.
A group of researchers at University of Illinois Chicago have developed a set of water-based, fluoride-
free, silicone-free formulations that are produced from plant materials. These coatings have 99.5% of
their composition in naturally-occurring compounds, with 0.5% of a cross-polymer approved by the US
Food and Drug administration, and can be produced through an easy and low-cost process that requires
moderate heating and that utilizes non-hazardous and available chemicals. The coatings have varied
performance depending in their composition; the best performing coating designed was based in a
natural wax, such as carnauba wax, and lycopodium that had a high hydrophobicity and water mobility,
and a processing temperature lower than 100º C. The coatings have a lowered environmental impact
and can be best used in light-weight single-use products.
References: Abstracted from Morrissette, J. M.; Carroll, P. J.; Bayer, I. S.; Qin, J.; Waldroup, D.;
Megaridis, C. M. A methodology to produce eco-friendly superhydrophobic coatings produced from all-
water-processed plant-based filler material. Green Chemistry 2018, 20, 5169-5178.
(https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/gc/c8gc02439a#!divAbstract)
68
Technology: FLUEPAC® Activated Carbon Products for Superior Mercury Control from Flue Gas and
Green Re-Use of Coal Combustion Residuals
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Calgon Carbon Corporation
Description of the Technology: Calgon Carbon’s FLUEPAC consists of a technology with more than 5
patents that aims to help coal-fired power plants in retain their efficiency as they comply with
environmental regulations. The technology focuses on filtering dioxin and mercury emissions to avoid
release into the atmosphere.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? FLUEPAC® technology by Calgon Carbon
Corporation provides a solution to improve environment compatibility of coal fired power plants by
reducing the amount of toxins propelled into the air. Based on Powdered Activated Carbon, the
technology works as a filter that reduces effluent mercury levels by more than 95% while not
unfavorably affecting the ash fly air retention properties. FLUEPAC® is particularly effective in complex
mercury removal applications such as flue gas (where levels of sulfur trioxide are high); and it is
compatible with various other applications, having its performance validated by over 75 full scale trials
in multiple sectors such as cement kilns, hospital waste incinerators, etc. The product was designed to
work either synergistically with other technologies as a multi-pollutant treatment or as stand-alone
mercury-targeted approach, and is proved to be a non-hazardous material and landfill-safe.
References: Abstracted from "FLUEPAC Powdered Activated Carbon"

(https://www.calgoncarbon.com/products/fluepac/)
Keywords: Separation, Hazard Reduction
69
Technology: SYLVAROAD™: Sustainable Additive to Allow Asphalt Re-Use
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Kraton Corporation
Description of the Technology: Kraton Corporation developed SYLVAROAD™, an additive that

incorporates green chemistry principles and allows high efficiency reuse of asphalt. The product targets
reclaimed asphalt and provides economically viable methods for asphalt recycling.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Although it is possible to reuse asphalt, it is
difficult to keep its high quality and to find sustainable and environmentally compatible ways for
recycling. SYLVAROAD™ by Kraton Corporation provides an asphalt recycling solution for the road
building industry. The technology consists of crude tall oil, which is a renewable raw bio-based material
by-produced in the paper industry. When added to reclaimed asphalt, SYLVAROAD™ can restore its
binder properties and the old material is fully mobilized and can be used toward the final binder
content. Designed for used on top layers of asphalt, the product is resistant to harsh weather conditions,
including extreme cold, and has high-performance through its durable-life. The technology does not
release harmful components during either its production and its application, and it reduces the carbon
footprint of the road building industry.
References: Abstracted from "SYLVAROAD™ RP1000 Performance Additive: Take Recycling to the Next
Level" (http://kraton.com)
Related Information: https://www.scribd.com/document/426404639/SYLVAROAD-RP1000-

Performance-Additive-Brochure
Keywords: Durability, Renewable, Feedstock
70
Technology: HgX™ - Amended Silicates
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Novinda
Description of the Technology: Novinda’s mercury emission capturing technology, HgX™ - Amended
Silicates, improves the performance of previous products of the brand, meeting even more strict EPA
regulations towards toxicity standards.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? HgX™ - Amended Silicates by Novinda
Corporation targets mercury in gas mixture emissions. The technology is made of a natural mineral
compound, silicate, and does not require large emissions and energy consumption to be manufactured.
In the market, it is cost-competitive with its carbon-based competitors and compatible with most
sorbent injection systems and with the fly ash used in concrete products. HgX™ - Amended Silicates is
non-flammable and non-abrasive, improving health conditions for workers. Compared to other similar
technologies, HgX™ has economic advantages such as eliminating the need for boiler fuel treatments,
reducing frequency of capital repairs, and preserving the re-sale value of both fly ash and gypsum.
References: Abstracted from "Novinda - Model AS-HgX™ - Amended Silicates"

(https://www.environmental-expert.com/products/novinda-model-as-hgx-amended-silicates-151385)
Keywords: Separation, Hazard Reduction
71
Technology: Biosynthesis of Muconic Acid from Aromatic Compounds and Lignin
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Researchers in the National Renewable Energy Laboratory

(NREL)
Description of the Technology: Researchers in the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
engineered an improved strain of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, that allows the high-yield bioproduction
of muconic acid, an important industrial commodity, from lignin.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Muconic acid (MA) is used in the production
of many industrial commodities, such as terephthalic acid and adipic acid. MA can be partially
hydrogenated to generate 3-hexenedioic acid that can be used in the production of nylons and other
composites. Traditional bioproduction of MA was based in genetic engineered Escherichia coli strain that
produced MA from glucose in a molar yield of 30%. Lignin, an abundant polymer in lignocellulose, is a
source of aromatic compounds; however, the previous developed technology for MA production from
aromatic compounds used benzoic acid as the starting material, an aromatic compound that is not
released in high quantities in the depolymerization of lignin. Researchers in the NREL modified this
process to increase the yield, titers, and productivities of the production of MA from lignin. This research
can potentially decrease the petrochemical dependency of many industrial processes, by the
development of a process that improves the current MA production system from lignin.
References: Johnson, C. W.; Singer, C. A.; Rohrer, H.; Peterson, D. J.; Black, B. A.; Knapp, A.; Beckham, G.
T. Bioprocess development for muconic acid production from aromatic compounds and lignin, Green
Chem 2018, 20, 5007-5019. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/gc/c8gc02519c
(accessed Dec 23, 2018)
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
72
Technology: Use of Aluminum-Biochar Composites as Catalysts in the Isomerization of Glucose
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Researchers from the University of York
Description of the Technology: Researchers from the University of York developed an aluminum-biochar
catalyst that can facilitate the isomerization of glucose from biomass to fructose. The aluminum
embedded in the biochar acts as a Lewis Acid in the isomerization, and allows an increase in fructose
yield by 60%. The fructose produced in this process can be used to produce many chemical
commodities, reducing industrial dependence in fossil fuel-based products.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The use of biomass in the production of
chemical commodities has the potential to reduce the dependence of the chemical industry on products
derived from fossil fuel sources. A group of researchers from the University of York designed an
aluminum-based biochar catalyst. The aluminum-biochar catalyst contains aluminum oxides that can
catalyze the isomerization reaction by acting as a Lewis Acid. The biochar catalysts in the study were
produced with saw dust waste and varied loadings of aluminum trichloride. Their catalytic activity was
found to be comparable to the previously developed catalysts. The changes in physicochemical
properties of the catalysts did not produce any observable changes in the reaction yield, but the
increase of aluminum in the catalysts resulted in a 60% increase in the fructose yield. This study is the
first one to test the efficiency of biochar catalysts in glucose isomerization.
References: Yu, I. K. M.; Xiong, X.; Tsang, D. C. W.; Wang, L.; Hunt, A. J.; Song, H.; Shang, J.; Sik, Y.; Poon,
C. S. Aluminium-biochar composites as sustainable heterogeneous catalysts for glucose isomerisation in
a biorefinery. Green Chem 2019, 21, 1267-1281.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/gc/c8gc02466a (accessed Dec 23, 2018).
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Design, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
73
Technology: Enzymatic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide from Glucose
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Solugen
Description of the Technology: Solugen designed an enzymatic method for the synthesis of hydrogen
peroxide from glucose. In the process, gluconic acid is also produced. This process can substitute the
traditional hydrogen peroxide production that requires a high energy input.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The conventional production of hydrogen
peroxide is from the oxidation of an anthrahydroquinone to an anthraquinone in the presence of
oxygen, forming hydrogen peroxide. The 5-step process has been used since 1930s and is energy
demanding.
Solugen designed an enzyme catalyzed reaction to produce hydrogen peroxide. The process consists of
the oxidation of glucose, in the presence of oxygen, to gluconic acid, generating hydrogen peroxide. One
of the advantages of this process besides the lower energy input, is the production of two important
chemical commodities. The mixture of hydrogen peroxide with gluconic acid can either be separated
and commercialized individually, or directly applied to the production of wipes or applied in the water
treatment and gas industry due to its ability to act as an oxidant and corrosion inhibitor. The process is
economically comparable to the conventional process.
References: Abstracted from "C&EN's 2018 10 Start-Ups to Watch." https://cen.acs.org/business/start-

ups/10-Start-Ups-Watch/96/i44 (accessed Dec 25, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
74
Technology: Downflow Gas Contactor
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: WRK Design and Services Ltd. and STEP Pvt. Ltd
Description of the Technology: WRK Design and Services Ltd. with STEP Pvt. Ltd developed a high
efficiency gas-liquid contactor-reactor. It consists of a column with a specially-designed opening at the
top through which a high-velocity liquid stream enters co-currently with a gas stream. The intense shear
and energy from the high-velocity liquid stream breaks up gas pockets at the top of the column. This
prevents a permanent space for gas and ensures a fully-flooded column, vigorously-agitated gas-liquid
dispersion, intense mixing, efficient mass transfer, and constant surface renewal. DGC’s primary areas of
applications include gas absorption, effluent treatment, and chemical reactions, particularly processes
involving catalysts such as oxidation hydrogenation, carbonylation, and hydroformylation.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? In the chemistry industry, gas-liquid
contacting devices are used for absorbing gases into liquids and solvents. Issues with conventional
devices include low gas hold-ups (the amount of gas in the column at a given time) at less than 20%,
bubble coalescence, and back-mixing (reacted chemicals mix with unreacted chemicals instead of exiting
the column) which lower efficiency. Gas pockets created by free gas-liquid interfaces also pose safety
issues. The Downflow Gas Contactor (DGC) avoids these issues. It’s simple, compact, and flexible design
requires less power and smaller operating volume and allows scaling without loss in efficiency. Reaction
rates are also controllable and lack of moving parts, such as stirrers, enable safer operating conditions.
Major projects completed using DGC include the selective capture of carbon dioxide from air; biodiesel
production from sunflower, rapeseed, and waste oil; and photocatalytic treatment of industrial effluent
wastes through a reduction in COD (chemical oxygen demand) levels.
References: Abstracted from “Downflow Gas Contactor (DGC): A Versatile Gas-Liquid Contactor-
Reactor” www.stepsol.com (10 Feb 2019)
Abstracted from “The Downflow Gas Contactor Reactor: A Brief Introduction”

http://www.wrkdesign.co.uk (23 Feb 2019)
Keywords: Efficiency, Durability, Design, Hazard Reduction
75
Technology: Floor Batch Microwave Reactor
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: UpScale Microwave
Description of the Technology: UpScale Microwave’s floor batch microwave reactor enables pre-
pressurized microwave-heated synthesis. The stainless-steel reactor has a large dynamic range of 200
mL – 12L, which enables small and large-scale synthesis. UpScale Microwave’s reactor also has a
pressure vessel that allows up to 350 PSIG. The pressure and microwave irradiation cause a rapid rise in
temperature which increases reaction rates.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Conventional methods of large-scale
synthesis typically need more time to heat. Solvents and reagents are used to expedite the process.
These chemicals can pose health, safety, and environmental issues caused by their use and disposal as
waste. Using microwave radiation to assist in the heating process allows a large scaleup while
minimizing the amount of other potentially toxic materials. Multiple fail safes for temperature, pressure,
microwave components, and magnetron cooling water flow are included in UpScale's microwave
reactor.
References: Abstracted from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl1qpiptLhw and “Microwave

Assisted Synthesis” in the International Research Journal of Pharmaceutical and Applied Sciences
(IRJPAS)
Related Information:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319242762_Microwave_Assisted_Synthesis_an_Approach_t
o_Green_Chemistry
Keywords: Efficiency, Design, Hazard Reduction
76
Technology: Wealth Out of Waste
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Geist Research Pvt. Ldt.
Description of the Technology: Wealth Out of Waste (WOOW) technology recovers various organic and
inorganic chemicals from wastewater. Residual water is recycled through the one of four extraction
processes: Anti-Solvent Crystallization (ASC), Chemical Dewatering (ChD), Reactive Extraction (Rx), and
Eutectic Freeze Crystallization (EFC). WOOW-ASC uses commonly available chemicals as anti-solvents
and filters out solidified salts. WOOW-ChD uses dewatering agents to concentrate diluted streams
without evaporating water. WOOW-Rx recovers organics without evaporation using adducts and
carriers. WOOW-EFC recovers small impurities from large streams in pure form using the Eutectic
Melting and Crystallization.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Chemical industries consume fresh water
while generating waste waters that must be treated at plants to meet regulations. WOOW technology
recycles and extracts materials from this wastewater. The extraction process minimizes liquid discharge
and eliminates secondary and tertiary pollution and the need for a landfill. Recycling water also reduces
the additional fresh water necessary for the process. Processes such as ChD are more energy efficient
than conventional evaporators, and ASC addresses corrosion caused by halide-containing streams,
reducing resources that would be needed to replace corroded equipment.
References: Abstracted from “Geist Wealth Out of Waste” www.geistwoow.com
Related Information: http://geistwoow.com/process.html
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Separation, Purification, Hazard Reduction
77
Technology: Coflore
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: AM Technology
Description of the Technology: AM technology specializes in creating actively-mixed, continuous flow

reactors for chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Their Cloflore reactors offer a scale-up route via
the Agitated Cell Reactor, Agitated Tube Reactor, and the Rotating Tube Reactor.
Agitated Cell Reactor (ACR) is a 0.1 liter laboratory-scale flow reactor that uses a series of dynamically
mixed cells under plug-flow conditions. Agitated Tube Reactor (ATR), employs the same mixing
technology as ACR but utilizes long tubes instead of cells, increasing throughput to up to 100 L per hour.
The Rotating Tube Reactor (RTR) operates as a ten-stage, actively-mixed continuous flow reactor with a
100 L capacity that is capable of processing theoretically limitless reactor volumes without interruption.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? When the solvent quantity limits the rate of
reaction or absorption of heat released from the reaction, improved heat transfer reduces the amount
of solvent required. This also enables controlling conditions to maximize conversion without risking
competitive or consecutive reactions. Less solvent and fewer impurities minimize the waste stream and
reduces the cost of disposal. The use of significantly smaller continuous reactors also reduces energy
used for heating and cooling at the start and end of each processing cycle. Continuous processes
operate at steady state, so once running, plant operators only need to supply starting materials and
manage the flow of product.
References: Abstracted from “AM Technology” https://www.amt.uk/
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Durability, Design
78
Technology: High-Purity Glucaric Acid Production through Microbial Fermentation
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Kalion Inc.
Description of the Technology: Kalion Inc. developed lactones, salts, crystals and other forms of high-
purity glucaric acid (such as saccharic acid) and similar molecules (such as glucuronic acid) through
fermentation using patented microbes created from biomass through synthetic biological processes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Glucaric acid has a variety of applications
from the production of Adderall and generic equivalents to preventing corrosion. Glucaric acid can
substitute phosphates and chelating agents in detergents and waste treatment. Because high
concentrations of phosphates in water may induce eutrophication and chelating agents in water may
interfere with the removal and treatment of toxic metals, glucaric acid serves as a viable alternative
chelating agent.
Glucaric acid is conventionally produced through the nitric-acid oxidation of glucose. Using a biological
process, Kalion produces higher-purity lower-cost material and produce less waste while avoiding the
use of harmful chemicals. The use of biomass in the process reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
References: Abstracted from “High-Purity Glucaric and Glucuronic Acid for the Industrial, Materials, and
Pharmaceutical Markets,” “Science of Industrial Biological Production of Chemicals,” and “Researchers
Investigate New Biobased Fibers” www.kalioninc.com
Abstracted from “Determination of Chelating Agents in Drinking Water and Wastewater Samples”
assets.thermofisher.com
Keywords: Purification, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
79
Technology: Flow Chemistry Reactors
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Chemtrix
Description of the Technology: Chemtrix developed a variety of glass, metal, and ceramic (Silicon
carbide) continuous flow reactors and systems that can assist in production ranging from small-scale
research and development to commercial production.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Flow chemistry reactors hold many
advantages over traditional batch reactors. Controlled quantities of reagents enable rapid diffusion, and
high surface area to volume ratios enable efficient heat transfer and temperature control. Greater
efficiency allows flow chemistry reactors to produce more while wasting less energy. Chemtrix’s glass
reactors have particularly efficient heat and mass transfer.
Greater control over temperature, reaction time, flow, pumped volumes and pressure enables better
control over hazardous intermediate materials, increasing lab safety while allowing flow chemistry
reactors to safely handle more hazardous reactions that batch reactors are unable to process.
Chemtrix’s ceramic reactors also have chemical flexibility and high corrosion resistance, and their metal
reactors are customizable.
References: Abstracted from “Flow Chemistry” www.chemtrix.com
Related Information: https://www.chemtrix.com/products/3d-printed-flow-reactors
Keywords: Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology
80
Technology: Innosyn’s Flow Chemistry
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Innosyn
Description of the Technology: Innosyn uses methods such as biocatalysis, chemocatalysis, flow
chemistry, crystallization, and photochemistry to develop fine chemicals for their clients. Innosyn also
offers Recombinant Pig Liver Esterase(PLE), Hydroxynitrlaise (HNL), and Glucose Dehydrogenase (GDH-
01) enzymes which can be used in a variety of industries.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Innosyn’s methods efficiently produce
chemicals while maintaining or improving the quality of the product. Biocatalysis has the additional
benefit of high selectivity. Chemocatalysis enables efficient and customized synthesis of a complex
molecules while reducing waste. Highly controlled crystallization is an effective technique for organic
compound purification. Photochemistry enables reactions unachievable under mild conditions using
photons which leave no residue. Flow Chemistry enables safe application and control of extreme
reaction conditions and hazardous reactants. Its superior mass and heat transfer enable easy quality
control and higher production. Innosyn also developed 3D metal printed flow reactors and mixers by
selective laser melting.
References: Abstracted from "Technologies" and "Products" www.innosyn.com
Keywords: Purification, Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
81
Technology: Enzymicals AG Enzymes
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Enzymicals AG
Description of the Technology: Enzymicals develops a variety of enzymes and chemicals as chiral
building blocks, intermediates, specialty chemicals, and recombinant enzymes through customized
chemical synthesis or biocatalytic conversion. They are suitable for research and development,
diagnostics, and industrial production.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Custom enzymes can reduce a complex
synthesis process into a single biocatalytic step and operate in milder reaction conditions, possess
exceptional product selectivity, and have lower physiological toxicity. Enzymes are tailored to lower
energy requirements, mitigate the waste generation and simplify the production routes contributing to
the lower environmental impact.
References: Abstracted from "Enzymes" www.enzymicals.com
Keywords: Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
82
Technology: Baypure CX: Biodegradable and Non-Toxic Chelating Agent
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Bayer Corporation and Bayer AG (technology acquired by

LANXESS)
Description of the Technology: The Bayer Corporation created a chelator that unlike traditional
chelating agents is very biodegradable and does not generate hazardous waste during its manufacturing.
This novel chelator, called sodium iminodisuccinate, is an aminocarboxylate that was completely
structurally designed by Bayer researchers and has the potential to greatly reduce the environmental
impact of chelating agents.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Chelators are compounds with the ability to
sequestrate metals, forming complexes that are soluble in water. Although they are used in the
production of many industrial products, they do not biodegrade very easily and they readily dissolve in
water, accumulating in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Because of their essential applications in
many cleaning agents and agricultural fertilizers, it is important to develop more biodegradable
alternatives for the traditional chelators. The Bayer Corporation is focused on the sustainable
development of their products, Responsible Care®, and decided to develop more environmentally
friendly chelating agents.
Bayer Corporation researchers structurally designed an environmentally-safe chelating agent that is

easily biodegraded and is non-toxic. The novel chelator, called sodium iminodisuccinate, has a central
nitrogen atom that is connected by two carbon chains to four carboxylic acid functionalities, being
characterized as an aminocarboxylate chelator. This chelating agent can efficiently sequestrate many
metals, particularly copper(II), iron(III), and calcium, forming a water-soluble complex.
The synthesis of sodium iminodisuccinate is also very innovative and only generates an ammonia
aqueous waste that is used in the production of sodium iminodisuccinate itself, and in other Bayer
manufacturing processes. The synthesis only requires water, maleic anhydride, sodium hydroxide and
ammonia, eliminating the use of the hazardous chemical hydrogen cyanide, commonly used in the
production of aminocarboxylates. Sodium iminodisuccinate is non-toxic, biodegradable, and produced in
an environmentally-safe process. This innovative chelating agent can be applied in agricultural fertilizers,
in many cleaning products, such as in surfactants to decrease the water hardness, and many other
products.
pathways-award (accessed July 31, 2018)
83
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
84
Technology: End-of-Life Tires as a Feedstock to Produce Consistent, High Quality Carbon Blacks
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Blackbear Carbon
Description of the Technology: Blackbear Carbon developed a method to produce high quality carbon
black for a wide range of applications from end-of-life tires. The process has five main stages: steel
removal, carbonization, de-agglomeration, pelletizing, and drying. The process starts with the removal
of steel from the tires to be recycled outside of the Blackbear facility. Once steel is taken out of tire,
about 40% of carbon black can be taken out of the tire. 60% of carbon black is converted to oil and gas
to provide an energy source with negative emissions and thereby reducing the carbon footprint. Tire
rubber then undergoes anaerobic combustion under controlled conditions in the carbonization stage to
break it down into smaller molecules resulting in the formation of pyrolysis gas, oil, and a high-value
solid carbonaceous char. The de-agglomeration process reduces the carbonaceous char material into
smaller particles, and then it is pelletized to allow for easier handling and storage of the product.
The final product Carbon Black is useful as a one-to-one replacements of many ASTM furnace Carbon
Blacks in tires, inks, coatings, and technical rubber goods.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The issue of end-of-life treatment of tires
remains a problem globally as more than 1.5 billion tires are removed from vehicles and disposed of
annually. In parts of the world where environmental controls are poor or non-existent, a large amount
of these waste tires are burned or landfilled causing adverse health and environmental effects. Landfill
tires create a perfect condition for breeding of mosquitoes that can cause malaria while burning of tires
contribute to GHG emissions. Approximately 2.4 billion tires are manufactured each year, requiring 7.2
million tons of ‘furnace’ carbon black produced from fossil fuels.
Black Bear’s process uses end-of-life tires as a feedstock to produce high-quality carbon black to be used
as a replacement for carbon black in tires, inks, coatings, and rubber goods. It addresses the waste
management problem, removes toxicity, decreases fossil fuel consumption and reduces CO₂ emissions.
In an LCA performed to measure and validate Black Bear’s environmental impact, it was shown that the
Black Bear process is ‘net negative’ largely contributed by the production of energy in the process as an
alternate to fossil energy use. The Black Bear process not only produces Carbon Black, but also energy –
1.6 MWe and ~1 ton of oil per ton Carbon Black. The traditional production of furnace carbon black
results in the formation of PAHs which are carcinogenic. The Black Bear process addresses this toxicity
concern by eliminating PAHs.
References: Abstracted from "Blackbear Carbon" https://blackbearcarbon.com/ (accessed May 18,

2019)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology
85
Consumer Products
86
Technology: Npulp® Straw Paper and Molded Pulp Products
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Mobius105
Description of the Technology: Mobius 105 buys and processes waste straw to produce a variety of
packaging materials made of Npulp®. Products include Npulp® straw paper and molded pulp products,
Kraft liner paper, Greaseproof paperboard, and Post-Consumer Waste (PCW) fiber Bristol Board and
Paperboard.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Waste such as straw is frequently burned,
emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and worsening the pollution problem in places such as
China. Mobius uses the straw waste of other companies, eliminating these carbon dioxide emissions.
The straw is manufactured using a digestive enzyme, avoiding the use of harsh chemicals typically used
in pulping while minimizing water and energy consumption. As Mobius minimizes carbon emissions the
Npulp mill is close to achieving its net-zero emission certification.
References: Abstracted from "Npulp® Paper Made from Straw" www.mobius105.com
Category: Consumer Products
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Feedstock
87
Technology: Simple and Efficient Recycling of Rare Earth Elements from Consumer Materials Using
Tailored Metal Complexes
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Eric J. Schelter - University of Pennsylvania
Description of the Technology: Professor Eric J. Schelter at University of Pennsylvania is studying ways
to facilitate the challenging recycling process of rare earth metals. The Schelter research group
developed a ligand that binds with the metals differently based on their size, forming or not a
precipitate that can be easily separated by filtration. His research is still on its initial stages, but he has
already successfully tested more than 50 combinations of two metals solutions. Professor Schelter
research can revolutionize the way rare earth metals are currently being recycled as it creates a simple
innovative way to separate those metals.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The rare earths metals are a group of 17
elements that is composed of the lanthanide series and scandium and yttrium. They have very similar
properties, and in nature they coexist in mixtures which makes their extraction and separation complex,
requiring a lot of energy and creating large amounts of waste. Rare earths are also commonly used as
mixtures in commercial products, making the recycling of those materials also very challenging. In the
United States, approximately 17,000 metric tons of rare earths are used every year, but only about 1%
of is recycled.
Professor Eric J. Schelter at the University of Pennsylvania developed an organic ligand that facilitates
the differentiation of those metals, and therefore, their separation. The ligand, tris(2-tert-
butylhydroxylaminato) benzylamine, or TriNOx, is tridentate with three donor atoms that allow binding
with rare earth metals. The rare earths interact differently with the ligand depending on their size.
Smaller metals interact with the ligand forming a monomeric unit. The Schelter group observed that the
monomeric complex is insoluble in water, existing in the form of a precipitate. On the other hand, larger
rare earths, such as lanthanum, form a dimeric complex with the ligand and remain in solution. In that
way, it is possible to separate rare earths metals depending on their size and solubility of their complex
by a simple and fast filtration. The research is still in its initial stages, but it is already proved to work in
the separation of more than 50 combinations of two metals. The ligand can be recovered and reused in
future processes, showing great promise for its applications in recycling.
References: Abstracted from "Green Chemistry Challenge: 2017 Academic Award"

https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/green-chemistry-challenge-2017-academic-award (accessed on
July 1, 2019)
Abstracted from "Five green chemistry success stories" https://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i26/Five-green-

chemistry-success-stories.html (accessed July 1, 2019)
Abstracted from "The Schelter Group" http://scheltergroup.chem.upenn.edu/ (accessed on July 1, 2019)
88
Category: Consumer Products
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Separation, Purification, Efficiency, Hazard Reduction
89
Cosmetics
90
Technology: Nisarg Soapnut Extract
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Vivimed Labs Europe Ltd
Description of the Technology: Vivimed Labs Europe Ltd developed an innovative surfactant technology,
known as Nisarg Soapnut Extract, that is based on natural extracts from the Indian Soapnut tree,
Sapindus mukorossi. Their Soapnut extract has a high concentration of natural saponins that have
surfactant characteristics, which makes Nisarg a potential alternative to traditional synthetic surfactants.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Vivimed Labs Europe Ltd created an
alternative to the synthetic, sulfonated surfactants, such as SLS and SLES, that are widely used in the
production of many products in the cosmetic industry. Soupnut has been used in the production of
detergent for thousands of years. However, because of its aqueous extraction process, the powder
extract is brown, which interferes with the color of the formulations, reducing its applicability in the
production of cosmetics. Vivimed Labs Europe designed a novel extraction method that greatly reduces
the colored compounds, without decreasing the saponin content.
Vivimed's technology, known as Nisarg Soapnut Extract, is created with natural extracts from the Indian
Soapnut tree, Sapindus mukorossi. Nisarg Soapnut Extract has a very high concentration of natural
saponins, which have surfactant properties and can be applied in the production of a diverse range of
cosmetic products, such as body wash, shampoos, hair coloring products, and toothpastes. Nisarg
Soapnut Extract has antimicrobial activities and superior dispersibility in aqueous solutions. Nisarg
formulations are less aggressive because the pH of the soapnut is in balance with the natural pH of the
skin, which reduces problems of dry and irritated skin.
References: Abstracted from "Vivimed Labs Europe Ltd. Naturally derived surfactant from the fruit of
the Indian Soapnut tree" https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/Naturally-derived-surfactant-
from-the-fruit-of-the-Indian-Soapnut-tree-80 (accessed Aug 13, 2018)
Related Information: http://www.vivimedspecchem.com/vivimed-products/nisarg
Category: Cosmetics
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology
91
Technology: Biocatalytic Process for the Synthesis of Esters for the Cosmetic Industry
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Eastman Chemical Company
Description of the Technology: The Eastman Chemical Company developed a biocatalytic process for
the synthesis of many esters that can be of importance for the cosmetic industry. Esters have
traditionally been synthesized in processes that require strong acid catalysts and a large energy input.
Eastman's enzymatic process efficiently produces esters with a higher yield and requires less organic
solvents and energy inputs.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Esters have vast and important applications
for the cosmetic industry. Traditionally, they have been synthesized in energy-intensive processes that
require heating, strong acid catalysts, and demanding purifications. Alternative methodologies depend
upon organic solvents, that because of its toxicity poses risks for humans and the environment. The
large volume of esters produced each year with an estimative of 50,000 metric tons of esters for the
production of emollients and emulsifiers in 2006 in North America, creates the need for the
development of novel sustainable production methods.
The Eastman Chemical Company developed a technology based on enzymatic catalysis for the synthesis
of esters for cosmetic purposes. Enzymatic esterification does not require high temperatures which
makes the process more specific. There are no major byproducts and, in most cases, there is no need for
purification. The reaction yield is increased by the removal of coproducts, such as water from acid
esterifications and an alcohol from transesterification, which shifts the reaction equilibrium to the
production of more product. The enzymes can be separated from the reaction mixture by a simple
filtration.
Eastman's technology also allows the synthesis of novel esters. Since the designed methodology is mild,
some materials that would be destroyed due to the harsh reaction conditions can be used in the
esterification. This technology allows the improved synthesis of conventional and novel esters while
decreasing the cost, and environmental impact of the reaction. Eastman's improved process allows
higher yields and is estimated to eliminate the use of more than 10 liters of organic solvent per kilogram
of product.
Related Information: https://www.eastman.com/Markets/Personal-Care-Cosmetics-

Ingredients/Product_Portfolio/Pages/Eastman_GEM_Technology.aspx
Category: Cosmetics
92
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Solvents, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
93
Technology: Biocatalytic Production of Biobased Personal Care Products
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: iSoy Technologies Corporation
Description of the Technology: Many sunscreens are made of synthetic materials and petroleum based
raw materials which tend to cause more harm to the skin instead of performing their role to protect skin
from UV radiation. iSoy Technologies Corporation developed SoyScreen, an environmentally friendly
sunscreen which is also benign on skin due to its biobased content. The product is manufactured in the
absence of organic solvents by the biocatalysis of renewable feedstocks.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Many sunscreens are known to contain
oxybenzone (benzophenone-3), octinoxate (octy-methoxycinnamate), paba, homosalate, octocrylene,
octisalate, and avobenzone. These chemicals have been found to have many side effects to human
health. Many of these chemicals bioaccumulate and persist.
Some researches indicate that oxybenzone has the potential to cause skin cancer due to its ability to
penetrate the skin, and accelerate the production of DNA-damaging free radicals when exposed to light.
Some studies propose that octinoxate and oxybenzone are endocrine disruptors which can disrupt the
hormone system and weaken estrogenic activity. Avobenzone has some harmful impacts on the skin due
to its instability that allows it to break down into unknown chemicals when applied to skin.
To address these health concerns, iSoy Technologies Corporation’s SoyScreen is bio-based and reduces
the risk of exposure to endocrine disruption and penetration into the human blood stream. Unlike
typical cosmetic manufacturing processes, the process for producing SoyScreen avoids the use of
organic solvents which may be characterized by large amounts of waste due to poor selectivity and
chemical changes of the product.
Chemistry Challenge Awards Program: Summary of 2006 Award Entries and Recipients"
(accessed November 17, 2018)
Abstracted from "Annmarie Skin Care. Skin Care Industry" https://www.annmariegianni.com/chemicals-

in-sunscreen/ (accessed November 17, 2018)
Abstracted from "Extraction with Organic Solvents."

http://web.ist.utl.pt/ist11061/fidel/flaves/sec5/sec53.html (accessed November 17, 2018)
Category: Cosmetics
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction
94
Technology: PhytoSpherix
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Mirexus Inc.
Description of the Technology: Mirexus Inc. developed Phytospherix® from a natural form of glycogen
derived from corn. The polysaccaride’s structure provide humectant, antioxidant, and film-forming
properties which are effective for skin hydration, anti-inflammation, anti-redness, anti-dark spot, and
anti-aging.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Phytoglycogen is a nontoxic, hypoallergenic,
and biodegradable botanical extract chemically identical to glycogen in the human body. Although
glycogen mostly stored in the liver and muscles, glycogen concentrations in the epidermis increases at
sites which need cell growth and wound healing. Glycogen is known to improve skin moisture and skin
barrier function reducing damage due to environmental pollution, free radical activity, and ultraviolet
light. The phytoglycogen is derived from corn through an eco-friendly, sustainable process.
References: Abstracted from "PhytoSpherix®," "Phytoglycogen Nanoparticles: 1. Key properties relevant

to its use as a natural moisturizing ingredient," and "Anti-ageing properties of phytoglycogen"
www.mirexus.com (accessed 10 May 2019)
Category: Cosmetics
Keywords: Renewable
95
Electronics
96
Technology: Advanced Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: UniEnergy Technologies and Pacific Northwest National

Laboratory (PNNL)
Description of the Technology: Redox-flow batteries have proven to be a competitive alternative to

lithium ion batteries. They use aqueous electrolyte solutions to store energy instead of solid
electrolytes, which allow for better heat control and eliminate previous problems with electrolyte
flammability. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and UniSystem Technologies designed a
vanadium redox flow battery (VFB) that solved problems with size and cost, flow efficiency, and
operating temperature range. By using chloride-based electrolytes they created an improved VFB that is
more stable, works in a broader temperature range, and is compact size, reducing the amount of
Vanadium and other materials used.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Lithium ion batteries have been used in
energy storage operations due to their good power capability. However, they degrade over time, having
a limited lifetime, and they only work continuously a for a couple of hours. They also present problems
with the flammability of electrolytes and heating control.
Redox-flow batteries can be an interesting alternative, as they have competitive results and use
electrolyte solutions instead of solid electrodes. As the electrolytes circulate through the battery cell,
the chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy. In a vanadium redox flow battery (VFB), the
electrolyte tanks help with heat exchange, and since they are aqueous, they address problems related to
electrolyte flammability, and are also recyclable. Even though VFB could be a good replacement for
lithium ion batteries, they would still require some major improvements. Some of the necessary
modifications include a reduction in size and cost, improvements in the battery flow efficiency, and a
broadening in the operating temperature range, which was previously limited to a range of 50 to 95 °F.
PNNL and UniSystem designed a vanadium redox flow battery that successfully tackled those issues.
Their major modification was in the electrolyte solution. They found that by replacing the sulfate-based
electrolyte solution by a chloride-based one, the battery was more stable, with a longer lifetime, and
properly functioned in a much broader temperature range of -40 to 120 °F. Their battery was designed
in a compact size, reducing the amount of Vanadium and other materials used.
The PNNL and UniSystem redox flow battery performs competitively with lithium ion batteries, but over
a longer period of time, and is an innovative solution to the environmental hazards posed by batteries.
References: Abstracted from "Green Chemistry Challenge: 2017 Small Business Award"
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/green-chemistry-challenge-2017-small-business-award (accessed
on July 1, 2019)
97
Category: Electronics
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Durability, Energy, Hazard Reduction
98
Technology: ColdstripTM
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Legacy Systems, Inc. (now Modutek Corporation)
Description of the Technology: Legacy Systems, Inc., currently Modutek Corporation, designed an
alternative to the corrosive Piranha solutions used in the production of semiconductors and flat panel
displays. LSI's product, called ColdstripTM, only uses water and oxygen to clean silicon semiconductors,
eliminating the requirement for hazardous corrosive solutions. ColdstripTM also reduces the volume of
water used in the process, annually saving millions of gallons of water.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Piranha solutions are highly corrosive
solutions, usually containing sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, that are traditionally used in to wash
off photoresist, a light-sensitive polymer, and other organic contaminants in the production of
semiconductors and flat panel displays. Piranha solutions are known to negative impacts in the
environment, with of the atmosphere, water, and soil contamination. Legacy Systems, Inc., currently
Modutek Corporation, created a less impactful alternative for Piranha solutions. ColdstripTM is based
only on water and oxygen and allows the efficient removal of photoresist and other organic
contaminants.
ColdstripTM uses a gas diffuser and an ozone generator to produce active ozone in the process vessel
with a recirculating pump and a water chiller. The ozone degrades into oxygen when in contact with the
photoresist, producing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen. In the process there are no
generation of solids in the water, eliminating the need for filtration steps. ColdstripTM reduces the
environmental impact of this process, as it does not require elevated temperatures and corrosive
chemicals.
ColdstripTM can potentially prevent the annual use of 8,400 gallons of piranha solutions and 3,335,800
gallons of water in each silicon wafer wet station. Significant reductions are also made in the production
of flat panel displays. LSI's technology can efficiently substitute piranha solutions, in a process that has
comparable results and that has a much lower environmental impact.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
99
Technology: Greener Quantum Dot Synthesis
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: QD Vision, Inc. (technology acquired by Samsung)
Description of the Technology: QD Vision technology, now acquired by Samsung, provides an

alternative path to manufacturing of quantum dots, which are used to produce LED screens. The
quantum dots produced through this technology have higher quality than its competitors and use much
less toxic feedstock.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Conventional digital display technology
industry has faced a big dilemma concerning the tradeoff between color quality and screen brightness
efficiency. Screens must produce a primary light that result in brightness and they must also contain
phosphors that convert some of that light into visible ranges of the spectrum. The ranges are very
broad, and the conversion is thus inefficient. The conventional methods to produce these displays make
substantial use of toxic solvents.
A Greener Quantum Dot Synthesis by QD Vision is an alternative to this scenario, given that it tackles
both the efficiency and the environmental issues of conventional methods. It makes possible to
manufacture cost-effective displays that are able to express the full-spectrum of colors by replacing
some toxic solvents and using filtration rather than centrifugation. The new quantum dot synthesis cuts
off the need of using more than 150,000 liters of toxic solvents per year in the United States, also
avoiding the production of large amounts of cadmium waste. The efficiency gains also contribute to
energy saving in a nationwide scale.
Conditions" https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2014-
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Solvents, Energy, Synthetic Methodology
100
Technology: SCORR—Supercritical CO2 Resist Remover
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: SC Fluids, Inc.
Description of the Technology: SC Fluids developed a semiconductor cleaning technology based on

supercritical carbon dioxide. The innovative technology minimizes waste production and has safety
benefits for workers. It is also more cost efficient and uses less water and energy.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? As the semiconductor industry grows, so
does the need of support industries that focus on semiconductor maintenance and durability. A specific
feature that allows fabrication of integrated circuits from semiconductors is photolithography, which
relies on ultra clean components by the removal of light-sensitive materials called photoresists. The
current cleaning process of these components is done through the use of hazardous chemicals and
purified water.
SC Fluids, in partnership with Los Alamos National Laboratory, introduced a new technology that tackles
the main environmental issues related to conventional photoresists removal processes. This innovative
technology called SCORR is based on the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a substitute for both the
corrosive chemical solvents and deionized super pure water used in the process. In the last phase,
carbon dioxide is removed in gaseous form after depressurization. The technology also performs better
in terms of energy consumption, waste minimization, worker safety, and has better cost-performance
value.
Keywords: Solvents, Hazard Reduction
101
Technology: Halogen-free Flame Retardant
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: FRX POLYMERS Inc
Description of the Technology: FRX POLYMERS Inc. designed a flame retardant (FR) technology that can
potentially substitute the traditional FRs that are used in the production of a variety of industrial
products, including electronics. Their halogen-free FR is composed of diphenyl methylphosphonate
(DPMP) polymers that are synthesized in a solventless reaction with minimal waste generation. Their
polymeric FR has superior performance and eliminates the risks to the environment and human health
posed by conventional halogenated FR.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Flame retardants (FR) are widely used in the
manufacturing of many electronic products. Most of the commonly used FRs are halogenated and have
the capability to migrate on the exterior of the plastic material, which considerably lowers their FR
capacity and increases human contact with these hazardous materials. This becomes even more
problematic because more than 60 percent of plastic formulations contain halogenated FR.
FRX POLYMERS Inc. (FRXP) developed a flame retardant that does not contain halogens. They developed
an unprecedented phosphorus FR technology that eliminates problems with compound migration and
halogen toxicity. FRXP uses diphenyl methylphosphonate (DPMP) to synthesize a polymer in a
solventless reaction that only has phenol as a major byproduct. The synthesis has yield around 100%,
and the produced phenol can be used to produce more DPMP. The production is economically
advantageous and has minimal waste generation.
The produced polymer has more than 10% of phosphorus content and has a LOI (limited oxygen index)
of 65%. FRXP's FR can be used in by itself or in the production of other polymeric materials, such as
polyesters, polyureas, and epoxies, without interfering with their physical properties. This FR reduces
the generation of halogenated waste and contamination and has the potential to increase plastic
recycling.
Abstracted from "FRX POLYMERS® Inc. Application Development"

https://www.frxpolymers.com/application-development#enabling (accessed Aug 15, 2018)
102
Technology: FARADAYIC® HF-FREE ElectroPolishing Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Faraday Technology Inc.
Description of the Technology: Faraday Technology's technology provides a new method for
electropolishing of niobium surfaces by using environmentally benign electrolytes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? When it comes to the best material for
superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities, niobium places as the top market choice. Its unique
properties have made it the most widely used material for SRF manufacturing, especially when
considering the low-loss property of the high-field frequency in nanoscale. To maximize the capacity for
conductivity and electrical fields acceleration in niobium surfaces, diverse methods have been
developed to minimize local microscopic features of magnetic field by making the interior of niobium
cavities optimally smooth. Although the benefits of electropolishing these cavities are widely known, the
conventional methods are hazardous to the environment due to the use of concentrated sulfuric and
hydrofluoric acids.
Faraday Technology Inc. has developed a new process for electropolishing that fulfills the demand for an
environmentally compatible method applicable to industrial scale, with competitive costs and enhanced
performance. Based on the repeated use of bipolar electric fields, in which an anodic current pulse is
followed by an off-time and then a cathodic current, the process removes micro roughness of niobium
cavities surfaces with the first current type, while the second current removes oxide films. This method
uses a less concentrated sulfuric acid (close to 5%) solution than conventional methods, and completely
removes the need to use hydrofluoric acid. The reagents used are no more hazardous than common
household cleaning substances. In addition to the safety benefits, this new process is also economically
viable and has high performance levels.
References: Abstracted from "Faradayic HF Free Surface Finishing of Niobium SRF Cavities"
(http://www.psicorp.com/content/faradayic-hf-free-surface-finishing-niobium-srf-cavities)
Keywords: Design, Hazard Reduction
103
Technology: No-Clean Soldering
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: CTS Corporation Resistor Networks
Description of the Technology: Soldering forms part of CTS Corporation Resistor Network’s processes in
producing solid ceramic resistor networks. This process previously involved the use of synthetic oil,
soldering fluxes, and solvent cleaning which required the use of large amounts of TCA (1-1-1-
trichloroethane) and TCE (1,1,2-trichloroethylene). To eliminate the use of wave oil, soldering fluxes,
and solvent cleaning, CTS Corporation Resistor Networks innovated the No-Clean soldering process in
March 1993. This process involved installing hoods over the solder pots to maintain an inert atmosphere
over the molten solder. This eliminated the need for oil and flux and consequently the need for solvent
cleaning.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The “No Cleaning Process” is beneficially to
the environment because it eliminates the use of wave oil and solvents. This reduces the amount of raw
materials consumed in the soldering process, thereby reducing the environmental impact of the
manufacturing of CTS Corporation Resistor Network’s solid ceramic resistor networks.
Exposure to TCE (1,1,2-trichloroethylene) is known to cause adverse health effects including risks of
kidney cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and cardiac defects. By reducing the need for cleaning with LCE,
the No-Clean Soldering technology prevents the emissions of TCE into the atmosphere. Prior to this
innovation, TCA and TCE related air emissions from soldering operations were 99,000 pounds and
250,000 pounds respectively. This innovation has eliminated the harmful emissions from these
chemicals.
Chemistry Challenge Awards Program: Summary of 2017 Award Entries and Recipients."
(accessed October 25, 2018).
Abstracted from "ATSDR. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry"
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/sites/lejeune/tce_pce.html (accessed October 25, 2018).
Sector: Electronics
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Solvents, Hazard Reduction
104
Technology: EV8: A Robust, Efficient, and Low-Cost Refrigeration Solution Powered by Only Water and
Sunlight
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Evaptainers
Description of the Technology: Evaptainers developed EV8, an efficient and cost-effective refrigeration
equipment to address the issue of large amounts of food spoilage due to unreliable and affordable
refrigeration. Instead of running on electricity like typical refrigerators, this innovation is powered by
sunlight and water and works on the principle of evaporation. The innovation works well in areas where
the average relative humidity is below 60% and can cool products up to 1.7 degrees Celsius. This low-
cost electricity-independent refrigeration process has the potential to drastically reduce the amounts of
food waste in low-income areas with unstable electrical grids.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? In areas that have unstable electric grid
conditions, frequent power outages result in large amounts of spoilage of food products that require
refrigeration for preservation. Food spoilage wastes all the resources that went into producing,
processing, packaging, and transporting that food. The decomposition of spoiled food disposed in
landfills result in large amounts of methane emissions into the atmosphere.
Evaptainers developed EV8 in response to the need for affordable refrigeration options that do not
depend on electricity. This innovation reduces food waste and decreases the risk of occurrence of
nutrition-related diseases that may have arisen from eaten spoilt food or from opting for less nutritional
food that have longer-shelf life without refrigeration. EV8's use of solar and water for energy provides a
clean alternative to electric energy sources that may be sourced from coal, which is environmentally
unfriendly, or from hydroelectricity which is obtained from an energy intensive process.
References: Abstracted from "Launch. Serena Hollmeyer-Taylor: Evaptainers. Presidential Green

https://www.launch.org/innovators/serena-hollmeyer-taylor/ (accessed November 23, 2018)
Abstracted from "ThinkEatSave. Environmental Impact of Food Waste in the US."

https://www.thinkeatsave.org/index.php/be-informed/fast-facts/14-food-waste-campaign/355-
environmental-impact-of-food-waste-in-the-us (accessed November 23, 2018).
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Energy, Hazard Reduction
105
Technology: Nonflammable Electrolytes for Batteries
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Ionic Materials
Description of the Technology: Ionic Materials designed a new electrolyte for batteries that can
substitute the traditional electrolytes from a solvent-based lithium salt solution that are highly
flammable. The new solid and nonflammable electrolyte is made of a polymer made from crystalline
resins, such as polyester ether ketone, and polyphenylene oxide.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional lithium-ion batteries are
composed of a graphite anode, a lithium salt electrolyte solution composed with organic solvents, and a
lithium-ion cathode. During its operation, the ions migrate from the anode to the cathode through the
electrolyte solution, generating the electric charge. Conventional batteries require a separator film that
prevents the electrolytes from shorting, and although effective, lithium-ion batteries are highly
flammable posing several health and safety risks.
The start-up Ionic Material designed a solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries that is nonflammable.
The electrolyte is a polymeric structure made from crystalline resins such as polyphenylene oxide and
polysulfone. The resins are then combined with the ionic materials and other dopants, and then made
into a film. The new electrolyte does not require major changes in current batteries designs, and it does
not require a separator film in the battery, as the solid electrolyte acts as both a separator and ion
conductor. The safer batteries have the potential to reduce costs with less demanding cooling and
management systems.
References: Abstracted from "C&EN's 2018 10 Start-Ups to Watch." https://cen.acs.org/business/start-

ups/10-Start-Ups-Watch/96/i44 (accessed Dec 25, 2018)
Keywords: Efficiency, Design, Hazard Reduction
106
Technology: Sustainable Technology for Thermal Printing Paper
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Dow Chemical Company and Koehler
Description of the Technology: Thermal printing paper is widely used in thermal printers around the
globe. The current thermal printing papers require chemical developers, such as bisphenol A (BPA) or
bisphenol S (BPS), that have raised concern about their disrupting influence in the endocrine system of
humans and other animals. Dow Chemical Company and Koehler designed a thermal printing paper that
does not require chemicals to create the print, does not require new printers, and is more durable than
the previous printing paper.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Thermal papers are widely used in thermal
printers such as cash registers, ATMs, and credit card terminals. Thermal paper is a paper that is coated
with a leuco dye and a developer. When the dye is exposed to heat, it gains a proton from the
developer, such as bisphenol A (BPA) or bisphenol S (BPS), resulting in the color change and
consequently in the printing. Both BPA and BPS have raised concern for their possible influence in the
endocrine system of humans and other animals, and for their environmental impacts.Dow Chemical
Company and Koehler designed a paper that does not rely in chemical transformations for the printing.
The designed paper has three layers, a base paper, a colored paper, and an opaque paper layer. The
opaque layer is made of polymeric particles, Ropaque styrene acrylic resin hollow spheres, that hide the
pigmented colored layer. The printing happens due to physical transformations on the opaque layer,
that when exposed to heat becomes transparent, revealing the colored layer underneath and creating
the print. The heat agitates the air voids in the layer, that become transparent upon collision. The
technology allows printing without the need of chemical developer, and does not require any new
machinery as it works in the printers that are already in use. In contrast with thermal papers, the
printing in the newly developed paper is more durable as it can survive even direct exposure to sunlight.
References: Abstracted from "Green Chemistry Challenge: 2017 Designing Greener Chemicals Award"
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/green-chemistry-challenge-2017-designing-greener-chemicals-

Related Information: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9566294
Keywords: Durability, Design, Hazard Reduction
107
Technology: Soy-Based Toner Cartridges for Printers and Photocopiers
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Battelle
Description of the Technology: Battelle and Advanced Image Resources produced a toner made from
soy and corn biomass that requires less energy and emits less carbon dioxide. The toner is easily
removed from papers in the recycling process, eliminating the difficulties from the de-inking process
with traditional toners. Battelle's technology allows the production of a soy toner that not only
facilitates the recycling of materials, but that is also cost-competitive with conventional toners.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Petroleum-based toners are extensively used
in printers and copy machines all around the world. In the US alone, every year 400 million pounds of
petroleum-based electrostatic dry toners are used. Those dry toners are made with petroleum-based
synthetic resins, such as styrene acrylates and styrene butadiene, that are very challenging to eliminate
from papers during the recycling process. Toners that facilitate the de-inking process during the
recycling of paper have been previously developed; however, they have much higher prices than
traditional toners, making their production impracticable.
Battelle and Advanced Image Resources produced a toner with polyester, polyamide, and polyurethane
resins that are made from soy oil and protein and carbohydrates extracted from corn. Battelle's toner
was developed with the insertion of chemical functionalities in the resin that could potentially facilitate
the removal of the ink in the traditional de-inking process. Because of the novel and economical
chemical process utilized in the production of the resin, the final price of the bio-based toner is
competitive with the price of traditional toners. The production also reduces the volume of carbon
dioxide by 360,000 tons every year, and require less energy input in the process.
Battelle's toner is suitable for current printers and photocopiers, and the manufacturing of the soy-
based toners have been adapted to large-scale production since 2006. The soy toner is a great
alternative to traditional petroleum-based toners as it reduces GHG emissions and facilitates the
recycling of paper with no significant increase in price.
greener-synthetic-pathways-award (accessed July 3, 2019)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Degradation
108
Technology: DryView
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Imation (technology acquired by Eastman Kodak Company)
Description of the Technology: Imation utilized photermography to develop an imaging technology,

known as DryView, that uses heat for medical imaging applications. Imation's technology will eliminate
the large volume of chemicals used and waste generated in the traditional chemical photographic
processing of films. DryView can greatly reduce the chemical input, and potentially eliminate 54.5
million gallons of wastewater from conventional chemical developing processes each year.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Conventional chemical photographic
processing requires large volumes of chemicals and generates a large volume of aqueous waste. In this
process, a silver halide photographic film is sequentially submerged in a chemical developer and a fix
solution, and is then rinsed with water to be dried. Some of the environmental drawbacks of this
process include the generation of a large volume of waste water from the rinsing process, and the
presence of toxic compounds, such as hydroquinone and silver, in the developer and fixing solution.
In the phototermography processes, a latent image is initially generated from the revelation of a
sensitized emulsion to suitable light energy. Then, the latent image is made visible by its exposure to
heat. Quality images in the photothermographic films are produced by laser diode imaging systems,
followed by the passing of the film to a heat roll heated to 250 °F. Imation's imaging processes, known
as DryView, can generate diagnostic images for medical imaging application in roughly 15 seconds,
without the generation of liquid waste. DryView does not require chemical developers and fixing
solutions, further decreasing the environmental impact of the process, and annually eliminating the use
of a large volume of developer and fixer. Imation's low-impact technology allows the creation of images
with comparable quality with images generated with silver halide photographic films.
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-1997-greener-reaction-
conditions-award (accessed August 2, 2018)
109
Technology: Fully Biodegradable Dyes from Algae
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Living Ink Technologies
Description of the Technology: Living Ink Technologies created renewable printing inks from algae cells
that can be used in a wide range of printing products. The inks eliminate the use of toxic chemicals, and
reduces the ink impact to both humans and the environment.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Printing inks are used in a wide range of
industrial applications around the world, such as in the production of product labels. To sustain this
demand, approximately 4 billion kg of ink are produced globally every year; they are composed of 80%
petroleum products, and 20% of pigments that can be petroleum-based or inorganic compounds such as
cadmium. Living Ink Technologies created an algae-based innovative ink technology to produce inks to
replace traditional toxic, nonrenewable, and non-biodegradable inks.
Living Ink Technologies uses algae, photosynthetic organisms, that are naturally produced in aquatic
ecosystems, to produce pigments that can be applied in the production of biodegradable and renewable
inks used in many products, such as business cards and coffee coasters. The crude pigment is purified
and formulated with plant-based materials into a dispersion with comparable properties to carbon
black, a petrol-based pigment. The final dispersion is incorporated into the ink products that are only
composed of plant material and water. Considering that algaes can have several different colors, the
inks can be produced in different colors depending on the algae used. One of the advantages of this ink
is that, during its biodegradation process, it is fully used as nutrients for organisms and plants with no
toxic end-products. This is the first ink that allows the products to be home compostable and is fully
made by biorenewable compounds. The inks reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 81% when compared
to the production of petrol-based inks.
References: Abstracted from "Launch. Innovators." https://www.launch.org/innovators/ (accessed Nov

26, 2018)
Abstracted from "Living Ink." https://livingink.co (accessed Nov 26, 2018)
110
Fine Chemicals
111
Technology: Three-Steps, One-Pot Synthesis for dNTPs in Polymerase Chain Reactions
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Life Technologies Corporation (technology acquired by

Thermo Fisher Scientific)
Description of the Technology: Life Technologies Corporation has developed an alternative for the
synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) via PCR (polymerase chain reaction) used in the
amplification of DNA sequences. The new three-steps in one-pot synthesis, reduces the number of
reaction steps and purification steps, creating a process that produces much less hazardous waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? PCR, polymerase chain reaction, is used to
amplify sequences of DNA, generating multiple copies of the same sequence. PCR is used in DNA related
research and has multiple applications. In the polymerase chain reaction, deoxyribonucleotide
triphosphates (dNTPs) are synthesized and used to generate the replicated DNA sequence. Conventional
PCR methodologies happen over multiple reaction steps with the purification of each intermediate,
requiring large chemical input and generating enormous amounts of hazardous waste.
Life Technologies Corporation redesigned dNTPs synthesis in the PCR methodology and created a three-
steps in a one-pot synthesis that does not require isolation and purification of intermediates, and greatly
reduces the amount of organic solvent and hazardous reagents used. More than 6 hazardous chemicals
were excluded from the process, making it safer for workers, and decreasing by a factor of ~10 its E-
factor (waste/product ratio).
In four years since the application of new PCR methodology, Life Technologies reports a decrease of 95%
and 65% in the volume of organic solvent and generated waste, respectively, when compared to the
traditional PCR process. The improved dNTPs synthesis eliminates 1.5 million pounds of waste every
year, making an important research technique more efficient, less impactful, and safer.
Category: Fine Chemicals
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Solvents, Synthetic Methodology
112
Technology: Production of Succinic Acid by Anaerobic Fermentation
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: BioAmber, Inc.
Description of the Technology: BioAmber, Inc. developed a technology that allows the synthesis of
succinic acid with less energy input and carbon compounds emissions, and is cost-effective. The process
uses an E. coli biocatalyst and a novel water-based purification process, reducing the conventional
dependency on fossil fuels for the synthesis of this important building‐block chemical.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Succinic acid is a building‐block chemical that
can be used as the starting material in the production of many chemical compounds. Historically,
succinic acid has been produced from raw materials from the fossil fuel industry through a costly
process, limiting the acid's application.
BioAmber, Inc. developed a technology that allows the efficient synthesis of succinic acid from the
fermentation of glucose. In the process, the carbohydrate pH-neutral aqueous solution with nutrients
for bacterial growth was digested by the E.coli, a bacterium that produces succinate, generating the
succinic acid. After the fermentation is complete, the succinic acid is transformed into calcium succinate
which is insoluble in water, facilitating its separation from the reaction medium. The process is highly
specific, producing no other major products.
BioAmber novel synthesis methodology is 40% cheaper than succinic acid from fossil fuels. The process
requires 60% less energy input when compared to the synthesis from petroleum sources, and is a
negative emissions technology, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. BioAmber has also
improved the synthesis of many important industrial chemicals from succinic acid. For instance, they
reduced the costs in the succinic acid-based synthesis of 1,4 butanediol and succinate esters, important
chemicals in the production of many polymers. Since 2010, BioAmber has been producing succinic acid
on large-scale with this technology in their bio-based succinic acid plant.
References: Abstracted from "Process for the production of succinic acid by anaerobic fermentation"
https://patents.google.com/patent/US5143833A/en (accessed on July 2, 2019)
Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2011 Small Business Award"
Keywords: Purification, Efficiency, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
113
Technology: Synthesis of Levulinic Acid from Cellulosic Waste
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Biofine, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Biofine, Inc. created an innovative process that allows the production of
levulinic acid (LA), an important substance in many industrial processes, from cellulosic waste. LA can be
produced from the cellulose in a hydrolysis process that only generates byproducts that also have
market value. Biofine's technology has the potential to reduce the global dependence in the
petrochemical industry by enabling the production of a petrol-based product from cellulosic waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The search for renewable sources that can
potentially substitute fossil-feedstocks can greatly reduce the environmental impact of many industrial
processes. Cellulose is a very abundant and naturally-occurring polysaccharide that can be found in plant
materials and in many industrial wastes such as residual paper. Plant-based feedstocks reduce
considerably carbon dioxide emission and can result in a net zero carbon footprint production
processes. Biofine, Inc. designed a chemical process that can transform cellulose into levulinic acid (LA),
which is a compound with many applications in the synthesis of other useful substances.
In Biofine's synthetic methodology the cellulose is broken down into water-soluble sugars in a hydrolysis
reaction that is catalyzed by diluted acid and at high temperatures. The water-soluble sugars can then
be used in the production of LA. The cellulosic material obtained from multiple waste sources can be
efficiently converted into LA, and only produces byproducts that also have a market value, such as
formic acid, furfural, and condensed tar. When compared to traditional processes to produce LA, the
new methodology can reduce the price per pound from $4-6 to $0.32, which would potentially
incentivize the demand of LA and its derivatives.
Some of the compounds derived from levulinic acid is δ-aminolevulinic acid (DALA) and diphenolic acid
(DPA). DALA, a low impact pesticide for plant pests with possible insecticidal activity, can be easily
obtained from LA in a high-yielding reaction route of only three steps. DPA can be produced by the
reaction of LA with phenol, and it shows great promise for its application in polymeric reactions as an
alternative for bisphenol-A. Compounds derived from DPA, such as the brominated DPA can have
applications in environmentally compliant coatings for the marine industry. The production of LA from
cellulosic materials has the potential to foster the market growth of levulinic-acid-based products.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
114
Technology: Efficient Production of High-Performing Specialty Chemicals Through Metathesis Catalysis
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Elevance is a company focused on applying greener technologies and
methods towards the production of cost-advantaged and high-performance chemicals. Its products are
greener than the competitors from conventional industries.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? By utilizing a Nobel-prize-winning technology
and by applying the principles of green chemistry which involves both the production process and the
final product, Elevance is innovating the production of a series of chemicals. Elevance makes use of
renewable bio-oils instead of oils derived from fossil fuels, contributing to reduction of the
environmental impact of the oil industry.
Elevance’s methodology is based on the work of Dr. Robert H. Grubbs, which won the Nobel Laureate
for his discoveries and experimentations. The benefits come both during the production and afterwards,
when the products are used and disposed. While in the production process, Elevance’s technology is less
energy demanding, working on low pressures and temperatures. It takes renewable and non-toxic
feedstock. As for the products, they have comparable to better performance than their counterparts
from the petroleum-industry. They also have significantly less toxicity.
115
Technology: Biosynthesis of Malonic Acid
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Lygos
Description of the Technology: The production of malonates is currently dependent on toxic substrates,
such as chloroacetic acid and sodium cyanide, that negatively impact human health and the
environment. Lygos developed a renewable process that uses food and non-food biomass for the
synthesis of malonates. Lygos' fermentation produces minimal waste and happens at room temperature
and pressure and at low pH.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The conventional production of malonates is
based on toxic chemical compounds, such as chloroacetic acid and sodium cyanide, that have large
impacts on human health and the environment. Malonates, namely malonic acid, and its derivatives,
have applications in many industrial sectors, including in the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Lygos
developed a possible alternative for the synthesis of malonates that is based on renewable biomass.
Lygos designed a high-yield fermentation process that can use glucose from food and non-food plant
material, and transform it into malonic acid. Lygos created a yeast and fungi that can metabolize sugars
to create malonic acid, and is resistant to acid environments. Their biosynthesis can happen at low pH,
which greatly reduces the amount of base input, and consequently facilitates the isolation of malonic
acid from the fermentation broth. The obtained malonic acid can be used in the synthesis of other
commodities, such as diethyl or dimethyl malonate that can be produced through esterification
reactions of malonic acid.
The Lygos fermentation technology allows the synthesis of malonates at room pressure and
temperature, and generates minimal waste. This reduces the energy input of the process both during
the synthesis and waste treatment steps. The bioprocess also produces malonates at a lower cost,
allowing the production of an important commodity with reduced prices and environmental impact.
Abstracted from "LYGOS. Malonic Acid: A Bio-Advantaged Chemical"

https://lygos.com/2014/11/malonic-acid-a-bio-advantaged-chemical/ (accessed Aug 14, 2018)
116
Technology: Greener Synthesis of NDI Radical Ions
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Kumar, S.; Mukhopadhyay, P at Kakatiya University in

Warangal, India
Description of the Technology: Organic radical ions are important in the synthesis of many molecules, in
particular in the production of molecular probes used in magnetic resonance. The traditional synthesis
of organic radical ions involves toxic compounds, such as reductive alkali metals for the synthesis of
radical anions, and oxidizing agents such as aluminium trichlorinde and silver (I). Researchers at Kakatiya
University in Warangal India developed a novel and greener synthesis of organic radical ions.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? In Kumar and Mukhopadhyay's synthesis
they explored a solventless synthetic pathway to produce NDI (naphthalenediimid) radical ions. Their
novel methodology obtained stable trialkyldiphosphonium and triaryldiphosphonium substituted NDI
radical ions without the use of organic solvent and with a reaction yield of up to 99%. The reaction is
heated to the melting point of the phosphines and is performed in a basic environment with
triethylamine. The reaction time is short, within 10 to 20 minutes. They also developed an alternative
methodology that eliminates the heating requirement by applying sonication, manual grinding, and ball
mill grinding This alternative methodology also allowed radical ions in moderate to good yields.
Kumar and Mukhopadhyay synthesized and isolated twenty-four diverse radical ions. Their method
successfully allows the greener synthesis of NDI-based radical ions that are stable in ambient conditions
with good reaction.
References: Abstracted from Kumar, S.; Mukhopadhyay, P. Ambient stable naphthalenediimide radical
ions: synthesis by solvent-free, sonication, mechanical grinding or milling protocols. Green Chemistry
2018.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Solvents, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
117
Technology: Renewable Oil Production from Algae
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Solazyme, Inc. (Now Terra Via)
Description of the Technology: Solazyme’s purified algae oil is a high-quality triglyceride vegetable oil
primarily composed of oleic acid. Solazyme was the first company to globally and efficiently produce
large-scale algae oil and biomaterials in standard fermentation facilities. Unlike many microalgae that
commonly grow in ponds and rely on sunlight to grow, the microalgae used herein can natively convert
sugars directly into oils and other whole algal products in closed fermentation tanks ensuring efficient
and consistent production in a contained environment. The company also discovered and optimized a
relatively cheap method to extract oil from cells with an oil seed press. The renewable oils produced by
Solazyme serve as the base for foods, fuels, for personal care products and many other applications.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Solazyme uses microalgae for the
development of renewable oils for products and ingredients. A life cycle analysis conducted on
Solazyme’s algae manufacturing processes revealed that their production process emits less
Greenhouse Gas as compared with the manufacturing processes of other major commodity bio-based
oils. Through the application of fertigation, rain-fed processes and a contained fermentation process,
water consumption is relatively lower compared to that of other bio-based oil processes.
The sourcing of renewable oils for personal-care products and biofuel from algae reduces the demand
for vegetable oils and animal fats which threaten food security and promote deforestation. Solazyme’s
oils also provide a cost-effective alternative to oils obtained from petroleum which have adverse effects
on human health and the environment due to their harmful emissions and non-renewability. Solazyme
oils improve the quality and performance of products for which they are raw materials.
Since applying for the Presidential Award in 2010, the focus of Solazyme has changed and is now known
as TerraVia.
References: Abstracted from "Solazyme. Sustainability."

http://solazymeindustrials.com/sustainability/our-footprint/#main-content (accessed October 14, 2018)
Abstracted from "Energy.gov. Solazyme Inc. Execution Plan"

https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/08/f18/de-0002877_solazyme_part17.pdf (accessed
October 14, 2018)
118
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Energy, Degradation
119
Technology: Stepan Company PA Lites Polyester Polyol
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Stepan Company
Description of the Technology: The phthalic anhydride manufactured to supply the internal
requirements of their STEPANPOL® polyester polyols product line is the cornerstone of Stepan’s
vertically integrated polymers division. The more volatile by-products (light ends) of the phthalic
anhydride process is used as raw materials to produce a variety of insulating boards for the construction
industry. The polyester polyols are of good quality at a relatively cheaper price compared to those
produced from traditional raw materials.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Stepan’s polyester polyols are made from a
by-product of the phthalic anhydride process. This material was considered waste and was disposed by
incineration. The new process reduces the amounts of disposed waste and reduces the associated
environmental impacts. In 1995, approximately 700,000 pounds of phthalic anhydride waste were used
as a feedstock in the polyol process, thus eliminating an estimated 350 tons per year of organic waste
material.
Abstracted from "Stepan. Products." https://www.stepan.com/General-Literature.aspx (accessed

October 18, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Feedstock, Design, Hazard Reduction
120
Technology: High-Value Chemical Intermediates from Starch and Lactose
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Sython Corporation
Description of the Technology: To address the issue of dependence on oil-based materials in the
chemical industry, Sython has innovated a method which uses carbohydrates and lactose as substitutes
for oil-based raw materials. The process involves the oxidation of lactose and carbohydrates in dilute
aqueous sodium hydroxide under controlled conditions with peroxide anion to produce to produce
glycolic acid and lactone after further processing. These products are useful as raw materials for the
production of fine and specialty chemicals employed in a variety of sectors to meet the increasing
demand for biobased products.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The target 12.4 of the United Nations Global
Sustainable Development Goals states that: "By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management
of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international
frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their
adverse impacts on human health and the environment". This goal is far from being achieved as the
chemical industry still faces great challenges in substituting toxic materials. Sython Corporation’s
innovation addresses this goal through their fine chemicals produced from starch and lactose which act
as environmentally friendly substitutes for toxic chemicals.
One example of such an application is the use of glycolic acid, a product of oxidation of carbohydrates
under appropriate conditions in the production of specialty polyesters and for paint-making.
Traditionally, glycolic acid is produced through chlorinating acetic acid and hydrolysis of the chloro
derivative with sodium hydroxide which is accompanied by adverse health and environmental impacts.
This is just one of the many examples of the application of Sython's technology to produce more
environmentally friendly chemicals.
Abstracted from "Eurostat Statistics Explained. Chemicals Production and Consumption Statistics."
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Chemicals_production_and_consumption_statistics (accessed October 25, 2018)
121
Technology: Sugars from Lignocellulosic Materials for the Production of Bio-Based Fuels and Chemicals
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Arkenol, Holdings, L.L.C.
Description of the Technology: Arkenol has innovated an acid hydrolysis technology to produce mixed
sugars from lignocellulosic materials. The mixed sugars act as raw materials and are then fermented or
processed to produce a variety of chemicals, including ethanol which acts as a substitute for fossil fuels.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Arkenol’s technology makes use of
lignocellulosic biomass which are otherwise considered as waste and reduces the amount of waste sent
to landfill or incinerated. This helps to save landfill space and the diversion of waste from incineration
prevents the release of harmful gases into the atmosphere.
The chemicals produced from lignocellulosic biomass offer environmentally friendly alternatives
compared with other chemicals whose use come with adverse environmental and health impacts. The
use of lignocellulosic biomass to produce ethanol as a substitute for fossil fuels provides a safer fuel
alternative for powering vehicles and large-scale industrial equipment.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Feedstock, Energy
122
Technology: Environmentally Friendly Copper Corrosion Inhibitor for Cooling Water Systems
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: BetzDearborn, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Azole materials (mainly TolylTriAzole (TTA)), while acting as inhibitors to
prevent copper corrosion often undergo unwanted reactions with oxidizing halogens. This creates a
challenge in preventing copper corrosion in cooling towers while successfully controlling microbial
growth. BetzDearborn has developed Halogen-Resistant Azole (HRA) which overcomes this challenge.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? TolylTriAzole (TTA) is the most common azole
used in the inhibition of copper corrosion in cooling towers. It is highly incompatible with oxidizing
halogens like chlorine and bromine which are used in microbial treatment of cooling water. TTA reacts
with chlorine to form a product that is ineffective in copper corrosion inhibition. To rectify the issue,
larger amounts of TTA are fed into the system to ensure protection of the copper metal against
corrosion. Copper corrosion is then a result of ineffective inhibition by the azole also results in the
discharge of toxic chemicals into the environment. BetzDearborn developed a halogen-resistant azole
that overcomes two main environmental and health concerns and offers some additional benefits.
There is a significant reduction in the quantity of azole required to prevent copper corrosion. The
amount of halogen needed for microbial treatment is also reduced. This results in the reduction in raw
material used.
Relative to TTA, the halogen-resistant azole innovation led to a decrease in the amounts of azole and
halogen released into the atmosphere. Likewise, toxic copper emissions were drastically reduced by this
innovation. This prevents negative health conditions that are associated with copper ingestion, which
children under one year are most vulnerable.
Abstracted from "Minnesota Department of Health. Copper in Drinking Water."

http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/water/factsheet/com/copper.html (accessed October 27, 2018)
123
Technology: Ashless Friction Modifier/Antioxidant for Lubricants
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation
Description of the Technology: The main additives to lubricants are friction modifiers and antioxidants.
Friction modifiers are added to lubricants to reduce light surface contact (rolling and sliding) while
antioxidants are added to prolong the life of a lubricant by increasing the oxidative resistance of the
base oil. Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation developed IRGALUBE® F 10, a high molecular weight
chemical with a combination friction modifier and antioxidant properties, which reduces the number of
additives required in a typical lubricant and improves the performance of lubricants. IRGALUBE® F 10 is a
substitute for glycerol monooleate (GMO), a friction modifier which increases oxidation at higher
temperatures, and molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC), which contains metals and forms
undesirable particulates.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The environmental benefits of Ciba Specialty
Chemicals Corporation’s Ashless Friction Modifier/Antioxidant for Lubricants include reducing the
number of additives required to produce the lubricant, extending the durability of the lubricant, and
reduction in environmental emissions.
The unique chemical composition of Ciba’s product which provides both friction modifiers and
antioxidants in a single product reduces the number of additives required. Under normal circumstances
additives required in a standard engine oil will include detergents, dispersants, viscosity modifiers, anti-
wear agents, metal deactivators, and antioxidants. The reduction in the number of additives required
reduces material consumption involved in producing Ciba chemicals.
The elimination of molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC), which form unwanted particulates from the
lubricating process extends the durability of lubricants. Ciba’s chemicals improve fuel economy by
approximately 1-2% compared to normal oils. Such improvements are associated with reductions in
carbon monoxide and NOx emissions and the adverse health effects that come with inhaling large
amounts of these gases.
Abstracted from "Noria Corporation. Machine Lubrication."

https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/28815/what-are-friction-modifiers (accessed November
3, 2018)
124
Abstracted from "Nye Lubricants. Heavy metals and living systems: All About Additives - The Role of
Antioxidants." https://www.nyelubricants.com/all-about-additives---the-role-of-antioxidants (accessed
November 3, 2018)
Sector: Fine Chemicals
Keywords: Efficiency, Durability, Hazard Reduction
125
Technology: ENVIROGLUV: A Method for Decorating Glass with Radiation Curable Environmentally
Friendly Inks
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Revlon Consumer Products Corporation
Description of the Technology: Revlon developed Envirogluv technology to meet the needs of the glass
decorating industry by providing durable, cost-effective and environmentally benign decorated glass
containers. Their technology includes ink that contains little or no VOC’s or heavy metals, an advantage
over traditional glass-decorating technologies. Unlike the commonly used applied ceramic labeling
(ACL), this innovation eliminates the use of high temperature annealing Lehr ovens making it more
energy efficient.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Revlon Consumer Products Corporation’s
innovation overcomes the challenge of providing a cost-effective yet environmentally friendly method
for glass-decorations.
The ink compositions used in the Envirogluv processes eliminate the use of heavy metals and contained
little or no VOC’s. The disposal of these heavy metals contributes to increasing health risks due to their
toxic nature to human health, plant and animal life. The health risks associated with the use of VOC’s
which include eye, nose and throat irritations.
The ink pigments employed in Envirogluv processes are organic and biodegradable and glasses
decorated by this process are more easily recyclable, leading to cost savings and saving of landfill space.
The absence of the use of Lehr ovens results in energy savings, and reduce injuries associated with their
use.
Abstracted from "Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety. Metalworking fluids."
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/metalworking_fluids.html (accessed November 8, 2018)
126
Technology: Metabolic Engineering of Crops for Commercial Production of Biodegradable Plastics
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Monsanto Company
Description of the Technology: Mosanto developed a process to produce poly(ß-hydroxybutyrate-co-ß-

hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) using carbon dioxide (CO2) as the raw material, and solar energy. This can be
realized by transmitting the R. eutropha bacterial biosynthesis pathway to plants and transforming the
plant’s intermediary metabolism, the intracellular process by which nutritive material is converted into
cellular components, to generate the appropriate metabolic precursors to source biodegradable plastics.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Compared to plastics sourced from
petrochemicals, this innovation provides an environmentally friendlier option for biodegradable plastics.
Biodegradable plastics reduces the demand for landfill space as well as the adverse health effects
associated with plastics, including choking of aquatic species and release of toxic chemicals into soils and
water bodies.
The process uses carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, thereby reducing its concentration in the
atmosphere. Increased CO2 emissions are known to contribute to global warming and climate change.
The use of solar energy in place of conventional fossil fuels normally used in industrial polymer
producing processes also contributes to protecting the environment due to reduced carbon emissions.
This also decreases the health risks, particularly respiratory disorders associated with inhalation of
harmful emissions.
The process reduces the pressure on natural agricultural pathways to provide organic substitute raw
materials for industrial processes in place of petroleum products.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Energy
127
Technology: Greenhouse Gases: From Waste to Product
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Solutia Inc.
Description of the Technology: Solutia Inc. developed a process that uses waste nitrous oxide from the
traditional adipic acid manufacturing process as a reagent for the production of phenol. This innovation
addresses the environmental challenge of releasing of large amounts of N2O waste gas into the
atmosphere.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The traditional adipic acid manufacturing
process is known to produce large amounts of waste nitrous oxide gas. Although nitrous oxide does not
have a local environmental impact, it is known to have ‘’high global warming potential’’ (about 310
times that of carbon dioxide) and is harmful to the ozone layer. Soltutia Inc’s innovation eliminates the
release of large amounts of nitrous oxide into the atmosphere during the manufacturing of adipic acid
and protects the ozone layer against depletion by nitrous oxide gas.
The new process diverts waste nitrous oxide gas and allows for its reuse as a reagent in hydroxylating
benzene to phenol, thereby reducing the cost of raw materials needed for phenol production. Solutia’s
innovation provides an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way of manufacturing adipic acid.
Abstracted from "Scottish Environmental Protection Agency. Scottish Pollutant Release Inventory:
Nitrous oxide" http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/pages/substanceinformation.aspx?pid=8 (accessed
November 17, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
128
Technology: Environmentally Benign Antibacterial Agents
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Southern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of

Agriculture
Description of the Technology: Most of the effective antibacterial agents like chlorinated phenols and
chlorinated bisphenols used in health, textile, and paper manufacturing industries are harmful to the
environment, especially to water bodies. The Southern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of
Agriculture has designed new antibacterial agents: magnesium hydroperoxyacetate (MHPA) and
magnesium dihydroperoxide (MDHP) to address this problem. In addition to their environmental
benefits, these new antibacterial agents exhibit resistance to high temperatures (as high as 350 °C) as
well as hydroloytic stability at ambient temperatures for long periods of time.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Chlorinated phenols, bisphenols, and
tributyltin are commonly used antibacterial agents and have adverse environmental health impacts.
Tributyltin is known to be toxic to aquatic life as they are endocrine disruptors. Inhaled TBT can cause
respiratory disorders, dizziness, and headaches. Chlorinated phenols also cause skin irritations and can
be harmful to the gastrointestinal tract when inhaled. The substitution of these toxic antibacterial
agents with less harmful agents eliminates or reduces these health and environmental concerns.
Aqueous dispersions of these agents can be fixated to a wide variety of fiber types and fabric
constructions which results in the long-term durability of these agents to laundering to retain
antibacterial activity. The new antibacterial agents have active oxygen or peroxide contents of 1 to 30%,
so their chemistry is compatible with bleaching processes of the cellulosic fibers where hydrogen
peroxide is used. Their resistance to high temperatures and extended lifetime reduces the likelihood of
losing their efficacy.
References: Abstracted from "Scottish Environmental Protection Agency. Scottish Pollutant Release
Inventory: Tributyltin Compounds"
http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/pages/substanceinformation.aspx?pid=167 (accessed November 17,
2018)
07/documents/award_entries_and_recipients1999.pdf (accessed November 17, 2018)
129
Technology: High Energy Efficiency, Environmentally Friendly Refrigerants
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Environmental Technology and Education Center, Inc. (ETEC)
Description of the Technology: Researchers at the Environmental Technology and Education Center, Inc.
(ETEC) developed refrigerants containing trifluoromethyl iodide (CF3I). These refrigerants have low
toxicity and global warming potential and are cleaner substitutes to CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants.
They are also non-flammable and are safer alternatives to CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Refrigerants made of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs) destroy the stratospheric ozone layer and are contributors to
global warming. This reduces the earth’s protection from harmful ultraviolet rays generated from the
sun.
The CF3I refrigerants are non-flammable and eliminate the risks of fire outbreaks associated with past
refrigerants. They are more environmentally friendly as they protect air and water quality and the
stratospheric ozone layer from depletion.
Tests conducted to compare CF3I refrigerants to traditional domestic refrigerants showed that they had
higher energy efficiencies and higher cooling capacities. In addition to the improvements to human
health and the environment, CF3I refrigerants are effective and high-performing.
References: Abstracted from "Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)" https://www.pca.state.mn.us/air/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs-and-
hydrofluorocarbons-hfcs (accessed November 17, 2018)
130
Technology: STABREX Microorganism Control Chemical
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Nalco Chemical Company
Description of the Technology: Nalco Chemical Company has developed STABREX Microorganism
Control Chemical, a less toxic substitute for chlorine for water treatment. STABREX Microorganism
Control Chemical mimics the stabilized bromine antimicrobials produced naturally in the mammalian
immune system. This chemical is more effective in treating water in smaller quantities, is less toxic, and
produces less by-products
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The use of chlorine in water treatment dates
back to the 1800s and was standardized in 1904. The reason for its use lies in its cost effectiveness,
despite the fact that it has many adverse health and environmental impacts. According to the U.S.
Council of Environmental Quality, “Cancer risk among people drinking chlorinated water is 93% higher
than among those whose water does not contain chlorine.” Chlorine when added to water combines
with other chemical compounds to form carcinogens. The release of effluents from chlorine bleaching
processes also destroy water bodies through exhaust and ventilation from industries that use chlorine
for water treatment which results in the release of toxins into water bodies.
STABREX Microorganism Control Chemical overcomes all these environmental and health concerns by
providing a cleaner alternative to chlorine for water treatment. The use of STABREX results in the
production of less by-products and has higher efficacy for treating water. Nalco’s innovation protects
the environment from toxic emissions that would have resulted from the chlorine water treatment
method and ensures that water is treated in a safer way without side effects to human and
environmental health.
131
Technology: Flow Miniplant Technology
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Micro Innova
Description of the Technology: Micro Innova created an integrated, flexible, and modular platform
technology that analyzes and optimizes every step of production through continuous flow processing in
microreactors and intensification. The Flow Miniplant platform is suitable for scaling up from production
for lab experiments to commercialization.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Compared to traditional batch processing,
intensified continuous flow processing saves energy through increased efficiency, development speed,
selectivity, and flexibility in the process. The size of micro reactor technology also decreases mass, heat
transfer length, and reaction volume further increasing efficiency. Having fewer operational steps
increases worker safety.
References: Abstracted from “Micro Innova” www.microinnova.com
Keywords: Efficiency, Durability, Design
132
Technology: Bio-Butanol and Acetone Synthesis
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Green Biologists
Description of the Technology: Green Biologics uses proprietary technology in microbiology and
chemistry to produce renewable n-butanol and acetone at commercially scalable levels. Through a
combination of advanced fermentation of carbohydrates with proprietary Clostridium microbial
biocatalysts and synthetic chemistry, Green Biologics developed bio-based acetone, n-butanol and
ethanol, to be widely used in various applications including cosmetics, medicines and other typical fossil
fuel-based products.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Green Biologics' innovation serves as a
substitute to fossil fuels. Without compromising on purity and performance, Green Biologics' products
can be used in personal care, extraction, and coating applications. Their acetone product is molecularly
identical to acetone produced from petroleum, but free from materials of health and environmental
concern like benzene, phthalates and other phenol derivatives.
According to a GHG assessment carried out in 2016 of the production of bio-n-butanol from corn at
Green Biologics’ production facility in Minnesota, USA, compared to petrochemical-based butanol
production, production of bio-butanol production has the potential to achieve approximately 44% in
GHG reduction. Green Biologics is free of recombinant DNA in the final product distillate, addressing the
issue of biological hazards associated with the presence of recombinant DNA in products.
References: Abstracted from "Green Biologics. Green lubricants. Sustainability."

https://greenbiologics.com/sustainability/ (accessed April 13, 2019)
Keywords: Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
133
Technology: Cyprene - A Bio-Based Solvent from Furacell Technology
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Circa Group
Description of the Technology: Circa Group’s process takes waste biomass and converts it into
biochemical materials. The company’s Furacell process starts with heating cellulosic biomass to produce
Levoglucosenone and water. Levoglucosenone is then converted to Cyrene (a renewable,
environmentally benign, polar, aprotic solvent) using hydrogen. Cyrene is applied in various industries
that need solvents including the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries. Unlike traditional
biomass pyrolysis processes that often produce a range of hundreds of unwanted chemicals, the
Furacell™ process is highly selective and produces very few by-products. This reduces downstream
separation processes and waste generation and disposal. The char produced by the process run the
Furacell™ process since it has a high energy content.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Cyrene is widely used as a solvent in
anticancer drugs, herbicides, and anti-retroviral drugs among many others and is free from the chemical
hazards and emissions associated with the use of some solvents. The process of producing Cyrene is
environmentally friendly since it reduces the number of waste streams generated and downstream
separation processes, contributing to resource and energy efficiency.
Cyprene has been identified as a successful alternative to polar aprotic solvents like N-
Methylpyrrolidone (NMP). NMP is known to cause adverse health effects including reproductive defects,
headache, nausea, irritation to ear, nose, throat and skin (ENTS), dizziness and liver damage due to long-
term exposure. Using Cyrene as an alternative for NMP addresses eliminates the hazard of the health
concerns associated with the use of NMP.
References: Abstracted from "Circa Group. Technology, Cyrene."

https://www.circagroup.com.au/technology (accessed April 13, 2019)
Abstracted from "N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP)"
https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DEODC/OHB/HESIS/CDPH%20Document%20Library/nmp.
pdf (accessed April 13, 2019)
Keywords: Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
134
Technology: Biodiesel and NOBS Bleach
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: FutureFuel Chemical Company
Description of the Technology: FutureFuel is a chemical company focused on the synthesis of renewable
and safe fuels, as well as other renewable chemicals, such as biodiesel, sulfonated aromatic acids and
phenols, and NOBS (sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate - advanced bleaching system). They study
and design new chemical processes that reduce waste generation and overall environmental impact in
the production of their products.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The FutureFuel Chemical Company's
biodiesel is produced from used cooking oil, degummed crude soy oil, corn that is not suitable for
eating, and animal fat, using biological sources that do not compete with food production. Their current
biodiesel production is 59 million gallons per year and the company has an on-site liquid waste
treatment facility.
Another chemical produced by FutureFuel is the NOBS for bleaching systems. NOBS is chlorine free and
does not require high temperature activation, having comparable performance at 20º C. Their NOBS +
SPS (sodium percarbonate) bleach system removes both water soluble and water insoluble stains while
reducing the energy consumption of the process, preventing damage to fabrics and corrosion to washing
machines.
References: Abstracted from "FutureFuel Corporation" https://futurefuelcorporation.com/nobs/

(accessed Jun 25, 2019)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Feedstock
135
Technology: CASCAT GmbnH Chemo-Ezymatic Cascade Reactions
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: CASCAT GmbnH
Description of the Technology: CASCAT GmbnH is a biotechnological start-up that utilizes chemo-
enzymatic cascade reactions for the manufacturing of several chemical commodities on an industrial
scale, such as monomers, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals. In their process, they combine
engineered enzymes that allow optimal reaction conditions, with chemical catalysis. Their substrates
come from renewable sources.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? CASCAT GmbnH chemo-enzymatic cascade
reactions utilize designed biocatalysts to increase the efficiency of the synthesis of each desired product.
Their reactions are designed by performing screening of different biocatalysts to find the best enzymes
for each process. The selected enzyme is optimized to maximize the sustainability and economic viability
of the process. Their processes include production of both fine, basic and bulk chemicals that low costs
and have high atom economy. They look for substrates from renewable sources that have an
environmental advantage in comparison to fossil fuel-based substrates. They have developed reaction
processes with this technology to produce chemical commodities from renewable carbohydrates.
References: Abstracted from "CASCAT Cascades in Catalysis" https://www.cascat.de/en/home-

2/page/2/ (accessed Jun 19, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
136
Technology: Pennakem Biosolvents and Fine Chemicals
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Pennakem
Description of the Technology: Pennakem is a chemical company focused on renewable source

chemistry that produces biosolvents and fine chemicals. Their products are produced from renewable
sources, and their production process reduces the environmental impact by reducing the volume of
solvents used. They also recycle by recovering and reclaiming catalysts used in the process.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Solvents are used in chemical reactions and
industrial processes, and creating alternative production routes from renewable sources is important.
Viridisol M® is a biosolvent commercialized by Pennakem as part of their tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
brand. It is soluble in both organic compounds with low solubility in water which eliminated the need for
further extractions. Viridisol M® is biodegradable and separates completely from water, allowing its
recycling in an anhydrous form and reducing waste generation. Their solvents have been shown to
increase yields, increase overall quality of desired product, while reducing production costs and
generating less waste. Pennakem has designed a hydrogenation system to produce their products, and
generates hydrogen gas on-site from two natural-gas reformers. Their products are manufactured with
lower to no solvent usage, and recycle both solvents and catalysts, decreasing waste generation in the
process and increasing its atom economy.
References: Abstracted from "Pennakem Renewable Resource Chemistry." https://pennakem.com

(accessed Jul 28, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology
137
Technology: Biosynthetic Selections
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Biosyntia
Description of the Technology: Biosyntia developed a screening method for engineering biology that
allows the testing of more hypotheses in less time. With their method, only cells that yield high
quantities of product grow, which eliminates the requirement for testing low-producing cells and
reduces the cost associated with strain engineering. Biosyntia applies this technology in the design of
new, cost-effective fermentation processes to produce natural, greener alternatives for fine chemicals,
vitamins, and nutraceuticals.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Engineering biology is a powerful tool in the
development of greener processes by allowing the design of new biocatalysts and microorganisms for
different chemical processes, such as fermentation. Biosyntia designed a novel methodology for testing
and selection of genetically engineered microorganisms. With their technology, the cellular growth of
the tested organisms in the selected medium is directly linked to the production of the desired product,
and only high producing organisms will grow. This allows a clear distinction from low-producing to high-
producing microbes, and low-producing microbes that in traditional methods would also be carried on in
the selection process, can readily be eliminated. Biosyntia’s technology can reduce the cost, time,
throughput, and risks associated with this step of strain engineering.
Biosyntia applies their technology in the production of natural compounds via fermentative process. The
natural compounds produced via their process have applications in the production of fine chemicals,
fragrances, feed additives, nutraceuticals and others. This technology can rapidly design biological
processes to produce compounds that can serve as an alternative to oil-based methods and chemicals.
References: Abstracted from "C&EN's 2018 10 Start-Ups to Watch" http://biosyntia.com (accessed Jul 8,
2018)
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
138
Technology: Re-Refined Waste Oils
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Hydrodec Group Plc
Description of the Technology: Hydrodec developed a proprietary hydrogenation refining technology to

re-refine used and contaminated waste oil to produce high quality industrial oils for re-use. Hydrodec’s
technology removes detectable levels of PCBs from used transformer oil. Industrial oils produced
include SUPERFINE™ transformer oil and naphthenic base oil. Hydrodec’s process is highly efficient with
a recovery rate of about 99%. The refinery process eliminates polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The
refined oils produced from their process are emissions-free and cost effective.
The Hydrodec hydrogenation re-refining technology is a catalytic process that starts by adding used
naphthenic oil into a recirculating hydrogen stream. Hydrodec’s patented hydrogen treatment mix is
heated to a reaction temperature in a direct contact heater and is passed down through a hydro-
treating catalyst within the main reactor where the refining occurs. The mix leaves the catalyst and the
excess hydrogen is separated and recirculated back to the beginning of the process for re-use. The
refined oil is then quenched, water washed, and de-watered to produce sustainable SUPERFINE™ oils for
re-use.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? PCBs are known to cause adverse health risks
to humans and animals including but not limited to damage to fetuses and neurological problems for
babies and children who experience prolonged or repeated exposure to small amounts of PCBs.
Hydrodec’s re-refining processes have near zero emissions and achieve high recovery rates of
approximately 99%. In September 2016, the American Carbon Registry ("ACR") approved Hydrodec's
patented technology as a carbon offset project in the voluntary carbon offset market, establishing
Hydrodec as the only oil re-refining business in the world to receive carbon credits for its output.
Unlike regeneration or reclamation processes commonly used in the electrical industry to improve the
quality of oil, the process employed by Hydrodec is a re-refining process that returns used oil quality to
that of new oil using moderate heat and pressure and catalysts.
References: Abstracted from "Hydrodec" https://www.hydrodec.com/ (accessed July 15, 2019)
Abstracted from "US EPA Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)" https://www.epa.gov/pcbs/learn-about-

polychlorinated-biphenyls-pcbs (accessed July 15, 2019)
Keywords: Separation, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
139
Technology: EziG
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: EnginZyme
Description of the Technology: Enginzyme is a biotechnological company that specializes in biocatalysis.

They developed a proprietary technology for the development of biocatalysts via immobilization on the
surface of a material. EziG uses a His-tag that allows binding to nearly all enzymes, without causing any
loss in enzyme activity. The immobilization with EziG is a simple, standard procedure for a variety of
enzymes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Biocatalysis can be part of the design of
greener reactions with milder and safer conditions and with high regioselectivity and enantioselectivity.
There are challenges to adoption of biocatalysis, including the need for a cost-effective enzyme
purification. Enzyme immobilization allows the recycling of the enzyme, increases the process efficiency
and reduces the need for enzyme-removal steps. It can lead to increased selectivity stability and activity,
and the new micro-environment created by the matrix restricts the enzyme movements, which protects
against harsh conditions. In enzyme immobilization, the enzyme is attached to a solid support and the
homogeneous catalysts is transformed into a heterogeneous catalyst.
EnginZyme designed EziG, an immobilization matrix for the immobilization of enzymes on its surface
without loss of activity, facilitating the catalyst’s purification. Their matrix has a poly-histidine tag that
adsorbs based on affinity with all enzyme types in a simple and fast procedure, and allows the fast and
cost-effective development of biocatalysts without requiring the further optimization steps.
References: Abstracted from "EnginZyme" http://enginzyme.com (accessed Jul 20, 2018)
Keywords: Efficiency, Design, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
140
Technology: Synbiochem
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Synbiochem
Description of the Technology: Synbiochem (Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Center for Fine and
Specialty Chemicals) is a chemical company that specializes in the production of chemicals. They
advance the production of fine chemicals and natural products to more sustainable and greener
processes and they have developed a series of technologies for chemical production, integrated in their
SYNBIOCHEM pipeline. Synbiochem works in scaling up and accelerating the production of novel
flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids that have applications in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and
polymer industries.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Synbiochem designed a series of
technologies that facilitate the production of fine and specialty chemicals. Their technologies are
incorporated into an integrated pipeline that has design, build, and test platforms combined by DATA
sharing, which allow a fast access to a variety of chemicals and established target outcomes. In the
pipeline new enzymes and pathways for high-yielding chemical production can be designed and
modelled, allowing the identification of metabolic pathways that can result in chemical diversity. The
pathways are built by an automated rapid assembly, yielding new pathways, enzymes, proteins,
metabolites, chassis, and strains. These can be tested and further optimized via high-throughput
screening and analytical chemistry with methods such as CG, LC-MS, IM-MS, and direct injection MS
methods. This technology can be applied in the production of a variety of chemical commodities, and
was used by Synbiochem to design a new route to produce renewable bio-propane. Their technology
has the potential to allow the redesign of many chemical processes that can lead to safer, milder, and
more sustainable reactions.
References: Abstracted from "SynBiochem - Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Center for Fine and
Specialty Chemicals" http://synbiochem.co.uk/test/ (accessed Jul 20, 2018)
Keywords: Efficiency, Design, Synthetic Methodology
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Technology: GRASP™
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Prozomix
Description of the Technology: Prozomix is a biotechnological company that focuses on the design and
production of enzymes for use as biocatalysts. They developed technologies to decrease the time in the
research and development of biocatalysts. Their high-throughput cloning approach, called the
Genomics-based Related Activity Screening Protocol, GRASP™, was created in response to the
challenges involved in in silico and in vitro Genomics. GRASP™ facilitated the creation of a Biocatalysis
Enzyme Toolkit that is also offered by Prozomix. They expanded their technology working with
metagenomics, and created meta-GRASP™ (metaGenomics-based Related Activity Screening Protocol)
that allowed the expansion of their enzyme catalogue.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Biocatalysis can utilize mild and safer
conditions, as it can occur in ambient temperature and pressure and in aqueous media. Biocatalysts are
also specific and have high regioselectivity and enantioselectivity, which eliminates the need for
protection and deprotection steps, shortening the synthetic process and reducing the use of chemicals
and generation of chemical waste. Prozomix is a biotechnological company that has developed
technologies to design and produce enzymes to be used as biocatalysts in a timely and cost-effective
manner.
They created a Genomics-based and Metagenomics-based Activity Screening Protocol, GRASP™ and
meta-GRASP™ that allow high-throughput genome-mining to produce new and highly diverse planes of
enzymes for biocatalysis. They have a catalog of many enzymes, such as halogenases,
glycosyltransferases, and glycoside hydrolases. They designed a biocatalyst enzyme toolkit that
facilitates biocatalyst screening and study of its biochemical/biophysical characteristics. More recently
they have combined their technology with Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregate (CLEA) in order to produce
immobilized enzymes that are simple, effective, and recyclable.
References: Abstracted from "Prozomix - Recombinant Enzymes and Proteins"

http://www.prozomix.com (accessed Jul 20, 2018)
Keywords: Efficiency, Design, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
142
Technology: Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether (CPME)
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Zeon Corporation
Description of the Technology: Zeon Corporation developed cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), a
hydrophobic ether solvent with applications in reactions, extraction, crystallization, polymerization, and
coatings. It can also serve as a replacement for Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE),
dioxane and other existing ether solvents.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? CPME’s unique properties make it both
functional and beneficial to environmental safety and health. CPME’s hydrophobicity makes it easy to
separate from water which reduces emissions and wastewater. Its wide liquidity range enables reactions
to occur at a wide range of temperatures, accelerating reaction rates. Its low heat of vaporization also
saves energy required for distillation and recovery. CPME's low exothermic decomposition energy
enables it to resist peroxide formation which presents a combustion hazard. CPME is also quick-drying
and relatively stable to acids or bases.
References: Abstracted from "Specialty Chemicals - Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME)" www.zeon.co.jp
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Separation, Solvents, Hazard Reduction
143
Technology: Amyris Clean Processes
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Amyris
Description of the Technology: Amyris is a biotechnology company that produces a variety of products,
ranging from drugs to plant-sugars, using engineered yeast and renewable biological carbon sources.
They have a proprietary method for engineering microorganisms that enable transformations from raw
materials from sugarcane from Brazil.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Conventional industrial methods for the
synthesis of chemical commodities require high chemical and energy inputs and generate high volumes
of chemical waste. Options to reduce the environmental impact of those industrial processes include the
use of renewable sources and shifting to biochemical transformations catalyzed by microorganisms.
Amyris is biotechnological research, development, and production company that focuses on the
production of sustainable flavors & fragrances, and ingredients for health & wellness, and cosmetic
products. They use organisms engineered with their proprietary technology and sustainably sourced
sugarcane from Brazil in the design of their products. The sugarcane used is the first Brazilian
biomaterial to be certified by the Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials. They produce beauty
products utilizing the squalene derived from the sugarcane. It is an emollient and ECOCERT-approved,
enabling cost-effective and sustainable production of beauty products.
They also utilized synthetic biology to engineer a yeast for the synthesis of artemisinic acid, an
antimalarial drug that went to market in 2013 and is estimated to save the lives of 1 million children
each year. They use fermentation process to create natural oils and fragrances for use in beauty
products, which is a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional extraction processes.
By producing genetic engineered yeast to produce many compounds form sugarcane raw materials,
Amyris has created greener synthetic strategies for many chemical commodities.
References: Abstracted from "Amyris." https://amyris.com (accessed Aug 3, 2018)
144
Technology: Oleo-Furan Surfactant (OFS) Technology for Functional Chemicals
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Sironix Renewables
Description of the Technology: Sironix Renewables developed Oleo-Furan Surfactant (OFS) platform
technology that uses plant-based ingredients to produce specialty chemicals which can be used in a
variety of industrial applications. Sironix's innovation is versatile and can be applied to produce
functional chemicals that can then be applied in the manufacturing of more environmentally friendly
detergents, safer agricultural pesticides, and better ways of cleaning oil spills.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? EDTA is the most commonly used chemical as
a chelating agent to enhance detergent performance in hard water. EDTA behaves as a persistent
substance in the environment and it contributes to heavy metals bioavailability and remobilization
processes in the environment. Sironix’ Oleo-Furan Surfactant technology is applied to produce detergent
molecules which is very stable in hard water, which eliminates the need for chelating agents like EDTA in
detergents. This ultimately reduces the health hazards associated with human and animal exposure to
heavy metals which are known carcinogens. The use of plant-based sources as a substitute source of raw
materials in place of harmful inorganic chemicals for the OFS process is a benefit of Sironix’ functional
chemicals.
References: Abstracted from "Sironix" http://sironixrenewables.com/technology (accessed August 23,

2019)
Abstracted from "Scielo, Consumption and Application of EDTA"

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-40422003000600020 (accessed August
23, 2019)
Keywords: Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
145
Technology: Environmentally Friendly Adhesives for Wood Composites
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Kaichang Li at Oregon State University; Columbia

Forest Products; Hercules Incorporated (now Ashland Inc.)
Description of the Technology: In a joint effort to find alternatives to the use of wood composites that
contain formaldehyde, Professor Kaichang Li at Oregon State University, Columbia Forest Products, and
Hercules Incorporated created a new environmentally friendly adhesive made from soy flour. The
technology is shown to be competitive in terms of cost and performance.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The wood composites industry makes use
formaldehyde-based synthetic resins to glue wood pieces together. Although effective, the
formaldehyde in these resins is a known human carcinogen and is a hazard to human health. When the
wood pieces are bound together, the resins release part of the carcinogen to the air, endangering
employees and consumers.
Prof. Li’s group developed environment compatible wood adhesive by modifying amino acids in the
abundant and renewable soy protein in a way that resemble proteins that mussels’ use to adhere to
rocks. Hercules Incorporated provided a critical curing agent and the expertise for the commercial
applications. The resulting technology was proven to be efficient through testing, and has also shown to
be cost-competitive regarding production process and commercialization. The flour soy-based resin also
showed improved strength and resistance to water. By applying the technology, it is expected to
improve customers and workers health by eliminating the formaldehyde hazard potential.
References: Abstracted from “Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2007 Greener Synthetic
Keywords: Feedstock, Hazard Reduction
146
Technology: Bio Gen Active Scale 131
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Bio Gen Active AB
Description of the Technology: Bio Gen Active AB created an alternative for the hazardous conventional
corrosion inhibitors that have negative impacts on the environmental. The Bio Gen Active® Scale 131 is
composed of the biodegradable Bio Gen Active® and fruit acids with all components being considered as
PLONOR (Posses Little Or No Risk to the environment) based on the OSPAR Commission guidelines. The
OSPAR Commission represents 15 signatory nations to the Convention for the Protection of the Marine
Environment of the North-East Atlantic or OSPAR Convention.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional corrosion inhibitors are
considered to be hazardous and have a negative impact on the environment. Bio Gen Active AB
designed an alternative formulation for corrosion inhibitors that is entirely composed of PLONOR
(Posses Little Or No Risk to the environment) substances based on the OSPAR commission.
Bio Gen's technology, known as Scale 131, is a highly concentrated acidic solution that is composed of
Bio Gen Active and fruit acids. Scale 131 is designed to be used in offshore and onshore systems for CIP
(Cleaning in Place) practices, and it has reduced risks for the user during the application. The Bio Gen
Active is highly biodegradable and it has improved cleaning performance. Scale 131 is considered a
group E green product in Norway by the British offshore system, CEFAS. Scale 131 does not have an
effect on the material being cleaned, such as copper, rubber, or steel. Bio Gen raises awareness for the
use of Scale 131 in metal alloys, since the interaction among various metals may lead to galvanic
corrosion. Bio Gen's technology in an innovative alternative to the traditional hazardous corrosion
inhibitors.
References: Abstracted from "AB, B. G. A. Effective acidic cleaning agent - can replace hazardous
acids/corrosion inhibitors" https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/Effective-acidic-cleaning-
agent-can-replace-hazardous-acids-corrosion-inhibitors--23 (accessed Aug 9, 2018)
Keywords: Efficiency, Hazard Reduction
147
Technology: Benign Tunable Solvents Coupling Reaction and Separation Processes
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professors Charles A. Eckert and Charles L. Liotta at the

Georgia Institute of Technology
Description of the Technology: Prof. Eckert and Prof. Liotta at Georgia Institute of Technology are
working together on new organic solvents to substitute conventional hazardous ones. By carefully
selecting temperature and pressure, they are finding ways of using supercritical carbon dioxide and
water “tuned”.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The standard optimization of solvents
towards making reactions more efficient often lead to difficulties during the separation step, during
which the desired products can be obtained in higher concentrations. Traditionally, reaction and
separation steps are designed independently, the later often having greater costs and environmental
impact.
Professors Charles A. Eckert and Charles L. Liotta are working on combining these two steps into a single
step through a set of environmentally benign solvents. Their work focuses on applying supercritical
carbon dioxide, near critical water, and carbon dioxide-expanded liquids as tunable and environmentally
friendly substitutes to conventional solvents. These new solvents have exceptional properties that allow
both good yield reactions parallel to efficient separation. They impose much less risk to human health
and minimize waste, thus having the desired high-performance with being safe to the environment.
Tests demonstrated feasibility with a diverse set of known reactions and catalysts.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Separation, Solvents
148
Technology: Membrane-Based Production of Lactate Esters
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Argonne National Laboratory
Description of the Technology: The Argonne National Laboratory created a new synthetic pathway to a
variety of organic solvents by using sugars as raw material. The technology is less energy intensive and
reduces pollution and emissions, and its products are greener than traditional organic solvents.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Argonne National Laboratory identified an
emerging need for greener and more efficient solvent production in industry. By making use of selective
membranes, the company created a new synthetic process for production of ethyl lactate and similar
esters that use sugars as starting material. The methodology is based on the use of pervaporation
membranes and catalysts and on the high efficient transport of ammonia through specific membranes.
Compared to other lactate esters syntheses, this technology is significantly more cost-efficient. Lactate
esters have high performance, compatibility with a broad range of aqueous and organic reactions, and
are biodegradable.
Keywords: Solvents, Synthetic Methodology, Degradation
149
Technology: Production of Chemicals, Fuel, and Animal Feed from Waste Biomass
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Mark Holzapple at Texas A&M University
Description of the Technology: Professor Mark Holzapple at Texas A&M University developed a series of
technologies that allow the conversion of waste biomass into feed for animals, and other chemical
commodities, such as butyric acids, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and many others. Professor
Holzapple's technology is currently applied to the production of many chemicals, alcohol-based fuels,
and jet fuels in the MixAlco process.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Professor Mark Holzapple and his research
group at Texas A&M University created a set of technologies that convert biomass waste, such as
municipal and agricultural waste, into many chemical commodities and animal feed. This kind of waste is
usually incinerated or disposed of in landfills, which involves high disposal costs and have an impact on
the environment. His research provides a meaningful application for the waste, and among many other
positive impacts, it has the potential to reduce the percentage of corn produced that is used for animal
feed, which is currently around 88%.
The agricultural waste biomass after treatment with lime has improved digestibility and can be used as
animal feed for ruminants. The biomass after lime treatment can also be used in an anaerobic
fermentation process with rumen microbes that can use the biomass to produce volatile fatty acids
(VFA). VFA can be used as substrates in the production of a variety of chemicals. They can be thermally
transformed into ketones, such as diethyl ketone, that can either be commercialized as commodities or
hydrogenated to generate alcohols, namely isopentanol and isopropanol. VFAs can also be used to
produce propionic, butyric, and acetic acids.
This technology allows the production of fuels and chemical commodities with many reduced economic
and environmental impacts related to waste disposal. The synthesis of chemicals from biomass can
considerably reduce the high dependence on the petrochemical industry, and the biomass-derived
chemicals have a zero-net carbon dioxide emission. Professor Holzapple's biomass-based technology has
been further developed since his EPA award entry in 1996 and is currently implemented in the synthesis
of alcohol-based fuels, jet fuels, and some industrial chemicals in the process known as MixAlco.
Chemistry Challenge: 1996 Greener Reaction Conditions"
Award.https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-
Abstracted from Vasquez, S. T.; Dunkleman, J.; Chaudhuri, S. K.; Bond, A.; Holtzapple, M. T. Biomass and
Bioenergy 2014, 62, 138–148.
150
151
Technology: Zeta Fraction
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Ashland Specialty Ingredients G.P.
Description of the Technology: Zeta Fraction is a technology that improves the extraction and
purification process of animal and plant originated chemicals.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? With the growth of the market for
sophisticated natural, organic, and personalized products in a variety of sectors (ranging from personal
care to food and pharmaceutical), so rises the need to obtain raw material efficiently.
Zeta Fraction is a technology that efficiently isolates intracellular components with biologically active
complexes from living plants and other marine resources using the knowledge of colloidal chemistry.
The plant derived bioactive components, with high purity, can then be used to develop a wide range of
chemicals for multiple, chemical industry sectors. The natural-based catalytic technology expands
possibilities for biomaterials and bifunctional processes.
References: Abstracted from "Zeta Fraction Technology" https://www.ashland.com/industries/personal-

and-home-care/who-harnesses-the-power-of-nature
Keywords: Separation, Purification
152
Technology: Reactive Diluent and Green Solvents
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Inkemia
Description of the Technology: Inkemia offers biodegradable, renewable, and waste-derived chemicals
for pharmaceuticals, polymers, paints, and petrochemicals. Its linseed oil methyl esters act as a reactive
diluent.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Inkemia’s products are biodegradable, which
reduces the creation of more harmful waste. Some products are also derived from waste, thus
repurposing existing waste, or are made from renewables. Volatile organic compounds have adverse
long-term health effects or are harmful to the environment. Inkemia’s products are low VOC. Its linseed
oil methyl esters are biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, over 90% biobased,
and is a low VOC.
References: Abstracted from “Replacement of an Undesired Ingredient in a Liquid Formulation”

www.Inkemiagreenchemicals.com
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Solvents, Renewable, Degradation
153
Technology: Zenora HTA
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Zeon Corporation
Description of the Technology: Zeon Corporation developed a fluorinated, nonflammable,

environmentally friendly solvent that has compatibility with a variety of solvents. Zeorora®H is mainly
used as solvent for many applications while Zeorora®HTA is a cleaning solvent with uses including
degreasing, removal of liquid crystal, flux, particles, fluorocarbon oil, uncured epoxy resin, and pigment
from precision metal parts, electronic parts or elements, ceramic parts, and glass parts or lens. It can
also serve as a water-repellent, oil-repellent, lubrication, and release solvent for fluorocarbon polymers.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Zeorora products have no ozone depletion
potential and a short atmospheric lifetime. They are non-flammable, thermally stable, and have an easy
liquid recovery and high boiling point with low consumption, increasing user safety.
References: Abstracted from “Specialty Chemicals - ZEORORA®H” and “Fluorinated Solvent: Zeorora”
http://www.zeon.co.jp
Keywords: Hazard Reduction, Solvents
154
Food
155
Technology: Development of Selective Protein Testing by Using a Novel iTAG Solution
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: CEM Corporation
Description of the Technology: Traditional protein testing, such as Kjeldahl testing and combustion
testing, require the use of hazardous chemical compounds and high energy inputs. The CEM corporation
developed a protein tag that allows concentration measurements by colorimetry analysis in a safer and
more selective process.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Analytical methods for testing for proteins
are very important in many industrial sectors; however, the conventional protein testing, such as
Kjeldahl testing and combustion testing, are highly energy consuming and require the use of hazardous
chemical reagents and metal catalysts. Every year 5.5 million pounds of chemical waste is produced
from Kjeldahl testing in the industrial sector in the United States, confirming a clear need for the
development of a protein testing methodologies that are less impactful to the environmental.
The CEM Corporation developed the Sprint Rapid Protein Analyzer, a technology that uses a protein tag
that selectively binds to histidine, arginine, and lysine. When the iTAG solution comes in contact with
these three amino acids that are present in proteins, the acidic functionality of the iTAG connects with
the basic group of the amino acid. The protein concentration can be measured after the iTAG connected
to the protein is removed by filtration, and the resulting iTAG solution is analyzed. Because iTAG has an
aromatic group that strongly absorbs light, the resulting orange solution can be quantified by
colorimetry. Another advantage of this methodology is that the iTAG solution selectively interacts with
the amino acids, ignoring other nitrogenated compounds and making it easier to identify adulterated
products.
The Sprint Rapid Protein Analyzer precisely test samples for its protein content in a process that requires
much less time and energy input, and that is safer than other methods. CEM's technology allows the
samples to be analyzed in less than 3 minutes, as opposed to the 4 hours long Kjeldahl testing. The iTAG
solution is unreactive, soluble in water, and harmless. The Sprint Rapid Protein Analyzer is on the market
since 2008 and it has been certified by the AOAC (Association of Analytical Communities) and by the
AACC International.
Related Information: https://www.americanlaboratory.com/914-Application-Notes/777-Protein-

Testing-Enters-the-21st-Century-Innovative-Protein-Analyzer-Not-Affected-by-Melamine/
Category: Food
156
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Hazard Reduction, Analytical
157
Technology: Enzymatic Interesterification Reaction of Triglycerides
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Archer Daniels Midland Company and Novozymes
Description of the Technology: Archer Daniels Midland Company in partnership with Novozymes
studied ways to produce fatty materials free of trans fatty acids. They developed an enzymatic
interesterification reaction where triglycerides with saturated fatty acids exchange one or two of their
fatty acid with triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids, giving triglycerides devoid of any trans fatty
acids. Their technology reduces the volume of hazardous chemicals, and reduces the generation of
byproducts and chemical waste when compared to conventional interesterification processes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Triglycerides are the principal component of
natural fats and oils, and they are esters composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. While triglycerides
with unsaturated fatty acids are usually liquid at ambient temperature, the hydrogenated triglycerides
with saturated fatty acids are solids. Even though saturated fatty acids have proven negative effects in
the human cardiovascular system, causing severe heart diseases, they are still used in the manufacturing
process of many industrial products.
Chemical interesterification is a process that allows the swapping of alkyl chains between triglycerides
with unsaturated chains and triglycerides with saturated chains, producing semi-solids. This process is a
possible alternative to hydrogenation, generating a mixture of triglycerides with melting point in
between of the melting point of the two starting triglycerides, and without generating saturated fatty
acids. Interesterification can be used to decrease the amount of trans fatty acids in many products of
the food industry, but it is not cost-competitive with the traditional hydrogenation technology.
Chemical interesterification with catalysts, such as sodium methoxide, utilizes hazardous reagents and
produces aqueous waste with high concentration of organic materials. Archer Daniels Midland Company
in partnership with Novozymes developed an enzymatic process that allows the exchange of the 1,3-
fatty acids without the requirement of corrosive chemicals and generation of byproducts. The novel
technology also produces aqueous waste with lower organic content and can potentially reduce by 400
million pounds the volume of soybean oil used in the production of shortenings and margarine in the US
each year.
greener-synthetic-pathways-award-archer (accessed July 3, 2019)
Abstracted from Michael C. Cann and Thomas P. Umile, Real World Cases in Green Chemistry Volume II;
ACS Green Chemistry Institute, 2011.
Category: Food
158
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
159
Technology: ULTIMER: Aqueous Polymer Dispersions
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Nalco Company
Description of the Technology: Polyacrylamides polymers are very important in traditional water-
treatment processes. Their production generates a large volume of organic waste and surfactant
wastewater. The Nalco Company adapted the polyacrylamides' synthesis and eliminated the use of oil
and surfactants without compromising the performance of the final product. The new synthetic route
incorporates the aqueous ammonium sulfate waste from another production process, giving a useful
application to large volumes of waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Polyacrylamides widely used in the treatment
of water and in the production of varied foods. In water treatments, where 200 million pounds of
polyacrylamides are employed every year, they facilitate the removal of compounds in suspension and
the segregation of the mixture. Although they have important applications, the production of polymers
made of acrylamides require emulsions of water with a mixture of oil and surfactant which generates
large volumes of organic and surfactant waste. The emulsions have approximately the same volume of
water and the oil-surfactant mixture, annually producing 90 million pounds of the oil-surfactant waste.
The utilized mixture has no influence in the final quality of the product, allowing for the development of
alternative aqueous processes that do not require oil and surfactants.
Nalco designed synthetic methodology for polyacrylamides that eliminate the use of oil and surfactants.
In Nalco's procedure, the polymer is synthesized through a homogeneous dispersion polymerization in
an aqueous ammonium sulfate solution. The acrylamides monomers are dissolved in the aqueous
solution with a free-radical initiator that mediates the polymerization. Nalco also used a dispersant
polymer with low molecular weight to avoid clumping of the individual polymeric chains. The final
product is assembled by simple dissolution of the polymeric-salt-solution in water, which creates a clear
solution of the synthesized polyacrylamides. One of the many advantages of this technology is that it
incorporates the ammonium sulfate waste from the production of caprolactam, giving a use for high
volumes of industrial waste. The final product is an aqueous solution which also eliminates problems
with volatile organic compounds emissions, and has low chemical and biological oxygen demand.
Nalco's synthetic procedure allows the creation of a product with comparable performance while
reducing the environmental impact of manufacture.
conditions-award (accessed August 1, 2018)
Category: Food
160
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Solvents, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
161
Technology: Tailored Oils from Microalgal Fermentation
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Solazyme, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Solazyme developed a technology based on natural microalgae chemical
processes to synthesize oils tailored to society demand and that are similar to the already widely used
conventional vegetable oils.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Although vegetable oils have been part of
human activity for a very long time, extracting, refining, and chemically modifying these natural oils to
achieve useful compositions has proved to be an intensive and wasteful process. Having these products
in a large scale is difficult and expensive, besides extremely environmental unfriendly.
By analyzing where the process of oil production emerged in the evolution chain, Solazyme invested in a
microalgae inspired solution to obtain this kind of feedstock. Using knowledge and technology from
genetic engineering, Solazyme was able to take advantage of the natural features of microalgae to
express oil production genes in a large scale. With a prospect of lower carbon footprint than the
traditional oil production methods, Solazyme’s technology presents itself as an alternative to the
production of triglyceride oils in an industrial scale.
Category: Food
162
Technology: Vitaworks' Taurine Synthesis
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Vitaworks, LLC
Description of the Technology: Vitaworks, LLC created an innovative, atom-economical synthesis for
taurine, a widely used ingredient in human and animal nutritional products. The Vitaworks' cyclic
synthetic route from ethylene oxide, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia increases the atom efficiency and
reduces the waste generation of the process.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The conventional industrial production of
taurine, an important nutritional ingredient in many human and animal products, has some
environmental and execution drawbacks. Taurine production from ethanolamine and ethylene oxide has
low molar yield (60% and 75%, respectively) and low atom efficiency (42.7% and 57.5%). The separation
of the product from the reaction medium is challenging, and a large volume of waste containing leftover
taurine, organic, and inorganic substances is generated. Considering those difficulties and the taurine
market of 120 million pounds every year, Vitaworks, LLC designed improved alternatives for the
manufacturing of taurine.
Vitaworks created a novel cyclic synthetic process that allows the production of taurine from sulfur
dioxide, ethylene oxide, and ammonia. Their technology increases the atom efficiency to 100% in
quantitative yield. Vitaworks' taurine synthesis has the potential to decrease the chemical input and
output of the process by 545 million pounds each year. Vitaworks' process of improved taurine
production has 5 different patents in the United States and 2 pending patent applications.
Abstracted from "Hu, S. Process for producing taurine from alkali taurinates, August 30, 2016"
https://patents.google.com/patent/US9428450B2/en(accessed August 14, 2018)
Category: Food
163
Technology: Envirocid Plus
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Ecolab
Description of the Technology: Ecolab designed an acid cleaner for Clean In Place (CIP) technology for
food industries that does not contain phosphorus and has a considerably reduced concentration of
nitrates. Ecolab's acid cleaner, called Envirocid Plus, is a detergent in solution with concentrated
nitric/sulfuric acid, surfactants, and a red dye. Envirocid Plus has superior performance, and from 2010
to 2013 eliminated 4.3 million pounds of nitrogenated and 7900 pounds of phosphorized aqueous
waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Clean In Place (CIP) technologies were
designed to allow the cleaning of the automated processing lines for food and beverages production. CIP
processes allow industries to meet food safety regulations economically, with multiple steps that use
alkaline and acid cleaners, and sanitizers. Another advantage of the CIP process is that they do not
require any structural changes in the equipment for a complete cleaning, making an efficient process for
the purging of the interior of process pipes. The traditional acid cleaners used in the process contain
high concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen, generating large volumes of aqueous waste with a high
concentration of chemicals that are known for their impact on human health and the environment.
Phosphorus and nitrogen waste can lead to eutrophication of bodies of water that can lead to oxygen
depletion and destabilization of that environment.
Ecolab created an acid cleaner for CIP processes that do not contain phosphorus and that reduces the
nitrate concentration by 70% in comparison to the conventional acid cleaners. Ecolab's acid cleaner,
known as Envirocid Plus, is a detergent acid solution that contains concentrated nitric/sulfuric acid,
surfactants, and a red dye. Envirocid Plus has superior performance, including the fast dissolution of
milkstone and other minerals, low foamability, and enhanced soil removal. From its initial
commercialization in 2010 to 2013, Envirocid Plus decreased nitrogenated and phosphorized aqueous
waste by 4.3 million pounds and 7900 pounds, respectively.
Abstracted from “ECOLAB. Envirocid™ Plus." http://chemstarworks.com/wp-

content/uploads/2015/09/Envirocid-Plus.pdf (accessed August 15, 2018)
Category: Food
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Design, Hazard Reduction
164
Technology: Coffee Flour: Nutritionally Dense Flour Made from Discarded Coffee Cherry Pulp and Skin
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Coffee Flour
Description of the Technology: Coffee Flour developed an alternative use for waste coffee pulp and skin
which involves milling the waste products to create dense nutritional flour. The method has been
incorporated in food and beverage producing companies and helps reduce the large amounts of waste
pulp generated and the accompanying health and environmental impacts that come with its disposal.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Large amounts of coffee pulp and skin waste
generated globally are often sent to landfills. This results in consumption of landfill space as well as
adverse environmental impacts such as leaching of mycotoxins into groundwater and subsequent
pollution of water bodies. These wastes deposited in landfill have high amounts of methane and carbon
dioxide emissions which contribute to global warming. Coffee flour’s innovative use of waste pulp
reduces the amounts of waste coffee pulp and skin that are sent to landfill thereby saving landfill space
and reducing the amounts of methane and carbon dioxide emissions as well as risks of ground water
pollution. This nutrient-dense flour is high in fiber and has high mineral content and contains minerals
like calcium, iron, zinc, and antioxidants.
References: Abstracted from "Launch. Dipika Mathias: Coffee Flour."

https://www.launch.org/innovators/dipika-matthias/ (accessed November 28, 2018)
Category: Food
Keywords: Waste Prevention
165
Technology: Breaking the Mold
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Kirsty Bayliss
Description of the Technology: Moldy food results in the waste of large quantities of food as well as
health concerns to consumers. Kirsty Bayliss’ innovation, “Breaking the Mold” uses plasma to kill molds
occurring on food. This innovation increases the shelf-life of food, reducing food spoilage and the
associated health and environmental concerns.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Although most molds thrive in warmer
temperatures, they can also grow at refrigerator temperatures and are highly tolerant of salt and sugar
compared other food invaders. They can grow on refrigerated foods and causing food waste of foods
kept in the refrigerator for preservation. Mold are known to contribute to average annual worldwide
food losses of 30%.
Kirsty Bayliss developed a method to use plasma to treat fresh food to kill molds, bacteria and viruses.
This innovation increases the shelf-life of food, reduces food waste and waste disposal concerns,
reduces carbon dioxide and methane emissions from spoiled food that contribute to global warming
concerns. Increasing food shelf life makes more food options available and increases global food
security.
References: Abstracted from "Launch. Kirsty Bayliss: Breaking the Mold"

https://www.launch.org/innovators/kirsty-bayliss/ (accessed December 7, 2018)
Abstracted from "Murdoch University. Breaking the mold." http://media.murdoch.edu.au/tag/breaking-

the-mould (accessed December 7, 2018)
Abstracted from "USDA. Molds on Food: Are They Dangerous?"

http://ucfoodsafety.ucdavis.edu/files/26438.pdf (accessed December 7, 2018)
Category: Food
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology
166
Technology: BIOCOPACPlus: Bio-Lacquer Produced from Tomato Waste
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: BIOCOPACPlus
Description of the Technology: BIOCOPACPlus is a bio-based coating produced from tomato waste that
can be used in metal packaging in food applications. Cutin is extracted from the tomato skin and is used
to synthesize a biopolymer that acts a bio-resin coating the metal without introducing any chemical or
microbiological risks to the food. This technology can replace the traditional petrochemical coatings that
are currently widely used.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Metal food packaging receive a layer of an
organic fossil-fuel-based coating that coats the metal to prevent food contamination. Those fossil-fuel-
based coatings, such as BPA, has been shown to have negative impacts in the endocrine system. One of
the biggest issues faced by the food industry comes from the waste generated during the production
and consumption of food products. Food waste a rich in nutrients and biomass, and can be used in the
production of many industrial commodities.
BIOCOPACPlus is an alternative that utilizes tomato waste as a biomass source to produce a resin that
can act as a coating for metal packaging. This application would provide a use for tomato waste while
eliminating the problems with the traditional synthetic coatings.
The extracted cutin from the tomato waste does not possess any chemical or microbiological threats
and the produced lacquer was tested on industrial lines that did not require any changes in temperature
and processing time. The pilot plant can process 100kg/h of solid tomato waste, that extracts cutin with
a yield of 10-15%. The coating has many environmental benefits, including a reduction of
emissionscarbon dioxide from lacquer production and improved performance in biogas fproduction
from the remaining solid waste.
References: Abstracted from "Biocopacplus- LAYMAN’S REPORT ENG."

http://www.biocopacplus.eu/2017/12/29/laymans-report/laymans-report-eng/(accessed December 07,
2018)
Sector: Food
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
167
Technology: Oriental Yeast Company Dough Improver and Biotechnology Products
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Oriental Yeast Company
Description of the Technology: Oriental Yeast Company is a manufacturing company in Japan that
provides high quality products like baker’s yeast, dough improver, mayonnaise, shelf life extenders, and
functional microbial ingredients to the food and bakery industry.
Oriental Yeast Company is engaged in a range of activities that contribute both directly and indirectly to
environmental sustainability. The company provides dough improvers for the custom needs of some of
its clients as an alternative to using a fixed recipe, resulting in resource efficiency and cost savings.
Oriental Yeast Company offers genetically modified animals and genetic analysis services to
pharmaceutical companies and provides biochemical products such as recombinant enzymes,
recombinant human proteins, coenzymes, substrates, and antibodies which are applied in a wide range
of applications globally.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Oriental Yeast Company’s contribution to
supporting pharmaceutical research with genetically modified animals has positive implications for the
environment. Genetically modified animals contribute to improving the environment and human health
by consuming fewer resources and producing less waste. Compared to non-genetically modified
animals, these animals need less food to grow at similar or higher rates and are known to produce less
harmful environmental wastes, reproduce at faster rates, and are more resistant to pests and diseases.
The company’s production of recombinant enzymes, recombinant human proteins, coenzymes, and
substrates improves crop yields and development of vaccines which are directly beneficial to human
health.
Oriental Yeast Company’s Dough Improver allows for custom recipes to be developed for clients by
adjusting recipes to suit unique environmental and process conditions. This optimizes the baking
process by reducing waste and increasing cost-efficiency.
References: Abstracted from "Oriental Yeast Company" https://www.oyc.co.jp/en/business/food.html

(accessed June 29, 2019)
Abstracted from "Sciencing, What Are the Benefits of Proteins Produced Through Recombinant DNA
Technology?" https://sciencing.com/benefits-proteins-produced-through-recombinant-dna-technology-
2044.html (accessed June 29, 2019)
Abstracted from "Genetically Engineered Animals" https://gea6.weebly.com/pros-and-cons.html

(accessed June 29, 2019)
Category: Food
168
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency
169
Technology: ROBUST™/OPERABLE™
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Novogy
Description of the Technology: Novogy is a biotechnology company that designed a high yielding
process to produce biolipids from feedstock. They engineered yeast strains that produce industrial scale
lipids and fatty acids from different feedstocks. They developed a technology called ROBUST™ that
reduces microbial contamination in the fermentation system, reducing the need for antibiotics in the
production process.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Novogy used biological engineering in the
development of yeast strain for the industrial scale production of lipids and fatty acids from different
feedstocks, including but not limited to sugar cane, corn, and lignocellulosic biomass. The designed
yeasts work in pH, temperature, and aeration ranges that make them optimal for industrial scale
fermentation. They have greater resistance to viral infections and are less impacted by variabilities in
the process.
Novogy also designed ROBUST™, a low-cost, scalable processing technology that reduces the
contamination by microorganisms in the fermentation system. This reduces the use of antibiotics in
industrial scale fermentation processes by giving an advantage to the host over other microbes. The
design of an oleaginous yeast and ROBUST have been used together in the high yield production of a
fatty acid and lipid mixture with high content of oleic acid, which is the first product of Novogy’s
OPERABLE™ processing line of solutions. Novogy's technology can be used as more sustainable
alternative for the production of industrial and edible oils, oleo-chemicals, and hydrocarbon-based
biofuel feedstocks.
References: Abstracted from "NOVOGY" http://novogyinc.com (accessed Jul 8, 2018)
Category: Food
Keywords: Efficiency, Renewable, Feedstock, Catalysis
170
Metals
171
Technology: Encapsulated Alkali Metals for Applications in Synthetic Processes
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: SiGNa Chemistry
Description of the Technology: Elements in the group one of the periodic table, called alkali metals, are
very important in many synthetical processes due to their high reactivity; however, their reactiveness
also makes them very dangerous to store, use, and dispose of due to fire and explosion risks. SiGNa
Chemistry developed a nanocapsule technology that incorporates the alkali metals in metal oxides,
making their application safer without loss of performance.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Alkali metals are highly reactive elements
that due to their low ionization energy and large atomic radii have the high tendency to donate an
electron in chemical processes. The high reactivity of alkali metals makes them useful to catalyze many
chemical processes but it also makes their shipping, handling, storage, and disposal dangerous. For
example, sodium and potassium, are very flammable and explosive, making their application in chemical
processes undesirable. Methodologies to eliminate the use of alkali metals have been developed, but
they are usually longer and require more chemicals.
SiGNa Chemistry created nano-capsules of alkali metals incorporated in porous metal oxides that
reduces the risks associated with their reactivity without affecting their performance. With vast
applications in synthetic companies, such as the pharmaceutical industry, the encapsulated alkali metals
that could reduce chemical processing time by 80 to 90%. The technology could potentially be applied in
hydrogen gas fuel production from water, in the cleaning up of oil spills, and in the degradation of PCBs
and CFCs.
Category: Metals
172
Technology: Iridium-catalyzed Reaction for the Direct Synthesis of Aryl Boronic Esters from
Hydrocarbons
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professors Robert E. Maleczka, Jr. and Milton R. Smith, III of

Michigan State University
Description of the Technology: Professors Maleczka and Smith from Michigan State University
developed an iridium-catalyzed one-step reaction for the synthesis of boronic esters species that are
widely used in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds through Suzuki coupling reactions. The new
technology for the production of boronic esters eliminates the need for halogenated species and is a
faster alternative than conventional methods.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Suzuki coupling reactions are palladium-
catalyzed reactions that allow the formation of carbon-carbon bonds between boronic ester and halide
species. Coupling reactions are used in many synthetic processes and the Suzuki coupling is the third
most used reaction for carbon bond formation in the pharmaceutical industry. The synthesis of the
boronic ester precursor is commonly done in a two-step process. Initially, the halide species goes
through a Grignard or lithiation reaction. Then the boronic ester precursor is synthesized through a
reaction between trialkyl borate esters and the Grignard/lithium species followed by a hydrolytic
workup. Even though Miyaura created an alternative palladium-catalyzed methodology, halide species
were still needed.
Professors Maleczka and Smith from Michigan State University developed a synthetic alternative that
does not require the use of halogen species and can create the aryl boronic esters directly from
hydrocarbons. Professor Smith created a novel method for activation/borylation reactions of arene
carbon-hydrogen bonds (C–H) through a thermal and catalytic process. Building upon this previous
work, professor Smith and Maleczka collaborated in the study of the application of iridium catalysts in
the activation/borylation reactions of arene carbon-hydrogen bonds. Iridium catalysts proved to be an
efficient alternative, giving high yields and coexisting with many functional groups. The regiochemistry
of the process was guided by steric rather than electronic factors, favoring the less steric hindered
position on 1,3-substituted arenes. The designed iridium-catalyzed reaction for obtaining of aryl boronic
esters from hydrocarbons is fast, can frequently be run without solvents, has only hydrogen as a
byproduct, and has a lower impact in the environment.
(accessed on July 3, 2019)
Category: Metals
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
173
Technology: Green Synthesis of Solid Metal Oxides
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Süd-Chemie Inc.
Description of the Technology: Oxide catalysts are used in many industrial processes and play an
important role in the development of green chemistry technologies. Süd-Chemie Inc. designed a one-
step, environmentally friendly process for the synthesis of solid oxide catalysts that substitutes
traditional acid-base precipitation. This novel, synthetic method eliminates aqueous and nitrate waste
and tremendously reduces NOx emissions.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Catalysts play an essential role in many
synthetic processes. However, production that employs acid-base precipitation with a metal nitrate
produces large volumes of nitrate and halogenated waste and emits NOx and SOX gases. Large volumes
of wastewater are produced because of the many washings and filtrations used to completely extract
the nitrate and other salts.
Süd-Chemie Inc. created an alternative to the traditional synthetic process of the production of solid
metal oxide catalysts that use an organic acid, a pure metal, and an oxidizing agent that is usually air.
The metal, which is widely available, reacts with the oxidizing agent under a moderate acidic reaction
medium, generating the oxide species in a one-step reaction at room temperature. Süd-Chemie's
technology eliminates the generation of aqueous, nitrate, and halogenated waste, and reduces to
almost zero the NOx emissions. The designed process requires less water and energy input, producing
only aqueous vapor and minimum carbon dioxide as byproducts.
This process significantly lowers the environmental impact of the production of solid metal oxide
catalysts and is calculated to avoid the generation of 29 million and 760 million pounds of nitrate and
aqueous waste, respectively, during the manufacturing of 10 million pounds of the catalyst. Süd-
Chemie's technology can be applied to produce catalysts to produce clean fuels and many chemicals,
with a process that require less water and energy and generates minimal waste.
pathways-award (accessed July 27, 2018)
Category: Metals
174
Technology: Transition-metal Catalyzed Reactions in an Aqueous Environment with Atmospheric Air
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Chao-Jun Li of Tulane University
Description of the Technology: Traditional reactions catalyzed by transition metals require the reaction
to be carried out in an inert atmosphere without oxygen and to use dry organic solvents. Professor
Chao-Jun Li of Tulane University developed transition metal-catalyzed reactions that can be run in air
atmosphere and with water as a solvent. Professor Li's reaction procedures have many advantages over
traditional processes, as it reduces synthesis steps, and it can greatly decrease the use of organic
solvents and the generation of hazardous waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Chemical reactions catalyzed by transition
metal catalysts are extremely important in the synthesis of many important compounds. They can
catalyze reactions that allow the formation of bonds of carbon atoms with carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and
hydrogen atoms. Conventional organometallic and transition-metal catalyzed reactions need to be
carried out in an atmosphere without oxygen, in dry reaction flasks and require the use of dry organic
solvents. However, naturally occurring transition-metals-catalyzed reactions in many enzymatic
processes happen in an aqueous environment with air atmosphere.
Professor Chao-Jun Li of Tulane University explored those reaction conditions and developed several
reactions catalyzed by transition metals that can be carried out in aqueous environments under an
atmosphere of air. The aqueous environment reduces the need for protection-deprotection steps, and
the product extraction might be simplified to just phase separation, decreasing the necessity for
separation techniques that use a lot of energy and organic solvents.
Some of the transition-metal-catalyzed reactions in an aqueous reaction medium and air atmosphere
developed by Professor Li include the "synthesis of β-hydroxyl esters, a chemoselective alkylation and
pinacol coupling reaction mediated by manganese, and a novel alkylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl-type
compounds."1 Professor Li's laboratory also developed some Barbier-Grignard-type reactions, and
Ullman-type coupling reaction mediated by zinc and catalyzed by palladium. The reactions developed
can be applied in the synthesis of many important substances, and some of them showed improved
properties, such as enhanced chemoselectivity, and shorter synthetic routes.
Category: Metals
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Solvents, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
175
Technology: Silicone Synthesis through Catalysis with Earth Abundant Metals
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Paul J. Chirik of Princeton University
Description of the Technology: Earth-abundant transition metals are used as a catalysts to replace
precious metals in the alkene hydrosilylation reactions using a new technology based upon metal-ligand
cooperativity. This catalysis concept was pioneered by professor Chirik’s laboratory where electron
changes between the metal and the supporting ligand occur simultaneously.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The use of metal-catalyzed chemical
reactions revolutionized industry, allowing waste reduction and faster production processes. The
dependence of industrial metal-catalysis on rare and precious metals resulted in a great environmental
hazard due to the extraction processes for these metals which can have a carbon footprint up to
thousands of times greater when compared to the extraction of earth abundant metals.
Given the carbon footprint during mining of rare transition metals, high cost, and toxicity, Professor
Chirik at Princeton University, together with Momentive Performance Materials, is researching the use
of earth abundant transition metals for catalytic processes on the industrial scale. The use of iron and
cobalt demonstrated superior performance to existing platinum catalysts in the hydrosilylation
reactions. In addition to the carbon emissions reduction, the new technology avoids the generation of
byproducts and consequently promotes waste reduction. The prospects for the technology are very
optimistic, having a potential to reduce energy usage by 85 million BTUs per year and carbon generation
by 21.7 million kilograms per year.
Chemistry Challenge: 2016 Academic Award" https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-
chemistry-challenge-2016-academic-award (accessed July 31, 2018)
Category: Metals
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Purification, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
176
Technology: Hydrogen-Mediated Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Michael J. Krische of the University of Texas at

Austin
Description of the Technology: Professor Michael J. Krische of University of Texas at Austin developed a
novel metal-catalyzed hydrogenation reaction for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The reactions
are enantiomer selective, do not generate byproducts, and have minimal waste generation.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Reactions that involve the formation of
carbon-carbon bonds are important in the synthesis of a variety of organic molecules. The use of
hydrogen in reduction reactions, also known as hydrogenation reactions, is one of the most used
catalytic methods in industry. Professor Michael J. Krische of University of Texas at Austin developed
novel hydrogenation reactions catalyzed by metals that allow the formation of C-C bonds. In this
reaction, two carbon molecules react with hydrogen gas creating one product structure that integrates
all the atoms of both starting materials. Since all starting materials are completely consumed and
incorporated in the product, there is no byproduct formation, which minimizes the waste generation in
the process.
Traditionally, reactions for C-C bond formation, such as the Ficher-Tropshch reaction, utilized carbon
monoxide as a starting material along with hydrogen. Even though those reactions are largely used in
industrial processes, there has been little research into the development of similar reactions for C-C
formation. Professor Krische's novel hydrogenation reactions are an alternative to the coupling
reactions based in organometallic chemistry, such as Grignard reactions. Organometallic reagents are
hazardous due to their high reactivity, and can potentially ignite when exposed to air. Professor
Krische's reactions use non-hazardous chiral catalysts that make the reactions more enantiomer
selective.
Hydrogenation reactions are known for their efficiently, atom economy, and profitability. Professor
Krische's hydrogenation reaction reduces the use the use of hazardous organometallic reagents, and the
generation of chemical waste in many industrial sectors. The reactions are very selective, and increase
work safety in many conventional processes.
Category: Metals
Keywords: Synthetic Methodology
177
Technology: Non-Precious-Metal Catalytic Systems for Hydrosilylation of Alkenes
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Nagashima, Hideo; Kyushu University
Description of the Technology: Professor’s Nagashima laboratory at Hyushu University has developed
an alternative method to conventional hydrosylilation of alkenes, substituting platinum with iron and
cobalt to tackle scarcity issues.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Among important chemical reactions when
working with organic compounds are those that take advantage of the high reactivity of carbon-carbon
double or triple bonds (i.e. those which involve alkenes or alkynes). An example of a widely used alkene
reaction is the hydrosilylation of double bonds, which is an important step in the production of
organosilicon substances. These substances are then broadly applied in industry, in sectors that range
from medicine and pharmaceuticals to agriculture and herbicides and fungicides production.
Conventionally, the process of hydrosilylation makes use of large quantities of platinum, most of which
is not recoverable after the reaction is completed. Given the scarcity of platinum, there is an increasing
demand for new methods for hydrosilylation.
Professor Nagashima’s laboratory has been developing a new technology to match the current demand
in industry. The technology is an innovative method for hydrosilylation that uses iron and cobalt ions as
alternative catalysts for platinum. Unlike platinum, these metals are abundant and cheap. They are
much less toxic and have less environmentally hazardous extraction and separation processes than
platinum.
References: Abstracted from “Non-Precious-Metal Catalytic Systems Involving Iron or Cobalt

Carboxylates and Alkyl Isocyanides for Hydrosilylation of Alkenes with Hydrosiloxanes” Daisuke Noda,
Atsushi Tahara, Yusuke Sunada, and Hideo Nagashima, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2016,
138 (8), 2480-2483.
Category: Metals
Keywords: Renewable, Design, Synthetic Methodology
178
Technology: Amphiphilic Dipyridinium-phosphotungstate as a Catalyst for Fatty Ester Epoxidation and
Oxidative Cleavage with Hydrogen Peroxide
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis at McGill University
Description of the Technology: The Moores Research Group at McGill University designed an
amphiphilic dipyridinium peroxophosphotungstate ion pair that acts as a selective and recyclable
catalyst for the epoxidation of fatty acids and esters with hydrogen peroxide to manufacture lubricants,
plasticizers, and other commodities.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Vegetable oil is a source of biomass that is
composed of triglycerides and other lipophilic highly unsaturated carbon chain. The double bonds in the
carbon chain can be further oxidized to produce epoxides, diols, and carboxylic acids that can then be
used in the synthesis of plasticizers, polymer stabilizers, and other olefinic compounds. The traditional
method for the epoxidation of those lipids utilize peroxyacids produced from formic acid or acetic acid
with hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid. Although this is a cost-effective process the chemicals used
are highly corrosive and toxic, and the reaction is exothermic, creating a need for temperature control.
The Moores Research group at the Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis at McGill University
designed a selective and recyclable catalyst for the epoxidation of fatty acids and esters with hydrogen
peroxide.
The catalyst consists of an amphiphilic dipyridinium peroxophosphotungstate ion pair that catalysis the
triphasic epoxidation of fatty acids and esters with hydrogen peroxide in a more sustainable and less
hazardous reaction conditions. The catalyst has the activity of a homogeneous catalyst, but it can still be
recycled similarly to a heterogenous one. The Moores group reported the successful and selective
epoxidation of methyl oleate, linoleic and ricinoleic acid, and reported that the catalyst is recyclable.
References: Abstracted from Garza, L. C. de la; Vigier, K. D. O.; Chatel, G.; Moores, A. Amphiphilic
dipyridinium-phosphotungstate as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for triphasic fatty ester
epoxidation and oxidative cleavage with hydrogen peroxide. Green Chemistry, 2017. 10, 2855-2862.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/gc/c7gc00298j#! (accessed Aug 7, 2019)
Category: Metals
Keywords: Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
179
Other Sectors
180
Technology: Energy Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Ultrasound Homogenizers
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH
Description of the Technology: Hielscher Ultrasonics specializes in the design and manufacturing of
high-power ultrasonic homogenizers for lab, bench-top, and production level. The applications of high-
power ultrasonic homogenizers include mixing, dispersing, particle size reduction, extraction and
chemical reactions.
Hielscher Ultrasonics developed an ultrasonic cleaning process as an environmentally friendly

alternative for the cleaning of wires and cables. Cavitation removes lubrication residues like oil or
grease, soaps, stearates or dust. These pollution particles are further dispersed into a cleaning liquid.
Ultrasonic cleaning systems have sound protection covers which reduces sound emissions to levels
below usual international limits for production areas. They developed a liquid regeneration system that
allows for a prolonged use of the cleaning liquid which enhances the environmentally friendly balance of
the ultrasonic cleaning system.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? In extraction, the high shear forces generated
by ultrasonication results in high yields in short extraction times. This ensures energy efficiency. This
green extraction process generates no impurities or hazardous chemicals. Liquid regeneration inside the
ultrasonic cleaning systems allows for a prolonged use of the cleaning liquids.
The disintegration of cell structures (lysis) by means of ultrasound is also used for microbial inactivation.
Heat generated locally by cavitation leads to an inactivation of enzymes by sonication. Ultrasound is an
efficient non-thermal food processing alternative - thermal methods such pasteurization often results in
the loss of food quality.
References: Abstracted from 'Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH" https://www.hielscher.com/(accessed June

20, 2019)
Category: Other
Keywords: Efficiency, Energy
181
Technology: Direct Processing of Cellulose by Dissolution in an Ionic Liquid with Microwave Radiation
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Robin D. Rogers of the University of Alabama
Description of the Technology: Professor Robin D. Rogers at the University of Alabama developed a
technology for processing cellulose without derivatization to produce cellulosic materials. His method
uses an ionic liquid that can dissolve cellulose when carefully heated in a microwave system. The
processed cellulose compound can be precipitated with small amounts of water, eliminating the
derivatization process that uses hazardous chemical compounds, and providing an efficient direct
processing of cellulose.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural
organic compounds on earth, which makes its application in renewable industrial processes essential.
Cellulose is insoluble in water and many organic solvents, making its processing very challenging. During
the traditional processing of cellulose, the molecule first undergoes chemical transformations of the
hydroxyl groups in a derivatization process that requires toxic chemicals and generates high volumes of
waste. After the molecule is derivatized resulting in lower intra- and intermolecular interactions, it is
soluble in common solvents and can be used in the production of other polymers.
Professor Robin D. Rogers of the University of Alabama facilitated this process by creating an alternative
that eliminated the need for derivatization. Professor Rogers and his research group used an ionic liquid
(IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl), that could successfully solubilize cellulose after
gentle microwave heating. The chloride in the IL intervene with the intra- and intermolecular interaction
which allows the dissolution of cellulose. Additives can be mixed to the IL prior to or after the cellulose
dissolution, and after a small amount of water is added to the ionic solution, the synthesized cellulosic
material is precipitated and easily isolated. The IL can be recycled after removing most of the water with
a salt solution that would generate two unmixable layers that can be separated. The IL with minimal
water content can be further dried by evaporation and reused. This technology reduces the
environmental of the processing of a renewable material that is widely available, facilitating its
incorporation in industrial processes and potentially decreasing the dependence on fossil fuels sources.
Abstracted from Cann, M. C.; Umile, T. P. Real-world Cases in Green Chemistry; American Chemical
Society: Washington, D.C., 2008; Vol. 2.
Category: Other
182
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Ionic
Liquid
183
Technology: Sterilization by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: NovaSterilis Inc.
Description of the Technology: NovaSterilis Inc., a biotechnology company in Itacha, NY, developed
Nova 2200TM, for the medical sterilization of sensitive biological tissues. NovaSterilis' process uses
supercritical carbon dioxide, peracetic acid, and water, allowing the elimination of bacteria and bacterial
endospores. Nova 2200TM is an alternative to traditional sterilization techniques, such as ethylene oxide
and gamma radiation, as it allows the sterilization of the tissue without any damage.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Conventional medical sterilization
technologies are not completely suitable for the sterilization of sensitive biological tissues. The two most
common medical sterilization methods, gamma radiation and ethylene oxide, can cause severe damage
to these biological materials. Ethylene oxide is ignitable, and it can lead to mutations and cancer.
Gamma radiation is penetrating and it can damage any cells. Considering the importance of sterilizing
biological materials, in particular for transplants, it is important to develop medical sterilization methods
that do not have adverse impacts on the material.NovaSterilis created a technology that uses
supercritical carbon dioxide for the medical sterelization of biological materials. NovaSterilis technology
is built upon a patent from Professor Robert S. Langer and his team from MIT that described the
elimination of bacteria in biodegradable polymers. NovaSterilis licensed his patent and developed a
technology, called Nova 2200TM, with supercritical carbon dioxide, peracetic acid and water that also
combats bacterial endospores. Nova 2200TM operates at low temperatures and with mild pressure
cycles, completely and quickly sterilizing biological materials. This technology is patented and
commercialized by NovaSterilis.
Category: Other
Keywords: Design, Hazard Reduction
184
Technology: Composite Distribution Poles
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Jerol
Description of the Technology: Jerol is a Swedish company that created innovative composite poles that
can be used as a superior alternative to the traditional wood distribution (utility) poles. Jerol's
composite poles have two layers and are hollow in the middle. The interior layer is made of fiber
composite, and the exterior layer of polyethylene (PE). Jerol's technology creates composite distribution
poles with outstanding characteristics that can possibly substitute the conventional wood poles that are
overloaded with hazardous chemicals.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Wooden distribution poles require intense
pre-treatment with hazardous biocides, such as creosote and wolmanite that are necessary for the
safety and endurance of the poles. The Swedish company Jerol designed a novel advantageous
alternative to wooden poles that do not require the use of toxic chemicals, and that can be used in
multiple applications, such as in distribution poles, traffic lighting, and road signals.
Jerol's composition pole is a two-layered pole that is hollow in the center. The interior layer consists of a
glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), and the layer in the external surface is composed of a colored
polyethylene (PE). The GRP is responsible for the pole's strength and can be adjusted for desired
applications by altering the thickness of the layer. The PE layer protects the pole from UV light, and also
creates an excellent surface for climbing and reduces corrosion.
Jerol's poles technology allow the cost-effective manufacturing of composition poles that are
nonconductive, work adequately in low temperatures, and have an easier installation and improved
resistance. Their poles have an expected lifetime of 80 years and are maintenance free. The pole is
much lighter than traditional wooden poles, and the hollow center allows cables to be run through the
pole. Installment does not require new equipment or extensive worker training, and the poles can be
reused in different applications and recycled in a fuel-generating process. Jerol's poles are an alternative
to traditional wooden poles because of their reduced environmental impact and improved performance.
References: Abstracted from "Jerol. Jerol Composite Poles The true alternative to wooden utility poles
impregnated with creosote or wolmanite" https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/Jerol-
Composite-Poles-The-true-alternative-to-wooden-utility-poles-impregneted-with-creosote-or-
wolmanite-13 (accessed Aug 9, 2018)
Category: Other
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Durability, Hazard Reduction
185
Technology: Greenlist
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc
Description of the Technology: Greenlist is a system created by S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. that measures
environmental and health impact of the company’s products, and has been used to provide data and
arguments to reformulate products toward greener solutions.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? S.C. Johnson (SCJ) is focused on both
research and production of chemicals related to the sectors of home cleaning, personal care, and insect
control, among others.
One of the recent implementations that shows SCJ efforts towards finding greener products and
solutions is Greenlist, a list of standards for procedures and products. Based on rigorous scientific
standards, best practices, and input from suppliers, universities, and government agencies, Greenlist
provides seven criteria to rate chemical parameters, including vapor pressure, octanol/water partition
coefficient, biodegradability, aquatic toxicity, human toxicity, European Union Classification, and
source/supply. By attributing a criteria-based score to each compound, Greenlist classifies them from
“Best For Use” to “Restricted Use Materials”. Currently, Greenlist has scores for 90% of raw materials
used in the US, providing data and knowledge to help industry and academia follow green chemistry
practices.
Category: Other
Keywords: Feedstock, Analytical
186
Technology: Non-Fluorous, Highly CO2-Soluble Materials
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Eric J. Beckman of the University of Pittsburgh
Description of the Technology: Professor Beckman and his group at the University of Pittsburgh have
created a new series of detergents that makes it possible for a broad range of substances to be dissolved
in carbon dioxide. The technology allows industry and academia to take advantage of the renewable
features of carbon dioxide, and decrease the use of conventional hazardous solvents.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The unique properties and environmentally
benign features of carbon dioxide have been researched for years, and both industry and academia look
for ways to take advantage of them. After discovering that carbon dioxide could have non-polar solvent
properties, a new focus emerged on using carbon dioxide to substitute current hazardous organic
solvents, and many technologies were developed to utilize these properties. One of the results is the use
of fluoropolymers as detergents, which has carbon dioxide-philic properties that enable large scale use
of the gas. However, fluoropolymers are expensive and its use requires specific machinery and large
energy consumption.
Looking for better performance and economically viable alternatives to fluoropolymers, Prof. Beckman
focused his research on the key properties that allow solubility in carbon dioxide. He found that the high
entropy associated with carbon dioxide solutions and its Lewis acidity require potential solutes to have
three key features: low glass transition temperature, low cohesive energy density, and a number of
Lewis base groups. By using functional silicones, poly(ether-carbonates), and acetate-functional
polyethers, he demonstrated his hypothesis and set a new trend on research on carbon dioxide
solubility.
Category: Other
Keywords: Solvents
187
Technology: CO2 as a Blowing Agent in the Production of Polystyrene Foam
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: The Dow Chemical Company
Description of the Technology: The Dow Chemical Company designed a new blowing agent for the
production of polystyrene. The traditional chlorofluorocarbon blowing agents potentially contribute to
ozone depletion in the stratosphere, ground-level ozone pollution, and climate change. Dow technology
uses carbon dioxide produced in other industrial processes as a blowing agent, eliminating problems
related to ozone depletion/pollution and with zero net CO2 emissions.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Blowing agents for the processing of
polystyrene foam have been traditionally based on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that have been linked to
ozone depletion stratosphere, ground-level ozone pollution, and climate change. Polystyrene foams are
used in the production of packaging due to their superior insulation, ability to be recycled, high specific
stiffness, and good resistance to moisture. The Dow Chemical Company designed an alternative to the
conventional hazardous blowing agents, that reduces the environmental impact of the process.
Dow utilized carbon dioxide produced as a byproduct from other industrial processes as a blowing agent
in the production of polystyrene foams. This process eliminates problems related to ozone depletion
and ozone pollution since the carbon dioxide is being reused from other industrial and natural sources
and there are no net carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon dioxide also has many other advantages since it
is very accessible, inexpensive, and not flammable, which makes the process economical feasible and
increases worker safety. Dow's technology has been widely implemented since 1996 and annually
reduces the use of CFC-12 and HCFC-22 by 3.5 million pounds.
Category: Other
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Hazard Reduction
188
Technology: Solvent-Free Precision Cleaning Process with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Plasma
Technology
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: NASA’s Kennedy Space Center
Description of the Technology: NASA’s Kennedy Space Center designed two innovative technologies for
a novel precision cleaning process that do not require the use of solvents. The first technology, known as
plasma cleaning, creates high energy/highly reactive species from the carrier gas under low pressure
that interact with the impurities removing them from the surface of the material. The second
technology, supercritical fluid cleaning, combines the properties of liquids and gases, allowing the
dissolution of the impurities even on very narrow surfaces. NASA’s technology can reduce the use of
solvents in precision cleaning and reduce the waste generation and the energy input in many industrial
processes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional precision cleaning processes use
organic, fluorinated, and aqueous solvents to remove contaminants from equipment used in industrial
processes. Many of the solvents used are hazardous to human health and the environment, and can
contaminate water streams. The solvents used in the system are transformed into a large volume of
contaminated industrial waste that has to be processed and properly disposed or purified in energy
intensive processes.
To reduce the environmental impact of the precision cleaning for human-space flight applications, NASA
designed two innovative solvent free technologies. One of the technologies, called plasma cleaning,
generates the plasma from reactive gas (oxygen or hydrogen) in a low-pressure chamber that interacts
with the contaminant and removes it from the surface of the cleaned material. The other technology,
supercritical fluid cleaning, uses supercritical carbon dioxide, that combines the properties of both liquid
and gaseous carbon dioxide, to both dissolve the impurities and deeply infiltrate the material,
promoting superior cleaning even in narrow surfaces. Although this technology was designed for space
applications, this technology can be applied in precision cleaning processes, such as industrial machinery
cleaning. Both technologies can be adapted to industrial needs, utilizes renewable and low-coast
feedstocks, and reduces the generation of waste. The processes will allow a reduction in production
costs by reducing the costs with waste treatment and disposal, as well as reducing labor costs.
References: Abstracted from "Launch. Innovators" https://www.launch.org/innovators/paul-hintze

(accessed Nov 26, 2018)
Abstracted from “Plasma Cleaning” https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/

20160004357.pdf (accessed Nov 6, 2019)
Sector: Other
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Purification, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
189
Technology: MetZyme
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: MetGen
Description of the Technology: MetGen developed a variety of enzymes designed for diverse
applications, including treating pulp for recycled fiber (RCF). Applications include deinking pulp,
bleaching pulp, lignin modification, pitch control, start conversion, and bleachability. MetGen also offers
enzymes that can be used for residual peroxide removal, biofuel processes, hydrolysis, biochemicals,
water treatment, and effluent control.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Compared to products made from raw
materials, products comprised of RCF required less energy and chemicals to produce. MetGen
developed enzymes that treat and enhance reused pulp and enables their clients to substitute
previously required virgin fibre (10%) completely with RCF.
MetZyme® PURECO™ enzymes process lignocellulosic feedstock to create sustainable and renewably-
sourced chemical building-blocks for products and materials such as bioplastics, sorbitol, xylitol, furfural,
5-HMF, FDCA, organic acids, as well as technologies that support biofuels.
MetZyme® FORICO™ assists in water treatment and effluent control through neutralizing harmful
chemicals, breaking lignin networks, and polymerizing soluble phenolic compounds. Soluble lignin,
phenolic compounds and micro-pollutants in the water streams are harmful inhibitors for microbes
which reduce COD and produce less waste. FORICO™ reduces inhibitors and leaves nutrients available
for microbial processes.
Many of MetGen’s products are liquid products designed for easy and safe application and collectively
are effective in a wide range of pH and temperatures.
References: Abstracted from "Solutions for Pulp and Paper industry," "Solutions for lignofuels and
Biochemical industry" and "Solutions for Water & Biogas industry" www.metgen.com
Category: Other
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Feedstock, Energy
190
Technology: Nzomics Biocatalyts
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Nzomics Biocatalysis
Description of the Technology: Nzomics Biocatalysis is biotechnology company that offers both
products and services for companies using biocatalysts in their production processes. Nzomics
Biocatalysis uses directed evolution techniques in the design of biocatalysts that can meet the needs of
the customer. They've developed biocatalysts in various classes of enzymes including nitrile-
manipulating enzymes, carbonyl reductase enzymes, various oxidative enzymes and carbohydrate-active
enzymes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Nzomics Biocatalysis focuses on the
development of enzymes for catalysis which can be used as a more environmentally friendly
replacement for chemical methodologies. Their services include analytical analysis and design of
enzymes for biocatalysis products. The catalytic design takes up to one month and allows the
optimization of a known enzyme to the desired characteristics. The enzymes are delivered in cell paste,
free extract, purified or immobilized. Their products include nitrile hydratases, nitrilases, glycoside
hydrolases, polysaccharide lyases, glycosyltransferases, lipases, and carboxylesterases. The services
offered by Nzomics allow processes that originally relied on chemical catalysis to be adapted to a more
environmentally friendly and more specific process. Biocatalysis allows for more mild reaction
conditions, including temperature and pH, and allows the use of less or non-toxic solvents such as water.
The biocatalysts also allow for chemo- and regio-selectivity, which can lead to elimination of protection
and deprotection, and activation of functional groups.
References: Abstracted from "Nzomics Biocatalysis." http://www.nzomicsbiocatalysis.co.uk (accessed

Jun 28, 2019)
Sector: Other
Keywords: Efficiency, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
191
Technology: Developing Bioprocesses Using Biocatalysis in Single or Multiple Transformation Steps
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Biochemize S.L.
Description of the Technology: Biochemize S.L. is a biotechnological company that provides

bioprocesses as an alternative to current synthetic chemical manufacturing procedures through its
Biochemize (P2B) technological platform. P2B is able to perform high throughput screening of
biocatalysts, reaction conditions, suitable substrates, and reaction products. This screening, at a very
small scale, is able to determine the technological viability of a conceptual biotransformation quickly
with low risk. Once successful biocatalysts or bioprocesses have been identified, Biochemize S.L.
investigates at lab scale the experimental conditions which can lead to the highest yields using two
approaches: P2B bioprocess and P2B discovery. The former involves the development of bioprocesses
suitable to substitute already established synthetic procedures up to an industrial scale, while the latter
performs biotransformations that can lead to a new chemical entity with improved features compared
to the starting molecule. Biochemize S.L. is able to perform the following biotransformations:
oxidations/reductions, hydration/ dehydration, glycosylations, sulfidations/sulfoxidations, and aromatic
chlorination.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Bioprocesses have several advantages over
synthetic procedures. Bioprocesses are highly selective and have high process efficiency by ensuring that
inputs generate maximum quantities of desired output. Enzymes used in bioprocesses are efficient
catalysts and can be recovered and used several times. This reduces the amount of waste generated
from processes. Mild or moderate reaction conditions can be applied in processes resulting in energy
savings. Compared to synthetic procedures, reagents and reaction conditions employed in bioprocessing
are less dangerous and pose less risk to operators. Because residues generated from bioprocesses are
less toxic than those from synthetic procedures, waste management and disposal conditions for
bioprocesses are easier to manage.
References: Abstracted from "Biochemize S.L." http://www.biochemize.com/ (accessed July 6, 2019)
Category: Other
192
Technology: Autodisplay/MATE
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Autodisplay
Description of the Technology: Autodisplay is a biotech company that develops biological catalysts for a
variety of applications. They created a surface display technology for the immobilization of heterologous
proteins and peptides on the surface of E. coli and that also works on gram negative bacteria.
Autodisplay/MATE allows enzymes to be displayed on the outer membrane of bacteria, which have
shown to be more stable than free enzymes, and have been refined to generate faster results in the
screening of binding partners, inhibitors, and optimized enzymes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Autodisplay designed a first-generation
surface display technology that allows the display of peptides and proteins on the surface of gram-
negative bacteria (eg. E. coli), anchored in the outer membrane, for the development of biocatalysts.
Their immobilization is done naturally in a self-sufficient system via bacterial surface display. The
technology autodisplay/ MATE can be used to display enzymes on the surface of the bacteria to produce
biocatalysts, which presents several advantages when compared to the free molecules. In this system,
the purification of enzymes is simpler and cheaper, requiring only centrifugation or filtration, the
enzyme is more stable, and enzyme inhibitors can be metabolized by the chosen microorganism that
serves as the host. This technology can also be used for producing coatings materials for SPR biochips,
ELISA-assays and separation of detox materials. Furthermore, it can also be used for screening and
identifying binding partners such as inhibitors, activators, biomarkers or autoantigens. This technology is
currently being applied in the catalysis of the saccharification process of empty fruit bunches generated
as a waste during palm oil production. This waste has generated many environmental and social-
economic issues in Malaysia and the Autodisplay technology allows the waste to be used in an efficient
process to produce sugars, cellulases, and lignin biomass. The catalyst can be recovered and reused at
low-cost, the saccharification efficiency has high efficiency throughout the entire process, and the
inhibition caused by glucose can be bypassed.
References: Abstracted from "Autodisplay Biotech" http://autodisplay-biotech.com (accessed Jul 8,

2018)
Abstracted from “Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil” https://rspo.org/members/3921/Autodisplay-

Biotech-GmbH (accessed Nov 13, 2019)
Sector: Other
Keywords: Renewable, Design, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
193
Technology: In Silico Enzyme Revolution
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Zymvol Biomodeling SL
Description of the Technology: Zymvol Biomodeling SL uses cloud-based computer simulations to

advance biocatalytic solutions by improving the performance of enzymes to meet precise industrial
requirements. This technology provides support to both industrial manufacturers and protein producers.
Zymvol assists industrial manufacturers to diagnose potential compounds/processes to be
produced/replaced by biocatalysts. They apply their silico evolution technology to help with accelerating
protein optimization and reducing costs. Zymvol Biomodelling SL improves enzymes that do not have
automatized laboratory screening processes and performs quick and inexpensive probing of new
potential enzymes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Zymvol’s innovation improves the
performance of enzymes to meet specific industrial requirements. Through their simulations waste of
reagents is reduced in laboratory processes and lab to market time is shortened. This reduction in
material use is environmentally friendly since it reduces the depletion of raw materials.
Zymvol’s innovation is an asset to pharmaceutical, fine chemicals, polymer industries among others
since it provides biochemical synthesis at a more cost advantageous and environmentally friendly option
when compared to traditional chemical processes. Biocatalysts contribute to efficient resource
utilization of energy, water, and manufacturing inputs as well as contributing to gas emissions
reductions.
Compared to chemical catalysts, enzymes have a high catalytic power, work under mild conditions of
temperature, pH and pressure, and display high specificity for the substrate, increasing process yield of
desired products.
References: Abstracted from "Zymvol" http://zymvol.com/ (accessed July 15, 2019)
Category: Other
Keywords: Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
194
Technology: Novasep's Custom Molecules
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Novasep
Description of the Technology: Novasep’s techniques are custom to the products and focus heavily on
making the process more efficient. Alongside strict safety controls, Novasep’s techniques enables
synthesis through shorter routes with improved purity and yield, reducing production costs and
environmental impact.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Using chiral resolution by diastereomeric salt
or complex formation allows the salt to be separated and converted back to the acid, base, or neutral
compound that binds with enantiomer. Novasep recycles the resolving agent.
In chiral chromatography, Novasep’s Supersep technology has a high recycling rate of carbon dioxide
which reduces production costs and environmental impact during early stages of development. For
larger scale production, Novasep’s continuous chromatography Varicol® uses efficient and integrated
solvent recycling which lowers operational costs and minimizes solvent consumption.
Applexion® continuous ion exchange system enables better control of a continuous flow of feed, water
and effluents. The system also reduces the amount of resin required and water consumed.
References: Abstracted from "Safety, Health and Environment" and "Products and Services"
www.novasep.com
Category: Other
Keywords: Purification, Efficiency, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology
195
Technology: Zymtronix Enzyme Immobilization
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Zymtronix
Description of the Technology: Zymtronix is a biotechnology company that designed a proprietary

technology for enzyme immobilization. In their technology, a highly magnetic material is used for self-
assembly and enzyme immobilization, forming metamaterials that do not interfere with the individual
properties of each enzyme. The metamaterials are them placed on the surface of magnetic macroporous
scaffold support, yielding increased resilience and are easy to recycle.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Enzyme immobilization can improve the
stability of the enzyme and enable it to be used multiple times, which can result in better performance
and improved commercial viability. Zymtronix designed a proprietary technology that enables enzyme
immobilization, while increasing its stability, activity, achieving higher loadings, and working in harsher
conditions.
Zymtronix used a highly magnetic matrix that assembles around the enzymes enmeshing them
permanently in pores and self-assembling into metamaterials. The matrix protects the enzymes from
degradation and denaturation, further stabilizing the enzymes and enabling them to work in harsher
temperatures and pHs. The metamaterials are placed on the surface of a magnetic carrier that provides
a support structure that is resistant to solvent and is designed to fulfill the requirements of the
reaction’s condition. The immobilized enzymes are then optimized, reaching full activity and high
loadings. The enzymes can be easily and quickly recovered with a simple magnet. Their technology has
applications in process chemistry, agriculture, and safety testing, producing cost-effective, industrial
biocatalysis with improved activity, results, and productivity.
References: Abstracted from "Our Technology. Zymtronix." http://zymtronix.com/our-technology

(accessed Aug 3, 2018)
Sector: Other
Keywords: Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
196
Technology: Custom-Tailored Enzymes for Industrial Applications
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Anthem Cellutions
Description of the Technology: Anthem Cellutions is a biotech company in India that provides biotech
services to a wide range of industries for the application of enzymes as an alternative to chemical
catalysts. They help companies develop custom-tailored products to maximize process efficiency and
reduce waste.
Anthem provides many products to the food industry, specifically bakery, dairy, and confectionaries to
improve manufacturing yields and enhance taste, texture, and appeal of food products. Anthem’s
custom enzyme products allow for higher efficiency of processes. One example is ArrowStar, a unique
enzyme blend from enzymes used for mill sanitation to control contamination and reduce product
losses.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? As an alternative to chemical catalysts,
enzymes are an inexpensive way to improve manufacturing efficiency. Anthem’s enzymes are applied in
many processes and are less toxic compared to chemical catalysts. Anthem offers advanced enzymes for
liquefaction and saccharification process in grain distilling. These enzymes contribute to higher
conversion rates and higher yields with multiple feed stocks and are not damaged by elevated
temperatures. This overcomes the challenge of damages to enzymes associated with their use at high
temperatures. By improving conversion rates and increasing the efficiency of manufacturing processes,
enzymes contribute to resource efficiency by ensuring that maximum yields are obtained from
processes. This reduces the need to consume large quantities of raw materials in processes.
References: Abstracted from "Anthem Cellutions" http://www.anthemcell.com/Pre_Clinical_Home.html

Category: Other
197
Paints and Coatings
198
Technology: Pre-Composite Polymer as a Coating Agent for TiO2 in Paint Formulations
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Dow Chemical Company
Description of the Technology: Titanium Dioxide, TiO2, is used as the white base in paints for its
properties that allow good coverage of the wall. However, the synthesis of TiO2 is costly due to the need
for high amounts of energy, making the paint costly and dependent on the concentration of TiO2. The
Dow Chemical Company developed a polymer that improves the dispersion of TiO2 in the paint mixture,
decreasing the ideal amount of TiO2 needed, and consequently decreasing the energy input in the
manufacturing and cost of the product.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) is applied in several
products as a pigment. Because of its ability to act as an opacifier and its high refractive index, TiO2 is
used in the white base in paints to help covering the previous color. Despite its efficiency, TiO2 synthesis
is expensive, requiring large amounts of energy input, and is often the costliest compound in the paint.
TiO2 is also the component of the paint composition with the biggest environmental impacts.
The Dow Chemical Company designed a paint with less TiO2 that used a novel pre-composite polymer
that increased the dispersibility of the TiO2 in the paint, guaranteeing optimal coverage in lower
concentrations. The polymer, EVOQUE, coats the dioxide which improves its interaction with the other
components of the paint. Besides a reduction in the production cost, the new formulated paint with
EVOQUE also showed a better coverage of the surface and increased durability due to a reduction in
pigment agglomeration.
According to an EPA press release, a third-party research on Dow's new paint formulation showed that
the formulation with less TiO2 decreases the carbon footprint by more than 22 percent, the emissions of
nitrogen and sulfur dioxide by 24 percent, and the water usage in the production by 30 percent. Dow's
new technology with the EVOQUE polymer achieves a less impactful and cheaper product with proven
performance improvements.
Abstracted from "EVOQUE™ Pre-Composite Polymers" https://www.dow.com/en-us/product-

search/evoqueprecompositepolymers (accessed on July 2, 2019)
Category: Paints/Coating
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Durability, Energy, Design, Hazard Reduction
199
Technology: Green Polyurethane
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Hybrid Coating Technologies/Nanotech Industries
Description of the Technology: Hybrid Coating Technologies/Nanotech Industries created a plant-based

isocyanate-free polyurethane that can be used in polyurethane and epoxy applications such as
protective coatings and foam. Frequent exposure to isocyanate has been linked to problems in the
respiratory system in humans and animals. The new polyurethane technology is the first, zero-volatile
organic compound polyurethane, maintaining quality and competitive prices compared to traditional
polyurethane products.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Isocyanates are commonly used in the
production of coating, foams, and adhesives. According to the EPA, exposure to isocyanates can cause
"skin irritation and allergic reactions, respiratory irritation, respiratory sensitization, and lung toxicity".
The burning of isocyanates' products generates toxic substances, such as nitrogen oxides and hydrogen
cyanide.
Hybrid Coating Technologies/Nanotech Industries designed a Green Polyurethane that does not contain
isocyanate. The hybrid non-isocyanate polyurethane with β-hydroxy urethane (HU) functionalities is
synthesized in a reaction of a cyclic carbonate with a primary amine. They developed oligomer
compositions modified by the β-hydroxy urethane functionalities, HU-modified, and further improved
their technology by making vegetal oil-based HU-modified, which are currently applied in the matrix of
their hybrid coatings. The physical and chemical properties of their coating with acrylic matrix modified
by non-isocyanate polyurethanes products also improved with faster drying, longer durability, better
resistance to chemicals and humidity and better strength-stress properties. The non-isocyanate
polyurethane also works well with different substrates, allowing the design of a palette of different
appearances. The designed technology allows the development of less a hazardous product with
improved quality and competitive prices compared to traditional polyurethane products.
References: Abstracted from "EPA Appendix A: Isocyanate Chemical Category"

06/documents/description_of_isocyanate_chemical_category_and_hazard_concerns_appendix_a.pdf
Abstracted from "Green Polyurethane"

https://communities.acs.org/community/science/sustainability/green-chemistry-nexus-
blog/blog/2017/05/26/green-polyurethanes (accessed on July 1, 2019)
Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2015 Designing Greener Chemicals Award"
chemicals-award (accessed on July 1, 2019)
200
Keywords: Efficiency, Durability, Design, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
201
Technology: FARADAYIC® TriChrome Plating Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Faraday Technology, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Faraday Technology, Inc. developed a new coating technology that
allows the replacement of the carcinogenic hexavalent chromium by its less toxic trivalent species in
chrome plating. The new coating with trivalent chromium works as well as the conventional coating and
does not require major changes in the plating process, providing an easy transition to a less hazardous
technology.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Hexavalent Chromium has been used as an
important high-performance coating product in many manufacturing processes, including in the
production of many aircraft parts. However, the use of Cr(VI) in plating baths raises several health
concerns due to its carcinogenic properties. Different technologies have been designed to substitute
chromium by different substances in the plating process, but not all of them have the same quality,
which limits their application.
Faraday Technology, Inc. improved the traditional chromium plating process with Cr(VI) to a more
efficient process that uses trivalent chromium as a much less toxic alternative. In Faraday's
electrodeposition process a forward pulse is followed by a reverse pulse and a no-current period, which
is different from conventional methods that apply a direct current throughout the entire process. This
new technology does not produce Cr(VI) waste, and would not require major changes in machinery, as
only the electrodes would have to be replaced, facilitating the industrial transition to Cr(III). FARADAYIC®
TriChrome Plating process can also be adjusted to give different coating properties, depending on the
desired application, and unlike previous technologies, it can be applied to interior and exterior surfaces.
Cr(III) has similar properties to Cr(VI), not affecting the quality and lifespan of the final product and
potentially reducing Cr(VI) waste by around 13 million pounds per year in the United States.
202
Technology: Water-based Acrylic Alkyd Paints
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: The Sherwin-Williams Company
Description of the Technology: The Sherwin-Williams Company designed an alkyd paint with low
concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with an aqueous liquid protective layer, and made
from recycled soda plastic bottles, acrylics, and soybean oil. Acrylic paints with low VOCs concentration
have been manufactured, but they had lower quality than alkyd paints. Sherwin-Williams technology
allows the production of a low-VOC alkyd paints that have the competitive performance with traditional
alkyd paints.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional alkyd paints are made with a
solvent-borne coating and with some constituents of the petroleum industry. However, because of the
increase in the rigidity of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) regulations by the Ozone Transport
Commission (OTC) and the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), and the high price
of petroleum-based products, the development of paints with lower concentrations of VOCs is
necessary. Latex-based coatings and acrylic latex emulsions have been previously developed, but they
do not have the same performance results as alkyd paints.
The Sherwin-Williams Company applied concepts of green chemistry in the design of a waterborne
coating alkyd paint with low concentration of volatile organic compounds. The paint is made from
recycled soda plastic bottles (that is, polyethylene terephthalate or PET), acrylics, and soybean oil. The
PET is incorporated in a polymeric alkyd-acrylic dispersion (LAAD), giving the paint more "rigidity,
hardness, and hydrolytic resistance". The acrylic base allows for a shorter drying time of the paint and
increased durability, and the soybean oil stimulates the film formation, and improves the "gloss,
flexibility, and cure" of the paint. Sherwin-Williams technology allowed the creation of a water-based
low-VOC acrylic-alkyd paint that meets all the standards for the traditional alkyd paints such as
exceptional adhesion, gloss, and moisture resistance.
designing-greener-chemicals-award (accessed on July 2, 2019)
Abstracted from "Water Based Acrylic Alkyds" https://www.sherwin-williams.com/home-

builders/services/paint-technology-and-application/sw-article-pro-waterbasedacryl (accessed on July 2,
2019)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Solvents, Durability, Hazard Reduction
203
Technology: Low-VOCs Alkyd Paint with Sefose® Sucrose Esters Formulation
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: The Procter & Gamble Company
Description of the Technology: The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) in partnership with the Cook
Composites and Polymers Company (CCP) developed a low-VOC alkyd paint with an Chempol® MPS
formulation from Sefose® Sucrose Esters obtained from renewable sources. Their technology allows for
the production of a coating with low concentration of volatile organic compounds and competitive
performance with traditional alkyd paints.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Conventional alkyd paints a high
concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) since they require an extensive volume of organic
solvents as a base for the many organic constituents. The high-VOC formulation lead to the generation
of ozone in the troposphere and VOCs are classified as a pollutant. Because of their high quality and
profitable production, alkyd paints are widely produced and commercialized around the world, which
raises concerns about environmental and health impacts. Low-VOC alkyd coatings and low-VOC acrylic
latex emulsions have been developed to reduce the paint's impact; however, they do not have
comparable performance results with traditional alkyd paints.
The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) in partnership with the Cook Composites and Polymers Company
(CCP) created an alkyd paint with more than 50% in VOCs reduction in the organic coating protective
layer. With their novel alkyd resin formulation, the use of 900,000 barrels of crude oil would be
eliminated, and the cutback in VOCs emissions would be comparable with the emissions of 7,000,000
cars every year. The formulation is created from sucrose-rich renewable sources that can undergo a
patented esterification reaction with carboxylic acids that does not require solvents. Auto-oxidative
cross-linking reactions with different components of the paint allow it to better blend with the rest of
the formulation. In all, their technology allows the manufacturing of a low-VOC alkyd paint that has
enhanced properties such as "fast drying, high gloss, film toughness, and increased renewable content".
designing-greener-chemicals-award (accessed on July 3, 2019)
Related Information: https://docplayer.net/33950306-Chempol-mps-resins-and-sefose-sucrose-esters-

enable-high-performance-low-voc-alkyd-paints-and-coatings.html
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Solvents, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology
204
Technology: Primer Paints for Automobiles Developed with a Urethane Acrylate Oligomer Primer
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: BASF Corporation
Description of the Technology: Traditional paint primers used in transportation coatings during the
production and repairing of automobiles contain a high concentration of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) that are known to cause respiratory diseases, such as asthma. The BASF corporation developed a
polymer-based primer paint that is cured with UV-light and requires lower VOCs content with improved
performance.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Transportation coatings used in the
manufacturing and repairing of automobiles have a high concentration of VOCs. Every year in North
America roughly $2 billion dollars of paint primers are applied to vehicles, a market that has been
challenged by more strict regulations in VOCs emissions. The traditional paint primers with high
concentrations of VOCs had to be reworked to meet the new regulations, which resulted in a loss of
performance. An alternative was water-based coatings; however, because of the long time required in
the drying of the paint, their application was limited.
In order to produce a paint primer that had lower VOCs concentration without any loss of performance,
the BASF corporation developed a urethane acrylate oligomer primer technology. During the
propagation steps of the acrylate polymer formation, the monomer bonds with the resin forming a film,
in which the radical propagation of oligomers and monomers occur. BASF's technology allows for better
performance, such as enhanced adhesion, resistance, and ten times faster cure speed of the coating.
The VOCs concentration in the paint is about 50% lower and only two-thirds of the amount of primer is
needed in the applications when compared to traditional primers. The primer is cured with UV light,
from natural or artificial sources, eliminating the need for the energy-intensive cure of the traditional
primers in bake ovens.
BASF's novel primer paint for automobiles greatly reduces the VOC's concentration in the paint
composition, and even abides to the rigorous regulations of South Coast California, while enhancing the
performance of the final product. The production of the product is safer, lowering costs related to
workplace safety, and providing a safer work environment. The efficiency of the paint also requires the
usage of a lower amount of primer, making the product more cost-efficient and reducing the generation
of waste.
Chemistry Challenge:2005 Greener Reaction Conditions Award"
conditions-award (accessed July 26, 2018)
205
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Solvents, Durability, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
206
Technology: Archer RC Technology for Coatings with Reduced VOC Content
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Archer Daniels Midland Company
Description of the Technology: Archer Daniel Midland created a solution to the high volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) emissions in latex paints. They developed Archer RCTM, which is a technology that
uses unsaturated fatty acids to incorporate the VOCs into the paint coating as fatty acid esters, reducing
VOCs emissions and producing a final paint with superior performance.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Volatile organic Compounds have a variety of
impacts on human health and in the environment. They are applied in a wide range of industrial
processes, such as the production of conventional latex coatings. In latex coatings, VOCs are used as
coalescents and mainly appear in the form of alcohol and esters, such as Texanol® and ethylene glycol
monobutyl ether. The coalescents in latex paint help the development of the applied film by plasticizing
the latex, which enables better interaction of particles. After facilitating the film formation process, the
coalescents steadily evaporate into the atmosphere, resulting in the VOCs emission. In the conventional
formulations, two to three percent of the finished paint volume consists of coalescing solvents, which is
equivalent to about 120 million pounds of coalescents in the US every year.
Archer Daniel Midland developed a technology that can be used as an alternative to traditional latex
coatings. The new technology, Archer RCTM, contains unsaturated fatty acids in its formulation that get
oxidized and can cross-link into the coating. Archer RCTM is produced by interesterification of vegetable
oil fatty acid esters and propylene glycol to monoesters of the fatty acids. This process uses vegetable oil
with high unsaturated fatty acids content, usually extracted from corn and sunflowers. Archer RCTM
remains in the coating after film formation, adding to the overall solids of the latex paint. Archer's
technology has been on the market since 2004, greatly reducing VOCs emissions while producing a final
product with comparable and even improved performance.
Chemistry Challenge: 2005 Designing Greener Chemicals Award"
chemicals-award (accessed October 11, 2019)
207
Technology: Yttrium-based Cationic Electrodeposition Coatings
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: PPG Industries
Description of the Technology: Most of the cationic electrodeposition coatings used in the automobile
industry contain lead for corrosion prevention on its formulation. PPG Industries designed a novel
formulation that substitutes the lead by yttrium, a metal that has reduced toxicity and is more efficient
in corrosion control. The yttrium coatings eliminate the necessity for pretreatments with chromium and
nickel which greatly reduces the generation of metal waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Since their creation by PPG industries in
1976, cationic electrodeposition coatings have been widely commercialized and used in the
manufacturing and repairing of automobiles. The prime electrocoat helps to prevent corrosion and has
good adherence and low concentration of volatile organic compounds. The coatings are highly efficient
but relies on lead-containing formulations to prevent corrosion. Lead is known to have negative impacts
on human health and the environment, and unfortunately, electrocoats with lead were poorly regulated
because of the lack of price-competitive alternatives for lead-based anti-corrosion coatings.
PPG created an yttrium-based formulation for cationic electrodeposition coatings that eliminated the
use of lead and has improvements in the coat performance. The advantage of yttrium over lead is based
on its lower toxicity, greater abundance on the crust of the earth, and its efficiency. Even though yttrium
is not as largely investigated as lead, its dust hazard in the usage levels is evidenced to be 100 times
lower. Yttrium proved to be two times more powerful than lead, which allows a reduction by weight of
50% on the necessary amount of yttrium in the coating formulation.
The yttrium is incorporated into the electrocoat film as a hydroxide. When the electrocoat is cured in a
bake oven, the hydroxide becomes yttrium oxide, which is non-toxic, with a median lethal dose of 10
grams per kilogram in rat tests. Another great benefit of yttrium-based coatings is that it eliminates the
requirement for chrome and greatly reduced the quantity of nickel in pretreatments used to enhance
the coating adhesion. With the new yttrium formulation, 25,000 pounds of chrome and 50,000 pounds
of nickel would be removed from PPG products.
chemicals-award (accessed July 31, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Design, Hazard Reduction
208
Technology: Cromatipic®
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: IHI Hauzer Techno Coating B.V.
Description of the Technology: IHI Hauzer Techno Coating B.V. created a viable alternative for
decorative in interior and exterior plastic surfaces. Hauzer's technology, Cromatipic®, consists of two
layers, a UV cured lacquer basecoat and a PVD coating layer, differing from the chromium coating that
requires multiple layers. Cromatipic® has comparable aesthetics, eliminates the use of toxic hexavalent
chromium, and has superior performance.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Hexavalent chromium plating is used for
decorative purposes in many interiors and exterior plastic surfaces, especially in the automobile
industry. The chrome (VI) surfaces have a unique bright finishing; however, Chrome (VI) is highly toxic to
humans and the environment. IHI Hauzer Techno Coating B.V. designed a new coating technology that
does not require Chrome (VI) and has many advantages over traditional hexavalent chromium coatings.
Hauzer's technology, Cromatipic®, is composed of two layers. The first layer is a UV cured lacquer
basecoat, and the top layer is a PVD coating layer. Those two layers alone can substitute the multilayer
chrome (VI) coating with advantageous performance. Cromatipic® allows the polymeric material to
maintain its flexibility, while the conventional chrome coating makes the piece rigid, increasing the
collision impact. Hexavalent chromium plating uses ABS and ABS/PC as the polymeric base, while
Cromatipic® allows the use of other designed plastics that might be cheaper and perform better for
specific applications.
References: Abstracted from "Innovative Green Chrome" http://www.cromatipic.nl/#competence-

centre (accessed Aug 7, 2018)
Abstracted from "IHI Hauzer Techno Coating B.V. Green Chrome Technology - Cr (VI) Free - Alternative
to Electroplating" https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/Green-Chrome-Technology-Cr-VI-Free-
Alternative-to-Electroplating--72 (accessed Aug 7, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Design, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
209
Technology: ePD™
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Oerlikon Balzers Coating Germany GmbH
Description of the Technology: Oerlikon Balzers Coating Germany GmbH designed an alternative for the
chromium VI and chromium III coatings in decorative plastic pieces. ePD™ is composed of a lacquer base
coat, followed by a thin metallic film, and a top layer of a lacquer top coat for protection. This novel
technology provides superior performance, and it can potentially eliminate the use of heavy metals for
decorative purposes. ePD™ has improved corrosion resistance, can be applied in a broader range of
polymeric materials, and have completely recyclable coated parts.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Metallic coatings are widely used in many
industrial processes for the decorative finishing of plastic materials. Chromium III and VI are widely used
in electrodeposition processes to create the final desired look in a piece; however, there are toxicity
concerns. There are technologies that allow the stylish metal look with a lower environmental impact.
Oerlikon Balzers Coating Germany GmbH created an innovative surface technology that has a
comparable metallic appearance, superior performance, and is more environmentally friendly in
comparison with conventional metal coatings.
Oerlikon Balzers' technology, called "embedded PVD for Design parts" (ePD™), is composed of three
layers. The first layer is a lacquer base coat. The base coat is followed by a thin metallic film that is
placed with a PVD vacuum sputter technology, and it is topped with a protective lacquer top coat. The
protective top coat dries very rapidly and it increases the final product's longevity. ePD™ requires less
energy, generates less hazardous waste, and is completely recyclable, which make it more
environmentally advantageous than traditional metal coatings.
ePD™ improves the corrosion resistance, and allows for the greater design of the coat, as it has multiple
coloring options. ePD™ coatings are more flexible, which attenuates impacts and minimizes the breaking
of edges. ePD™ is currently produced in proprietary automated systems, namely INUBIA I 6 and I12, that
enables the large-scale production of products coated with ePD™ for the automobile industry. In
summary, Oerlikon Balzers developed a technology that allows non-hazardous coating with the
desirable characteristics, that have many functional advantages when compared to conventional
chromium coatings.
References: Abstracted from "Oerlikon Balzers Coating Germany GmbH. Oerlikon Balzers ePD: Reach-
compliant Chrome look for plastic parts on a new level"
https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/Oerlikon-Balzers-ePD-Reach-compliant-Chrome-look-for-
plastic-parts-on-a-new-level-69 (accessed Aug 8, 2018)
Related Information: https://docplayer.net/57128866-Epd-chrome-looking-plastic-metallisation-on-a-

new-level.html
210
211
Technology: HyperDRY
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: ALLIED Feather & Down
Description of the Technology: ALLIED Feather & Down designed a novel coating for the treatment of
water-resistant down that does not include fluorinated hydrocarbons. ALLIED's technology, called
HyperDRY, is based in natural waxes that allow superior water-resistance performance and strength.
HyperDRY has the potential to substitute traditional durable water repellent (DWR) treatments that use
toxic and long-lasting chemicals.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional water-resistant down requires a
coating treatment that generally contains fluorinated hydrocarbons. Those fluorinated compounds are
toxic and very difficult to degrade, having a long half-life and enduring impacts, especially in aquatic
environments. Although fluorocarbon free treatments have been previously developed, they lack
durability and use a large volume of water. To reduce the impact of conventional DWR chemicals,
ALLIED Feather & Down designed a treatment coat that does not contain fluorinated compounds and
has advantageous properties.
ALLIED's technology, known as HyperDRY, is based in natural waxes that has comparable performance
with traditional DWR compounds, and improved resistance in different rigorous environments. The
hydrocarbon chain in the paraffin is based from a non-fluorinated natural substrate, and similar to
conventional DWRs. It minimizes the surface tension in the material creating repulsive forces towards
water molecules.
ALLIED created, in collaboration with other companies, an eco-friendly binder for the paraffin
compounds that increases its durability, and allows for an innovative treatment. ALLIED's treatment
process produces a high-quality product that is 30 to 40 times more hydrophobic than untreated downs,
and that uses 25 times less water than the conventional down treatment. The HyperDRY treatment
process also greatly reduces the generation of contaminated aqueous waste that could end-up in
aquatic environments, and the water can be reused.
References: Abstracted from "Down, A. L. L. I. E. D. F. &. HyperDRY™ Fluorocarbon Free Water Resistant
Down Insulation" https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/HyperDRY-Fluorocarbon-Free-Water-
Resistant-Down-Insulation-34 (accessed Aug 9, 2018)
Related Information: https://www.alliedfeather.com/RDS
212
Technology: Safe Solvents for Flexographic Printing
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Arkon Consultants; Eastman Kodak
Description of the Technology: Arkon and NuPro worked together to find a solution to reduce the
amount of solvents used by the flexographic industry. The new technology decreases the volume of
solvents needed, and reduced the environment and human hazard, explosion risk, and emissions during
solvent recycling.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The flexographic printing industry uses
millions of gallons of diverse solvents on an annual basis to remove unpolymerized material, i.e. material
that was not exposed to light and did not capture any image. This washout solvents are typically a
mixture of toxic substances, such as chloronated and saturated hydrocarbons, like xylene. The
traditional solvents are hazardous air pollutants, resulting in worker safety issues and disposal
difficulties.
In a joint effort, Arkon and NuPro created an innovative system that includes washout and
reclamation/recycling of machinery. The companies developed new classes of solvents that are less toxic
than the conventional ones by using methyl esters and highly substituted, cyclic hydrocarbons. The new
solvent components are biodegradable and produced from renewable resources. The companies also
introduced the Cold Reclaim SystemTM, which recycles solvents through a combination of filtration and
centrifugation that reduces hazard and waste.
Keywords: Solvents, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction
213
Technology: Rightfit Organic Pigments
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: BASF
Description of the Technology: Rightfit is a non-hazardous pigment based on calcium, strontium, and
barium that aims to replace conventional pigments that contains heavy metals. Its low toxicity makes it
a more versatile pigment that can be used in a broader range of applications, such as indirect food
contact.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional pigments are based on heavy
metals such as lead, chromium, and cadmium. These elements were initially chosen because of their
highlighted and unique colors that are due to their electronic structure of transition metals. These
traditional pigments were replaced by organic pigments that were designed to have high-performance.
Unfortunately, the organic pigments had new issues such as high cost, waste and hazard of the
production process.
BASF has introduced a new line of environmentally friendly pigments called Rightfit, which are based on
earth abundant and non-toxic metals such as calcium and strontium. This technology has many
improvements compared to its antecedents, having better environmental impact and cost-to-
performance values. The benefits of using Rightfit include hazard reduction to both customers and
workers, and better disposal due to its low toxicity. Rightfit pigments have a wider range of applications
because of their reduced hazard, and were approved to be used as components of indirect food contact
paints. They are also more heat stable and stronger in terms of color.
214
Technology: ACQ Preserve® Wood Preservative
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Viance
Description of the Technology: Viance has created ACQ Preserve®, a new technology of wood
preservative designed to replace chromated copper arsenate (CCA) preservatives that have fallen out of
use because of their high toxicity. The implementation of the technology will reduce the use of heavy
metals by 40mi pounds/year for arsenic and 64mi pounds/year of chromium.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Wood treatment for preservation is a
massive industry that produces over 7 billion feet of preserved wood per year, most of which undergo a
preservation process that uses chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Because of its potential risks to
human health, especially over time and the potential exposure of children to the arsenic in CCA
composition, the industry has been looking for alternatives.
Chemical Specialties, Inc. (CSI) created alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) technology to preserve wood.
This product is designed to replace CCA and is a greener option that does not impose risk to human
health. ACQ is made mostly of a combination of bivalent copper complex and a quaternary ammonium
compound, with small additions of carbon dioxide for stability and solubilization. The implementation of
ACQ in industry not only brings improvements to the health of customers and workers, but also brings
significant environment benefits, such a reduction of up to 90% of the consumption of arsenic in the US,
and other 64 million pounds of chromium per year. This is a pollution preventative that also reduces
risks related to transportation and disposal of these materials.
215
Technology: Water Based Polyurethane Coating
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Covestro; Bayer AG
Description of the Technology: Covestro created a series of polyurethane coatings that are water-based
and have high performance levels. This technology is characterized by its two-component
compartmentalization and its potential to substitute the current organic solvents associated with
polyurethane coatings.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? For the most diverse applications that
require high-performance coating, two-component solvent borne polyurethane coating is often used
because of its mirror-like finishes, changeable hardness/flexibility, and resistance to chemicals and
weather. However, the conventional production process uses toxic organic solvents that are volatile,
pollutants, and difficult to dispose.
Covestro introduced a new carrier to produce polyurethane coatings. The new process makes use of
water rather than the traditional organic solvents, and results in the desired product with competitive
standards of performance. Because of the potential issues associated with the use of water for the
process and how it would affect efficiency of both the manufacturing and the final product, new
compatible machinery and resins were designed by the company. Covestro also addressed potential
undesired reactions of polyisocyanate cross-linker with water. The benefits include up to 90% reduction
of the use of volatile organic solvents and up to 99% reduction of air pollutants.
Keywords: Solvents, Synthetic Methodology
216
Technology: Envirogluv: Environmentally Friendly Inks for Glass and Ceramicware
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: RevTech, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Envirogluv is an innovative technology that prints labels directly on glass,
replacing a variety of traditional less efficient methods. RevTech’s technology is more environmentally
friendly than traditional methods.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Glass is a common raw material for many
sectors of industry, such as production of lamps, laboratory glassware, etc. A large glass consumption
sector is container production that provides a diverse set of products in different colors and sizes.
Decoration of glass containers is a common process, but the traditional decoration methods have many
issues. Paper labels offer lower cost and more design features, but they are easily removed or damaged
by water or abrasion. Applied ceramic labeling (ACL), which consists on printing the glass with an ink
component, makes use of heavy metals that are a hazard to the environment upon product disposal.
RevTech created a technology that tackles most of the problems related to traditional decorative
methods. The new process, called Envirogluv, uses radiation-curable silk-screens that are put directly in
contact with the glass. These screens are instantly cured when exposed to UV light. Because it does not
require the use of heavy metals, Envirogluv brings many environment benefits compared to ACL, such as
easier disposal methods, biodegradability, and reduced hazard to human health. Its production process
also produces less waste and is completely recyclable. In addition to environment compatibility, the
technology also brings economic advantage - it has suitable durability and high cost-efficiency value.
217
Technology: Sea-Nine
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Rohm and Haas Company, currently a subsidiary of The Dow

Chemical Company
Description of the Technology: Rohm and Haas Company, a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company,
developed a new high-quality coating for ships that prevents the growth of undesired plants on the hulls
of ships. This new technology is biodegradable and less toxic and can efficiently substitute the
traditional organotin antifoulants that have long lasting impacts on the environment.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional antifoulants that inhibit the
growth of plants in the hull of the ship are based in organotin compounds that have several
environmental drawbacks. Antifoulants reduce the hydrodynamic drag by the organisms on the boat
surface that can lead to increased fuel consumption. Although the organotin formulations, such as
tributyltin oxide (TBTO), have good antifouling properties they have acute toxicity, are not easily
degraded and persist in the environment. They are also known to have an impact on the reproductive
system of animals.
The Rohm and Haas Company, a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company, searched for possible less
toxic alternatives for organotin coatings and studied 140 compounds from the 3-isothiazolone class.
After extensive research, they decided to use 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one in their
formulations, called Sea-Nine antifoulants. Sea-Nine degrades much faster in the environment in
comparison to tributyltin oxide, and it has a half-life of only one day. Even though both Sea-Nine and
TBTO are both acutely toxic to aquatic organisms, only tributyltin oxide has widespread chronic toxicity.
Sea-Nine is biodegradable, with a bioaccumulation factor around zero compared to a 10,000-fold factor
for tributyltin oxide. Sea-Nine has a considerably higher maximum allowable environmental
concentration (MAEC) of 0.63 parts per billion (ppb), while TBTO's MAEC is only about 0.002 ppb.
Chemistry Challenge: 1996 Greener Reaction Conditions Award.”
http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_08a4/0901b803808a4d1e.pdf?filepath=
microbial/pdfs/noreg/253-02760&fromPage=GetDoc
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
218
Technology: CANVERA™ Polyolefin Dispersion Technology
Description of the Technology: The Dow Chemical Group developed CANVERA™, a technology for
coating of metal packing that is based on polyolefin dispersions (PODs), composed of polyolefin resin.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Paints and other types of coatings are
important to the marketing of products as they not only help in preservation but also in the
personalization and differentiation of a product. The paints and coatings sector works with a variety of
other industry sectors and is important on a wide scale. It's important to constantly develop greener
methods and products for the paints/coating industry, given not only its direct contact with the final
consumer but also the potential for environmental damage.
The Dow Chemical Group applied the guiding principles of green chemistry together with higher
efficiency goals, resulting in the development of CANVERA™ Polyolefin Dispersion. The technology offers
good adhesion and corrosion protection without harming the product qualities such as flavor, and it
removes completely sources of potential harm to consumers such as epoxy. CANVERA™ meets the food
contact requirements in a large range of food types and temperatures, and under both USA FDA and EU
regulation frameworks.
References: Abstracted from "A Fresh Approach: CANVERA™ Polyolefin Dispersion Technology"
(https://www.dow.com/en-us/events/a-fresh-approach-canvera-polyolefin-dispersion-technology)
219
Technology: Yttrium as a Lead Substitute in Cationic Electrodeposition Coatings
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: PPG Industries, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Conventional electro-deposition coatings are lead-based. The use of
these lead-based corrosion inhibitors in the automobile industry comes with many health and
environmental concerns. PPG Industries Inc. identified yttrium as a substitute for lead in electro-
deposition coating to overcome the challenges associated with using lead-based electro-deposition
coatings. The advantages of yttrium over lead include availability, less toxicity, and ease of application in
electro-deposition process.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Lead-based corrosion inhibitors were most
commonly used due to their low cost and high efficiency in protecting metals corrosion. However, they
are known to contribute adversely to human health and the environment. Children are more susceptible
to high lead associated disease because they absorb lead at a very fast rate compared to adults. Low
levels of lead in the blood of children can cause behavior and learning problems, anemia, hearing
problems, slowed growth among others. Lead also has many adverse effects on pregnant women and
can cause life-long health complications for their unborn children. Lead can also leach into water bodies
and be harmful to aquatic life.
Using yttrium as a substitute for lead as a corrosion inhibitor in the electromotive industry reduces the
risk of health and environmental problems. Yttrium was found to be far less toxic compared to lead, and
comparatively, its use in corrosion inhibition requires less amounts for the same application.
Abstracted from "Atwocab Blogspot. Yttrium as a Lead Substitute in Electrodeposition Coatings"

http://atwocab.blogspot.com/2016/05/yttrium-as-lead-substitute-in.html (accessed November 17,
2018)
Abstracted from "US EPA. Learn about Lead." https://www.epa.gov/lead/learn-about-lead#exposure

220
Technology: PLATech Adhesive-Sealant
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Sagamore-Adams Laboratories, LLC; Purdue University
Description of the Technology: A partnership between Purdue University Engineering labs and the
startup Sagamore-Adams Laboratories developed an adhesive technology called PLATech, which
incorporates the green chemistry principles into the adhesives and sealants industry, providing an
alternative to the VOC-based conventional products.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional petroleum-based adhesive
products are a hazard to the environment due to their slow degradability and the production process
releases many hazardous chemicals into the environment, both in the form of waste, and in the form of
volatile organic compounds. Some adhesives and sealants are very toxic, posing significant health hazard
due to the potential inhalation of VOCs during manufacturing process or application.
Sagamore-Adams Laboratories partnered with Purdue University’s College of Engineering and Science to
develop the sealant technology called PLATech, which is made from biofeedstock such as corn, wheat,
or sugar cane. The product is easily biodegradable, has low toxicity, and does not impose a hazard to
human or environmental health. PLATech, in addition to all its environment-compatibility advantages,
performs just as well as conventional petroleum-based adhesives and is economically viable and
competitive in the market. Its bond strength, flow rate and viscosity allow it to be used in many different
applications, such as seal and adhere wood, plastics, metals, glass, etc., making it one of the most
universal adhesives available.
References: Abstracted from “Making Adhesives and Sealants Safer”

(https://www.adhesivesmag.com/articles/93549-making-adhesives-and-sealants-safer)
Sector: Paints/Coating
Keywords: Efficiency, Renewable, Hazard Reduction
221
Technology: R-GUARD: Efficient Building Envelope
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Prosoco
Description of the Technology: Prosoco’s R-GUARD technology brings green chemistry principles into
the building industry, contributing towards energy saving by increasing the performance of air and
water insulation.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Insulated walls are essential to reduce energy
consumption and amplify effectiveness of heating and cooling systems by reducing loss through contact
with outside air. Prosoco developed a new building barrier system called R-GUARD, which halts air and
water leakage in structures such as walls, materials transitions, heating seams, etc. The technology
allows buildings to comply with high requirements of energy efficiency by significantly diminishing
undesirable air and water flows. Its solid composition adheres perfectly with a variety of materials and it
contracts and dilates in accordance to the surface it is laid on. The silyl-terminated-polymer can be
applied to damp substrates and rained on immediately. The technology has high-performance results,
having a 0.42 ACH in air leakage blower door test, 10 times below the federal regulation requirement.
The product is much less toxic than conventional materials.
References: Abstracted from "R-Guard for an energy efficient building envelope"

(https://prosoco.com/r-guard/)
Keywords: Efficiency, Durability
222
Technology: BETAMATE™ and BETAFORCE™ Polyurethane Adhesives
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: The Dow Chemical Company
Description of the Technology: The Dow Chemical Group developed the BETAMATE™ and BETAFORCE™
series of structural adhesives to be used by the automotive industry. The adhesives bring design
flexibility and durability advantages to the sector, allowing manufacturers to take the next step in
automotive fabrication.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The Dow Chemical Group developed 2 series
of two-component composite bonding adhesives, BETAMATE™ and BETAFORCE™, as an effort to
provide the automotive industry with a solution that incorporates green chemistry principles. Both
products are mostly made of polyurethane and consist of a gray-black paste that have a mixture of
different liquid prepolymers based on the methylenediphenyldiisocyante (MDI) and fillers (such as clay,
carbon black, etc.). The second component is polyol coreactant and is made of a blend of polyols
together with stabilizers and catalysts. When the two components are combined prior to application, a
chemical reaction yields a high efficiency adhesive that turns solid in a few days. The new series of
adhesives has many advantages compared to conventional products, such as wide-range of material
compatibility, being able to glue different materials together, and seals against environmental
conditions. In terms of green chemistry, the adhesives present reduced toxicity, resulting in safer
working conditions and better consumer experience.
References: Abstracted from "BETAFORCE™ Polyurethane Adhesives, BETAMATE™ Polyurethane

Adhesives, and BETALINK™ Polyurethane Adhesives"
(http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_090c/0901b8038090c239.pdf?filepath=
productsafety/pdfs/noreg/233-01173.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc)
223
Technology: FORMASHIELD™ 100% Acrylic Binders
Description of the Technology: FORMASHIELD™ technology brings green chemistry principles to the
architecture/construction industry, with a focus of coalescent-free interior coatings. The product aims to
remove formaldehyde from the air and hence improve interior air quality.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Some paints are made of relatively toxic
chemicals, including volatile organic compounds, which evaporate and reduce the air quality of the
interior, causing undesirable odors and potentially a health hazard.
The Dow Chemical Company developed FORMASHIELD™ Acrylic Binder. The product is designed to be
mixed with a variety of paints characterized as premium, ultra-low VOC interior paints. The binder
actively removes formaldehyde from the interior atmosphere of environments recently painted, ideal
for both commercial and residential spaces. The improvement in the air quality is significant, reducing
the potential for respiratory diseases development. The technology is aqueous-based and 100% acrylic,
and can be used without the need of a solvent. It is also APEO-free, has low odor, and has high adhesion.
References: Abstracted from "Acrylic Binder helps paint improve indoor air quality."
(https://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/acrylic-binder-helps-paint-improve-indoor-air-quality-
20025125)
Keywords: Solvents, Hazard Reduction
224
Technology: One-Step, Chromate-Free Anticorrosion Coatings for Aluminum Alloys and Hot-Dip
Galvanized Steel
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: ECOSIL Technologies LLC
Description of the Technology: Traditional anticorrosion agents contain hexavalent chromium which is
known to have negative effects on human health and the environment. These anticorrosion agents
contain high molecular weight polymers that require VOC’s for anticorrosion properties. ECOSIL
developed a low-VOC primer system for use on aluminum alloys and hot-dip galvanized steel. The major
components are of the primer are water-dispersed resins (epoxy-based bisphenol-A or epoxy-novolac
resin with small amounts of polyurethanes or acrylates), an organofunctional silane, and selected
pigments. This innovation is effective at corrosion inhibition without the use of chromates.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? VOCs are key in the formation of ground level
ozone and particulate matter which are core ingredients of smog. Ground level ozone formed from
VOC’s has negative impacts on the environment including large decreases in crop yield, decline in tree
seedling growth and survivability, and heightened plant susceptibility to environmental stresses
including pests and diseases. Additionally, VOC’s result in air pollution and the accompanying negative
impacts on human health.
ECOSIL’s method reduces the amounts of VOC’s used in anti-corrosion agents and eliminates the use of
chromium hexavalent. This reduces the health and environmental concerns associated with using VOC’s
and chromium hexavalent for corrosion inhibition. The one-step, chromate-free anticorrosion coatings
for aluminum alloys and hot-dip galvanized steel reduces air pollution concerns from using VOC’s.
Abstracted from "Government of Canada. Environment and Climate Change. Volatile Organic
Compounds in Consumer and Commercial Products. Learn about Lead." http://www.ec.gc.ca/cov-
voc/default.asp?lang=En&n=C064ECF0-1%5C#X-201503111216433 (accessed November 28, 2018)
Keywords: Efficiency, Solvents, Hazard Reduction
225
Technology: Heavy-Metal Free Heavy-Duty Anti-Corrosion Coating
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: AnCatt
Description of the Technology: AnCatt developed a heavy-metal free heavy-duty anti-corrosion coating
which overcomes the challenges of conventional anti-corrosion coatings. This coating is made of three
main layers: a primer, a top layer, and an inner layer. The primer is a conductive nano-level which makes
it less costly compared to traditional anti-corrosion coatings. Its ability to enclose metal surfaces and
transform the upper layer of metals into a dense metal oxide layer provides a barrier against corrosion
without the need for heavy metals which are known to be toxic and carcinogenic. The advantages of this
innovation over conventional corrosion coatings include high performance, cost-competitiveness,
extended lifetime, and environmental friendliness. This coating is also easy to manufacture and apply.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional anti-corrosion coatings are made
of heavy-metals which have adverse health and environmental impacts. Most heavy metals are toxic
and carcinogenic and are known to have negative health impacts on workers who deal with the soluble
forms of these coatings. Hexavalent chromium, the most commonly applied heavy metal in non-
corrosion coatings is known to result in harmful health impacts on workers when soluble salts of
chromium are used during the pre-treatment stage, and airborne hazards when the coating is stripped.
Leakage of heavy metals into ground water poses health concerns to aquatic life.
AnCatt’s innovation’s make-up does not rely on heavy metals for anti-corrosion properties. This reduces
the risk of harmful health impacts on workers, aquatic life, and water bodies from being affected by
these heavy metals. Ancatt’s coatings are light weight, high-performing, and cost-effective. They can be
employed in the automobile and construction company to increase the life cycle of metals, reducing the
repairs and failures from corroded materials and increasing savings from resource consumption and
energy consumption.
References: Abstracted from "Launch. Sue Wang: AnCatt." https://www.launch.org/innovators/sue-

wang/ (accessed November 17, 2018)
Abstracted from "AnCatt, Amazing Nano & Coatings. Anticorossion coatings." https://ancatt.com/anti-
corrosion-coatings/ (accessed November 17, 2018)
226
Technology: Decovery
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: DSM
Description of the Technology: Decovery is a paint resin by DSM that has no to low volatile organic
compounds in its formulation and is free of chemicals of concern, such as organotin. Decovery® is made
with renewable materials and up to 49% of the composition is bio-based compounds.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Resins present in paints are conventionally
based on fossil derived compounds and other hazardous chemicals, such as organo tin and NMP. DSM
designed a resin as an alternative to fossil oil-based acrylic resins that has comparable or even enhanced
performance and a reduction on the carbon footprint of up to 34%. The sustainable resin, Decovery, is
composed of renewable materials, and up to 49% of its composition is bio-based materials. Decovery
eliminates the use of chemicals of concern, and has no to low volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Decovery can be used in both indoor and outdoor applications and is both durable and resistant to
chemicals.
References: Abstracted from "DECOVERY – BIO-BASED HIGH-PERFORMANCE RESINS FOR PAINTS-

Market Place." https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/DECOVERY-Replacing-fossil-based-paint-
resins-with-plants-338 (accessed Aug 20, 2018)
Keywords: Durability, Renewable, Hazard Reduction
227
Petrochemicals
228
Technology: Development of a Solid Catalyst for the Polymerization Reaction of Isobutylene
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Soltex (Synthetic Oils and Lubricants of Texas)
Description of the Technology: The Synthetic Oils and Lubricants of Texas (Soltex) in Houston, Texas,
developed a solid catalyst system for the production of Polyisobutylene (PIB), an additive for lubricants
and gasoline, that greatly reduces the volume of water used in production. The new technology also
achieves high yield with significantly lower production costs.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Polyisobutylene (PIB) is a polymer of
isobutylene and is commonly used as an additive in lubricants and gasoline and other applications. The
polymer molecule has one double bond in one of its tails that can either be in a terminal position or in
the middle of the carbon chain. Terminal double bonds are more reactive, and therefore, polymers with
non-terminal double bonds are called low-reactive PIB.
In conventional methods, the isobutylene is supplied to the reactor with a liquid catalyst that promotes
the polymerization. After the reaction is completed, the catalyst is instantly neutralized to quench the
reaction and an extensive amount of water is used to separate the water soluble neutralized catalyst
from the product. The catalyst used is toxic and corrosive, and cannot be reused after neutralized,
creating several limitations to the process, such as special handling and usage of large volumes of
catalysts.
The Synthetic Oils and Lubricants of Texas (Soltex) developed a solid catalyst to improve the isobutylene
polymerization reaction. The solid catalyst is synthesized in convenient shapes, such as beads, and
compacted into cylindrical tubes creating a fixed-bed reaction system. The isobutylene monomer passes
through the bed, allowing the polymerization to take place without the requirement for the
neutralization and water-wash steps. Since the catalyst is not neutralized it can be reused, reducing the
amount of catalyst needed, the cost of production and the use of hazardous chemicals. The Soltex
technology allows for the synthesis of PIB in high yields and purity, with the promise to reduce the waste
water by millions of gallons of each year.
Abstracted from "Soltexinc Polybutenes" http://soltexinc.com/products/polybutenes/ (accessed on July

1, 2019)
Category: Petrochemicals
229
Technology: Vegetable-oil Based Fluid Insulator for High-Voltage Transformers
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Cargill, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Cargill, Inc. developed a less flammable and toxic vegetable-oil-based
dielectric fluid that can be used in transformers as an insulator. Envirotemp FR3 increased the useful life
of the transformers by avoiding the degradation of the cellulose-based insulator and had better
performance and lower carbon footprint. The novel Envirotemp FR3 fluid would substitute the
traditional petroleum-based mineral oil that is very flammable and can impact aquatic ecosystems.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were
traditionally used as fluid insulators in high-voltage transformers until they were banned for high
toxicity. The much less hazardous petroleum-based mineral oil started to be used as insulators in the
machinery. However, petroleum-based mineral oil has high flammability and very low affinity for water.
Consequently, any water inside of the transformer would be absorbed by other insulator materials that
are commonly made of cellulose, catalyzing their degradation, and decreasing the lifetime of the
machinery. With Cargill's fluid insulator, the cellulose-based insulator materials in the transformer can
last for at least 5 times longer, greatly increasing the transformer lifetime.
Cargill, Inc. designed a vegetable-oil-based fluid insulator that is less flammable than PCBs. Their fluid
insulator greatly decreases the risk of fire. The fluid insulator is produced from a renewable raw
material, Envirotemp FR3, and can be used to substitute the petroleum-based mineral oil in
conventional transformers, and can even reduce the size of new transformers constructed to use the
Envirotemp FR3 technology. Cargill tested the performance of their fluid insulator in a BEES® 4.0
transformer and the FR3 fluid reduces by more than 98% the carbon footprint across the transformer's
lifetime when compared to petroleum-based mineral oil transformers. The technology has already
received several recognitions such as the EPA's Environmental Technology Verification.
Abstracted from "Cargill’s dielectric transformer oil made from natural esters wins Presidential Green
Chemistry Award" https://www.cargill.com/news/releases/2013/NA3082422.jsp (accessed July 2, 2019)
Keywords: Efficiency, Renewable, Hazard Reduction
230
Technology: AlkyClean
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: CB&I; Albemarle
Description of the Technology: AlkyClean was developed by CB&I and Albemarle as an alternative to the
use of liquid acid technologies to produce alkylate, a clean fuel component of gasoline. The new solid
catalyst alkylation process together with a new reactor scheme (also by CB&I) removes the need for
liquid acids and post-treatment to the products, as well as yielding high quality and purity products. The
current commercial scale unit has a capacity for the production of 2,700 barrels per day of alkylate.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Motor gasoline is an extremely important
fossil fuel derivative to the world energy production, especially inside the transportation sector which is
still highly dependent on fossil fuels. As a mixture, gasoline contains many toxic compounds, and even
the clean ones sometimes come from unclean production processes. Alkylates, the preferred gasoline
blending component, are produced through the use of liquid acids that offer great toxicity and
environmental hazard.
AlkyClean emerges as an opportunity to diminish the hazards of the production of alkylates, making
them clean in every step of the process. Together with the AlkyStar catalyst, the AlkyClean production
process optimizes the hydrogen transfer in multiple stages of the reaction, resulting in a more efficient
catalyst that increases both the reaction speed and environmental friendliness. The technology reduces
the human and environmental hazards that comes from the use of liquid acids by eliminating the
exposure since the acids will no longer be needed.
Keywords: Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
231
Technology: Biolon DDDA
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Verdezyne
Description of the Technology: Biolon DDDA is a form of dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) produced through
the innovative yeast fermentation method developed by Verdezyne. Verdezyne aims to use their
biological fermentation technology to provide a renewable alternative to petroleum-based chemicals.
An example of use of DDDA is the manufacturing of nylon 6,12.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Chemical intermediates originated from
petroleum are used in a variety of production process in various sectors of the chemical industry. A few
examples of intermediates are adipic acid, sebacic acid, and dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), which have
production processes with significant greenhouse gas emissions and uses toxic chemical feedstock.
Because of the great demand of such intermediates worldwide, their production has become a major
concern in environmental health.
Biolon production method provides a green alternative to obtain the aforementioned acids. By using a
plant-based feedstock, these methods have comparable yields to the traditional petroleum-based
methods with a lower greenhouse gas emission. The Biolon process has fewer human and
environmental hazards given that it does not require the use of high temperatures or concentrated
nitric acid such as the competitor methods. The production of DDDA through Biolon was shown
successful in large scale, allowing the production of more than 70,000 pounds a year.
Chemistry Challenge: 2016 Small Business Award" https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-
green-chemistry-challenge-2016-small-business-award (accessed July 31, 2018)
232
Technology: Farnesene
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Amyris
Description of the Technology: Amyris tackled the environmental damaging transportation fuels
market, currently dominated by fossil fuels, by introducing a new alternative hydrocarbon called
Farnesene. Unlike the traditional biofuels that suffer from certain performance limitations, Farnesene
have similar performance to its fossil pairs and is compatible with existing vehicles.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Although the development of biofuels has
been an improvement to the transportation fuels market, which is overwhelmingly dominated by fossil
fuels and thus one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emission, many limitations accompany the
most notable products such as cold temperature performance related issues and capacity to blend with
gasoline.
Following another trend as to find alternatives to fossil fuels, Amyris made use of strain engineering and
yeast-based manufacturing to convert sugars into the hydrocarbon Farnesene, in a process similar to the
one that yields ethanol. This new product tackles the current problems faced by the implementation of
biofuels, blending up to 35% with diesel, leading to a mixture that produces 82% less greenhouse gas.
Industrial scale production has been demonstrated.
Keywords: Efficiency, Renewable, Energy
233
Technology: Simvastatin Manufacturing through Biocatalysts
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Yi Tang of the University of California, Los Angeles

Codexis, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Simvastian, a drug used to treat high cholesterol, is conventionally
synthesized through a multi-steps synthesis with inefficiencies and the use of toxic feedstocks. Professor
Tang implemented a cost-efficient alternative using an engineering enzyme that makes the process less
wasteful and hazardous.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Simvastian is one of the leading treatments
to control high blood levels of cholesterol. Although originated from the natural product lovastatin, the
chemical procedures to convert the natural molecule into the useful drug are very hazardous and have
low atom economy. To insert the methyl group that characterizes the drug, various acids and alcohols
are used in a process that yields less than 70% of the original mass.
By using a biocatalyst for regioselective acylation, Professor Tang and his research group designed a new
way of producing simvastian. The innovative procedure uses safer and cheap reagents, which are
prepared through single-step processes. The new technology has high efficiency and so follows the
principle of atom economy, achieving yields of 97% by the end of the production process.
234
Technology: Renewable Oils for High Performance Lubricants
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Novvi, LLC (a joint venture of Amyris, Inc. and Cosan S.A.
Industria eComercio)
Description of the Technology: Novvi, LLC (a joint venture of Amyris, Inc. and Cosan S.A. Industria
eComercio) designed high-performance hydrocarbon oils from plant sugars that are substitutes for the
highest-performing petroleum products. These oils are used to produce high-performance lubricants at
competitive prices. Novvi’s oils have a very low sulphur content of 0.0025% and a high viscosity index
value of 125. Their high viscosity index value is a measure of their resistance to temperature changes,
and is desirable for lubricants as it can improve machine efficiency by preventing heat loss due to
friction.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Novvi’s high-performance hydrocarbon oils
reduce heat losses in machinery during manufacturing to improve energy efficiency. Their high-quality
lubricants have a wide range of viscosity values for a variety of surface velocities and loads. Novvi's
hydrocarbon oils are a viable alternative for the traditional fossil-fuel based lubricants and meets
performance requirements of equipment manufacturers and are economically feasible. The raw
materials used in the production of Novvi’s hydrocarbon oils are plant sugars which are renewable. The
hydrocarbon oils are not toxic and are compatible with existing petroleum recycling infrastructure to
facilitate their reuse. Waste produced from the use of Novvi’s lubricants is reduced and has low toxicity.
This addresses a major issue of waste disposal in the lubricant industry which makes up about 8.5% of
total global chemical production by weight.
References: Abstracted from "Royal Society of Chemistry. Green lubricants. Environmental benefits and
impacts of lubrication" https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2002/gc/b202272a (accessed
October 5, 2018)
Abstracted from "Novvi. NovaSpec™ Base Oils" https://novvi.com/novaspec-base-oils/ (accessed

October 5, 2018)
Abstracted from "Grand View Research. Lubricants Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By
Application (Industrial, Automotive, Marine, Aerospace), By Region (North America, Europe, APAC, CSA,
MEA), Competitive Landscape, And Segment Forecast, 2018 – 2025"
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/lubricants-market (accessed October 5, 2018)
07/documents/award_entries_and_recipients2016.pdf (accessed October 5, 2018)
235
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Feedstock, Energy, Hazard Reduction
236
Technology: Converting Landfill Wastes to Multi-Functional Green Polyols for Coating Applications
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Resinate Materials Group
Description of the Technology: Resinate Materials Group developed an innovative technology for the
creation of high-performance, multifunctional polyols for coatings. This was done using post-consumer
and post-industrial recycled content and bio-based raw material streams, including recycled poly
(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET), recycled aircraft deicing fluids (propylene glycol), recycled
polycarbonate, post-industrial recycled diethylene glycol, bio-based dimer fatty acids, and bio-based
succinic acid. Aside being fully sourced with recycled and renewable content, Resinate polyols product
and cost performance output are similar and sometimes superior to conventional specialty polyols.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Environmental regulations have increased
demand for low- and zero-volatile organic compounds (VOC) coating products. Increased consumer
awareness on the negative impact of VOCs and the desire to buy “greener” and more environmentally
responsible products has also contributed to this increase in demand.
Resinate Materials Group uses recycled content for their content. This reduces the amount of spent
petroleum molecules sent to landfills and helps to mitigate the challenges associated with industrial
waste management. This innovation increases the life cycle of raw materials and reduces the amounts
of virgin material extraction for input to polyol production processes. Bio-based materials are used as
feedstocks are renewable and are more sustainable than fossil petroleum alternatives.
Resinate polyols made from recycled materials have comparable (or better) performances than polyols
made from virgin feedstock. They possess the properties desired of high-quality polyols including
hardness, flexibility, corrosion resistance as well as chemical and stain resistance.
References: Abstracted from "Resonate Inc. Resinate Polyols" http://www.resinateinc.com/technology/

07/documents/award_entries_and_recipients2016.pdf (accessed October 7, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Solvents, Durability, Renewable, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction
237
Technology: Petretec Polyester Regeneration Technology
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: DuPont Films
Description of the Technology: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most common thermoplastic
polymer resin of the polyester family, and is used in fibers for clothing, containers for liquids and foods,
thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fiber for engineering resins. Although
PET can be largely recycled, recycling requires waste with high purity content (which is not the case for
most waste) and the recycled products have limited uses, mainly for pillows and carpets. DuPont Films
developed Petretec Polyester Regeneration Technology which is a method to separate PET molecule
into its constituents: dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and ethylene glycol (EG). This allows monomers to
retain their original traits to ensure for reuse without many limitations. The Petretec process involves
methanolysis, where PET reacts with methanol vapor at an elevated temperature (greater than 260 ºC)
to produce a vapor stream of DMT, EG, and excess methanol. This method is FDA approved.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? There are two primary benefits of DuPont’s
Petretec Polyester Regeneration Technology: the reduction of PET waste to landfill, with the associated
health and environmental benefits, and the reduction in demand for virgin ethylene glycol and dimethyl
terephthalate for manufacturing processes.
Materials made from PET are non-biodegradable and often contain many chemicals. Unlike traditional
recycling standards for PET, this process accepts PET with a variety of contaminants. Waste PET
materials that may not have the necessary purity content for traditional recycling methods are
disintegrated into their constituent monomers for reuse. The negative environmental and health
impacts of manufacturing and using PET, which include leaching of chemicals into groundwater from PET
disposed into landfills, injury of wildlife due to ingestion of chemicals, and absorption of chemicals by
the human body, are thus mitigated.
The Petretec Polyester Regeneration Technology allows the output monomers to retain their original
properties so they can be reused in any first-quality application. This reduces the demand for oil-derived
feedstocks needed for the manufacturing of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). Each kilogram of DMT made
by the Petretec process reduces the demand for about 0.5 kilograms of paraxylene (an oil-derived basic
petrochemical required for making DMT).
Abstracted from "DuPont.ca. Our Approach." http://www.dupont.ca/en/corporate-functions/our-

approach/sustainability/innovation/stories-innovation.html (accessed October 20, 2018)
238
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction
239
Technology: Biodegradable Copolyester
Description of the Technology: Eastman Chemical Company developed Eastman biodegradable

copolyester, a patented aliphatic/aromatic copolyester of adipic acid, terephthalic acid, and 1,4-
butanediol to complement composting as a better waste treatment alternative compared to waste-to-
landfill, waste incineration, or waste recycling which all come at high environmental or economic costs.
The copolyester is designed to mimic the natural carbon cycle as it decomposes under proper conditions
into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass. This product possesses tensile properties similar to low density
polyethylene (LDPE), has a soft feel, and can be blended with natural polymers such as starch. It can also
be spun into fiber. These properties of the copolyester allows for a variety of applications including
compost bags and coated paper and board.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Many waste treatment methods for a variety
of materials exist in the world today. These include disposal in landfills, incineration, recycling or reuse.
One growing option for waste treatment is composting.
The properties of the Eastman Biodegradable copolyester allow for it to decompose without adverse
environmental impact. This allows for a cost-effective method of waste treatment which comes with
additional benefits, such as enhancement of some desirable soil properties including improved water
retention capacity. This soil property is helpful for facilitating agricultural activities.
The biodegradability of Eastman’s copolyester saves landfill space and prevents the harmful effects of
PET products which are an alternative to the copolyester products. Unlike PET products which can leach
chemicals into groundwater and water bodies, this innovation prevents such damage. The health and
environmental benefits of the Eastman Biodegradable copolyester are its ability to enhance soil
properties as well as its reduction in waste-to-landfill and the associated negative environmental
impacts.
Abstracted from "Eastman. Sustainability."

https://www.eastman.com/Company/Sustainability/Pages/Introduction.aspx (accessed October 20,
2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Hazard Reduction
240
Technology: Waste Oil Source Reduction Through Extended Oil Service Life
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: AMSOIL Incorporated
Description of the Technology: AMSOIL Incorporated developed synthetic oil formulas that have an
extended life span compared to petroleum lubricants used in consumer and commercial automobile and
truck service and for industrial applications. Unlike conventional oils, AMSOIL’s long-lasting oils do not
contain impurities and are designed to allow their molecules to slip more easily over one another,
resulting in less restriction to moving parts and reducing their consumption due to low volatility when
exposed to high heat. This molecular regularity allows the oils to prevent wear, provide very high
temperature performance and fuel efficiency compared to conventional lubricants.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Many conventional oils are not made to be
long-lasting, which leads to high rates of waste oil generation. This results in disposal of frequent and
large amounts of waste oils which can present hazards. Used oil is mainly composed of toxins like lead,
nickel and other heavy metals. Human exposure to these metals in large quantities is extremely toxic
and poses health and environmental concerns. Heavy metals disturb human metabolic functions by
disrupting function in vital organs and glands such as the heart, brain, kidneys and liver. Improperly
disposed oils can seep into ground water and runoff into water bodies.
AMSOIL oils addresses the issue of high volume of waste oil generation by their innovation of synthetic
oils with long-service life. Their oil formulas extend service life up to about 11 times that of traditional
oils which can be further extended by an oil analysis program. One of their products, AMSOIL Signature
Series 5W-30 exhibited 38% less oil consumption than tested traditional oils. AMSOIL oils, based on their
higher resistance to volatilization as compared to conventional oils, reduce tailpipe emissions when
used.
The oils provide high temperature performance and efficiency compared with conventional oils.
Performance standards to protect machine and engines are met while reducing waste oil generation and
associated environmental and health concerns.
Abstracted from "AMSOIL. Synthetic vs Conventional." https://www.amsoil.com/about/synthetic-

versus-conventional.aspx#environmental (accessed November 3, 2018)
Abstracted from "NCBI Resources. Heavy metals and living systems."

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113373/ (accessed November 3, 2018)
241
Sector: Petrochemicals
242
Technology: Membrane Separation in Solvent Lube Dewaxing
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Mobil Oil Corporation
Description of the Technology: Traditional solvent lube dewaxing processes are energy intensive due to
the use of stage-wise refrigeration of the feedstock after it is mixed with the solvent. These processes
are designed to remove wax from lubricating oils to give the product good fluidity characteristics at low
temperatures. Mobil Oil Corporation developed a membrane separation process in solvent lube
dewaxing. The improved process uses an exclusive polymeric membrane material to separate up to half
of the dewaxing solvents from the lube oil/solvent mixture, while reducing the need for energy-
intensive distillation, cooling and refrigeration.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Mobil Oil Corporation’s innovation reduces
the amounts of energy required for lube dewaxing compared to the traditional method, resulting in a
general decrease in waste generation and VOC emissions. The method optimizes the dewaxing process
by increasing the yield of lubricants while reducing the amounts of by-products generated.
The use of fewer stages in the process like distillation and refrigeration compared to the traditional
lubricating oil dewaxing process reduces the amount of equipment needed for the process. The process
also reduces the need for virgin material extraction for their manufacturing.
The loss of dewaxing solvents, which appear in the form of VOC’s in the environment, is eliminated from
the process. The adverse health effects, such as respiratory disorders from the inhalation of these
VOC’s, as well as possible skin irritations, are prevented.
The primary refrigerant used for traditional lube dewaxing is propane. Although relatively
environmentally friendly, the use of propane comes with safety concerns due to its combustibility and
potential leakages. This process eliminates the refrigeration stage and avoids the use of propane.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology
243
Technology: Multipurpose Exopolymer as a Raw Material
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Montana Polysaccharides Corporation
Description of the Technology: Montana Polysaccharides Corporation developed Levan, an extracellular

polymeric substance (EPS) made from fermentation of sucrose obtained from sugar beet or sugar cane
to be used as an adhesive and as an alternate raw material for surfactants, plastics and even substitute
petrochemicals in personal care products. Levan is produced by a non-genetically modified Bacillus
species and is readily separated from the cellular debris during commercial production. As a raw
material, Levan has a low viscosity, is less energy intensive in handling, has high thermal and acid
stability, and possesses strong adhesive properties.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Levan’s applications in manufacturing
industries include but are not limited to: adhesives, cosmetics and bioplastics. Compared to raw
materials sourced from petrochemicals, Levan is a safer alternative for the environment and users.
Levan is non-cytotoxic and does not cause eye or skin irritations. It is non-genetically modified and
contains no volatile organic carbons (VOCs).
Levan is derived from a renewable resource which ensures security of its supply. This source of raw
material also ensures that less harmful emissions are released into the environment during processing
of these raw materials, as compared to petrochemical raw materials. Such raw materials are also more
easily biodegradable and managing their waste products require less energy, landfill space, and time,
compared to petrochemical alternatives.
Raw materials from other renewable plant-based resources and from waste biomass often require
substantial amounts of energy and solvents for separation from cells, however, Levan is naturally
exported from producing cells and its processing is not energy intensive. The byproduct obtained in the
Levan extraction process (glucose), is a basic feedstock for some chemicals.
Abstracted from "Montana Polysaccharides Corp. About Levan."

http://www.polysaccharides.us/aboutlevan_rheology.php (accessed November 28, 2018)
244
Technology: Degradable Biosolvents from Renewable Feedstock
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Vertec Biosolvents
Description of the Technology: Vertec BioSolvents, Inc. developed a variety of bio-based solvents
derived from renewable resources, and high performing solvent blends, carrier solvents and/or cleaning
solvents as an alternative to petroleum-based solvents. The solvents are obtained from corn, soybeans,
citrus fruits and other renewable feedstocks and complimentary additives. Vertec biosolvents are based
on ethyl lactate, fatty acid methyl esters, d-limonene and ethanol. The main ingredient in most of the
blended products is VertecBio EL Ethyl Lactate, an ester solvent derived from corn or sugar beets. This
contributes to its solvating capability for resins, pigments, gums, etc. Vertex biosolvents are applied in
the agricultural industry, in paints and coatings, in inks, petroleum and industrial manufacturing.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The environmental benefits of Vertec’s
biosolvents include biodegradability and reduced net carbon emissions, compared to petroleum-based
solvents. Vertec’s biosolvents are manufactured from renewable feedstocks including corn, soy, and
citrus fruits. These biosolvents undergo biodegradation into lactic acid and other organic compounds
that are safely consumed into the water and soil.
Unlike petroleum solvents that contribute positively to carbon emissions, bio-based solvents have a net
reduced carbon footprint because the feedstock for biosolvent come from plants undergoing
photosynthesis. Vertec's biosolvents can be used for precision cleaning of critical metal or composite
parts in the electronics or aircraft industries. Recycling plastics using biosolvents instead of petroleum-
based solvents results in the production of safe plastics that can be used for food packaging without
adverse health effects.
References: Abstracted from "Vertec Biosolvents" http://www.vertecbiosolvents.com/technology

(accessed March 9, 2019)
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Degradation
245
Technology: Sustainable High-Performing Biopolymers
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Ecosynthetix
Description of the Technology: Ecosynthetix manufactures several sustainable biopolymers as an

alternative to harmful chemicals used in paper and paperboards, personal care, and building industries.
These products are made from renewable feedstocks and are applicable in many industries globally.
In adhesives, EcoStix bio-PSA is a high performing, sustainable substitute to petrochemicals like acrylate
and vinyl monomers.
In personal care products, Ecosynthetix biopolymers are used in place of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a
petroleum-based product, as the fixative agent in hair gel formulations.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Biopolymers are an alternative to petroleum
based plastics. Ecosynthetix biopolymers are high performing, non-toxic, recyclable and repulpable,
compostable as well as VOC free. In paper industry applications, their biopolymer manufacturing
processes are less energy intensive compared to those for styrene butadiene and other latex binders
and can contribute to up to 67% carbon footprint reduction. In the building industry, Ecosynthetix
renewable binders act as a substitute for formaldehyde in the production of wood composites, as well
as in commercial mineral and fiberglass wall insulation. Formaldehyde is known to be a carcinogen and
due to its volatility. Acute inhalation exposure is known to result in respirational complication,
headache, dizziness, nausea and even death while skin exposure can cause dermatitis.
References: Abstracted from "Ecosynthetix. Durabind Engineered Biopolymers."

http://ecosynthetix.com/ (accessed March 16, 2019)
Abstracted from "Chemistry Learner. Biopolymer." http://www.chemistrylearner.com/biopolymer.html

(accessed March 15, 2019)
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
246
Technology: Biobased Solvents
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Astrobio
Description of the Technology: Astrobio developed bio-based solvents as a cleaner alternative to

petroleum-based solvents. These bio-solvents are primarily based on bio-sourced ingredients including
derivatives of lactic acid and further natural acids, vegetable methyl esters, bioethanol, and fully
biodegradable organic co-solvents.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Petroleum-based solvents are often toxic and
can increase the risk of cancer in people who are exposed to them. Some are highly flammable and pose
a high risk of fire. AstroBio's biobased solvents contribute less carbon emissions to the environment, is
less toxic, and less flammable. The bio-based solvents are biodegradable and eliminate the
environmental and health concerns associated with non-biodegradable solvents.
Astrobio solvent has been found to be more compatible with other formulation ingredients and more
stable with higher increasing temperatures, making it less volatile and flammable. Compared with
petroleum-based solvents, Astrobio solvent has been shown to reduce the consumption of raw
materials since a smaller quantity is needed to obtain the same level of viscosity as a greater quantity of
petroleum-based solvent. Astrobio solvent reduces emissions, reduces waste generation, is cost-
effective, and is effective as a solvent.
References: Abstracted from "Astrobio" https://www.astrobiosolvent.com/2019/06/08/the-power-of-

biosolvents-live-from-eurocoat-2016/ (accessed Jun 15, 2019)
Keywords: Solvents, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction
247
Technology: Biobased Chelates and Flavors, and Single Step Ferulic Acid Production Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Spero Energy Inc.
Description of the Technology: Spero Energy Inc. developed manufacturing technology for the
commercial production of natural and renewable ingredients used in flavors and fragrances. This
innovation spans three main areas: catalytic processing, natural flavors, and biodegradable chelates.
Spero developed a unique one-step lignin to dihydroeugenol (DHE) and isoeugenol, with co-production
of clean cellulose as an alternative to traditional methods that involves multiple steps. DHE and
isoeugenol are also used in flavors and fragrances, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, performance products,
and thermoplastics.
Spero developed an extractive process to produce natural ferulic acid, a substance used in producing
natural vanillin to supplement limited natural quantities. Spero Energy produces biodegradable and high
performing chelates, SperoChelates. SperoChelates is an alternative for the current industry additive in
use, EDTA, which is known to be a non-degradable, polluting, and hazardous material. Chelates are used
in agriculture, textiles, cosmetics, and foods.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Vanillin, the main flavor and aroma
compound in vanilla is an important chemical in the aroma industry as it is used in food, pharmaceutical,
cosmetic, and fine chemical industries. Although enzymatic processes for vanillin production are
considerably less harmful to the environment, they have disadvantages such as comparatively high
costs, slowness, difficult purification, and the requirement of selected strains of microorganisms. Spero
Energy’s ferulic acid innovation addresses this challenge since it can be used in the production of high
quality natural vanillin as a substitute for petroleum-based vanillin.
Their one-step lignin to DHE and isoeugenol process is also cost effective and more sustainable as it uses
less energy and resources. Spero Energy’s chelates are a biodegradable substitute for the widely used
non-biodegradable EDTA and reduce toxic emissions associated with the use of EDTA.
References: Abstracted from "Spero Energy Inc". https://www.speroenergy.com/ (accessed June 20,
2019)
Abstracted from "Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Mechanochemical synthesis of graphene oxide-
supported transition metal catalysts for the oxidation of isoeugenol to vanillin"
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5530631/ (accessed June 20, 2019)
248
Technology: Cambond
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Cambond
Description of the Technology: Cambond developed low-carbon formaldehyde-free adhesives as an

alternative to traditional oil-based adhesives. Traditional phenol-formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde
based adhesives are derived from petroleum oil which are known to be carbon intensive. Cambond’s
technology produces low carbon, sustainable adhesives from biomass feedstocks and provides a way to
manufacture formaldehyde-free ‘green’ adhesives in a cost-effective manner.
Similarly, Cambond resin, a product in the pre-commercial stage, is manufactured using protein
containing biomass such as Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS - bioethanol and whisky
distillation by products) or algae. They are mixed with small amounts of a cross-linking agent and water
before use. Cambond’s adhesives can be used in a variety industries including wood panel industry,
construction, packaging and automotive industry. During R&D they discovered that the Cambond resin
can be formulated with biomass and polymers to form biocomposites. Preliminary laboratory trials and
limited development work revealed that these biocomposites appear to be useful as a direct substitute
for wood fibres in panels or plastics (e.g. polypropylene) in manufacturing processes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Cambond adhesives and biocomposites have
many advantages over traditional ones. They are generally safer for the environment because they are
biomass based and have a lower carbon content compared to adhesives made using oil as a feedstock.
LCA studies indicate that wood panels manufactured with Cambond resin have reductions of >40% in
their carbon footprint.
The absence of formaldehyde in Cambond’s adhesives makes it a safer option when compared to
formaldehyde-based adhesives. Formaldehyde is known to have adverse effects on human health
including but not limited to myeloid leukemia, and rare cancers including sinonasal and nasopharyngeal
cancer in humans and cancer in animals. Cambond’s technology provides a well-performing, cost-
effective alternative to formaldehyde-based ones, with less health risk.
References: Abstracted from "Cambond" http://cambond.co.uk/overview/ (accessed July 22, 2019)
Abstracted from "Nation Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: Formaldehyde"

https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/formaldehyde/index.cfm (accessed July 22, 2019)
249
Technology: Gevo Hydrocarbons Production
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Gevo
Description of the Technology: Gevo is a chemical company that produces hydrocarbons from plant
materials. The plant protein content is separated from its carbohydrate content. The protein is used in
the production of food and animal feed, and the carbohydrates are used in a fermentation process with
yeast to produce iso-butanol that serves as a building block for many hydrocarbons. Gevo manufactures
renewable jet fuel, gasoline, polyester, rubber products, and fine chemicals and fragrances.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The production of hydrocarbon-based
chemicals and fuels is traditionally based on petroleum, which is a non-renewable source that poses
many environmental drawbacks. Gevo designed a proprietary process to produce hydrocarbon-based
chemical commodities from plant biomass. Gevo’s process is based on renewable and less
environmentally impactful sources and can work with basically any carbohydrate feedstock.
In Gevo’s process, first the plant biomass has their carbohydrate content and their protein content
separated. The protein can be used as animal feed or in the food industry. The polymeric carbohydrates,
usually cellulose or hemi-cellulose, are first broken down by enzymes into simple carbohydrate
monomers that are then fermented into iso-butanol via a fermentation process with yeast. The iso-
butanol can then be used directly as a chemical commodity or fuel, or can be used in catalytic processes
to produce renewable jet fuel, gasoline, polyester, rubber products, as well as specialty chemicals, fine
chemicals, and ingredients for flavors and fragrances.
References: Abstracted from "Gevo. Leading the Change to Low Carbon Fuels and Chemicals."
https://gevo.com (accessed Aug 3, 2018)
250
Pharmaceuticals
251
Technology: PREVYMIS™ (Letermovir), Merck’s CMV Prophylaxis Medicine
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Merck & Co., Inc.
Description of the Technology: Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, successfully applied green
chemistry design principles to the manufacture of Letermovir, an antiviral drug candidate that is
currently in phase III clinical trials. The synthetic improvements include the use of an improved chemical
catalyst, an increase in the overall yield by more than 60%, a reduction of raw material costs by 93%,
and a reduction in water usage by 90%.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Letermovir is an antiviral drug, currently at
the end of phase III clinical trials, for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. It is approved
to help prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in adults who have received an allogeneic
hematopoietic stem cell (bone marrow) transplants. Letermovir has been granted Fast Track Status by
the FDA and Orphan Product Designation by the European Medicines Agency for the prevention of CMV
viremia in at-risk populations. The chemical process employed to supply most of the phase III clinical
trials was based on a late-stage chiral resolution to obtain the desired steroisomer in the penultimate
intermediate (QP-DTTA). An evaluation of this process revealed several areas for improvement,
including a low overall yield of 10% due in part to a late stage resolution to access the sterogenic center,
the use of nine different solvents, and high palladium loading in a C-H activated Heck reaction. There
was also little opportunity to recycle solvents or reagents.
This new synthesis reduces the PMI by 73%, decreases raw material costs by 93%, and increases the
overall yield by more than 60%. Merck estimates that this optimized process will result in the
elimination of more than 15,000 MT of waste over the lifetime of Letermovir. Life-cycle assessment
shows that the new process is expected to decrease the carbon footprint and water usage of the
product by 89% and 90%, respectively.
References: Abstracted from "New England Journal of Medicine Publishes Phase 3 Clinical Study of
PREVYMIS™ (letermovir), Merck’s New CMV Prophylaxis Medicine"
http://www.mrknewsroom.com/news-release/corporate-news/new-england-journal-medicine-
publishes-phase-3-clinical-study-prevymis-l (accessed on July 1, 2019)
Category: Pharmaceuticals
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
252
Technology: An Improved Peptide Manufacturing Platform for the Production of Etelcalcetide
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Amgen Inc. and Bachem
Description of the Technology: The Biotechnology firm Amgen Inc. and peptide manufacturer Bachem
collaborated in the development of an improved peptide synthesis for the production of Etelcalcetide,
an active ingredient in Parsabiv. The new method decreased the total number of steps in the synthetic
pathway and optimized the synthesis achieving a cleaner process. In the new manufacturing process,
the amount of solvent, energy, and water that is used is reduced, along with considerable reductions in
the time and cost of production.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Peptide drugs are in the spotlight because of
their high specificity, affinity, and safety when compared to small molecule drugs, which makes them
therapeutic medications of great interest. Their excellent properties have led to 60 FDA approved
peptide drugs and more than 600 new drugs in development and clinical trials stage. Etelcalcetide is the
active ingredient in Parsabiv, a peptide drug designed to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in
patients undergoing hemodialysis. Despite their great advantages, the standard solid phase peptide
synthesis would not be a viable option in large scale production due to the large amount of required
materials and waste generated. In the manufacturing process of 1 kg of peptide, over 5 metric tons of
solvent is required.
In an attempt to address those issues and anticipating the success of the medication, Amgen Inc. and
Bachem developed a new method for the synthesis of Etelcalcetide. In their improved peptide
manufacturing process, they eliminated one of the five steps of their synthetic route and optimized the
others. The modifications include the elimination of an ion-exchange column process, which reduced
the aqueous waste per year by 750 cubic meters and a reduction in the number of lyophilization cycles,
and freeze-drying purifications, from thirteen per batch to one, reducing the energy usage in the
process. The optimized process, that has already been implemented, reduces the chemical solvent use
by 71%, the operating time by 56%, and production cost by 76%. The improved peptide manufacturing
platform shows reproducibility and applicability for other peptide systems.
References: Abstracted from "Green Chemistry Challenge: 2017 Greener Reaction Conditions Award"
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/green-chemistry-challenge-2017-greener-reaction-conditions-

Keywords: Waste Prevention, Purification, Solvents, Energy, Synthetic Methodology
253
Technology: Green Synthesis of Aprepitant
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Merck & Co., Inc.
Description of the Technology: Merck & Co., Inc. applied the principles of green chemistry to improve
the synthesis of aprepitant which is the active ingredient in Emend. This drug is used to alleviate
collateral symptoms in patients after chemotherapy. The new synthetic pathway uses less water,
chemicals, and energy than the first-generation synthesis of the drug, and also lowers the cost of
production.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Merck & Co., Inc. developed a medication to
ease the collateral symptoms from chemotherapy in cancer patients. The drug, called Emend has an
effective response in reducing nausea and vomiting during and after chemotherapy. Emend's active
ingredient, aprepitant, was first synthesized in a six-step synthetic route that required the use of a
stoichiometric amount of a chiral acid to make the complex stereochemistry of aprepitant. The synthesis
of aprepitant is very challenging due to the presence of two rings with heteroatoms and three chiral
centers. The first-generation synthesis was costly and required the use of hazardous chemicals.
To reduce costs and environmental impact of the process, and to improve the synthesis of the active
ingredient of Emend, Merck applied green chemistry principles, such as atom economy, to design a
novel synthetic route for aprepitant. The developed synthesis reduced the route to only three steps and
replaced the complex chiral acid by a chiral alcohol that is produced in an asymmetric catalytic reaction.
The alcohol stereochemistry is applied in a crystallization-induced asymmetric transformation that
determines the remaining two stereogenic centers. The new technology nearly doubles the reaction
yield over the first-generation synthesis, and is applicable for large-scale synthesis of other chiral
molecules through incorporating a chiral precursor to selectively define the other stereocenters.
Merk's novel synthesis of aprepitant has milder conditions and reduces the chemical hazards,
environmental impact, and energy usage when compared to the first-generation synthesis. The new
synthesis decreases by 80% the chemical input and water usage, greatly reducing the production costs.
greener-synthetic-pathways-award-merck-co (accessed on July 5, 2019)
254
Technology: Yeast-catalyzed Synthetic Alternative for the Production of a Drug Candidate
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Lilly Research Laboratories
Description of the Technology: The Lilly Research Laboratories created an alternative synthetic route for
the synthesis of a drug candidate LY300164. The novel synthetic methodology uses a yeast to catalyze a
reduction of a ketone to an alcohol and eliminates the need for a redox cycle. The technology reduces
the amount of organic solvent used by 41 gallons per pound of product, increases the reaction yield by
39%, and vastly decreases the generation of chromium waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The production of medicines typically
generates large volumes of chemical waste because of long synthetic routes that may involve many
chemical inputs and purification steps. Lilly Research Laboratories redesigned the synthesis of a drug
candidate called LY300164 that can potentially be used in the treatment of epilepsy and
neurodegenerative diseases. Even though the synthesis for the clinical trials of LY300164 was feasible
from an economic point of view, it encountered some environmental drawbacks. The initial process
used a large volume of organic solvent, an additional reaction step, and produced a high volume of
hazardous chromium waste.
In the new synthetic pathway, the yeast, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, was employed to catalyze the
reduction of a ketone to an alcohol; however, the product alcohol dramatically decreased the efficiency
of the yeast at high concentrations. The yeast-catalyzed process was adapted to an aqueous three-phase
solution that used a polymeric resin, a buffer, and glucose. In this medium, the ketone in an equilibrium
between the water and the resin's surface. The yeast reacts with the ketone in the aqueous phase,
slowly shifting this equilibrium by consuming the ketone. The product alcohol is absorbed in the resin,
avoiding the problems encountered in high concentrations of the product, and facilitates obtaining the
product. The residual aqueous waste is free of organic materials and can be treated through traditional
aqueous waste treatments.
The original synthetic method included unproductive redox cycle using chromium oxide which was
eliminated in the second key step of the new route by selective oxidation reaction with sodium
hydroxide, dimethylsulfoxide, and compressed air. The new synthetic methodology for LY300164
increases yields and dramatically reduces the usage of organic solvents and eliminates the generation of
chromium waste.
References: Abstracted from: "United States Environmental Protection Agency. Presidential Green
Chemistry Challenge: 1999 Greener Reaction Conditions" Award.
pathways-award
255
256
Technology: Improved Synthesis of Ibuprofen
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: BHC Company (now BASF Corporation)
Description of the Technology: The BHC Company, currently BASF corporation, adapted the traditional
six-steps synthetic route of ibuprofen to a three-steps route. BHC's novel synthetic route considerably
reduces the generation of organic and aqueous waste and increases the atom utilization of the process
that produces a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? One of the biggest challenges of the
pharmaceutical industry is how to decrease the environmental impact of the drug production processes.
The search for alternative synthetic routes with significant reductions in the volume of organic solvent
used and waste generated is essential. Ibuprofen is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
that is the active ingredient in many drugs, such as Advil and Motrin. The BHC Company, currently BASF
corporation, altered the traditional industrial process for ibuprofen's production, greatly reducing its
environmental impact.
BHC's 3-steps synthetic route with 90% atom efficiency can effectively substitute the traditional 6-steps
production that only had less than 40% atom efficiency by the employment of the three catalytic
reactions. The novel route uses anhydrous hydrogen fluoride as solvent and catalyst, which reduces the
volume of waste being generated, and increases the selectivity of the reaction. The hydrogen fluoride
can be recovered and reused with 99.9% efficiency. In the processes, the generated waste is minimal,
with nearly all chemical input being either recuperated or transformed into products or useful
byproducts.
The new methodology can effectively substitute the conventional synthesis that has provided the
ibuprofen to the market since 1992. The novel procedure for the synthesis of Ibuprofen eliminates the
use of organic solvents and reduces to almost zero the aqueous salt waste produced in the process.
BHC's technology successfully reduces the environmental impact of an essential and vastly produced
pharmaceutical and has received awards for its achievements.
257
Technology: Aerobic Oxidation Methods for Pharmaceutical Synthesis
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Shannon S. Stahl, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Description of the Technology: Prof. Stahl, from University of Wisconsin-Madison is developing a

catalysis method that makes use of atmospheric oxygen to reduce the environmentally hazardous by
products that oxidation reactions often produce.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Oxidation reactions are widely used in
industry to obtain a wide variety of oxidized products. Usually, strong and toxic oxidants are employed
and toxic byproducts can be generated as waste. Professor Stahl’s research aims to use atmospheric
oxygen as the most environment friendly and cheapest oxidizer. He and his group are developing
aerobic catalytic methods to take advantage of the oxidizing capacity of oxygen under mild conditions.
With a first focus on alcoholic oxidation, the group sees promise in the technology, and are now
investigating implementation in scale for pharmaceutical industry. Waste prevention, selectivity, and
absence of toxic chlorinated solvents are among the benefits of the technology.
258
Technology: Use of Trasaminase Towards Greener Manufacturing of Sitagliptin
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Merck & Co., Inc.; Codexis, Inc
Description of the Technology: Merck & Co., Inc. together with Codexis, Inc. worked on the creation of a
new synthetic method of sitagliptin, which is used in the drug Januvia. The process employs a biocatalyst
that eliminates the use of a metal catalyst and provides better yields and safety.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Januvia is a widely used drug to treat
diabetes type II. The active ingredient is a chemical called sitagliptin. The production process, even
though efficient and innovative, required a crystallization step and a high-pressure step, which is
expensive and energy demanding.
The joint effort of Codex’s and Merck resulted in a new methodology to synthesize sitagliptin by using
transaminase enzymes, which converts a precursor ketone directly into the final product. The
companies improved its biocatalytic activity which yields no detectable amounts of the unwanted
enantiomer of sitagliptin. Besides the selectivity benefits, it also removes the use of a high-pressure
step, and reduces the overall waste production by 19%. The technology increases the overall efficiency
compared to conventional methods with greater yields.
259
Technology: Evolution of Biocatalysts Towards the Production of Atorvastatin
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Codexis, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Codexis employed genetic methods to produce enzymes that allow
improved production of an essential building block of Liptor, one of the most popular drugs around the
world. The enzymatic pathway has several environment friendly improvements along with higher yields.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Liptor is one of the best-selling drugs in the
world, with annual revenues around 10 billion dollars. Its active ingredient, Atorvastatin calcium, is
produced through a chiral building block called hydroxynitrile (HN) which has an annual demand of
440,000 pounds. The conventional manufacturing process of HN is low yielding (less than 50%), and
requires the use of hazardous chemicals such as hydrogen bromide. Although alternatives to the process
were tested in the past, they all had disadvantages such as difficulty in purifying the final product or
even lower yields.
The new enzymatic pathway introduced by Codexis tackles most of the issues related to Atorvastatin
production. It works on mild conditions and provides high-quality products with significantly higher
yields. The technology consists of three bioengineered enzymes that work together to reduce the steps
of the conventional methodology to just two steps. The combined work of the three enzymes improved
the reduction reaction (step 1) by 100-fold and the subsequent cyanation reaction by 4,000-fold. The
new pathway provides higher yields and lower environment and human hazard, with fewer undesired
byproducts and waste.
260
Technology: Green Synthesis of Taxol via Plant Cell Fermentation and Extraction
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
Description of the Technology: Bristol-Myers Squibb invented a plant cell fermentation (PCF) synthetic
method to produce paclitaxel, the active substance in anticancer pharmaceutical Taxol. PCF can replace
conventional methods of producing paclitaxel, which is currently produced from a precursor extracted
from the European yew tree.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Paclitaxel, an important anticancer substance
that is commercialized under the brand of Taxol, is in demand around the world. The current production
method of paclitaxel is based on the extraction of a precursor from yew bark which does not contain
much of the precursor. Another concern is that isolating paclitaxel requires killing the tree during the
extraction process since the bark is stripped in the procedure. The complexity of paclitaxel molecule
makes it impractical for large scale production from simple feedstock.
Tackling both the difficulty of production and the environment impacts of conventional extraction
methods, BMS developed a plant cell fermentation process to manufacture paclitaxel. The system
occurs in aqueous medium where taxus cells, fed with renewable nutrients such as sugars and amino
acids, promote fermentation under controlled conditions at ambient temperature and pressure. After
fermentation is complete, paclitaxel is directly extracted from the cell cultures, purified by
chromatography, and isolated by crystallization. By implementing this technology in the pharmaceutical
industry, it is possible to reduce the biomass waste and prevent the destruction of yew forests as direct
extraction is reduced.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Synthetic Methodology
261
Technology: Redesign of the Sertaline Production Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Pfizer, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Pfizer introduced a new process to manufacture stertraline, the active
ingredient of the drug Zoloft®. This process doubles the overall yield and provides environmental
advantages such as raw material use, energy use reduction, and hazardous material elimination.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Zoloft® is one of the most common
antidepressants commercially available, with approximately 50 million prescriptions per year. Its active
ingredient, sertraline, is traditionally manufactured via a three-step streamlined process that makes use
of four different organic solvents: methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and hexane. Overall,
the production process is relatively wasteful and has low efficiency.
Pfizer developed a new manufacturing process for sertraline. The new process has environmental and
human safety improvements and yields an extremely pure product with high efficiency. The new single
step process uses ethanol as the main solvent, and significantly improving workers safety. It uses a new
palladium catalyst that reduces the use of raw materials by 60% (monomethylamine), 45% (tetralone),
and 20% (mandelic acid). The new process has favorable equilibrium constants towards imine formation,
a key intermediate of the process, thus resulting in better yields, reagents economy, and improved cost-
efficiency.
Keywords: Solvents, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
262
Technology: Efficient Production of Cytovene®
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: CordenPharma Colorado
Description of the Technology: CordenPharma Colorado created a new synthetic methodology for
Cytovene® that incorporates green chemistry principles. The new process reduces both liquid and solid
wastes, and leads to greater yields.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Cytovene® is a widely used antiviral drug that
is applied in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis infections in immunocompromised patients. Its
main active component, ganciclovir, has an increasing worldwide demand. the first design of its
production process that allowed large scale manufacturing was very wasteful and involved the use of
environmentally hazardous chemicals.
CordenPharma Colorado was the company that first designed a process that makes large scale
commercial ganciclovir production possible. A few years later, the company redesigned the process and
presented a new synthetic methodology that considered green chemistry principles. The new
technology, Guanine Triester (GTE) Process, reduced by half the number of chemical reagents and
intermediates, eliminated the production of hazardous solid waste, and introduced a recycling process
of total recovery for 80% of the inputs. These benefits further translated to improved worker safety and
a decrease of expenses on monitoring and transporting the hazardous chemicals, making the overall
process more cost-efficient.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Synthetic Methodology
263
Technology: EvanPhos
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Lipshutz Research Group, University of California, Santa

Barbara
Description of the Technology: Researchers at University of California Santa Barbara developed a new
palladium catalyst for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. The ligand, called EvanPhos, reduces the
required amount of catalyst and allows the substitution of the organic solvents traditionally used in SM
couplings, such as toluene, by the less toxic ethyl acetate or water.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? For 30 years, the Suzuki-Miyaura (SM)
coupling reaction has been the most used reaction in the pharmaceutical industry. SM couplings are
catalyzed by palladium with typical catalytic loadings of 1-5 mol%. Although successful, SM couplings use
a large amount of palladium which is a scarce metal. Researchers at University of California Santa
Barbara studied strategies for reducing the palladium in SM couplings.
The Lipshutz research group designed a novel ligand, called EvanPhos, that coordinates with palladium
and reduces the catalytic loadings to a range of 0.005-0.5 mol%. EvanPhos can be easily synthesized in a
two-step reaction from a resorcinol derivative, O,O-di-methylresorcinol-4-boronic acid. EvanPhos allows
the use of ethyl acetate as the solvent in the reaction, substituting toluene which has been commonly
used in SM couplings. Ethyl acetate is safer than toluene given its lower toxicity, and provided higher
yields. The Lipshutz group also proved the efficacy of this reaction in water with surfactant
nanomicelles, and the reactions were either faster or as fast as the reaction in ethyl acetate and had, in
general, higher yields. EvanPhos is stable at room temperature, being significantly more stable than
SPhos, a common ligand for SM couplings.
EvanPhos in the water surfactant mixture can be easily recycled, through extraction with MTBE, and
reused in future reactions with no considerable yield losses in two recycling cycles. The novel ligand
EvanPhos reduces the catalyst input in SM coupling reactions and allows for greener reactions
conditions for Suzuki-Miyaura couplings.
References: Abstracted from Landstrom, E. B.; Handa, S.; Aue, D. H.; Gallou, F.; Lipshutz, B. H. Green
Chemistry 2018, 20 (15), 3436–3443.
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/gc/c8gc01356j#!divAbstract
264
Technology: An Alternative Synthesis of Bisnoraldehyde, an Intermediate to Progesterone and
Corticosteroids
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc. previously produced bulk pharmaceutical
steroids like progesterone and corticosteroids using the steroidal intermediate bisnoraldehyde (BNA).
This process involved using heavy-metal catalysts and generated hazardous waste. Pharmacia and
Upjohn, Inc. developed a new pathway to BNA from waste soya bean residues using bleach and a
catalyst cofactor system (4-hydroxy-TEMPO). Thie process produces a nontoxic, aqueous waste stream
and organics that can be recovered. It also avoids toxic reagents such as organic peroxides and
organoselenium compounds.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? There are many health and environmental
benefits associated with Pharmacia and Upjohn's new route to BNA. Unlike the previous method, this
method avoids the use of heavy metal catalysts which generates toxic waste which may lead to
contamination of the atmosphere, soil, and surface water. Waste streams produced by the process are
non-toxic, and have recoverable organic solvent for reuse.
265
Technology: Green Chemistry in the Redesign of the Pregabalin Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Pfizer Global Research and Development
Description of the Technology: Pfizer’s initial commercial synthesis of Pregabalin, an active ingredient in
the medicine Lyrica begun in 2005. This synthetic methodology Pfizer developed was inefficient and the
enantiomer by-product of the process was non-recyclable, resulting in waste. Pfizer’s new Pregabalin
manufacturing process uses an innovative biocatalytic route by using an enzyme which was identified by
high-throughput screening. The enzyme used for the green process of Pregabalin manufacturing is
advantageous because it is a less expensive food-grade enzyme that operates at high substrate
concentrations.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Pfizer’s new Pregabalin manufacturing
process enables recycling of the non-desired enantiomer in the original process, increases the life cycle
of raw materials used in the manufacturing process, and increasing the product yield. This innovation
reduces the amount of raw materials required for each starting phase of Pregabalin production and
significantly reduces the waste previously generated from the process. The new Pregabalin
manufacturing process requires less organic solvent compared to the initial process. This includes
chemicals such as tetrahydrofuran, methanol, and ethanol which pose health concerns to workers in
pharmaceutical companies. According to the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) almost 10 million workers are potentially exposed to organic solvents in the workplace. High
exposures to organic solvents are known to cause central and peripheral nervous system damage,
kidney and liver damage, sperm changes and infertility, skin lesions, and cancer. By eliminating the use
of large amounts of organic solvents from the Pregabalin manufacturing process, workers are protected
from these health concerns.
Abstracted from "United States Department of Labor. OSHA Archive."

https://www.osha.gov/archive/oshinfo/priorities/solvents.html (accessed November 28, 2018)
266
Technology: Green Chemistry in the Redesign of the Celecoxib Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Pfizer Global Research and Development
Description of the Technology: Traditional reaction mechanisms for Celecoxib manufacturing result in
the formation of isomeric impurities whose presence require recrystallization and lead to yield loses.
Pfizer’s new Celecoxib process eliminates the need for recrystallization and allows for final isolation
directly from the reaction mixture. The advantages of this innovation are increased efficiency and
reduced waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Pfizer’s new Celecoxib process eliminates the
use of organic solvents and substitutes organic solvent washes during isolation with water. Workers
exposed to organic solvents daily during industrial processes are exposed to health hazards like toxicity
to the nervous system, reproductive damage, liver and kidney damage, respiratory impairment, cancer,
and dermatitis. Using water in place of solvents reduces these health hazards. The elimination of
tetrahydrofuran and reduction in use of hydrochloric acid in the new Celecoxib process also helps to
reduce hazards of using these chemicals in conventional pharmaceutical Celecoxib manufacturing
processes.
This new manufacturing process decreases waste generated due to increased process efficiency. By
eliminating the need for recrystallization and ensuring that final isolation is achieved directly from the
reaction mixture, yield loses are avoided. Between 2003 and 2006, waste reduced from 23.4 to 6.3
kilograms per kilogram of Celecoxib manufactured by Pfizer. The new process saves energy by
eliminating recrystallization and reduced need of raw materials, which saves money and produces less
demand for material extraction.
267
Technology: GLDA – A Biodegradable Chelating Agent
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Aquapharm
Description of the Technology: Chelating agents like NTA and EDTA are used in the pharmaceutical,
food processing, and industrial cleaning industries. They are known to have adverse effects on human
health and the environment. The use of disodium EDTA (edetate disodium) has resulted in fatalities due
to hypocalcemia. Aquapharm developed a biodegradable chelant GLDA (L-glutamic acid-N,N-diacetic
acid) which is a substitute for NTA and EDTA. This chelating agent sources about 50% of its carbon from
plants.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Chelating agents are known to negatively
affect human health and the environment because they are non-biodegradable. EDTA has been
observed to be a persistent substance in the environment and has increased heavy metals bioavailability
and remobilization processes.
Aquapharm’s GLDA provides environmental and health benefits is biodegradable and promotes heavy
metal accumulation. By using GLDA instead of non-biodegradable chelating agents like EDTA and NTA,
health risks are reduced. GLDA is free from genetically modified raw materials, which reduces the risks
of infertility and immune problems that are associated with genetically modified raw materials. This
innovation can be applied in detergents and industrial cleaning for chelation of Calcium and Magnesium
salts and heavy metals, especially iron and manganese at alkaline pH.
References: Abstracted from "Aquapharm products. Biodegradable Chelating agents"

http://www.aquapharm-india.com/products-next/#Biodegradable (accessed March 16, 2019)
Abstracted from "EDTA. The Chelating agent under scrutiny"

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-40422003000600020 (accessed March
16, 2019)
Sector: Pharmaceuticals
Keywords: Hazard Reduction, Degradation
268
Technology: Eucodis Bioscience Enzymes
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Eucodis Bioscience
Description of the Technology: Eucodis Bioscience develops custom enzymes including innovative
lipases, beta-lactamases, peroxidases and other enzymes for pharmaceutical, biotechnology,
diagnostics, and other industries. Their customers use the products as a part of the formulations of
laundry detergents, moisturizing cosmetics, bakery mixes, or animal feeds, and enabling industrial
processes such as the extraction and processing of vegetable oils, or the production of fine chemicals
from biomass in a biorefinery, among many other applications.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Enzymes replace complex synthesis steps
through a single biocatalytic step, which reduces energy and chemicals consumed. The use of enzymes
enables chemical reactions to occur at “biological” temperatures rather than high temperatures,
reducing energy costs to achieve effective temperatures.
Enzymes enable more effective use of biomass as feedstock to produce bioproducts, biofuels, and
bioenergy, and is a viable alternate to petroleum.
References: Abstracted from "White Biotechnology" "EUCODIS Bioscience - Tailored Biocatalysis"

http://www.eucodis.com/index.php/news/8-frontpage/2-eucodis-bioscience-tailored-biocatalysis
Sector: Pharmaceuticals
Keywords: Renewable, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
269
Plastics and Polymers
270
Technology: Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Natural Plastics
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Metabolix, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Metabolix, Inc. designed an alternative to petroleum-based plastics by

genetically modifying organisms that can biosynthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). The PHAs are
natural plastics that are produced from biomass and that can have diverse physical properties. They
have a comparable performance and applicability as traditional plastics, and are biodegradable, having a
much lower impact in the environment.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Natural plastics, such as
polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), are synthesized from renewable biomass in a process biocatalyzed by
microorganisms. The synthesis of these biodegradable plastics has a low environmental impact, with
makes them a promising substitute to petroleum-based plastics. Metabolix, Inc. genetically modified
microbes by inserting a new reaction pathway with a series of enzymatic reactions that generates PHAs
from a variety of natural raw materials, such as vegetable oils and cane sugar. Metabolix's technology
has proven to be effective in the high-scale production of a variety of PHAs. The natural plastics can be
obtained in high-yield reactions, and started to be commercialized by Archer Daniels Midland Company
in 2004.
Metabolix's production of PHAs is the first technology to be applied in the industrial production of
plastics that allows the complete manufacturing of the final product from microbial biocatalyzed
transformations of renewable feedstocks. The technology does not require any new machinery for the
processing of PHAs and can be incorporated in the traditional plastic processing lines. This technology is
a viable alternative for petroleum-based plastic productions, and it would possibly increase the U.S
trade balance by 6 to 9 billion dollars each year by minimizing the annual importation of oil to 200–230
million barrels.
The natural plastics produced have very diverse physical properties, varying from hard to flexible, and
can withstand the contact with greases and boiling water. They can greatly reduce the greenhouse gas
emissions by shifting a petroleum-based production to renewable sources. The PHAs plastics are also
more biodegradable, with non-toxic biodegradation products, decreasing the enormous impact of
plastic pollution world-wide.
Category: Plastics and Polymers
271
Catalysis
272
Technology: AirCarbon
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Newlight Technologies
Description of the Technology: AirCarbon, by Newlight Technologies, is a plastic polymer made from
methane-based gas mixture in contact with common atmospheric gases. AirCarbon plastics provide a
green alternative to petroleum-based plastic polymers, representing a lower cost versus its fossil-
derived competitors with comparable to better performances. AirCarbon has already been applied in
the production of bags, cellphone cases, furniture, and other products.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Among the various uses of petroleum,
making plastic is one of the most costly processes. With its importance and popularity comes the
environmental hazards related to the extensive release of carbonic and other greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere. Because these gases were barred and not part of the atmospheric mixture, the increase in
their concentration brings a variety of consequences, such as climate change and the increase of
greenhouse effect.
As a negative net-carbon product, AirCarbon comes as a green chemistry alternative to the traditional
petroleum-based plastics. By using methane-based mixtures as the main component, the AirCarbon
production process takes more greenhouse gases than what it emits to the atmosphere, contributing to
a reduction of its concentrations and the overall diminishment of greenhouse gas related environmental
issues. With a high industrial performance (9 kilograms of polymer produced for every 1 kilogram of
biocatalysts), the Newlight biocatalysts used to produce AirCarbon have been gaining popularity in
industry and is being used by companies such as Dell and IKEA.
Chemicals and Specific Environmental Benefit: Climate Change Awards"
chemicals-and-specific (accessed July 31, 2018)
Keywords: Renewable, Catalysis
273
Technology: TIPA Sustainable Packaging
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: TIPA
Description of the Technology: TIPA designed an alternative to conventional plastic flexible packaging
that has comparable performance and that biodegrades in composters in less than 180 days. The
organic material in the composter can be used as a fertilizer for plants, giving a valuable destination for
the packaging waste. TIPA sustainable packaging is a possible packaging alternative that can greatly
reduce the enormous and long-lasting environmental impact of conventional plastic packaging.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Conventional plastic packaging can take up to
500 years to biodegrade, having an enduring environmental impact, especially in the aquatic ecosystem.
TIPA developed an alternative to traditional flexible packaging that is biodegraded in a 180-day period in
a composter, being transformed into plant fertilizer.
TIPA's bio-based packaging is made of a combination of biodegradable polymers that form the
packaging films and laminates. TIPA's novel packaging technology has considerable improvements in
performance, with packages that have comparable impermeability, durability, transparency, and
impregnability with the traditional flexible packaging. Their packages have the same shelf-life
performance and can be used in any packaging production line. TIPA's flexible packaging can be used in
different goods, such as frozen goods and vegetables.
TIPA's technology allows the manufacturing of compostable packaging that have superior performance,
and that can be disposed of with the regular compostable waste or can be composted in home
composters. TIPA's packaging can be naturally recycled and can exceptionally reduce the generation of
traditional petrochemical-based plastic packaging that have long-lasting impacts on the environment.
TIPA's packaging is already being commercialized and used by some companies.
References: Abstracted from "Compostable Packaging" https://tipa-corp.com/ (accessed Aug 6, 2018)
Abstracted from "Tipa: Fully Compostable Flexible Packaging"

https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/Fully-Compostable-Flexible-Packaging-81 (accessed Aug 6,
2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Design, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
274
Technology: Greener Organic Chemistry in Polymer Industry
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Robert M. Waymouth of Stanford University Dr.

James L. Hedrick of IBM Almaden Research Center
Description of the Technology: Professor Waymouth and Dr. Hedrick investigated alternatives to metal
catalysis in polyester fabrication, which avoids metals incorporation to plastics and thus diminish the
human and environment hazards associated to residual metal catalysts leaching during plastic
decomposition.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Plastics synthesis requires a multi-step
process that binds together monomers to the polymeric final form. For polyesters, the polymerization
step traditionally involves the use of metals catalysts such as those derived from the tin complexes.
During the conventional synthetic routes, residual metal catalyst ends up trapped in the polymer. This
process makes the polyester less safe for human contact and for the environment, since the metals can
leave the polymeric complex during consumption or plastic degradation.
Prof. Waymouth’s lab at Stanford University and Dr. Hedrick’s at IBM Almaden Research Center
researched potential substitutes to metal-catalysis for plastic polymers production. They discovered a
series of non-toxic organic catalysts that are very active and can be used to fabric and recycle green
biodegradable polyesters. The organic catalysis is comparable or exceeds the metal-based rivals. These
organic catalysts can also be applied towards depolymerization, which is useful for PET bottle recycling.
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2012-academic-award-
waymouth-and-hedrick (accessed August 5, 2018)
Keywords: Design, Hazard Reduction, Degradation, Catalysis
275
Technology: Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide as Raw Materials to Synthesize Biodegradable
Polymers
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Geoffrey W. Coates at Cornell University
Description of the Technology: Professor Coates’s laboratory worked on a series of catalysts that use
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide to produce polymers. His work has been used by Novomer, Inc. on
industrial scale to fabricate a diversity of high-performance products.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The production and consumption of plastic is
a cause of some of the largest current environmental impacts: waste accumulation and climate change
due to CO2 emissions.
With his group at Cornell University, Professor Geoffrey W. Coates developed a set of catalysts for the
conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into polymers. Given that carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide are abundant, renewable, and are easily extracted at low-cost, they are the ideal
feedstocks for chemical industry. The technology acts by polymerizing carbon dioxide and epoxides into
polycarbonates, which can further be used as feedstocks to produce pharmaceuticals and plastics.
Professor Coates’s research highlights among similar alternatives due to its high performance and cost-
advantage. Since 2010, Novomer Inc. has implemented the technology into large scale production of
polycarbonate coating used in the electronics industry, showing that the new methodology have the
potential to sequester and avoid approximately 180 million metric tons of annual CO2 emissions.
References: Abstracted from "Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge: 2012 Academic Award (Coates)"
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2012-academic-award-
coates (accessed August 6, 2018)
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
276
Technology: Pevalen
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Perstorp
Description of the Technology: Perstorp developed a plasticizer, known as Pevalen, that is not based in
phthalate esters. Pevalen is pentaerythritol tetravalerate or PETV, eliminates the health concerns raised
by phthalate materials while providing superior plasticizing performance. Perstorp's plasticizer has a
reduced carbon footprint and improved UV light and fire and smoke resistance in comparison to
phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Plasticizers are widely used in the production
of plastic products because of their efficacy in improving the flexibility of PVC-based materials. Although
phthalate esters are widely used as plasticizers, they have been linked to many detrimental health
impacts in humans. Non-phthalate plasticizers have been increasingly adopted in the production of
products that have direct interaction with consumers, such as toys, pacifiers, and flooring.
Perstorp created a novel non-phthalate plasticizer that has comparable performance with high-
performance phthalate esters plasticizers. Perstorp's plasticizer, Pevalen, has low volatility and
migration and has singular qualities, such as improved UV, fire and smoke resistance, and superior
plasticizing efficacy and gelation. Pevalen, also known as pentaerythritol tetravalerate or PETV, is also
very cost-effective and has improved plasticizing performance in both suspension and emulsions
applications. Pevalen has a low carbon footprint, has a superior and longer lasting appearance, and it
can be produced from renewable materials. Pevalen efficiency reduces the amount of plasticizer used by
20%, mixing easier and quicker PVC in contrast with other plasticizers. Perstorp's technology greatly
reduces the risks encountered in traditional plasticizers and it can be used in the production of plastic
products with sensitive and indoor applications. Pevalen combines high-performance with a lower
impact in human health and in the environment, providing an alternative to conventional plasticizers.
References: Abstracted from "Perstorp: True non-phthalate plasticizer for close to human use:
Pevalen™" https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/True-non-phthalate-plasticizer-for-close-to-
human-use-Pevalen--91 (accessed Aug 8, 2018)
Related Information: https://www.perstorp.com/en/products/pevalen
277
Technology: NatureWorks PLA Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: NatureWorks LLC
Description of the Technology: NatureWorks LLC introduced a new process for polylactic acid (PLA)
production called NatureWorks. This new synthetic methodology reduces the use of fossil fuel feedstock
by 20-50% when compared to traditional petroleum-based polymers production. PLA has many
environmental advantages when compared to the conventional alternatives.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional plastic production involves use of
fossil fuel feedstock in an environmentally hazardous process. These petroleum-based products often
impose an environment hazard themselves, being persistent and non-biodegradable. Although
alternatives are often proposed, few can compete in cost and performance to the traditional petroleum-
based plastic and fibers.
Polylactic Acid (PLA) produced through NatureWorks is one of the first to overcome economic and
performance barriers to be able to compete with fossil fuel-based fiber and plastic. PLA is
biodegradable, non-persistent, and can be completely recycled. The technology to produce it uses far
fewer resources than conventional processes, and eliminates the need to use organic solvents, using
water instead. The PLA production process has high performance with yields above 95%. This
technology offers the plastics and plasticizers industry a greener option for complex products
manufacturing, leading to an exponential increase of environment benefits along the production chain.
278
Technology: Synthesis of 4-Aminodiphenylamine via Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Description of the Technology: The Eastman Chemical Company designed a new synthetic methodology
to manufacture 4-aminodiphenylamine (4-ADPA), a key building block of a rubber preservative. This new
process has significant environmental benefits.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? By incorporating the principle of reducing
waste at the source rather than at the later stage of remediation, the Eastman Chemical Company
introduced a new methodology to synthesize aromatic amines without using halogenated reagents. The
new technology is based on the study of a class of reactions called nucleophilic aromatic substitution of
hydrogen (NASH). The company applied their findings to the manufacture of 4-ADPA and introduced a
new synthetic pathway that uses base-promoted directly coupling between aniline and nitrobenzene.
The new synthetic pathway reduces 74% of the generated organic waste, 99% of the generated
inorganic waste, and 94% of the waste water. In global terms, the impact on world production led to a
decrease of 74 million pounds of chemical waste and 1.4 billion pounds of waste water.
279
Technology: Eastman 168™ Non-Phthalate Plasticizer
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Eastman
Description of the Technology: Eastman's technology for plasticizers aims to reduce and further
eliminate the use of phthalic acid derived products and reagents in the plastics/plasticizers industry.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Plasticizers (or dispersants) are widely used
reagents to increase the plasticity/flexibility (or decrease viscosity) of a variety of materials. Their use,
however, results in a great potential for environmental impact. In addition to being unsustainable, most
traditional products use phthalate esters at some point of the manufacturing pathway, which is
hazardous to human and environmental health due to its toxicity and volatility.
Eastman’s new plasticizer technology, Eastman 168™, innovates the sector as it brings sustainability
concepts to plasticizers. The product’s main aspect is that it is a non-phthalate, a characteristic that
reduces much of the hazard of its production process when compared to traditional products. It also has
proven compatibility with PVC, VC/VA, and a wide range of elastomers, all of which are widely used in
the industry. Eastman 168™ has been in the market for over 40 years with proven high performance and
safer and more sustainable use. Its clean toxicological profile and environmental compatibility has made
it one of the few plasticizers widely certified by many evaluation tools such as GreenScreen® and
CleanGradients®.
References: Abstracted from "GreenScreen® and CleanGradient® recognize Eastman non-phthalate

plasticizers" (https://www.eastman.com/Literature_Center/P/PZ4315.pdf)
280
Technology: Production of Biodegradable Plastic from Methane
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Mango Materials
Description of the Technology: To reduce the environmental impact of plastics, Mango Materials is
producing biodegradable plastics from methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas. Methane is used
in a fermentative process to produce a biopolymer that can be used to produce many products from
biodegradable plastic. The plastic can be broken down even in environments with an absence of oxygen,
in which case methane is generated and can be used in the production of more polymers.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Plastic products are widely used in everyday
life; however, due to plastic's high environmental persistence they have an impact on many ecosystems.
Traditional plastics are produced from fossil-fuel sources and can persist in the environment for
thousands of years, creating problems such as the Great Pacific garbage patch. Methane gas, generated
in landfills for example, is a greenhouse gas that has 25 times the impact of carbon dioxide and is
currently 10% of total greenhouse gas emissions.
Mango Materials designed a process to produce biodegradable plastic from methane gas to reduce the
environmental impact of plastics and provide a destination for the potent greenhouse gas. Mango
Materials collects the methane produced in landfills and feeds it into a fermentation chamber with
selected bacteria that consumes the methane, producing a biodegradable polymer,
polyhydroxyalkanoates. The polymer is biodegradable in a variety of environments, including the ones
with little or zero oxygen concentration. In the presence of no oxygen, its biodegradable process
generates methane gas that can be used in the production of more polymer. The polymer generated in
this cyclic process can be used to manufacture many single-use plastic products that are competitive
with traditional, oil-based plastics, in both properties and economic viability. Mango Materials
technology is currently being tested in textile applications and caps and closures production.

26, 2018)
Abstracted from "Environmental Protection Agency. GHG Emissions."

https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases (accessed Nov 26, 2018)
Abstracted from "Mango Materials." http://mangomaterials.com/applications/(accessed Nov 26, 2018)
281
Technology: Paptic Packaging Material from Wood Feedstock
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Paptic
Description of the Technology: Paptic developed packaging material from wood feedstock. Paptic
packaging are thin and flexible, allowing for easily handling. Its production requires no new
infrastructures or machines since it can be produced by existing paper production lines. It can be
produced as reels which enables it to be used with existing mills. Paptic is also an ideal base material for
many applications as it is robust and flexible.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The production of plastic packaging emits
toxic carbon monoxide and other undesirable organic compounds. Most packaging waste ends up in
landfills and causes adverse environmental impacts. Polystyrene and other plastics do not break down
quickly causing adverse long-term environmental consequences including harm to aquatic species and
destruction of water bodies.
Paptic packaging materials are recyclable, biodegradable. and reusable. Paptic is made from wood
feedstock and can be recycled with carton board. Its fibers are biodegradable under industrial
composting conditions.
The Paptic manufacturing technology reduces water and energy consumption and the products are
reusable due to its technical performance resistance and foldability. This efficient use of resources
protects water and energy reserves in the environment.
References: Abstracted from "Paptic." https://paptic.com/ (accessed March 23, 2019)'
Abstracted from "What Are the Environmental Impacts of Product Packaging?"

https://bizfluent.com/info-8215836-environmental-impacts-product-packaging.html (accessed March
23, 2019)
Keywords: Separation, Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Degradation
282
Technology: Developing Enzymatic Bioprocesses to Reinvent the Lifecycle of Plastics
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Carbios
Description of the Technology: Carbios developed three technological innovations aimed at plastics
biodegradation, biorecycling and bioproduction. This is achieved by combining enzymology and
plasturgy. Carbios’ biodegradable plastic Cabriolice is produced from a range of partially bio-sourced
compounds that are 100% biodegradable and 100% compostable.
Carbios developed a biorecycling process as an alternative to traditional thermomechanical recycling

processes. This recycling process allows selective depolymerization of the polymers of interest
contained in the plastics to be recycled.
This biorecycling process allows recycled materials to retain all the performance of the original materials
in the recycled materials. Carbios also developed a new PLA production route directly from lactic acid
without going through an intermediate.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The rate of plastic production and use far
exceeds the rate of recycling and degradation. This results in environmental concerns including
bioaccumulation in water bodies, consumption of landfill space, and leaching. Carbios’ processes include
bioproduction, biodegradability and bio-recycling to address these concerns.
The cost of bio-based plastics has been a constraint to their widespread adoption, despite their
environmental and health benefits as an alternate to petroleum-based plastics. The Carbios
bioproduction process of plastics from lactic acid overcomes this challenge by eliminating the expensive
intermediate stage. This allows the bioproduction process to become competitive with traditional plastic
production processes. Carbios’ innovation decreases the use of petroleum-based plastics by providing
bio-based plastic thereby freeing landfill space, reducing GHG emissions and protection soil, land and
water from plastics pollution.
References: Abstracted from "Catalyst of innovation for a true Circular Economy of plastics."
https://carbios.fr/ (accessed May 18, 2019)
Keywords: Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology, Degradation
283
Technology: Sustainable Polymers
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: NSF Center for Sustainable Polymers
Description of the Technology: The NSF Center for Sustainable Polymers at the University of Minnesota
is working towards making the production, composition, and disposal of plastics more sustainable. They
are currently working on novel chemical reactions with catalysts that can transform biomass and other
natural products into polymers with reduced hazard. They are striving to create new polymers with
defined and known structure to relate polymer morphology and their properties, and they work to
discover new polymers with better performance and improved disposal.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Plastics are widely used in many industrial
sectors, generating non-degradable plastic waste that creates a series of environmental drawbacks.
Plastics are traditionally produced from petroleum-based compounds, such as polyethylene and
polystyrene, which are non-renewable and unsustainable. Considering the enormous and urgent
environmental issue created by the plastic production, the NSF Center for Sustainable Polymers (CSP) at
the University of Minnesota studies different ways that plastic production, composition, and disposal
can be improved and made more sustainable.
In the CSP, they study novel biochemical transformations involving different catalysts to produce
polymers that can be used in plastic production from biomass and other natural products. One of the
innovations from CSP is a biomass-based, high-yielding process for the synthesis of isoprene from 3-
methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) with a heterogeneous acid catalyst. The CSP also studies ways to
produce better performing plastics with improved mechanical properties and plastics that are
biodegradable or can be chemically recycled or compatibilized. They have designed bio-based
elastomeres from recoverable methyl valerolactone. Their new method allows the synthesis of
polymeric valerolactone with adjustable mechanical properties from high molar mass PMVL
homopolymers that can then be chemically transformed back, allowing for the high purity recovery of
the monomer.
References: Abstracted from "NSF Center for Sustainable Polymers" https://csp.umn.edu (accessed Aug
3, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Feedstock, Design, Synthetic Methodology, Degradation
284
Technology: Glycerol to Lactic Acid Conversion
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: AB&CD Innovations
Description of the Technology: AB&CD Innovations engages in efficient recovery of the industrial by-
products and wastes and their conversion into value added chemical via environmentally compliant
procedures. They have developed proprietary technology that converts glycerol derived from biodiesel
production into lactic acid.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Fossil resources currently serve as the
primary source of raw materials for industrial chemicals, plastics, and energy fuels. AB&CD Innovations
has bridged the gap between the oversupply of glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel and fatty acid
production, and increasing demand for lactic acid. Lactic acid-derived products are used in the chemical
industry as ecologically friendly solvents. Lactic acid is also used in a variety of industries including the
textile and leather, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic. It can be used in the production
of bioabsorbable medical devices and biodegradable plastics.
References: Abstracted from “From Waste to Value – New Feedstocks for the Industry” and
“Innovations” http://www.abandcd.com
Sector: Plastics and Polymers
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Waste Prevention
285
Technology: Methods for Reduced Environmental Impact in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
(ATRP)
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Krzysztof Matyjaszewski of Carnegie Mellon

University
Description of the Technology: Professor Krzysztof Matyjaszewski of Carnegie Mellon University is

studying ways to reduce the environmental impact of polymerization processes, such as controlled
radical polymerization (CRP) methods. Professor Matyjaszewski designed one such process, called Atom
transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), that uses much less transition metal catalysts and less
environmentally hazardous chemicals.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Free radical polymerization is widely used in
the manufacturing of polymers all around the world, being applied in about 50% of the total global
annual production of polymers per pound. More advanced technologies allow the controlled molecular
design of polymeric structures. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a controlled radical
polymerization (CRP) method, and since its creation at Carnegie Mellon University in 1995, it has been
further improved for reduced environmental impact. Conventionally, ATRP uses transition-metals
catalysts that allow the architecture of polymers for targeted functionality.
The Matyjaszewski group studied the possibility of decreasing the concentration of the required metal
catalyst without losing the specificity and control over the target polymer. The researchers developed
methods for better synthesis, storage, and performance of the catalysts. Some of his efforts include the
creation of three innovative processes: activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) in 2004,
activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) in 2005, and initiators for continuous activator
regeneration (ICAR) in 2006. The three methods focus on the usage of catalysts in their most stable
oxidation state and their application in conventional industrial polymerization conditions. AGET, ARGET,
and ICAR allow the synthesis of block copolymers, and ARGERT and ATRP reduce the required
concentration of copper catalysts by a 1000-fold. Transfer radical polymerization is already used in
large-scale polymer production since 2003, decreasing the environmental impact and generating high-
quality polymers for many industrial sectors.
286
Technology: Improved Synthesis of Thermal Polyaspartic Acid
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Donlar Corporation, currently NanoChem Solutions, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Thermal polyaspartic acid (TPA) is a biodegradable polymer that has low
toxicity and can be used in many industrial processes. The Donlar Corporation, currently NanoChem
Solutions, Inc., developed two greener and novel synthetic routes to obtain of TPA that reduces the
energy input, organic solvent usage, and the generated waste.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Thermal polyaspartate (TPA) is a cost-
effective, biodegradable, and less environmental impactful alternative to the traditional polyacrylic acids
(PAC). They are considered anionic polymers and have applications in many industrial sectors. The
Donlar Corporation, currently NanoChem Solutions, Inc., designed two innovative and highly productive
synthetic routes for the greener production of TPA.
The first route is a solventless solid state polymerization reaction that transformed the aspartic acid
monomer into polysuccinimide. This process has a very high yield, greater than 97%, and water is the
only byproduct generated. It eliminates the use of organic solvents in an efficient reaction. The
polysuccinimide is then hydrolyzed by a base into polyaspartate in a reaction that is high yielding and
produces zero waste.
The second synthetic methodology has an improvement in the polymerization step in which a catalyst is
utilized that lowers the reaction temperature. The lower heating temperature allows for performance
advantages in the product, and it enhances its biodegradability. The catalyst used can be separated from
the reaction medium, reducing the waste generation. TPA can be used in agriculture to improve fertilizer
or nutrient management, in water treatment, as well as in the detergent, oil, and gas industries.
287
Technology: Green Biocomposites
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Cornell University
Description of the Technology: Professor Netravali from Cornell University designed green resins
derived from proteins, starches and natural fibers that are used in the production of biocomposites. The
Advanced Composites, also known as high strength fiber reinforced plastics, are carbon-neutrally
fabricated and have comparable performance to traditional composites that are derived from petroleum
products.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? High strength fiber reinforced plastics, known
as Advanced Composites, are used in many different industrial sectors, such as in the aerospace and
automobile industry. Their current production is based on non-renewable, petroleum sources and they
do not degrade in the environment, which has many environmental drawbacks and a high cost
associated with disposal.
The biocomposites produced by Professor Netrabali’s work are derived from carbon neutral plant based
polymers and fibers. The biocomposites are based on plant proteins or starches and fibers and are fully
compostable, generating only organic soil. Professor Netrabali’s work also includes the design of an
Advanced Green Composite from liquid crystalline cellulose (LLC) fibers. The LLC fibers have advanced
mechanical properties and can be used in primary structural components. The green composites
designed by Netrabali not only have outstanding mechanical properties, but are fully compostable,
reducing the environmental impact not only of the production of biocomposites, but also of their
disposal. This technology generates a viable alternative with comparable performance to a traditionally
petroleum-based product.
References: Abstracted from "Anil Netravali. Cornell College of Human Ecology"

https://www.human.cornell.edu/people/ann2 (accessed Aug 3, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Feedstock, Degradation
288
Surfactants
289
Technology: Second Generation Surfactant as Nanoreactors for Organic Reaction in Aqueous Systems
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Bruce H. Lipshutz of the University of California,

Santa Barbara
Description of the Technology: Professor Bruce H. Lipshutz of the University of California, Santa Barbara
developed a second-generation surfactant, TPGS-750-M, that allows some organic reactions to be
carried out in an aqueous system. The surfactant created missiles that dissolve the organic reactants and
catalysts, allowing them to interact and react without the need of organic solvents. The surfactant can
be recovered and reused, and even seawater can be used to run the reactions.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Organic solvents have been traditionally used
to run organic reactions since many organic compounds are not soluble in water. Organic solvents are
commonly toxic, volatile, and flammable, and they are currently the majority of the world's chemical
waste. Professor Bruce H. Lipshutz of the University of California, Santa Barbara designed TPGS-750-M
that is a special surfactant to improve the solubility of organic compounds in water. His second-
generation surfactant, when applied to water, because of its hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts,
arranges in micelles to reduce the contact of the lipophilic part with the water. The micelles are 50–100
nm in diameter and work as nanoreactors, creating concentrated mixtures of the organic reagents inside
of the micelles and promoting the organic reactions with high reaction rates at room temperature.
TPGS-750-M is made from "tocopherol (vitamin E), succinic acid (an intermediate in cellular respiration),
and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)" that are all low-cost and safe compounds. Some of the cross-
coupling reactions that have been successfully tested with the methodology include the Suzuki–
Miyaura, Sonogashira, Buchwald–Hartwig amination, and Heck reactions. After the reaction, the organic
product can be easily isolated, and the surfactant can be recovered and reused with minor deactivation.
The developed surfactant can be purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and applied in reactions for both
academic and industrial purposes. Some further research includes the development of surfactants with
the catalyst incorporated into the micelle, which would allow its use in multiple reactions.
Abstracted from "TPGS-750-M: Second-Generation Amphiphile for Organometallic Chemistry in Water

at Room Temperature" https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/technology-
spotlights/tpgs-750-m.html (accessed on July 2, 2019)
Category: Surfactants
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Separation, Solvents, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
290
Technology: RE-HEALING Halogen-Free Firefighting
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: The Solberg Company
Description of the Technology: RE-HEALING firefighting technology provides an alternative to the

commonly used fluorinated surfactants, the active ingredient of traditional firefighting substances. As a
halogen-free product, RE-HEALING avoids the bioaccumulations and toxicity of its competitors.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The firefighting substances market has been
dominated by foams with fluorinated surfactants. Fluorinated surfactants are efficient, but they present
many environmental hazards because they are persistent (thus take longer to biodegrade),
bioaccumulative (increase in concentration in living beings as it goes higher in the food chain), and toxic.
Despite initiatives by EPA with stewardship programs to reduce the use of long-chain fluorosurfactants,
new products still contain halogens.
The Solberg Company introduced a new free of halogens product to the market. RE-HEALING foam
meets the standards for fire protection with great efficiency. It performs just as well or even better than
the traditional halogen-based products and uses hydrocarbon surfactants together with other non-toxic
ingredients to achieve good environmental properties, with a high rate of degradation. It easily replaces
fluorosurfactants in many existing systems, and is a safer alternative for firefighters due to its effective
fire control and fire extinguishment time.
Chemicals" https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-2014-
Keywords: Solvents, Degradation
291
Technology: Biocatalytic Surfactant Synthesis
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Modular Genetics
Description of the Technology: Surfactants are used in the production of many industrial products;
however, the synthesis is based on petroleum and seed oils, such as palm oil. Modular Genetics created
a novel process for the synthesis of surfactants that allows production from the cellulosic material
through a biocatalyzed process. This technology can decrease the carbon dioxide emissions and reduce
the intense deforestation due to palm plantations.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Surfactants have applications in a variety of
industrial sectors and their current production is based on petrochemicals and seed oils, such as palm
oil. Their synthesis involves the use of highly hazardous compounds that pose threats to human health
and the environment. In the synthesis of alkyl amino acid surfactants, fatty acids that are derived from
palm oil react with amino acids in the Schotten-Baumann reaction. For this reaction to happen, the fatty
acids need to be chlorinated with phosgene or thionyl chloride, and both reagents are toxic substances.
Thionyl chloride is on the Hazardous Substances List and readily reacts with water, generating harmful
gas. Modular Genetics designed a more environmentally friendly process for the synthesis of this
important commodity.
Molecular Genetics applied genetically engineered Bacillus subtilis strains to the synthesis of acyl amino
acid. The microorganisms consume cellulosic material, creating an amino acid and a fatty acid molecule.
Then, the bacterium combines the two substances, generating the acyl amino acid surfactants in the
fermentation broth. The surfactant can be separated from the fermentation broth by an aqueous
process that does not require a large energy input or the use organic solvents. Molecular Genetics
approximates that a complete replacement of conventional technologies by their process can potentially
reduce the deforestation due to palm oil plantations, and comparatively reduce the carbon dioxide
emissions by 6.6 billion gallons of gasoline.
292
Technology: Evotherm
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: MWV Specialty Chemicals, a Division of MeadWestvaco

Corporation
Description of the Technology: MWV Specialty Chemicals, a Division of MeadWestvaco Corporation

designed a more environmentally friendly alternative for the conventional asphalt paving mix. MWV's
technology, called Evotherm, uses a biosynthetic surfactant that allows the mix to be manufactured at
lower temperatures and reduces the energy input and the carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions
of the process.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Evotherm was developed in Charleston,
South Carolina by the MWV Specialty Chemicals, a division of MeadWestvaco Corporation, as an
alternative for the conventional asphalt paving mixes that contribute to the release of greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere. Evotherm uses a surfactant produced from renewable sources that allows the
production of the asphalt mix with a temperature that is 60° to 90°F lower than the traditional asphalt.
The surfactant is produced with fatty acids abstracted from tall oil. The significant decrease in
temperatures also leads to reductions of about 55% in energy consumption, mitigating the carbon
dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions.
Evotherm reduces the risks at the paving sites, improving the workplace environment, by decreasing the
release of heat and steam. The technology can use 75 percent more recycled materials in the mix
compositions, which reduces cost while maintaining quality. Evotherm surfactant technology allows the
production of superior roads with reduced environmental impacts.
References: Abstracted from "United States Environmental Protection Agency. Green Chemistry
Program Nomination Table " https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/green-chemistry-program-
nomination-table (accessed August 14, 2018)
293
Technology: Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Jeneil Biosurfactant Company
Description of the Technology: Jeneil Biosurfactant Company created a series of biobased surfactants
with higher biodegradable rates and lower toxicity than their predecessors.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Surfactant is a broad class of chemicals used
in products such as soaps, detergents, personal care products. Their main characteristic is the capability
of reducing water surface tension. Because of their versatility and capabilities, there is a high worldwide
demand and consequently high petroleum feedstock consumption. Petroleum-based surfactants are an
environmental hazard due to their slow biodegradation and risk of forming harmful compounds.
Jeneil Biosurfactant Company developed a set of rhamnolipid biosurfactants that are high-performing
and economically viable. These products are biodegradable, and both the product and the results of
their decomposition are non-persistent and pose no harm to the environment. These biosurfactants are
found in nature as components of extracellular glycolipidic medium, and they are produced in large
scale through a renewable fermentation process and further sterilization and centrifugation. In addition
to preventing environmental hazards during their production process and life cycle, these biosurfactants
can also be used to remediate environmental pollution, such as facilitating the removal of hydrocarbons
from water and soil.
https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/2004-small-business-award (accessed August 10, 2018).
Keywords: Solvents, Renewable, Design, Degradation
294
Technology: Protein Surfactant Complex
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Advanced Biocatalytics Corporation
Description of the Technology: Advanced Biocatalytics Corporation (ABC) studied the relationship of
yeast proteins with surfactant performance and developed a Protein Surfactant Complex™ (PSC™) that
improves the surfactant power. ABC's technology can greatly reduce the volume of surfactants and
organic compounds, including petrochemicals, that are widely used in many industrial processes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Advanced Biocatalytics Corporation (ABC)
studied the relationship between protein activity and surfactant properties by using exo-proteins
released by yeast under stress conditions. ABC discovered that these proteins create a complex with the
surfactants with many advantages to its performance. The Protein Surfactant Complex™ (PSC™)
decreases the amount of surfactant needed to initiate forming micelles, critical micelle concentration
(CMC), and has improved surface power, such as superior wettability, and dispersion on many surfaces.
PSC aqueous formulations work with a variety of surfactants and allow the production of products with
reduced costs. They do not contain hazardous chemicals, volatile organic compounds, or ozone-
depleting substances. PSC products can be potentially applied in cleaning products, agricultural
chemicals, and many other industrial products. When used in agricultural chemicals, PSC increases the
activity of interfacial enzymes in plants and can improve the absorption of agricultural products, such as
pesticides and fertilizers, by the leaves and roots. ABC's technology has the potential to significantly
reduce the use of hazardous chemicals, organic compounds, and petrochemicals in many industrial
processes.
Abstracted from "Advanced BioCatalysis Technology" http://www.abiocat.com/technology.php

(accessed Aug 15, 2018)
295
Technology: Antibiofilm/Antifouling Platform
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Aequor, Inc
Description of the Technology: Aequor developed innovative technologies that allow generation of a
series of chemicals that both remove existing bacteria biofilms by up to 99.99% and prevent the
adherence of bacteria and biofilm formation on surfaces. These chemicals have the advantage of low
toxicity and high efficiency, and a high versatility in terms of surface use since they can be used on both
living tissues and other materials.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Biofilm is a matrix formed by bacteria when
they adhere and multiplicate on a surface. As the bacteria grow in number and start to create an
extracellular matrix, they bond together in a layer that gives them high levels of resistance that helps the
colonization process. Biofilms increases the chances of developing chronic bacterial infections in animal
(including human) and plant tissues, and strengthening bacteria resistance while making it less
accessible for treatment options. Biofilms are responsible for the adhesion of “foulers” in various
industrial surfaces, particularly those in contact with water or salt water.
Aequor developed a new technology that consists of a set of chemicals capable of both removing and
preventing bacterial biofilm formation. It is consistently capable of removing 99.99% of the pre-formed
biofilms within 24 hours of application, even at very low concentrations. It can inhibit bacteria adhesion
and biofilm formation of in situ surfaces up to 85%. The technology has also significant low toxicity
preliminary data, being compatible with a variety of surfaces, including oral flora. It also has medical
applications as it can inhibit biofilm formation of human pathogens, such as the bacteria species
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
References: Abstracted from "Aequor, Inc. – Antibiofilm/Antifouling Platform"

https://www.plateformesolutionsclimat.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/AEQUOR-Background-Data-
.pdf
296
Technology: The More Sustainable Choice: 100% Renewable Ethoxylates
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Croda
Description of the Technology: Croda’s new surfactant technology is an innovation within the sector,
matching consumer’s expectation for reduced volatile organic compounds from their products as well as
complying to renewable production standards.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Croda’s bio-based ethylene oxide (EO) aims
to enhance the application of green chemistry principles in surfactants. The technology offers a new
synthesis to manufacture ethoxylated surfactants and emulsifiers through a 100% bio-based method.
The ethoxylation processes generates a wide range of products such as ethoxylated alcohols, carboxylic
acids and esters, and while the hydrophobic portions of these surfactants are already naturally sourced
from plant oils, only petrochemical-derived EO has been available in North America until now. Croda’s
bio-based production method of EO revolutionizes the industry by both allowing the manufacturing of a
100% renewable product and maintaining the performance of their surfactants.
References: Abstracted from "100% Renewable Ethoxylated Surfactants"

(https://www.coatingsworld.com/issues/2018-08-01/view_features/100-renewable-ethoxylated-
surfactants/)
Sector: Surfactants
297
Technology: Estolides: A Low-Cost, High-Performance Renewable Fluid Certified for Motor Oil
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Biosynthetic Technologies
Description of the Technology: Estolides are oligomeric fatty acid esters. The estolides technology by
Biosynthetic Technologies aims to reinvent the motor oil industry sector by providing a green chemistry
alternative to conventional oil-based products. The product will help avoid permanent damage to water
bodies and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Of the many downsides of the use of fossil
fuels, water pollution is a very important consideration. The California Department of Health Services
states that 40% of the pollution of waterways in America is due to motor oils, highlighting the necessity
of redesigning the final products in the sector.
Biosynthetic Technologies developed a high-performance bio-based alternative to conventional motor

oils and industrial lubricants known as Estolides. The technology adheres the performance
requirements, sometimes even outperforming the highest quality competitors derived from fossil fuels.
Estolides is biodegradable and the production process reduces the emission of greenhouse gas by
almost 90% when compared to a conventional lubricants production line.
References: Abstracted from "High-Performance Biosynthetic Motor Oil Now Possible as Biosynthetic
Technologies Nears Commercial Production"
(https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20131015005079/en/High-Performance-Biosynthetic-
Motor-Oil-Biosynthetic-Technologies-Nears)
298
Technology: Surfactants for Carbon Dioxide Solutions
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Joseph M. DeSimone at the University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) and North Carolina State University (NCSU)
Description of the Technology: Professor Joseph M. DeSimone at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill (UNC) and North Carolina State University (NCSU) designed a technology that permits the use
of liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent for compounds that are traditionally insoluble in
carbon dioxide. Professor DeSimone developed surfactants that allow the dispersion of molecules. The
novel technology greatly reduces the use of hazardous organic solvents, uses less energy, is more
economical and has improved workplace safety.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Organic solvents are used in many industrial
processes; however, they can be hazardous to human health and to the environment. Annually, more
than 30 billion pounds of halogenated organic compounds are used in industrial applications, which
stress the importance of cost-competitive and less toxic alternatives to traditional organic solvents. One
possible alternative is the use of liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent. Carbon dioxide
solutions are economic, require less energy, generate less waste, and eliminate problems with
flammability. One drawbacks is while carbon dioxide solutions can easily solubilize small molecules,
most substances are not soluble in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. Professor Joseph M.
DeSimone of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) and North Carolina State University
(NCSU) created a surfactant system that allows the dissolution of multiple materials in liquid and
supercritical carbon dioxide.
Professor DeSimone initially studied compounds that had an affinity for carbon dioxide, and then
architecture polymers that would have amphipathic properties. The polymers were used to create
nonionic surfactants that can readily dissolve high-solids polymer latexes in supercritical carbon dioxide.
Professor DeSimone's technology initially designed for application in heterogeneous polymerization
reactions, is now applicable to any compound that is conventionally insoluble in carbon dioxide.
Professor DeSimone's discoveries allow carbon dioxide to be a viable alternative to organic solvents,
considerably reducing the generation of organic and halogenated waste, and decreasing the overall
hazard in many industrial processes.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Solvents, Design, Hazard Reduction
299
Technology: Method's Sustainable Detergents and Soaps
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Method
Description of the Technology: Method is a Public Benefit Corporation that specializes in the production
and design of greener soaps and detergents for multiple applications. Their products are composed of
natural biodegradable organic compounds that are compostable. They also incorporate the principles of
green chemistry in their manufacturing process and work to reduce their carbon footprint.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Method’s products are all composed of at
least 70% of organic compounds that degrade in 28 days or less, reducing the environmental impact of
the waste water generated upon use of their products. Their products are also naturally-derived and
compostable, breaking down to only benign compounds. Method avoids the use of harsh chemicals in
all their manufacturing process, and all their ingredients are analyzed by an independent material
research agency for health and environmental safety before use. The surfactants used in their products
are laureth-7, decyl glucoside, and lauryl glucoside, which are derived from plants and are
biodegradable. The colorants used in their products are non-toxic and biodegradable, and are used in
ultra-low concentrations.
References: Abstracted from "Method - green glossary" https://methodhome.com/beyond-the-

bottle/green-glossary/ (accessed Aug 20, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Synthetic Methodology
300
Textiles/Textile Processing
301
Technology: Biosynthesis of 1,3-Propanediol from Cornstarch
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: DuPont
Description of the Technology: DuPont genetically modified a microorganism to produce 1,3-

propanediol from renewable feedstock, such as cornstarch. DuPont's researchers inserted enzyme
catalyzed synthetic pathways from other multiple organisms in the microbe, allowing the synthesis of
the diol that can be used in the production of DuPont's Sorona® polyester. This technology allows the
renewable production of a chemical that is traditionally depended on the petrochemical industry.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Polymers are essential in the development
and production of many industrial products; however, their conventional production is mostly
dependent on petrochemical materials. Dupont developed a technology that allows the unprecedented
production of 1,3-propanediol, a monomer vastly used in polymerization reactions, from cornstarch
biomass. In the technology, a genetically engineered organism is used to ferment glucose from the
cornstarch into the diol. This process has a higher yield and has reduced environmental impact and costs
compared to the conventional manufacturing processes.
Dupont and Genencor introduced two enzymic, synthetic pathways into the microorganism. The first
pathway, extracted from a yeast strain genome, catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glycerol. The
second synthetic pathway from bacterial genes catalyzes the biosynthesis of 1,3-propanediol from
glycerol. Modifications to the synthetic pathways of the host-microbe were also made increasing the
efficiency of the diol production.
Polyesters manufactured with 1,3-propanediol are limited by the high cost of their production from
petroleum sources. The cost-competitive biosynthesized 1,3-propanediol can be then used in the
production of the Sorona® polymers, allowing a greener production of high-performing fabrics. Dupont's
process uses less energy and is a viable alternative to the petroleum-based traditional processes.
Category: Textiles/Textile Processing
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Feedstock, Synthetic Methodology
302
Technology: EcoWorx Carpet Tiles
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Shaw Industries, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Shaw Industries, Inc. designed a carpet that used alternative resins that
are less toxic and improve the final product's performance. Traditional resins, such as polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), bitumen, or polyurethane, are detrimental to human health and the environment and are difficult
to be recycled. The EcoWorx technology eliminates the use of those resins and allows for an easier
recycling of the carpet's fiber and backing.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), bitumen, or
polyurethane (PU) are the most common resins used in the backing of carpet tiles. The traditional resins
pose challenges in the recycling of the carpet and they are mostly derived from the petrochemicals. PVC
is the most used resin in the production of carpet tile backings; however, PVC monomer and combustion
products have been reported to have negative impacts on the environment and human health. Carpet
tile backing with PU has a very challenging recycling process because of cross-links in the PU polymeric
structure. Alternatively, bitumen-based carpet tile backings facilitate recycling, but they were not well
received by the United States' carpet tile market.
Shaw Industries, Inc. developed an alternative for the conventional backings for carpet tiles, achieving a
high-quality product with much lower impacts to human health and the environment. In the novel
technology, called EcoWorx, polyolefins, obtained from Dow Chemical Industries, are used in the
backing formulation. The polyolefins are easier to be recycled, are more stable to changes in
temperature and humidity, are more adhesive, and have a much lower toxicity. Unlike PVC, the
polyolefins do not intervene in the depolymerization of the nylon-6 fibers, which allows the use of
EcoWorx to produce carpets with a multitude of fibers.
The EcoWorx carpet tiles' lifetime is estimated to be of ten to fifteen years, and the recycling of the
carpet waste is greatly incentivized, because the recycled nylon and polyurethanes are more economical
than the non-recycled feedstocks. Although adaptations to the traditional elutriation process were
necessary for recycling, the fiber and backing of the EcoWorx carpet can be separated by elutriation,
grinding, and air separation. The designed EcoWorx is commercialized since 1999, and has many
performance and environmental benefits.
chemicals-award (accessed July 30, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Durability, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction
303
Technology: Lipase-catalyzed Polymerization Reactions for the Synthesis of Polyester
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Professor Richard A. Gross at Polytechnic University
Description of the Technology: Professor Richard A. Gross at Polytechnic University created a novel
lipase catalyzed synthesis processes for the synthesis of polyesters. The methodology allows the
synthesis of polyesters from polyols in a solventless process that requires much less chemical input and
eliminates the use of metal catalysts. The reaction conditions allow the use of a broader range of
chemicals, generating novel polyesters.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Enzymes are an efficient alternative for
traditional polymerization reactions. Professor Richard A. Gross studied the application of the enzyme
lipase, found in many organisms, to the synthesis of polymers as this enzyme reduces the activation
energy of the polymerization process. Lipases proved to be advantageous in polymeric reactions for
many reasons, such as the ability to eliminate protection-deprotection synthetic steps by promoting the
direct reaction of polyols and use chemically and thermally sensitive monomers for polymerization.
Professor Richard A. Gross' research group polymerized polyols in a one-pot condensation reaction
catalyzed by lipase. The synthesized polymers had high molecular mass and good dispersity of mass. The
lipase-catalyzed reaction does not require organic solvents as the polyols dissolve in a diol and diacid
mixture. Polyols have three or more hydroxyl groups, which could lead to multiple cross-linking in the
polymeric structure; however, only two of the hydroxyl groups are very reactive, and the lipase
regioselectivity affords the synthesis of low branching polymers in which the stoichiometry of the start
material and the reaction time determines the level of branching in the structure. Notably, polymer
formation with glycerol and sorbitol is very regioselective, resulting in lightly branched polymers. By
using lipase as a catalyst, polymerization of multiple monomers, such as lactones, hydroxyacids, amino
alcohols, and hydroxylthiols, is also viable. This method offers mild reaction conditions, simplicity, and
possibility to incorporate carbohydrates, such as sugars, into polyesters avoiding protection-
deprotection steps.
References: Abstracted from: "United States Environmental Protection Agency. Presidential Green
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Solvents, Synthetic Methodology, Catalysis
304
Technology: BioPreparation of Cotton
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Novozymes North America, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Novozymes North America, Inc. created a novel method for the
processing of cotton for the production of fabrics. The designed enzymatic process for the removal of
waxes and other impurities from cotton greatly reduces the chemical input in the process and the
generated hazardous alkali waste. The process is more economical with great reductions in energy and
water use as compared to traditional approaches.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Cotton processing is one of the most
environmentally impactful processes of the textile industry because it uses large volumes of water and
generates corrosive chemical waste. The production of textile products from cotton require processing
steps to eliminate cotton waxes and other impurities. The waxes interfere with the dyeing and finishing
of the fabrics and have to be separated from the cotton in a scouring process. The traditional scouring
process uses heated solutions of sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and chelators to separate the waxes in
suspensions or emulsions. Then, the basic medium is usually neutralized with acetic acid. The global
production of cotton fiber is about 40 billion pounds, and the high biological oxygen demand (BOD) of
the produced waste emphasize the need to find alternatives to cotton processing.
Novozymes North America, Inc. developed an enzymatic process called BioPreparation for the
preparation of cotton that greatly reduces the volume of water used, the generation of hazardous
chemical waste, and the BOD of the generated waste. The alternative high-efficiency technology uses
the enzyme Pectate lyase that is capable of breaking down pectin and separating the waxes and other
impurities from the cotton in a process that is at least 30% cheaper.
BioPreparation annually reduces the water use by about 7 to 12 million gallons of water because it
combines the dyeing and scouring process into one step, and it does not require as many rinsing steps as
required during traditional sodium hydroxide treatments. The waste generated also has 25% less BOD
and 40% less chemical oxygen demand. Novozymes' technology can tremendously reduce the negative
impact of cotton processing, and allow for more environmentally friendly production of many textiles.
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Separation, Efficiency, Hazard Reduction, Degradation
305
Technology: OC-biobinder™
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: OrganoClick
Description of the Technology: OrganoClick, a Swedish cleantech company, designed binders for textiles
that unlike traditional fossil-fuel based binders, are produced with biopolymers and plant-based
substances. The OC-biobinder™ can be used in the production of woven, nonwoven, and air-laid textiles,
guaranteeing improved quality while greatly reducing the environmental impact of the process.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Binders are important in the production of
textiles. They improve the physical properties of woven, nonwoven, and air-laid textiles, such as rigidity,
resistance to applied pressure and changes in temperature and humidity. The production of textile
binders relies on non-renewable fossil-fuel-based materials, such as acrylics. Because of the large
environmental impact of petrochemicals, OrganoClick, a Swedish cleantech company, studied possible
alternatives for the conventional binders used in the textile industry.
OrganoClick designed textile binders, OC-biobinder™, that are produced with altered biopolymers and
other plant-based substances. OC-biobinder™ has applications in many industrial sectors, and it is
adaptable to many different fiber materials, such as nonwoven, woven, air-laid, and paper. OrganoClick
has different binder formulations, that allow different characteristics of the final product depending on
its applications. OC-biobinder™ is not hazardous to humans and the environment, abiding by the
European REACH regulations.
OC-biobinder™ creates bonds among the fibers, improving its strength, dimensional stability, stiffness,
and softness, and it also reduces the occurrences of fraying and linting. OrganoClick's technology can be
used with many different fibers, such as synthetic, cellulose-based, and mineral fibers, remarkably
decreasing the environmental impact of many textile processes, and reducing the dependence of the
textile industry in petrochemicals.
References: Abstracted from "OrganoClick: Binders for Nonwovens and Textiles"

https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/BINDERS-FOR-NONWOVENS-AND-TEXTILES-7 (accessed
Aug 6, 2018)
Related Information: http://www.organoclick.com/products/technologies-for-nonwoven-technical-

textile/biobased-binders-and-water-repellants/
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Renewable, Hazard Reduction
306
Technology: Avitera SE
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Huntsman Textile Effects
Description of the Technology: Huntsman Textile Effects designed dyes that do not contain arylamines,
eliminating the human health risks of traditional arylamines-based dyes that generate the toxic para-
chloroaniline (PCA) as a byproduct. Huntsman's technology, Avitera SE, reduces the water and energy
use and the cost of production while increasing the process yield and productivity.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Many standard dyes used in the textile
industry are based in arylamines, and generate para-chloroaniline (PCA) as a byproduct. PCA is toxic and
poses risks to human health. The dyeing of cotton in a conventional dying process generally uses about
30 to 40 liters of water per kg of cotton, a volume that can get to as much as 100 liters, not including the
pre-treatment and finishing steps. Due to the high adhesion and the molecular structure of conventional
unfixed dyes, their wash-off process requires high temperatures of around 100º C. Huntsman Textile
Effects created a cost-effective alternative to arylamines-based dyes that would not negatively impact
human health.
Huntsman's novel technology, Avitera SE, does not contain the restricted arylamines, and it reduces the
process carbon dioxide emissions by up to 20%. Avitera SE is better fixed into the fabrics, requiring less
salt, and decreasing the number of unfixed dyes from 15-30%, in conventional dyes, to only 7%. The
lower salt concentration in Avitera SE also facilitates the wash-off process of the unfixed dyes, allowing
the same results with a maximum temperature of 60°C. Huntsman's dyes use much less water, about 15
to 20 liters per kg of cotton, and reduces the time of the dyeing and washing-off cycles. Avitera SE
consumes less energy and significantly reduces the production costs.
References: Abstracted from "Effects, H. T. AVITERA® SE: A Sustainable Step Change in the Dyeing of
Cotton" https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/AVITERA-SE-A-Sustainable-Step-Change-in-the-
Dyeing-of-Cotton-50 (accessed Aug 6, 2018)
Related Information: https://www.huntsman.com/corporate/a/Innovation/AVITERA_R%20SE
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Energy, Hazard Reduction
307
Technology: OrganoTex®
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: OrganoClick AB
Description of the Technology: OrganoClick AB developed an environmentally friendly alternative for

the traditional textile water-repellents that are composed of hazardous fluorocarbons. OrganoClick's
technology, known as OrganoTex®, uses natural catalysts to create a protective water-repellent
polymeric layer on the surface of the textile material. OrganoTex® works with high-efficiency, it is easily
biodegraded, and it eliminates the use of fluorocarbons that have enduring environmental impacts.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Since the 1950s, the textile industry has been
using fluorocarbons, such as perfluorooctanoic acid, as water-repellents in the production of clothing
and other fabrics. Fluorocarbons, also called perfluorinated compounds (PFC), have been linked to
disadvantageous impacts in environmental and human health. PFCs are not easily degraded, leading to a
long half-life and long-lasting impacts. They have also been reported for possible cancer promotion and
hormonal disruption.
OrganoClick AB designed a biodegradable alternative water-repellent that does not contain hazardous
fluorocarbons. OrganoClick's technology, OrganoTex®, uses natural catalysts that bind the polymers to
the fabric, facilitating the creation of a 3D polymeric frame on the surface of the textile material. The
polymers have a hydrophobic end that points to the exterior of the material, while the other end is
firmly connected to the fabric. The hydrophobic end creates a water-repellent layer, and the water
particles in contact with the material come together to reduce the contact with the material, forming
droplets.
OrganoTex® is fluorocarbon free and it does not contain any other hazardous chemicals. OrganoTex® has
a comparable performance with traditional halogenated water-repellents, it is very durable, and it does
not interfere with the softness of the fabric. OrganoClick's innovative water-repellent is biodegradable
and has a greatly reduced environmental impact when compared to the traditional halogenated options.
References: Abstracted from "OrganoClick. ORGANOTEX® is a fluorocarbon-free water repellent

technology for textiles" https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/ORGANOTEX-is-a-fluorocarbon-
free-water-repellent-technology-for-textiles-1 (accessed Aug 10, 2018)
Related Information: http://organotex.com/
Keywords: Efficiency, Durability, Hazard Reduction, Catalysis
308
Technology: ProDet C
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Proklean Technologies Pvt. Ltd
Description of the Technology: Proklean Technologies Pvt. Ltd, a chemical company in Irandankattalai,
India developed a novel probiotic soaping agent for the textile industry that can be used in the removal
of hydrolyzed or unfixed dyes from textiles. Proklean's soaping agent, called ProDet C, reduces the water
and energy input in the operation, is 100% biodegradable, and has lower waste production.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The dying of textile products requires a wash
off procedure for the removal of unreacted dyes that interfere with the material's resistance to color
fading or running. The wash off is also crucial to obtain the desired coloration and for controlling the pH.
Traditional washing processes require large volumes of water and uses considerable energy. In the
production of cotton knits, 50% of the overall energy input and 60% of the consumed water comes from
the washing step during manufacturing.
To reduce the environmental impact of this process, Proklean Technologies Pvt. decided to study ways
to reduce the water and the energy input in the washing of textiles. Proklean designed a new soaping
agent that is made by microorganisms in fermentation processes resulting in a proprietary formulation.
The final product, called ProDet C, is not enzymatic and it is fully biodegradable. There is 81%
biodegradation within 28 days based on the OECD 301 test method, and the formulation does not pose
any hazard to humans. ProDet C has an improved soaping performance, which allows for lower soaping
temperatures, and reduces the number of required wash cycles. ProDet C reduces the biochemical
oxygen demand and the total dissolved solids of the process effluent by 15 and 20%, respectively.
ProDet C also improves the wet rub fastness of dark colors, reducing the exchange of color among
different pieces of clothes.
References: Abstracted from "Proklean Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Smart Soaping Through Biogegradable
Probiotics" https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/Smart-Soaping-Through-Biogegradable-
Probiotics-93 (accessed Oct 6, 2018)
Related Information: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/proviera-prodet-c-wetting-agents-

13725485933.html
309
Technology: Colorifix: Dyes from Agricultural Waste
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Colorifix
Description of the Technology: Colorifix designed dyes from agricultural waste to be used in the textile
industry. The dyes are produced in a fermentation process from sugars in the agricultural residues and
directly incorporated into the textile. This reduces the reliance of the textile industry on fossil-fuel-based
dyes, reduces the water use in the dyeing process, and eliminates the use of toxic chemicals.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The dyeing process is a crucial process in the
textile industry; however, almost all the dyes and pigments currently used in the textile industry are
based on fossil-fuel feedstocks. The textile and fashion industries are considered one of the most
environmentally impactful industries around the globe, due the enormous use of water in their
processes, and the high energy input in the application of the dyes into the fabric and textile material.
To dye 1 Kg of cotton, about 150 L of water is needed, which also generates a high volume of aqueous
waste that can negatively impact many aquatic ecosystems.
To reduce the dependence of the textile industry on petroleum sources, Colorifix designed a technology
that can generate pigments from agricultural waste. In this process, microorganisms in a fermenter
consumes sugar present in agricultural residues in a process to produce pigments. In this process, the
pigments are immediately incorporated into the fiber and textile, eliminating the use of any toxins,
acids, and organic solvents. The water used in the process is reduced by 90%, and the energy usage is
also diminished when compared to traditional dyeing processes. Colotifix reduces the environmental
impact of the dyeing process of textiles, while being economically competitive with the traditional
petroleum-based dyes.

26, 2018)
Abstracted from "Colorifix." http://www.colorifix.com/(accessed Nov 26, 2018)
Sector: Textiles/Textile Processing
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Energy
310
Technology: Green Leather Crust
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Wet-green
Description of the Technology: Wet-green designed three innovative technologies for leather
production that encompass all three steps of leather production. They utilize an enzymatic process for
hair removal, an organic tanning agent, and shift their raw materials to non-food renewable ones. Wet-
green’s green leather crust reduces the waste generated, while also decreasing the dependency of the
leather industry in fossil-fuels-based feedstocks.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The leather industry utilizes some of the
waste from meat production, allowing the use of parts of the animal that would otherwise be burnt or
disposed into landfills. One of the challenges of leather production is water usage and the generation of
large volumes of aqueous waste. There are about 2,000 tanneries around the world and many of them
have their production based in traditional technologies. Wet-green designed technologies to tackle the
environmental impacts of all three steps of the leather production process: preparation, tanning,
retanning.
The green leather crust process includes three technologies for each step of leather production. For the
preparation stage, they developed an enzymatic process, called X-zyme, that applies enzymes for the
degradation of hair and proteins. In the tanning process, they utilize an organic tanning agent extracted
from olive leaves, named X-Tan, that has comparable activity to the traditional tanning agents that
contained chrome, aldehyde/formaldehyde. In the retanning process, wet-green shifts their raw
materials to non-food renewable materials rather than the fossil-fuel based raw materials that are
conventionally used. These three innovations reduce waste generation, and increase its potential to be
composted, while decreasing the leather industry dependence on fossil-based materials. Wet-green
predicts an annual reduction of 270,000 tons of sludge, and of 40,000 tons of chemical oxygen demand
from the preparation step, if all tanneries adapt to their technology. They anticipate a large reduction in
the volume of salt used, and an increase in the reusability of the generated waste from the process.
References: Abstracted from "Launch. Innovators." https://www.launch.org/innovators/marc-hombeck/

Abstracted from "Wet Green. Natural Leather Solutions" http://www.wet-green.com/umwelt_engl.php

311
Technology: Nano-Dye
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: The Nano-Dye
Description of the Technology: The Nano-Dye technology was developed to change the dyeing process
of textiles and fabrics. When using Nano-Dye, the cotton is already in the fabric form and is charged
positively to facilitate the absorption of the negatively charged dye molecules. This new methodology
reduces the use of chemicals, such as acids and salts, which reduces the volume of waste generated.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The textile industry traditionally uses an
outdated dyeing process created during the industrial revolution and has several environmental
drawbacks. The traditional dyeing process is energy and water intensive and due to the high volume of
chemical waste generated can have severe impacts in the environment. Cotton, composed of cellulose,
is negatively charged, and most of the dyes used are also negatively charged, which creates the need for
harsh chemical conditions and oversaturation of the dyes to overcome repulsive forces, and to allow the
absorption of the pigments into the cotton fiber.
Nano-Dye was created to reduce the environmental impact of the dyeing process. The Nano-Dye
technology positively changes the charge of the cotton fiber just before the dyeing process. This
positively charged fiber can then proceed to the dye jet, and since the dye and the fiber are oppositely
charged, they naturally interact with one another, making the process simpler and less chemically
demanding. Nano-Dye can reduce the amount of chemicals and raw materials used, is more
economically competitive than the conventional dyeing processes, and generates aqueous waste with a
much lower concentration of residual chemicals that can be treated at lower costs. There are reductions
in energy usage of 90%, reductions of aqueous waste generated of 95%, and reductions in water
consumption of 60%.

26, 2018)
312
Technology: BioPreparation™ of Cotton Textiles: A Cost Effective, Environmentally Compatible
Preparation Process
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Novo Nordisk BioChem of North America, Inc.
Description of the Technology: The cotton textile industry’s most prominent environmental impacts
include the use of large amounts of water in the textile preparation process. The textile processing also
results in large amounts of harmful effluents being disposed into water bodies. Novo Nordisk BioChem
of North America, Inc. developed BioPreparation™, an enzymatic process for treating cotton textiles that
meets the performance characteristics of alkaline scour systems while reducing chemical and effluent
load.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Production and processing of cotton uses a
large amount of water. Many experts contend that cotton is the largest user of water among all
agricultural commodities. As at 2015, the global average water footprint for 1kg of cotton was estimated
at 10,000 liters. Aside being water intensive, the conventional cotton manufacturing process also
involves the use of large amounts of sodium hydroxide during scouring and this results in production of
large amounts of acids, salts, and alkali which are sometimes not properly disposed.
Novo Nordisk BioChem’s enzymatic process allows for cotton textiles treatment with the use of less
chemicals, reducing the risks associated with hazardous chemical treatment and the risks associated
with waste chemical generation and disposal. Trials of the process revealed a reduction in the
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
of effluents. Lower BOD’s of effluent from the cotton manufacturing process prevent accelerated
bacterial growth in water bodies and eliminate the likelihood of high oxygen consumption levels by large
numbers of bacteria in the water. The use of less chemicals also reduces the amounts of water required
for rinsing in the cotton preparation process, addressing the issue of water-intensiveness of traditional
cotton manufacturing processes.
Combined with high performance, this innovative process reduces risks of water pollution and the
health concerns associated with it and protects aquatic plant and animal life.
References: Abstracted from "Textile Learner. Scouring Treatments of Cotton, Silk, Wool and Synthetics
Materials" http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2011/03/scouring-treatments-of-cotton-silk-
wool_4142.html (accessed November 17, 2018)
Challenge Awards Program: Summary of 2000 Award Entries and Recipients."
313
Abstracted from "The Guardian. World Water Day: the cost of cotton in water-challenged India"
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/mar/20/cost-cotton-water-challenged-india-
world-water-day (accessed November 17, 2018)
314
Technology: Alternative Green Adhesives for Textile Composites in Commercial Buildings: TractionBack
and 180 Walls
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Milliken & Company
Description of the Technology: Traditional floor tiles and wall coverings involve the use of adhesives
which result in emission of hazardous VOC’s into the atmosphere. Milliken developed TractionBack floor
tiles and 180 Walls wall coverings that do not require adhesives when being installed and improves
indoor air quality. TractionBack tiles are made of polyolefin coating of amorphous polypropylene
copolymers, polyolefin polymers, and tackifying resins while 180 Walls’ water-based, acrylic adhesive
content allow textile installation without VOC emissions.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Milliken’s green adhesives solutions for
textile composites for Textile Composites eliminate chemical pollutants such as floor primers, sealants,
PVC’s and other VOCs in commercial buildings. VOC’s pose health and environmental concerns including
risks of respiratory conditions and ground level ozone formation which has adverse effects on crop
growth and development. Milliken’s green adhesive eliminates biological pollutants such as mold and
bacteria due to the absence of wet glues and reduce sanding and surface preparation at wall and tile
installation sites, reducing particulate matter emissions into the atmosphere.
Milliken's green adhesives has many environmental benefits including reduced energy during their
manufacturing, reduced waste during installation, and reduced waste to landfill as tiles are easier to
reposition or replace compared to traditional tiles. The Milliken green adhesive textile composites
manufacturing process is more energy efficient than conventional tiles, results in less waste generation,
and is environmentally friendly due to the absence of VOC’s, PVC’s and reduction in particulate
emissions.
Abstracted from "Milliken. Floor Covering." http://www.milliken.com/en-us/pands/Pages/floor-

covering.aspx (accessed November 28, 2018)
315
Technology: Cellulosic and Ecological Fiber Textiles and Non-Woven Fibers from Textile and Paper
Waste
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Infinited Fiber Company
Description of the Technology: Infinited Fiber Company developed a process to produce cellulosic and
ecological fiber textiles and non-woven fibers from textile and paper waste. This is done through three
main processes, without a decrease in fiber quality; fiber separation, turning material into liquid and
finally, turning liquid into fiber. The advantages of this innovation include reduced demand for virgin
material and reduced waste to landfill.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Cotton, the most commonly used cellulosic
fiber has ecological impacts due to the large water requirements for fiber preparation stages as well as
large amounts of sodium hydroxide employed during scouring. This results in production of large
amounts of acids, salts and alkali which come with disposal concerns. Despite the increasing demand for
cellulosic fibers and the ecological impacts of the cotton industry, which is the major cellulosic fiber
industry, large amounts of textiles are sent to landfill. Cellulosic fiber contributes about 6% landfill waste
while 73% of clothing is landfilled or burnt annually and less than 1% is recycled.
Infinited Fiber Company developed a process technology to convert textile and paper waste into new
fibers for the textile industry. This innovation reduces the amounts of waste cellulosic textiles sent to
landfill annually, thereby saving landfill space. The use of waste textiles reduces the need for virgin
material used in processes, reducing the ecological burden of obtaining new cellulosic fiber.
References: Abstracted from "Launch. Petri Avala: Infinited Fiber Company"

https://www.launch.org/innovators/petri-alava/ (accessed December 7, 2018)
Abstracted from "Infinited Fiber Company." https://infinitedfiber.com/together-we-sustain/ (accessed

December 7, 2018)
316
Technology: Green Chemical Bleaching Options for the Denim Industry
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Acticell
Description of the Technology: Acticell works with denim manufacturing companies to provide them
with green chemical solutions to be used in bleaching processes. The company has three main products
to achieve this: Acticell BD, Acticell RT and Acticell LB3. These are self-terminating, neutral pH,
alternative chemicals to potassium permanganate that are employed both at room temperature and
with heating.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The denim manufacturing process has many
adverse environmental impacts. Dyeing, for instance, contributes negatively to the environment during
the dye production process, the use of water and chemicals, the fixation of the dyes and the drying of
the textile. Cotton yarns are cleaned by sodium hydroxide and detergents prior to dyeing to get rid of
natural hydrophobic substances. Washing of cotton bleached using sodium hydroxide and hydrogen
peroxide can lead to water pollution. Indigo, a commonly used jeans dye. Removal of excess dye after
washing by rinsing with water can also cause water pollution. Chemical and mechanical processes are
used to give jeans a worn look. Bleaching chemicals are used to remove part of the indigo dye applied in
the dyeing process. Potassium permanganate used in the denim textile industry can cause health
problems to workers and the environment.
Acticell works directly with large scale clothing manufacturing companies to offer more environmentally
friendly options to address these concerns. In place of past environmentally unfriendly sand blasting
methods, Acticell employs the mechanical laser treatment method to create a worn look. Acticell has
developed a product that makes the bleach treatment process and laser technology more efficient. The
benefits of Acticells bleaching options include energy and water savings and reduced chemical emissions
to the environment.
References: Abstracted from "Acticell technology Solutions." http://www.acticell.at/ (accessed

December 27, 2018)
Related Information: https://www.nrdc.org/stories/are-my-denim-jeans-bad-environment
317
Technology: Textile Fibre from Wood Pulp
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Spinnova
Description of the Technology: Spinnova developed a method to manufacture textile fibre from wood
pulp. The process is based on mechanical treatment of the pulp, as well as fibre suspension flows and
rheology without the use of toxic chemicals. Pulp is first grounded into a very fine paste. The pulp mass
then flows through a nozzle, where the fibers and fibrils rotate and align with the flow, creating a strong,
elastic fibre network. The fibre is then spun and dried to desired level for spinning into yarn and knitting
or weaving into fabric. The process generates zero waste, and evaporated water as a by-product is
recycled back into the process. Compared to other bio-based textile materials this process includes no
dissolving or harmful and complex chemical processes.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The Spinnova fibre has many health and
human benefits due to its sustainability in raw material sourcing and manufacturing processing. The
fiber’s raw material, wood, is a natural, renewable resource that does not consume much water
compared to other fibre sources like cotton, which is one of the most common fibre sources globally.
Spinnova sources its raw materials from FSC certified wood in support of sustainable forest practices.
The use of cellulosic pulp for fibre is used for textiles results in the production of clothes and other
textile products that are biodegradable, reducing the accumulation of waste at landfill sites and in
aquatic bodies.
Spinnova’s manufacturing process is energy and water efficient and does not produce toxic waste
products. The process uses 99% less water compared to the cotton fibre manufacturing process. Unlike
many fibre manufacturing processes that use chemicals that adversely affect human health and the
environment, Spinnova uses no harmful chemicals in their fibre manufacturing process.
References: Abstracted from "Spinnova." https://spinnova.com/our-method/technology/ (accessed

March 23, 2019)
Keywords: Renewable, Feedstock, Degradation
318
Technology: Durable Water Repellency (DWR) of Textiles
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Gore, Berkley Center for Green Chemistry
Description of the Technology: Students from the Berkley Center for Green Chemistry partnered with
Gore, an American company focused on products derived from fluoropolymers. The students designed a
high-performance fabric treatment that yielded resistance to both water and oils. They used a silica
nanosol coating with a coating of dimethyldimethoxysilane that enables high hydrophobicity and
oleophobicity. They also proposed a blow spinning process as a less hazardous process for the creation
of microfiber mats.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Electrophobic and hydrophobic textiles are
used in a variety of applications in the textile industry, such as in the design of firefighting apparel and
snow boots. The desirable durable water repellency (DWR) of those textiles is conventionally obtained
by perfluorinated chemicals that have been found to be persistent in the environment and have high
human and environmental toxicity. Students from the Berkley Center for Green Chemistry partnered
with Gore, an American multinational company that is specialized in products derived from
fluoropolymers. The students focused on finding a greener alternative to perfluorinated chemicals that
had comparable hydrophobicity, oleophobicity, durability, washability, and appearance and feel.
The students proposed the use of a silica nanosol coating that would bond with the surface of a
synthetic fabric of the textile, such as a polyester fabric. The silica nanosols would yield the desired
hydrophobicity that when coupled with a dimethyldimethoxysilane coating would also have improved
oleophobicity. The team of students suggested coating their textiles with microfiber mats created by
blow spinning, mimicking the Silver Ragwort leaf. The blow spinning process uses a non-toxic
compressed gas, and is a more sustainable option than other methods, such as electrospinning. The
study showed possible alternatives for perfluorinated chemicals that are less hazardous to both humans
and the environment and has comparable characteristics.
References: Abstracted from "Greener Solutions 2017. Berkeley Center for Green Chemistry"
https://bcgc.berkeley.edu/greener-solutions/greener-solutions-2017/ (accessed Aug 3, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Renewable, Design, Hazard Reduction
319
Technology: Sustainable Fungi-based Leather
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Mycoworks, Berkley Center for Green Chemistry
Description of the Technology: Students from the Berkley Center for Green Chemistry partnered with
Mycroworks an American startup focused on the production of sustainable products and apparels from
fungi. The students studied ways to further improve the strength and flexibility of Mycoworks’
mushroom-based leather by cross-linking chitosan present in the material, using genipin and other
materials, and increasing its resistance to environmental moisture by adding a corn zein coat to avoid
plasticizer leaching.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Mycoworks is a star-up in San Francisco that
use fungi to produce more sustainable leather with comparable performance to traditional animal-
based leathers. Their leather is based on a composite of mushroom mycelium and cotton cellulose. It is
animal free, biodegradable, and has a low carbon footprint. Mycoworks’ leather is produced in a process
with low quantities of chemical additives and minimal water and polyethylene glycol.
Students from the Berkley Center for Green Chemistry partnered with Mycroworks to design strategies
for achieving comparable strength, flexibility, and durability with an environmentally friendly approach.
They proposed cross-linking the chitosan present in the material to increase strength and flexibility,
mimicking the cross-links present in animal leather. The cross- links would happen with the primary
amines present in chitosan, forming amide bonds during cross-linking that can resist hydrolysis and
increase structural rigidity. They also studied applying a moisture coat based on corn zein to the surface
of the material to avoid leaching of the plasticizer, increasing the durability of the material.
References: Abstracted from "Greener Solutions 2017. Berkeley Center for Green Chemistry"
https://bcgc.berkeley.edu/greener-solutions/greener-solutions-2017/ (accessed Aug 3, 2018)
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Efficiency, Design, Synthetic Methodology
320
Technology: CiCLO Biodegradable Fabrics
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Intrinsic Textiles Group, LLC
Description of the Technology: Intrinsic Textiles Group, LLC, designed CiCLO, a textile technology that
allows the activation of a process that allows the biodegradation of fibers, such as polyesters. CiCLO only
activates biodegradation when in environmental conditions are similar to landfill conditions.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Synthetic plastic fabrics used in the textile
industry, such as polyester, are non-biodegradable and have been linked to marine plastic pollution,
plastic accumulation in landfills, and other environmental concerns. According to the Circular Fibers
Initiative, the microfiber pollution is equivalent to more than 50 million plastic bottles, and it is reported
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that every day in the U.S. 44 million pounds of plastic
synthetic textiles are sent to the landfill.
Intrinsic Textiles Group, LLC, developed CiCLO, a technology that, when exposed to moisture and
microorganisms for an extended time, activates the biodegradation of synthetic fabrics in a process
similar to the degradation of natural fibers. CiCLO enables the biodegradation of microfabrics in marine
environments, anaerobic landfill conditions, and wastewater treatment plants. Synthetic fabrics
embedded with CiCLO technology have comparable properties to traditional fabrics. The biodegradation
of fabrics with CiCLO are also sources of soil matter and biogas that can be used for energy generation in
wastewater treatment plants and landfills. CiCLO technology can be recycled either mechanically or
chemically, and has the potential to reduce synthetic microfiber pollution and reduce land use.
References: Abstracted from "Solutions- CiCLO." https://www.ciclotextiles.com/solutions (accessed Aug

6, 2018)
Keywords: Durability, Design, Degradation
321
Technology: Bionic-Finish ECO
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Rudolf Group
Description of the Technology: Bionic-Finish ECO is a fluoride-free hydrophobic finishing designed by

Rudolf Group that has applications in the textile industry in the development of water-repellent fabrics.
Bionic-Finish ECO is made of highly branched polymers crystallized on the surface of the textile that
repels water and eliminate the use of perfluorinated surfactants.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Perfluorinated surfactants (PFTs), such as
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid, are compounds traditionally used in the
development of water-repellent fabrics. Although the toxicity of PFTs have still to be determined, they
are chemicals of concern because they are not degraded in the environment. The Rudolf Group
designed a PFTs-free water repellent for textiles, called Bionic-Finish ECO, that has comparable
performance to the fluorinated repellents and reduced environmental impact.
Bionic-Finish ECO is composed of highly ramified hydrophobic polymers that are orderly crystalized on
the surface of the textile with comb polymers. Crosslinking agents are used to guarantee strong
attachment and durability of the material. The end groups of the polymer are functionalized with
hydrophobic residues that yield the water-repellent property of the material. Bionic-Finish ECO is a cost-
effective alternative to fluoridated water-repellents and is wash-resistant, works with all types of
fabrics, and is free of fluorinated compounds and formaldehyde.
References: Abstracted from "Bionic-Finish ECO. Rudolf Group"

https://www.rudolf.de/en/technology/bionic-finish-eco/ (accessed Aug 20, 2018)
Keywords: Durability, Design, Hazard Reduction
322
Water
323
Technology: NEXAR Polymer Membrane Technology
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Kraton Performance Polymers, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Water purification processes, such as desalination, can be achieved
through reverse osmosis membranes, as the membrane selectively allows the passing of molecules
while retaining others. Kraton Performance Polymers, Inc. developed NEXAR Polymer Membranes that
are cheaper and require less energy input for the treatment of a larger volume of water.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Reverse osmosis is widely used in the
purification of water. A reverse osmosis membrane selectively allows the passage of certain molecules
while retaining the remaining molecules. The efficiency of the membrane in a water purification process
is directly related to the rate that the water passes through the membrane, and it can be improved by
increasing the pressure in the system. However, the membrane works in an optimal pressure range, and
excess of pressure would require more resistant membranes.
Kraton Performance Polymers developed a special polymeric membrane that work in higher pressures,
increasing the membrane efficiency, while lowering costs. The designed membrane with the NEXAR
polymer reduces usage of organic solvents by up to 50% and removes the need for halogenated
solvents. The polymer in Kraton's NEXAR Membranes are made through a copolymerization reaction of
3 monomers creating a pentablocks of polymers with A-B-C-B-A primary structure. The NEXAR Polymer
Membranes structure makes the membrane more resistant and flexible in both dry and wet
circumstances.
Katon's membrane if applied in a small reverse osmosis plant could reduce their membrane costs by
70% and their costs with energy consumption by 50%. The reductions are the result of an improved
membrane flux of 400 times than conventional membranes, which decreases material and energy
consumption. The utilization of Katon's technology in electrodialysis reversal (EDR), would not require
PVC (polyvinyl chloride), and due to great resistance, would cut off 50% of the required materials with
thinner membranes. Their polymer also has applications in other industrial sectors, such as the textile
industry, and has been produced in large scale since 2010.
Abstracted from "Kraton: Nexar" https://kraton.com/products/pdf/NEXAR_brochure.pdf (accessed on

July 2, 2019)
Category: Water
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Separation, Purification, Durability, Hazard Reduction
324
Technology: Waterline CI
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Rivertop Renewables
Description of the Technology: Rivertop Renewables developed a novel corrosion inhibitor that is an
alternative to conventional phosphorus-containing corrosion inhibitors. Although phosphorus-based
corrosion inhibitors are used as a replacement for the restricted chromium VI corrosion inhibitors, they
do not have comparable performance and cost. Rivertop's technology, Waterline CI, is derived from
plant carbohydrates and creates a resistant, passivating film on the surface of the metallic materials,
protecting them against corrosion.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Traditional chrome-based corrosion
inhibitors used in industrial cooling water systems have been prohibited by the EPA in the United States.
Phosphorus-based corrosion inhibitors were developed as an alternative to the chromium formulations;
however, they do not match the performance and cost of the traditional chromium inhibitors. There is a
rising demand for the restriction of phosphorus corrosion inhibitors because of their influence in the
eutrophication of aquatic environments. Rivertop Renewables, an American chemical company,
designed a cost-effective substitute for phosphorus-dependent corrosion inhibitors that can be used in
industrial cooling water systems.
Rivertop's innovative technology, known as Waterline CI, uses sugars derived from plant material, and it
creates a resistant passivating film in the metallic surface. The film protects the material, and on steel
surfaces it uniquely prevents both cathodic and anodic reactions that are crucial in its corrosive
processes. Waterline CI is entirely biodegradable and it has no negative impacts to humans or nature.
The active substrate in Rivertop's inhibitor was evaluated by the EPA’s Safer Choice program, and
Waterline CI is the first corrosion inhibitor to be allowed to be used during the manufacturing of
products with the Safer Choice label.
Waterline CI is a chromium and phosphorus-free corrosion inhibitor that has superior performance in a
variety of industrial water-cooling systems and is compatible with traditional water treatment systems.
Waterline CI has satisfactory results in aqueous systems with high and low pH and with different levels
of hardness. Rivertop developed a novel corrosion inhibitor that combines high-quality with economic
advantages, being an environmentally friendly alternative for the hazardous traditional corrosion
inhibitors.
References: Abstracted from "Renewables, R. Waterline CI® – Corrosion Inhibitor"

https://marketplace.chemsec.org/Alternative/Waterline-CI-Corrosion-Inhibitor-16 (accessed Aug 10,
2018)
Category: Water
Keywords: Efficiency, Durability, Feedstock, Hazard Reduction
325
Technology: West Fork Biotreatment Project
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Asarco
Description of the Technology: Water produced by an active underground lead mine has pH of 8.0 with
a lead content range of between 0.4 and 0.6 mg/L of Pb and 0.18 mg/L of Zn. To bring the metal content
of water from the mine dewatering stage to tolerable limits prior to discharge into the West Fork of the
Black River, Asarco has developed a full-scale 1,200 gpm capacity biotreatment system. This was the first
large-scale anaerobic biotreatment system. The treatment system is composed of a settling basin
followed by two anaerobic bioreactors arranged in parallel which discharge into a rock filter polishing
cell that is followed by a final aeration polishing pond. The bio cell (designed to treat 20 gallons of water
per minute) was filled with a substrate mixture of 50 percent old sawdust, 33 percent mine tailings, 10
percent cow manure, 5 percent alfalfa hay, and 2 percent lime rock (all material used was obtained
locally; other organic materials such as yard waste and sewage sludge can be substituted). Sulfate
Reducing Bacteria (SRB), the primary lead removal mechanism, was cultivated within the anaerobic
environment of the substrate.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Heavy metal pollution, with adverse
environmental and health impacts, occurs when metals like cobalt, copper, cadmium, lead, silver and
zinc contained in excavated rock or exposed in an underground mine get into water. Exposure to high
levels of lead particularly, may cause anemia, kidney and brain damage, with very high levels of
exposure resulting in death. The West Fork Biotreatment Project has been highly effective in mine water
metal content reduction to meet standards. Discharge levels of Pb and other metals were reduced
substantially from average influent levels. For Pb, the level was reduced from a typical average of 0.40
mg/L to between 0.027 and 0.050 mg/L. Zn, Cd and Cu effluent concentrations were also reduced.
Unlike conventional chemical water treatment plants, the West Fork Biotreatment plant does not
require the introduction of chemicals like hydrated lime, pebble quicklime, caustic soda, soda ash
briquettes, and ammonia into water, which are associated with sludge formation. Relative to chemical
plants, the plant does not require constant human monitoring and frequent sludge disposal.
The biotreatment plant is less expensive to construct due to presence of only few moving parts and
valves, as well as minor flow controls and monitoring devices, it is also immune to mechanical
malfunction and can operate at twice the design rate for short periods of time without a reduction in
treatment efficiency. Based on carbon depletion rates, the anaerobic cell substrate life was projected to
be greater than 30 years and the full scale biotreatment system should be virtually maintenance-free.
This prevents the need for virgin material to frequently reconstruct new anaerobic cells. The West Fork
biotreatment system is effective in treating water to meet stringent in-stream water quality
requirements and addresses health and environmental concerns.
326
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309215466_THE_CHALLENGES_OF_DESIGNING_PERMITTIN
G_AND_BUILDING_A_1200_GPM_PASSIVE_BIOREACTOR_FOR_METAL_MINE_DRAINAGE_WEST_FORK_
MINE_MISSOURI
Category: Water
Keywords: Purification, Efficiency, Durability, Design, Hazard Reduction
327
Technology: Zero Discharge System for Cooling Towers
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Klenzoid, Inc.
Description of the Technology: Cooling tower bleed-off involves the flushing of water with high mineral
concentrations down the drain, while simultaneously replacing it with fresh water to dilute the system
water mineral concentrations. This method is employed by conventional water treatment programs to
control precipitation which results in corrosion deposition, and biological fouling. The Zero Discharge
System, a water treatment system patented by Klenzoid, Inc. is a complete package water treatment
system designed to control corrosion, deposition and biological fouling with no ‘bleed-off’ from the
system. In this process, recirculating cooling tower water is filtered by a side-stream filtration system to
remove suspended solids.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? The Zero Discharge System, which employs a
filtration system, comes with many benefits, including a reduction in water consumption and chemical
discharge, accompanied by effective water treatment. Klenzoid’s system reduces water consumption by
cooling tower operations by having less demand for makeup water in cooling towers than conventional
methods. Within six years after the Zero Discharge System was patented, a total about 30,000 tons of
cooling water was being treated by the Zero Discharge system, which saved about 132 million gallons of
water in the Philadelphia area annually. This reduction in water consumption is environmentally friendly
as it reduces the rate of depletion of the earth’s water resources, and also allows the excess water from
industrial processes to be channeled to other sectors.
The Zero Discharge System has a significant reduction of chemicals discharged to the environment as it
allows for the removal of suspended particles without much need for additional chemical treatment
such as dispersants like camphor, dimethyl phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate and biocides. Such
chemicals when released into the environment in large quantities may have harmful effects on humans
when inhaled. The system reduces the health hazards associated with the use of chemicals for cooling
tower water treatment.
References: Abstracted from “United States Environmental Protection Agency. Presidential Green
Abstracted from "Klenzoid Inc. Water Treatment. Zero Discharge"

https://www2.klenzoidinc.com/products-services-2/zero-discharge/ (accessed October 20, 2018)
Category: Water
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Purification, Synthetic Methodology, Hazard Reduction
328
Technology: Forward Water Technologies: Forward Osmosis System
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Forward Water Technologies
Description of the Technology: Forward Water Technologies created an osmosis system that can
potentially produce fresh water in large scales from waste water and sea water. This technology would
reduce the costs related to waste water treatment, while recovering the original conditions of the water
that can then either be reused in the industry, or used in agricultural applications.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Fresh water access to around the world is a
current global challenge. Aqueous waste from many industrial processes, such as from fracking and
other oil and gas industry operations impacts the environment, and has to be treated before disposal.
Forward Water Technologies was developed to reduce the volume of aqueous waste generated, and to
enhance the recovery of fresh water from the waste. This would be economically advantageous for
energy companies while recovering potable water.
Forward Water Technologies developed an economically efficient process that allows the recovery of
fresh water from aqueous waste or sea water. This technology applies a forward osmosis system that is
propelled by a two-phase draw solute that is dissolved in water allowing higher pressures in the osmosis
system, and increasing its efficiency in the treatment of waste water with high salt concentration. The
dissolved draw solute is transformed into two gaseous commodities by mild heating of the mixture. At
this point, the fresh water has been recovered and the gaseous byproducts are used to regenerate the
draw solute that can be reused in the process. The recovered water can be used in agriculture
applications or reused in the industrial process. Forward Water Technologies is being adapted to a pilot
system to test its efficiency at larger volume. It's predicted that with a low energy input and low fouling,
it is possible to treat large volumes of waste water and desalinate sea water with this system.

26, 2018)
Abstracted from "Forward Water Technologies" http://forwardwater.com/technology-market/

Category: Water
Keywords: Waste Prevention, Separation, Purification, Efficiency
329
Technology: Sorbent for the Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water
Inventor/Owner/Manufacturer/Supplier: Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
Description of the Technology: The Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale
developed a novel sorbent material for the adsorption of arsenic, which is a contaminant in drinking
water. The sorbent material is made of nano-titanium dioxide-enabled chitosan beads that are cross-
linked with copper. The catalyst can selectively adsorb arsenic with high efficiency and reduced
treatment time.
What are the human health and environmental benefits? Oxoanios, such as arsenic and selenium, are
potentially toxic inorganic contaminants found in drinking water. Arsenic (As) has been shown to have a
negative impact on human health, and the World Health Organization recommends its concentration in
drinking water of 10 ppb or less. The removal of arsenic from drinking water is made difficult by the
other similar ions present in the environment and the different adsorption rates depending on the
oxidation states of the oxoanions. To enable cost-efficient and selective treatment for the removal of
arsenic in drinking water, the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale designed a
sorbent material that can selective adsorb arsenic in a timely and cost-efficient process.
The designed sorbent is composed of nano-titanium dioxide-enabled chitosan beads that are cross-
linked with copper. The sorbent material can photo-oxidize As(III) into As(V) that is less toxic, and has a
higher rate of adsorption onto the sorbent material. The CuTICB material showed selectivity towards the
adsorption of arsenic and since the sorbent can both adsorb and photo-oxidize arsenic, the treatment
time is reduced.
References: Abstracted from Pincus, L. N.; Melnikov, F.; Yamani, J. S.; Zimmerman, J. B. Multifunctional
photoactive and selective adsorbent for arsenite and arsenate: Evaluation of nano titanium dioxide-
enabled chitosan cross-linked with copper. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 358 (15), 145-154.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389418304734 (accessed Aug 19, 2019)
Category: Water
Keywords: Separation, Efficiency, Design, Hazard Reduction
330
Section Two
331
Global Green Chemistry Initiative Case Study: Serbia
Case Study Title: HEROMAT Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Coating for Façades

Author(s): Prof. Dr Jonjaua Ranogajec
Affiliation: Laboratory for Materials in Cultural Heritage
Faculty of Technology
University of Novi Sad
Subject, Key Concepts: Self-cleaning, photocatalytic coating, historic and modern buildings,
eco-friendly, compatibility
Summary: The challenge was to offer to cultural heritage practitioners and
building industry an eco-friendly solution to preserve long-term
aesthetic appearance of the façades and support cleaner urban
environment.
The targeted challenges for this new material were:
• compatibility with various substrates (bricks, mortars,
renders, stones, color layers)
• transparency and reversibility
• durability towards the action of pollutants (photocatalytic and
antimicrobial activity, hydrophilic surface properties)
• maintenance of the substrate’s water vapour permeability
• adaptability to different application techniques and levels of
substrate physical damage
• cost-effectiveness and low energy consumption
Under the FP7 project HEROMAT (www.heromat.com, 2011-2015)
the design and development of this material was challenged. The
protective coating was designed as an innovative solution highly
effective for different inorganic substrates of cultural heritage objects
and modern buildings, especially in urban areas.
Based on the results from laboratory testing and in-situ monitoring of
the laboratory, they developed models (consumption, environmental
impact, photocatalytic activity). The self-cleaning coating was as a final step
applied on two case study historic objects in Serbia and Slovenia.
The targeted properties of the coating were reached based on the
green chemistry and green engineering principles. This self-cleaning
coating enables historic objects and modern facades to keep their aesthetic
appearance longer and decrease regular maintenance
costs. The product is eco-friendly with no negative footprint on the
environment. It uses the power of UV light to decompose pollutants
and rain to wash the decomposed pollutants of the surface (self-cleaning effect).
The innovation decreases level of aero pollution in
urban areas and improves appearance of urban landscapes.
332
Introduction and The FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY is a member of the University of Novi
Background: Sad, the second largest in Serbia with more than 50.000 students and
5.000 employees. The Faculty organizes studies at undergraduate,
master, specialist, and doctoral level at five accredited study
programmes. It also participates in and coordinates research projects in diverse
fields of engineering including food, materials, pharmaceutic, and oil industries.
The research and collaboration with industry is also performed in four faculty
laboratories.
The LABORATORY FOR MATERIALS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE examines
historical and modern building materials, develops new functional
materials for cleaning and protection of tangible cultural heritage and
civil engineering, and establishes new methods for testing.
The LABORATORY examines built-in components and products of
degradation processes of immobile cultural heritage including
inorganic, organic, and biological compounds. The LABORATORY
performs testing on different movable and immovable artworks. It
identifies painting methods, wall and easel painting techniques, and
determines artworks authenticity. The LABORATORY carries out
comprehensive characterization of materials and determination of
their state-of-art (details about causes, mechanisms and level of
degradation), and offers expert advice for optimal healing,
conservation, and restoration. The LABORATORY performs scientific
research in the fields of development of new functional materials for
cleaning and protection of cultural heritage objects and establishment of modern
methodologies for testing of novel
materials functionality and impact. It also provides consultancy for
ceramic and cement industries in solving production problems and
design of new products and technologies.
The LABORATORY conducts sampling, laboratory and in-situ testing
using the following techniques: X-Ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy
(XRF), X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy with
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier Transforming
Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Optical Spectrophotometry in UV and
Visible Spectra, Infra-Red Thermographic Camera Imaging, Zeta
Potential and Particle Size Measuring, Drilling Resistance
Measurement System, Hg Porosimetry and Microidentation. Mobile
laboratory equipment includes XRF System, FTIR Device, DRM
System, Optical Stereomicroscope, and IR Thermographic Camera.
Stakeholders: The main idea challenged potentially has a vast number of stakeholders. It
includes scientists, practitioners, end-users, as well as the general public, media,
and scholars. Among direct stakeholders there are cultural heritage practitioners,
conservators and restorers, as well as civil engineers and modern building
industry, including building companies and SMEs.
The interest of the direct stakeholders is to have market available
eco-friendly, efficient, cost-effective, and easy to apply products that
333
will provide self-cleaning effect on diverse historic and modern
buildings, especially in urban areas. The interest of the general public
is a cleaner appearance of the landscapes and lower air pollution.
Under the HEROMAT project framework, the novel self-cleaning
material was applied and tested in-situ at the medieval Fortress in
Bač, Serbia and baroque Manor in Dornava, Slovenia. Following the
results of the in-situ monitoring from the case study heritage objects
the photocatalytic coating was used for cleaning and protection of
the several wall zones at the Petrovaradin Fortress in Novi Sad and
several other heritage objects in Vojvodina, Serbia. The self-cleaning coating is
also being used to protect the novel modern art murals painted recently on the
façades of residential buildings in the
city of Novi Sad. The feedback from the stakeholders is positive.
Central Problem: The main dilemma among cultural heritage practitioners,
Conservators, and restorers regarding any new material for cultural
heritage is its compatibility, efficiency, reversibility, and long-term
effects. The innovative self-cleaning material has already proven to
be eco-friendly and green, based on natural products, and with no
negative footprint on the environment.
Additional concerns include: how the novel material works on both
previously cleaned surfaces and untreated ones. Modern civil engineering
concerns raised are those about the application: if
the material is compatible with modern materials and paintings for
façades and if it can be applied directly on new wet surfaces.
These concerns are being addressed through demonstrations and
continual monitoring of the relevant characteristics and effects on
the treated objects. The market placement of the
product is under final preparatory stages.
Solutions/Actions: The new solution responds effectively to the green chemistry and
engineering principles. It contributes to the principle of prevention,
aiming to prevent waste rather than to treat or clean up waste after
it has been created. It uses the power of UV light to decompose
pollutants and rain to wash the decomposed pollutants of the surface
(self-cleaning effect). The innovation decreases the level of air pollution in urban
areas and improves appearance of urban landscapes.
It is designed for degradation so that at the end of material
functional life it breaks down into innocuous degradation products
and does not persist in the environment.
In the engineering of the product it was ensured that all materials
and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently nonhazardous as
possible (Inherent Rather Than Circumstantial). Aiming to
respect the leading principles of modern conservation, namely
reversibility and compatibility of materials, the new product design
goal targeted durability, not immortality.
The continual monitoring of self-cleaning coating efficiency on the
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treated historical buildings and its findings are regularly published to
keep relevant stakeholders updated. The product ensures that
aesthetic appearance of both historic and modern objects will last
longer and keep its surfaces clean through the time. It is also beneficial for
modern civil engineering due to its long-lasting self-cleaning effect and impact on
lowering aero pollution levels in urban areas.
Lesson Learned/Key Lessons learned:
Takeaways: 1. How to answer the building industry challenge using green
chemistry and green engineering principles.
2. How to make green material to be cost-effective, eco-friendly,
compatible and reversible on different historic substrates.
3. Understanding problems and challenges of the modern
conservation and restoration.
4. How to set long-term monitoring.
5. The needs for interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral research.
The innovative material was investigated by means of life cycle
assessment (LCA). So far not much attention has been paid to
materials for the conservation of the built cultural heritage, with
regard to their environmental performance. The aim of this study
was to assess the environmental footprint of the novel conservation
material which arises throughout its entire life cycle (i.e. from cradle-to-grave).
The heaviest environmental impact is caused by the
production of packaging material (e.g. plastic buckets and other types
of plastic containers). Possibly some other kind of packaging
materials could be used to reduce this impact. Taking into account the current
situation, the environmental footprint of the photocatalytic suspension is
relatively low. The current advantage is
production without calcination which has dramatically decreased
energy consumption compared to other similar products. The
environmental burdens related to greenhouse gas emissions could be
reduced by more than 10% if a cleaner form of electricity production
were to be adopted. Further improvements are to be solved in the next stages of
the innovation cycle.
Lessons learned in the process are highly beneficial for other
research projects done at the Laboratory, as well as other research
groups. These inputs already served for the green design of
photocatalytic coating active in visible light. It is under design and
aimed to be used for antimicrobial protection of indoor spaces
(like kindergartens, schools, hospitals, gerontology centers).
Discussion/Questions: The market-available alternative solutions are hydrophobic coatings
with targeted characteristics of water repellency, stain repellency,
scratch resistance, and water proofing. Those traditional solutions can change
water vapor permeability of the treated surface. They are
usually organic-based materials which is the reason why they attract
microorganisms and provide good conditions for microbiological
335
corrosion of the treated materials. Considering the cultural heritage
conservation and protection requirements these characteristics are
highly undesirably.
Short movie about the new solution:
New Skin for Old Stone, EuroNews Knowledge
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rU5ToGd_pak
Relevant questions:
- Is the self-cleaning coating equally effective as washing the
surfaces and using aggressive cleaning chemicals?
The effect is not visible immediately. It takes time to develop
and active components to work under natural conditions of
sun and rain exposure. Self-cleaning effects of the innovative
photocatalytic solution takes time to be visible with a naked
eye on the previously uncleaned surfaces. On very dirty
surfaces (dark gray color) the optimal period is 2 years after
the application.
- The self-cleaning coating has antimicrobial effect but it is said
that it does not have negative ecological footprint. How is it
possible?
This material is not similar to popular biocides. It does not use
biocide active agents, but the fundamental mechanism of self-cleaning based on
green chemistry (photocatalysis).
Therefore, it is not dangerous for the environment, the substrate, or operator. It is
so harmless that once can even drink it with no consequences.
- How is the photocatalytic active component is not harmful for
the mineral substrates or environment?
The main innovation used for this material is the incorporation
of the active component (TiO2) into the structure of the carrier
material (clay minerals). The potentially harmful active component is made totally
harmless for mineral substrates and the environment.
Appendix:
Works Cited: S.Vučеtić, Ј. Rаnоgајеc, S. Маrkоv, А. Vidаkоvić, H. Hiršеnbеrgеr, О.
Bеrа, Development and modelling of the effective bioactive poultices
for reducing the nitrate content in building materials, Construction
and building materials, 2017, 506-513.
B. Мilјеvić, М. vаn dеr Bеrgh, S.Vučеtić, D. Lаzаr, Ј. Rаnоgајеc,
Molybdenum doped TiO2 nanocomposite coatings: Visible light
driven photocatalytic self-cleaning of mineral substrates, Ceramics
International, 2017, ISSN: 0272-8842
Vulić, T., Rudić, O., Vučetić, S., Lazar, D., Ranogajec, J.: Photocatalytic
activity and stability of TiO2_ZnAl layered double hydroxide based
coatings on mortar substrates, Cement and Concrete Composites,
2015, Vol. 58, pp. 50-58, ISSN 0958-9465
Rudić, O., Rajnović, D., Čjepa, D., Vučetić, S., Ranogajec, J.:
Investigation of the durability of porous mineral substrates with
336
newly designed TiO2-LDH coating, Ceramics International, 2015, Vol.
41, pp. 9779-9792, ISSN 0272-8842
337
Global Green Chemistry Initiative Case Study: Serbia
Case Study Title: Ionic Liquids as Potential Green Solvents for Purification of Manufacturing
Waste-Water
Author(s): Tatjana Trtić-Petrović, Aleksandra Dimitrijević, Slobodan Gadžurić*, Milan
Vraneš*
Affiliation: Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, National Institute of
the Republic of Serbia, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Vinča, Belgrade,
Serbia, https://www.vin.bg.ac.rs
*Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
Subject, Key Concepts: Modern industry (pesticides, dyes, pharmaceutical) produce tons of synthetic
compounds, frequently toxic to the environment and humans. A significant part
of these products is discharged into aquatic environments, e.g. tons of synthetic
dyes are produced annually at a global scale, and approximately 15% of them
are discharged only by textile industries alone into the hydrosphere.
Ionic liquids (ILs) as a highly potent, designed solvents with tunable physical and
chemical properties represent a novel group of organic salts, which can be
applied in extraction as solvents and task-specific extractants at the same time.
ILs can be designed to be non-toxic (the third generation of ILs) or of
significantly reduced toxicity compared to conventional organic solvents. The
extraction procedure can be optimized so that more than 95% of extraction
mixture is made up of water.
Summary: The heavy load of aqueous effluents discharged by dye and pesticide industries
represents one of the major environmental problems of global concern. The
aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) based on ionic liquids are proposed for removal
of dye and pesticides from manufacturing waste-waters.
The first case study. A novel ABSs based on symmetric imidazolium ionic liquids
for the extraction of highly toxic and resistive dyes (orange II and remazol
brilliant blue R) from water are proposed. A phosphate salt is used for
comparative evaluation of these ionic liquids to induce ABS and extract dyes.
High extraction efficiencies (≥99%) of dyes were obtained. Given that the cation
symmetricity of ILs strongly influence the outstanding ability of 1,3-
dibutylimidazolium dicyanamide, [bbim][DCA], to generate ABS with the
exceptionally low amount of salt (< 1%), it was designated for a further process
of optimization with eco-friendlier citrate salt. A remarkable potential of
[bbim][DCA]/citrate based ABS to remove orange II from wastewater with a
concentration up to 1000-fold and efficiency above 99.4 % in a single step was
achieved. The safety from an environmental standpoint and feasibility of the
proposed method shows it is a promising future strategy for pollution
prevention.
338
The second case study. ABSs based on 1-butyl-3-ethyl imidazolium ILs have
been applied to extraction of several pesticides of different polarity from water.
Simultaneous extraction of the pesticides was achieved in a single-step
procedure, applying properly tailored IL. To explain excellent extraction of the
polar pesticides in the ABSs studied, molecular dynamics was applied, and the
binding energies and non-covalent interactions were calculated. It was shown
that a combination of experimental and computational approach can be
successfully applied for the selection and design of suitable ionic liquids for
efficient extraction.
Introduction and Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences is a National Institute of the Republic of
Background: Serbia, and a member of the University of Belgrade. The Institute is Serbia’s
leading scientific institute in fundamental and applied research. It is unique in
the multidisciplinary nature of its scientific capacities, with a unique
infrastructure for the most ambitious research projects of strategic significance
for the Republic of Serbia. As the member of the University of Belgrade, Vinča
Institute has been actively involved in conducting basic, postgraduate, and
doctoral studies. Today, the Institute employs 311 researchers, and 210 Ph.D.
students working on over a hundred national and international projects, as well
as in international scientific research collaborations in which the Republic of
Serbia is a member.
Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences is leading institution for high-quality science
in Serbia, a place where multidisciplinary approach to research is enabled by its
internal organization and established practices. Researchers work on
multidisciplinary projects in fundamental and applied research is driven by
ideas from innovation to commercialization through technology development
projects. Research at the Institute covers the following areas: physics,
chemistry, biology, power engineering and technology, radiation and
environmental protection, production of radiopharmaceuticals, accelerator
science, and nanoscience.
The group for Separation Chemistry and Renewable Energy Sources is a part of
the Laboratory of Physics at Vinča Institute. The main field of research is design
and synthesis of novel ionic liquids and their application as new green solvents
in separation, analytical, and environmental chemistry. The group synthesized
ionic liquid-derived doped porous nanocarbon materials and applied them as
catalytic materials in electrochemical processes (oxygen reduction reaction).
Stakeholders: Stakeholders for introduction of ionic liquids in industrial processes, as well as
replacement of organic solvents with more green solvents such as designed and
task-specific Ils, are the dye and textile industries, and pesticide and
pharmaceutical related industries, which produce large quantities of waste-
water with high concentration of toxic compounds. Also companies whose main
policy is in line with environmental protection and sustainable development. All
companies whose interest is to involve green chemical principles in their
processes such as (1) replacement of organic solvents (toxic, flammable, and
volatile) with alternative solvents with improved physical and chemical
339
properties and with the reduction of the negative impact on the environment,
(2) reducing consumption of solvents, and (3) recycling of solvents.
Central Problem: The presence of toxic compounds in the environment (pesticides and textile
dyes) originating from industry has been well documented [1-3]. It is an
important environmental problem, due to harmful effects of the pesticides on
sensitive non-target organisms such as humans and animals. Many studies
confirm that some textile dyes (azo and anthraquinone dyes) show mutagenic,
allergenic, and carcinogen effects on the aquatic biota and human health [4,5].
Removal of toxic compounds from industrial waste-water or concentrate them
to very small volume and further processing (either reusing or degradation to
non-toxic products) is an important step in industrial production. Industrial
waste-waters originate from various production industries such as pesticides,
dyes, textile, pharmaceutical, before being released to receiving water streams
have to be pre-treated and cleaned from residual pesticides.
Waste-waters from pesticide formulating and manufacturing plants are one of
the sources of pollution [6]. Depending on the technology implemented in a
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), the pesticide concentration in final
effluents can reach 500 mg dm-3 [7]. The European Union adopted the Water
Framework Directive (WFD) to secure water resources [8]. The maximum
allowable discharge concentration of a single pesticide in wastewater is
typically 0.05 mg dm-3, but may vary depending on the region and country.
Different separation methods based on extraction have been applied
wastewater treatment plants which are used in pesticide and dye related
industries. Most of the conventionally applied extraction procedures are based
on utilization of the organic solvents which are highly volatile or semivolatile at
room temperature, flammable, and toxic. Polar pesticides have started to be
frequently applied to replace the non-polar ones, and they cannot extract at a
significant rate using classical organic solvents. Most of the colors used in the
textile industry are very water soluble.
The main dilemmas facing stakeholders connecting with processing of industrial
waste-water is: how to properly choose method(s) for wastewater treatment to
effectively remove pollutants without additional introduction of possible
pollutants, and that it is economically profitable.
Solutions/Actions: Ionic liquids are a favorable alternative to organic solvents in liquid-liquid
extractions, due to their distinctive tuned properties gained by careful selection
of cation and anion, negligible vapor pressure, low flammability, broad liquidus
range, high solvation ability, high chemical and thermal stability, good
extractability and selectivity for organic and inorganic compounds [9]. By using
different ion arrangements, it is possible to design ILs to fit the requirements of
a certain application [10].
Water immiscible ILs have been used for liquid phase micro-extraction of
different nonpolar, hydrophobic organic compounds such as pesticides [11] and
dyes [12], but they are useless for the extraction of polar compounds. Water
340
miscible ILs can form aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) due to a salting out effect
upon addition of inorganic or organic salts, polymers etc. ABSs based on ILs are
recognized as alternatives for extraction of different polarity compounds [13].
The first case study [14, 15]. Design and synthesis of task-specific ILs which lead
to maximal extraction efficiency with minimal consumption of ABS constituent
(IL and eco-friendly salt) is our major activity. Figure 1 shows that both
constituents of IL affect building of ABS. The novel ABS based on
[bbim][DCA]/K3РO4 shows exceptionally low amount of salt (~2%) needed to
induce two phases, facilitating the use of the ABS for one-step extraction and
enrichment of the selected compound.
When considering the widespread application of ABS for wastewater
treatment, it should be kept in mind that the ABS components will inevitably
enter water ecosystems through aqueous effluent. It is important to consider
more eco-friendly and biocompatible salting-out species. Because of ILs
tunability, instead of a phosphate salt, the optimization steps are performed
using sodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7, since it is biodegradable and non-toxic to the
aquatic environment. Citrates are weaker kosmotropes than K3PO4, but in the
combination with exceptionally hydrophobic [bbim][DCA], the difference in ABS
formation is almost negligible (Figure 2). The extraction abilities of the ABSs
studied are shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 shows the proposed recycling of IL after
extraction using active carbons. The green chemistry principles are applied by
using a very low quantity of IL to remove and enrich dyes from water, and
recycling of IL through reuse.
The second case study [16]. ABSs based on imidazolium or pyrrolidinium Ils
were applied for simultaneous extraction of five pesticides of different polarity
(Imi, Ace, and Sim, Lin and Teb). The highest partition coefficients were
obtained in the ABS based on [beim][DCA] (Table 1). The low- and medium-
polar compounds show significantly higher partitioning in the ABSs compared
to the n-octanol/water system. Low-polar pesticides exhibit similar partitioning
in both systems. The main interaction between ILs and the polar pesticides
which lead to their complete extraction were explained based on molecular
simulation results [16]. It was shown that a computational approach together
with experimental results can be efficiently applied for the selection of suitable
ionic liquids for efficient extraction of polar pesticides, which can be extended
to other compounds.
Lesson Learned/Key The limit of these lessons is the missing scale-up of the proposed procedures.
Takeaways: The remaining question is how to transfer these research results into a real
industrial application. Based on the results, we believe that the ionic liquids
which we designed and synthetized have a great potential in waste-water
treatment. Our further research will be focused on the scale-up. Solutions for
the automation of purification processes based on aqueous biphasic systems
with ionic liquids are not simple and should be a subject for a multidisciplinary
team.
341
Based on the large number of possible ionic liquids that can be designed,
synthetized, and applied for specific proposes, this lesson might be applied for
solving other industrial tasks, such as replacement of organic solvents with ionic
liquids in the processes, plus recycling/reusing ionic liquids. Attention should be
paid to the third generation of ILs based on non-toxic cations and anions. These
ionic liquids can completely replace organic solvents in the production
processes, and given their non-toxicity they do not have to be removed from
the final product. They can also be synthesized as part of an active formulation,
which is particularly significant in the pharmaceutical industry and in pesticide
production.
Discussion/Questions: Chemical, physical, biological or a combination of these methods to be selected
for waste-water treatment depend on: the nature of the compounds to be
removed, their initial and final concentrations, possibilities of recycling of the
active substance and solvent, economic cost-effectiveness, energy
consumption, automation processes and prices of the entire process.
We suggest ionic liquids as alternative solvents, non-toxic solvents.
Appendix: 6
4
IL, mol/kg
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
K3PO4, mol/kg
Figure 1. Ternary phase diagrams of the studied {IL + K3PO4 + H2O} systems
based on the symmetric ILs at 296.15 K and 0.1 MPa. Legend: ▲ [bbim][DCA]
(1,3-dibutylimida-zolium dicyanamide), ▼ [bbim][Br] (1,3-dibutylimidazolium
bromide), ● [eeim][DCA] (1,3-diethylimidazolium dicyanamide), ► [eeim][Br]
(1,3-diethylimidazolium bromide), ◊ [heim][DCA] (1-hexyl-3-ethylimidazolium
dicyanamide) and □ [heim][Br] (1-hexyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide).
342
Figure 2. Ternary phase diagrams of the studied {[bbim][DCA] + salt + H2O}
systems at the room temperature (296.15 K) and atmospheric pressure ( 0.1
MPa). Legend: ▲ – K3PO4 and ■ - Na3C6H5O7.
(a) (b)
100
700
600
500 99
EE, %
K
400
300
98
200
100
0 97
[bbim][DCA] [bbim][Br] [eeim][DCA] [eeim][Br]
Figure 3. (a) Picture of the IL-ABS based dye extraction; (b) distribution ratio
(column) and extraction efficiencies (line + symbol) of OII (orange) and RBBR
(blue) dyes in {IL + K3PO4 + H2O} ABS.
343
Figure 4. Recycling procedure of [bbim][DCA] (top phase).
Table 1. The main properties of the selected pesticides and experimentally

determined partition coefficients in the investigated ABSs based on the studied
ILs.
Shortcuts: imidacloprid (Imi), acetamiprid (Ace), simazine (Sim), linuron (Lin) and
tebufenozide (Teb), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide [bmim][DCA], 1-
butyl-3-ethyl imidazolium dicyanamide [beim][DCA], 1-butyl-3-ethyl imidazolium
bromide [beim][Br], and 1-butyl-3-methyl pyrrolidinium dicyanamide
[bmpyr][DCA].
Pesti LogPIL
Structure 2
logPow
cide [beim] [beim]
[bmim][DCA] [bmpyr][DCA]
[DCA] [Br]
O -
+ O
H N
N
N
Imi N N 0.46 2.36 ∞ 2.84 1.65

Cl
Cl
CH3
Ace N N N
1.55 2.54 ∞ 2.55 1.79
N
CH3
Cl
Sim N N
2.28 2.85 ∞ 2.86 1.81
H3C NH N NH CH3
NH O
Lin Cl H3C
N
O
CH3 3.09 3.07 ∞ 3.15 1.88
Cl
CH3
O
O
Teb H3C
N
NH
3.97 ∞ ∞ ∞ 2.63
H3C CH3
CH3
CH3
344
1
Calculated by ACD/Labs PhysChem program
2
logP in octanol/water system at pH 6 and pH 11 calculated by ACD/Labs
PhysChem program
Works Cited: [1] E. Pose-Juan, M.J. Sanchez-Martin, M.S. Andrades, M.S. Rodriguez-Cruz, E.
Herrero-Hernandez, Sci. Total Environ. 514 (2015) 351–358.
[2] U.S. McKnight, J.J. Rasmussen, B. Kronvang, P.J. Binning, P.L. Bjerg, Environ.
Pollut. 200 (2015) 64–76.
[3] E. Brillas, C.A. Martínez-Huitle, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 166–167 (2015) 603.
[4] R.L. Stingley, W. Zou, T.M. Heinze, H. Chen, C.E. Cerniglia, J. Med. Microbiol.
59(1) (2010) 108.
[5] B.J. Brüschweiler, S. Küng, D. Bürgi, L. Muralt, E. Nyfeler, IRegul. Toxicol.
Pharmacol. 69(2) (2014) 263.
[6] Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ. Water Res. 2009;43:363-380.
[7] Chiron S, Fernandez-Alba A, Rodriguez A, Garcia-Calvo E. Water Res.
2000;34:366-377.
[8] European Commission Council Directive on pollution caused by certain
dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment. Offic. J Euro.
Union: L64; 2006.
[9] T. Welton, Chem Rev. 99(1) (1999) 2071.
[10] J.D. Holbrey, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 1(4) (1999) 223.
[11] T. Trtić-Petrović, A. Dimitrijević, Cent. Eur. J. Chem. 12 (2014) 98–106.
[12] N. Meksi, A. Moussa, J. Clean. Prod. 161 (2017) 105.
[13] M.G. Freire, Ionic-Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems, Springer Berlin
Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2016.
[14] Aleksandra Dimitrijević, Nebojša Zec, Nikola Zdolšek, Sanja Dožić,
Aleksandar Tot, Slobodan Gadžurić, Milan Vraneš, Tatjana Trtić-Petrović, J. Ind.
Eng. Chem. 40 (2016) 152-160
[15] Aleksandra Dimitrijević, Ana Jocić, Nebojša Zec, Aleksandar Tot, Snežana
Papović,Slobodan Gadžurić, Milan Vranešband Tatjana Trtić-Petrović, Improved
single-step extraction performance of aqueous biphasic systems using novel
symmetric ionic liquids for the decolorisation of toxic dye effluents, submetted
in J. Ind. Eng. Chem.
[16] Aleksandra Dimitrijević, Ljubiša Ignjatović, Aleksandar Tot, Milan Vraneš,
Nebojša Zec, Slobodan Gadžurić, Tatjana Trtić-Petrović, Journal of Molecular
Liquids, 243 (2017) 646-653.
345
Global Green Chemistry Initiative Case Study: Egypt
Case Study Title: Production of Ethylene from Bio-Ethanol

Author(s): TCI Sanmar Team & ENCPC Team
Affiliation: TCI Sanmar, C9 El Raswa Industrial Area, South Port Said, Egypt
Subject, Key Concepts: Waste Utilization: production of chemical product from organic waste
Summary: The TCI Sanmar Company produces 60,000 ton/year from Ethylene which
produced from bio-Ethanol. Ethanol is a key raw material used in Alco Ethylene
Plant at TCI Sanmar Company. Ethanol used at the plant is a bio-product derived
from sugarcane molasses by fermentation process. Molasses is a waste product
from sugar manufacturing plants. The company produces Ethylene from bio-
ethanol to produce the PVC.
Ethylene is produced from Ethanol, not from natural gas or petroleum products.
Chemistry of Process:
Catalyst
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
350 ° C
Ethanol undergoes dehydration to yield Ethylene. The process is endothermic

and multistage reactors in series are employed. Water condensed from the
process is recycled.
Process effluent containing some organics formed during dehydration reaction,
stripped through steam stripping column, organics removed and minor traces of
organic effluent treated in biological treatment followed by reverse osmosis
system and recycling clean water to the plant.
Other volatile impurities such as aldehyde, ketone, diethyl ether, and aldehyde
from effluent stripper and long chain hydro carbons are collected and conveyed
to the plant incinerator. Energy contained in waste hydrocarbons from the
process is recovered through generation of steam. Both energy conservation
and environmental protection are achieved.
Following are the advantages of ethylene production with natural origin
(sugarcane) when compared with natural gas.
1) Renewable feedstock source.
2) Not dependent on natural gas and other fossil resources.
3) Carbon footprint of Alco-Ethylene process is entirely bio-based carbon
4) High yield
5) High purity of ethylene
6) Eco friendly process
7) Utilizing of agriculture waste
8) Low investment cost
346
9) Low operation cost
10) Low cost treatment of liquid effluent
Introduction and The Sanmar Group is the largest Indian investor in Egypt — through a 100%
Background: owned company, TCI Sanmar Chemicals S.A.E., with its state-of-the-art chemical
manufacturing facilities located at Port Said. The Group’s journey in Egypt
started 2007.
TCI Sanmar has so far invested around USD 1.50 billion in creating world class
facilities to produce 275,000 MT per year of Caustic Soda, 400,000 MT per year
of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM), 400,000 MT per year of Poly Vinyl Chloride
(PVC) and 60,000 MT per year of Green Ethylene. These capacities are the
biggest thus far in the entire MENA region. TCI Sanmar also operates a Zero
Liquid Discharge plant, the first of its kind in Egypt.
In middle of 2018 TCI Sanmar set up a 135,000 MT per annum plant to produce
Calcium Chloride granules to utilize surplus Hydrochloric acid available.
TCI Sanmar Chemicals has now completed ten years operation and has grown to
be one of the largest and integrated PVC production facilities in the MENA
region and the biggest Indian investment in the Arab Republic of Egypt totaling
at USD 1.5 Billion and supporting livelihood for more than 3,000 direct and
indirect employees.
TCI Sanmar is actively involved in promoting and maintaining the highest levels
of compliance with the legal and regulatory framework applicable in Egypt, with
consideration to the environmental standards and the standards related to the
safety and health of the employees and the residents of surrounding areas. TCI
Sanmar has adopted several measures and polices manifesting its approach to
maintain its continuous development while preserving professional integrity and
contribute to the social development of Port Said Governorate.
Stakeholders: Production of ethylene from bio-ethanol to produce PVC has many stakeholders
in addition to the TCI Sanmar Chemicals company and each one of them has a
specific role. The following stakeholders are the main ones related to this case
study:
- Sugar and Integrated Industries Company (which is the main supplier of
bio-ethanol to TCI Sanmar)
-Ministry of Agriculture
-Ministry of Environment
-Ministry of Industry
Central Problem: Some challenges facing the company with stakeholders are:
- Ethanol supply in terms of quality.
- Ethanol supply in terms of safe transportation.
- Government conditions and strategies (reduction of sugarcane product
due to shortage of fertilizers, water, etc.).
- Cost effective supply of Bio-Ethanol on long term.
Solutions/Actions: Major Actions:
- Develop regular quality control checks on site in Sugar Company through
our QC team.
347
- Develop and assure the transportation trucks is fully equipped with
firefighting system as well as assure implementation of emergency plan by
well-trained drivers.
- Develop alternate sources of molasses such as from sugar beet.
Lesson Learned/Key Importance of R&D in production of Green products.
Takeaways: Importance of finding alternatives for the main raw materials used in production
of several products.
Discussion/Questions: The Company is planning to increase the ethylene production from bio-origin as
the current production is about 30% from the total ethylene production.
Appendix: Process flow diagram of Ethylene production from Bio-ethanol on the next page.
Works Cited:
348
Global Green Chemistry Initiative Case Study: Egypt
Case Study Title: Production of Biodiesel from Spent Cooking Oil

Author(s): Nour El- Assal, Mariam Afifi, Ahmed Raafat, Basma Ali, Dr. Ahmed Fahmy
(Tagaddod & ENCPC Team)
Affiliation: Tagaddod Company, 106 Al Nile Street, Al Agouza, Cairo, Egypt
Subject, Key Concepts: Biodiesel, waste cooking oil, renewable energy, waste management, Tagaddod
Company
Summary: The production of biodiesel from used cooking oil offers a triple-facet solution:
economic, environmental, and waste management. The new process
technologies developed during recently have made it possible to produce
biodiesel from used oils comparable in quality to that of virgin vegetable oil
biodiesel with an added attractive advantage of being lower in price. The
present study described a case study for the first Egyptian company, Tagaddod,
which works in the field of biodiesel production from used cooking oil. The
company started it activity in 2013 based on collection of the used oil from
restaurants. The company developed a system for collection of the used oil from
other sources such as hotels, food production companies, communities, and
individuals. The scientific team of the company prepared public presentation to
disseminate the green chemistry concept and waste management. Now, the
company has a production facility with a production capacity of 5 tons/day. The
produced biodiesel meets the European standards EN 14214. The company is in
the process of developing a research and development (R&D) department to
overcome the problem of variation of the collected used oil especially for the oil
acidity and the water content. The company is also looking for development of
new green products from other wastes.
Introduction and Over the past decades worldwide petroleum consumption has increased due to
Background: the growth of human population and industrialization. This led to many
problems like energy sustainability, environmental problems, and rising fuel
prices. Conventional fuels are known for polluting air by emissions of sulfur
dioxides, carbon dioxides, particulate matter, and other gases. Renewable
energy can be considered an alternative to fossils energies. Globally, 15 % of the
primary energy supply comes from renewable sources. Over the last few years,
biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) has become part of the equation. Biodiesel
has benefits over petroleum diesel such as a significant reduction in greenhouse
gas emissions, non-sulfur emissions and non-particulate matter pollutants, low
toxicity, biodegradable, and it is obtained from renewable source such as
vegetable oils and animal fat.
Tagaddod (Arabic for ‘renewal’) is a pioneering renewable Energy and Waste
Management Egyptian company, established in 2013 in Cairo, Egypt. Tagaddod
operates an ISCC certified production facility, that produces biodiesel from used
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cooking oil (UCOME). The company has a team that is fully integrated, with
members from different backgrounds, who are dynamic, committed and
motivated. Their team shares the passion for entrepreneurship, sustainable
energy and environmental activism.
Tagaddod currently produces biodiesel from used cooking oil that is collected
locally from hotels and restaurants, or is imported. They also produce crude
glycerol which is used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The produced
biodiesel of Tagaddod meets the European standards EN 14214. In the future,
they plan to expand their feedstock to acid, oils, and algae.
The production facility of Tagaddod is located in the industrial zone of 6th
October city, which is 32 Km southwest Cairo City. About 80% of the main
production units are made in Egypt. The company started with a production rate
of one-ton biodiesel/day, and now its production has increased to 5 tons/day.
For sustainable operation, the company developed a pickup service through
providing replaceable containers, free shipping, and the best price for waste oil
collection. The rate of collection is 130 tons/month. About 5% of the collected
oil is from houses collection and the rest is from hotels, restaurants, and food
production facilities.
Stakeholders: Biofuel production has many stakeholders. Each stakeholder has different
perspective and requirements. These different requirements can make the
selection of a biofuel production strategy challenging. Industry stakeholders
usually support biofuel development when there is an opportunity for profit.
However, more work is recommended to decide the best unit size of biomass
processing, while researchers noted that the optimal size of a biofuel unit or
facility depends on many variables such as capital, operation, transportation, and
raw material.
Stakeholder mapping is a suitable tool to better understand and connect with
important stakeholders in the biofuel development and utilization process. The
tool operates by determining the power of stakeholders and their interest
regarding a given undertaking. The aim of stakeholder analysis is to determine
which stakeholders are likely to have an impact on, or be affected by, biofuel
development. A list of key stakeholders and their interest areas in relation to
biofuel development and utilization are presented in the following table.
Table 1: List of Stakeholder and their area of interest

Stakeholder Area of Interest
Ministry of Electricity and Utilization of biofuel
Renewable Energy
Ministry of Environment Prevention of environmental degradation and
pollution
Ministry of Petroleum Blending of biofuels
Alternative sources for fuel
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Ministry of Industry Development of new industrial production facilities
Ministry of Labor Provision of conditions for efficient and equitable
employment services in biofuel development and
utilization
Ministry of Higher Education Granting patent rights, prizes, and incentives to
individuals and institutions involved in the
and Scientific Research
advancement of biofuel development and utilization
Development or modification of technologies for
biofuel processing
Support R&D in industrial facilities
Central Problem: Biodiesel is an alternative renewable liquid fuel that can be used in diesel
engines without prior modification, but it has some disadvantages. Ministry of
Petroleum noted that the fuel can be poor in quality and efficiency in
comparison to regular diesel or gasoline-based fuel. Its lower energy output
requires greater quantities for performance. The limited amount of biodiesel
produced, due to the small numbers of producers, has reduced market
competition and increased prices. At present, there is an inconsistent supply of
feedstock and high processing costs, which have also contributed to the higher
price of biodiesels in comparison to fossil-based diesel.
Long-term storage of biodiesel is prone to degraded gaskets and seals. Biodiesel
also has a higher affinity toward moisture compared to petroleum diesel, and
the water-retaining capacity of biodiesel is higher than diesel which can cause
problems such as water accumulation and microbial growth in fuel tanks and
transportation equipment.
The acidity of biofuel feedstock, especially vegetable oil, could result in
incomplete transformation of oil to biofuel which eventually would affect the
engine performance. The high-water content of the feedstock can also affect the
quality of the produced biodiesel.
The financial support for the research and development (R&D) in biodiesel
production is very limited. This limits the rate of continuous improvement of the
biodiesel quality.
Solutions/Actions: Tagaddod worked to overcome the problem of supplying the spent cooking oil
(feedstock) to their production facilities. The company developed an active
website and Facebook account to contact individuals and communities. The
company prepared a system to pick up the spent oil from different suppliers
through a highly qualified team. The company started a policy for testing the
collected oils for each batch before mixing. The collected oil is tested for its level
of water content and acidity. These tests are important because it helps to
determine the treatment method required for each oil batch before starting the
biodiesel production.
Different pretreatment steps can be done on the collected oil to improve its
quality such as FFA removal, dehydration, and centrifugation.
Lesson Learned/Key • Importance of R&D in production of green products
Takeaways: • Production of Green products does not necessarily need an imported
technology
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Discussion/Questions: Egypt has a total area of 1 million km2 and a total population of about 93 million
people according to the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics of
Egypt. In 2005 Egypt’s diesel demand was 10.7 million tons, and increased to
13.32 million tons in 2015 based on official statistics. The price of diesel has
increased from October 2008 to July 2014 by 64%, and its price is still increasing.
here is no policy in Egypt to use at least 1% biodiesel as a blend in fossil diesel,
but the Egyptian Government could encourage the marketing of biodiesel
business by raising awareness, offering tax incentives and subsidies (e.g. project
land and water) on biofuel as it has been applied to natural gas. Due to the
diesel shortage, a biodiesel factory would be helpful for saving a green and
renewable source of energy.
Biodiesel, which is accepted as an alternative fuel, is prepared by
transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats with an alcohol in presence
of a catalyst. However, the land use for production of edible oil for biodiesel
feedstock competes with the use of land for food production. The price of edible
plant and vegetable oils is usually higher than petroleum diesel. The use of
waste cooking oil as biodiesel feedstock reduces the cost of biodiesel
production. The use of waste cooking oils and non-edible oils should be given
higher priority over the edible oils as biodiesel feedstock. Biodiesel is superior to
fossil diesel fuel in terms of exhaust emissions, cetane number, flash point, and
lubricity characteristics.
Since the carbon in the oil or fat originates mostly from carbon dioxide in the air,
biodiesel is considered to contribute much less to global warming than fossil
fuels. Emission level is reduced by about 41% due to using of biodiesel.
From a waste management standpoint, producing biodiesel from spent cooking
oils is environmentally beneficial, since it provides a cleaner way for disposing
these products.
The yield of biodiesel in the process of transesterification is dependent on many
factors such as reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst, presence of
moisture and free fatty acids (FFA), and molar ratio of alcohol and oil. As a
result, Tagadodd is developing a R & D department to optimize the production
conditions. The main problem for R&D is the financial and the technical support.
We believe that the government must support the research and R&D in
companies for renewable energy development. This will require concerted
efforts by botanists, plant bioengineers, microbiologists, microbiobial
bitechnologists, chemists, and engineers and industry together with government
funding and private investors.
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Appendix: The following link describes Tagaddod steps in turning waste to value
https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2016/03/30/african-start-up-
tagaddod-spc.cnn
Tagaddod production rate:
Duration Quantity (tons)

Sep 2015-2016 300
Sep 2016-2017 1100
Sep 2017-2018 1300
General flow chart for the production procedure
Works Cited:
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Global Green Chemistry Initiative Case Study: Colombia
Case Study Title: Change in the Formulation of Several Polikem Products Eliminating Corrosive
and Aggressive Raw Materials
Author(s): AGUDELO, Cristina. LOPEZ, Mauricio. PEREZ, Carlos Andres.
Affiliation: POLIKEM S.A.S.
Subject, Key Concepts: Toxicity, hazardous, feedstocks

Summary: For the manufacture of several chemical products aimed at the metalworking
sector, it is necessary to use raw materials that are highly dangerous for the
environment and workplace (occupational risks). During their handling, toxic
gases are generated (as in the case of ammonia and hydrogen fluoride), leading
to operational controls to prevent staff exposure. We don’t have controls to
prevent exposure to the atmosphere. The company's research and development
department developed a formulation change to replace ammonium hydroxide
and hydrofluoric acid with triethanolamine and ammonium bifluoride,
respectively, in the manufacture of Stripkem 100 (trade name) and Kemocrom 7
(trade name), eliminating the generation of ammonia and hydrogen fluoride
gases and significantly reducing the impact on the manufacturing operation and
improving the stability of the products in the supply chain.
Introduction and POLIKEM is a Company dedicated to the design, manufacture, storage, and
Background: commercialization of products for the automotive, metalworking, household,
and I&I cleaning. The company specializes in aluminum anodizing, metal
finishing as well as outsourcing and maquila services.
PROFILE:
POLIKEM is a Colombian company with 45 years of experience in the Colombian
and Andean Markets; certified in ISO 9001, ISO/TS 16949, ISO 14001 and OHSAS
18001.
POLIKEM´s trajectory and performance has made it worthy of national as well as

international awards. In 2014, the UNITED NATIONS, through its division UNIDO
(United Nations Industrial Development Organization), granted POLIKEM the
¨Gold¨ award among 50 companies that participated in the Global Chemical
Leasing 2014, which recognized the performance of the POLIKEM in innovation,
economic, and environmental impact, and the application of Chemical Leasing in
the industrial sector POLIKEM has been recognized on numerous occasions with
the ¨Supplier Excellence Award¨ from several customers, such as Renault,
Mazda, and Toyota among others.
Stakeholders: Suppliers: reduction of demand for of higher hazardous feedstocks in the
processes of manufacture, handling and transport.
Workers: elimination of exposure to hazardous gases and occupational risks.
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Company: greater requirements for process control, leading to higher
investment and operational costs.
Customers: reduction of exposure to hazardous gases and occupational risks.
Community: elimination of gas emissions in the habitat where the company is
located.
Central Problem: The use of hydrofluoric acid represents a risk in the supply chain due to the
instability of this chemical, because under normal conditions the substance
releases highly corrosive, harmful, and toxic gases that require controlled use
and handling. It was mainly used to manufacture the Kemocrom 7, a specialized
product for the treatment and chemical conversion of extruded aluminum.
If hydrogen fluoride gets on the skin it can cause burns, necrosis, and underlying
bone may be decalcified. Contact with the eyes results in burns. After ingestion,
the oropharnyx and the esophagus are the primary sites of injury. Systemic
absorption occurs following skin exposure or ingestion; severe and rapid
hypocalcemia may result with cardiac dysrhythmia and arrest. After inhalation,
severe pulmonary injury may occur with pulmonary edema and
bronchopneumonia. Hydrogen fluoride’s ability to cause necrosis is due to the
toxicity of fluoride ion rather than the hydrogen ion. Severe and delayed injury
can occur with burns may develop after a symptom free interval of 24 hours.
This is particularly true of exposures of dilute (<20%) solutions. With
concentrated solutions (>40%), the effects are more rapid and pronounced with
immediate pain and skin damage.1
The market conditions and the low demand in the country increases the price,
leading to higher costs and consequently to margin reduction or price increases.
The use of ammonium hydroxide, on a smaller scale, also represent a risk in the
supply chain by releasing ammonia gases that are corrosive and toxic by all
routes (i.e., inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact). It was mainly used to
manufacture the Stripkem 100, used in the aluminum and automotive industry
as paint stripper.
Effects from exposure may include extreme irritation of the eyes and mucous
membranes, contact burns to the skin and eyes, and life-threatening pulmonary
edema.
The storage of both substances is restrictive and all activities and situations
where over-exposure is possible, it´s necessary wear a self-contained breathing
apparatus, and protective clothing (including full face protection).
Solutions/Actions: The main purpose was to improve the environmental, safety and health impact
at the supply chain, because of previous formulations generated emissions of
gases and instability in their manufacture, storage and handling.
Our research and development department searched for better alternatives for
the replacement of these two substances because of the significant impact they
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had on our productive process. This replacement should not affect the
performance of the product given the high level of quality demanded by our
customers. APQP and PPAP methodologies were taken into consideration to
ensure the reliability of development.
After the analysis and multiple laboratory tests and subsequent performance
tests developed with our customers, the following results are achieved:
Replacement of ammonium hydroxide with triethanolamine
Replacement of hydrofluoric acid by ammonium bifluoride.
Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen fluoride gases during the
manufacture of Stripkem 100 and Kemocrom 7, respectively.
Reduction of environmental impact (generation of toxic gases) and occupational
hazards during the manufacture of Stripkem 100 and Kemocrom 7.
These processes continue carry at ambient pressure and temperature.
Lesson Learned/Key With these changes, we have contributed to have better processes
Takeaways: environmentally and we have defined a policy of constant analysis of all
formulations of our products to reduce the impacts throughout the value chain,
from our plant to our customers.
We continue the search for replacement of surfactants and solvents petroleum-

derived by substitutes from renewable and sustainable sources.
This practice has helped us to check frequently green substances and more
friendly substances database to rethink in more friendly products for our
customers and the environment.
We are also interested in alternatives for replacement of phosphates in

detergents and cleaners.
Discussion/Questions: Alternative solutions like benzyl alcohol and lactic acid esters are in evaluation
for paint stripper.
Alternative solutions like silane modified are in evaluation for aluminum

conversion treatment solutions.
Effectiveness and cost are the points in discussions. Low demand and non-local
manufacturing are main disadvantages.
Maybe eco-friendly products are less effective than hazardous products. How to
manage this concern and change customer’s perception, especially, higher cost
and time process perception?
What other sustainable alternatives can be used to achieve total substitution

and competitive products?
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Are current regulations enough to promote restrictions in use of this kind of
hazardous substances?
Appendix:
Works Cited: 1. World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety;
Poisons Information Monograph 268 pp.1-25 (1990).
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Global Green Chemistry Initiative Case Study: Colombia
Case Study Title: Sustainable Coffee Husk Filler as an Accelerator for the Vulcanization of Natural
Rubber Latex
Author(s): Enrique Alejandro Moreno Muñetones
Affiliation: Fiquetex S.A.S.
Subject, Key Concepts: sustainable, renewable, compostable material, fique fibre, coffee husks, natural
rubber latex, waste, mining, circular economy, blue economy, ecology
Summary: The idea behind this innovation is to replace non-renewable mineral fillers such
as silica, bentonite, calcium carbonates, etc. used in different types of industry
including, paint, rubber, textiles, footwear etc. The mining of these fillers is
detrimental to the environment due to deforestation, damage of the topsoil,
pollution produced by heavy machinery in the form of CO, CO₂, NO₂, SO₂,
benzene, formaldehyde, noise, and upsetting of nearby fauna and flora.
Second only to oil, coffee is the world’s most traded commodity. Coffee husks
are a byproduct of the coffee industry and more than four million tons are the
result of the coffee harvest worldwide each year. As husks alone, they are 100%
natural composting agent, rich in nitrogen but containing large amounts of
caffeine and tannins. When they are discharged in the land by farmers in
developing countries, the husks produce an anaerobic effect, “killing” the
topsoil.
When these husks are treated mechanically and chemically with natural
occurring substances they become a filler that can reduce the time and
temperature of the vulcanization process of natural rubber latex. A filler with
synergistic effect can be achieved and the amount of sulphur and zinc oxide can
be reduced drastically. This means that there is less chance of production of
nitrosamines throughout the process. The process of producing this filler is
about the manipulation of the chemical structure of the husks and not its
chemical content.
The filler is a sustainable, renewable, compostable, and cheap alternative to
existing mineral fillers. We can minimize the exploitation of these earth minerals
that produce large amounts of greenhouse gases and pollution. The processing
of these materials requires high amounts of energy that contribute to increases
in CO₂ production. At any stage of its useful life, the filler becomes nourishment
to the soil once it is buried in the ground. The filler can be produced with
existing machinery so there is no need for developing new equipment or
technologies. The use of coffee husk is currently very limited and it is treated as
a waste material. Coffee grower’s communities could benefit from extra income
by selling the husk as well. Coffee husk was chosen among other materials due
to its chemical composition (cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, ash, etc.), its
mechanical properties (it is an extremely hard material yet very light with high
358
degree of friction, it is very hydrophobic and will resist acid environments as
well as changes in temperatures). The level of refinement required, availability,
and acquisition costs (coffee husks don’t have commercial value) make coffee
husk an attractive solution to an existing problem. The idea was tested in the
footwear industry, particularly in the making natural rubber shoes outsoles.
Another application for this filler is the tire industry for automotive, motor bikes,
and bicycles.
Introduction and Start-up Company. Right now, organizing the work team to start the setting up
Background: the production line. The main fields of research are natural fibres (fique, coir and
bamboo) and organic waste (coffee husks). Regarding natural fibres, a portfolio
of products was developed at TRL9 using the Fique fibre (Furcraea Andina - a
native plant of Colombia) and naturally modified rubber latex as a bidding agent.
Through an innovative chemical and non-woven textile process, it was put
before the Patent Office and a pending patent was granted. The case presented
here “Sustainable coffee husk filler as an accelerator for the vulcanization of
natural rubber latex” was granted patent pending status and its publication
should be announced very soon.
Stakeholders: The company was created with the assistance of Ruta N (an innovation body
sponsored by the Mayor´s office of Medellin, Colombia), The Royal Academy of
Engineering (RAEng) and the Newton Fund from the United Kingdom. The main
interest is the production of ecofriendly materials as raw materials for
transformers (B2B) to mitigate the problems faced by the environment such as
global warming and the pollution created by plastic products. The idea is to help
the development of the country, especially in poor areas where income for local
people is very low. This can be achieved through the implementation of a
circular and blue economy models, where the small farmers and poor
communities should be able to sell all their crops, improving their standard of
life. Another objective is to help the agro industry by replacing illicit crops such
as marijuana and coca for ones such as fique, rubber trees, coir, African palm,
cocoa, and rice.
Central Problem: The most valuable help from Ruta N and RAEng has been in the form of training
programs such as the development of the business model, intellectual property,
participation in commercial fairs, etc.
Solutions/Actions: Through a high degree of the training - mentioned above (in London, UK and
Medellin, Colombia) a pitch elevator for potential investors was developed. The
participation in commercial fairs has put the name of the company in the
agendas of big European companies such as Puma® in Germany, Koen-Pack in
Holland and I-Core Composites in the USA.
Lesson Learned/Key
Takeaways:
Discussion/Questions: Carbon emissions, energy and water efficiency are the main concerns for
companies keen on reducing their environmental footprint, a sustainable future
can’t be achieved without considering chemistry. We’ve already begun to see
progress on the field, with an increasing number of companies improving better
chemicals management practices. The chemical industry is moving towards the
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use of safer materials and greater transparency but how can it become reality?
The fact that research and development counts for a big part of the company´s
profit then, how can industry engaged towards this objective. This is probably
the main disadvantage.
The main aim should be the contribution to a planet that provides a viable
future with better standard of life for everyone. Acting sustainably is an integral
part of a circular economy and blue economy models (consecution of local raw
materials) to develop the “Value-to-Society” approach within a clean
environment.
Appendix:
Upper sole. Treated Coffee husk Vegetable leather made with

filler@ 25%. Fique fibre and natural rubber
Lower sole. Silica filler @ 25%. latex.
Works Cited:
YouTube: 16th Natural Fibers National Meeting:
Link: https://youtu.be/WMAHAZSClHQ
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Global Green Chemistry Initiative Case Study
Case Study Title: Tea Leaves for Natural Dyes

Author(s):
Affiliation: Dynawash Limited-Biyagama
Subject, Key Concepts: ● Waste minimization

● Energy efficiency
● Water efficiency
● Reduction of the hazardous chemicals
● Overall safety
Summary: This case study focuses on a major fabric dyeing factory in Sri lanka. It is
operating in Biyagama BOI. They mainly use synthetic dyes for cotton, nylon
and polyester dying.
Recently they identified the hazardousness of synthetic dye and searched for a
more sustainable solution. They came up with different alternatives and found
that use of tea leaves as a natural dye is a better solution. With the help of
Slintec nano laboratories they found that they can introduce new natural dye
which can be used as an alternative for several light color categories of
synthetic dye. They take only the rejected tea stocks from their suppliers as a
renewable source. Their supplier is Unilever which has a greater consistency in
their production. They were able to produce up to 16 colors from green to red
mixing with 5% synthetic colors. Now they are taking the first step of
converting into green chemistry with the collaboration of the Slintec labs. They
have the patent for their natural dye and are in the process of acquiring eco
label.
Introduction and
Background:
Stakeholders: ● Suppliers - To maintain good connection with the producers.
● Customers - To have quality product and services with health and
safety instructions.
● Neighbors - To have cleaner environment without no polluted water air
and soil.
● BOI - To comply with all regulations given by the industrial zone (waste
water, emission, noise).
● Government – To comply with local guidelines.
● Environmental Authorities – To comply with environmental
regulations, environmental policy and standards
Central Problem: The heavy use of synthetic dye has a significant health impact to the
employees lives because they are directly involved with the dying process.
Synthetic dying is a carbon emitting process which contributes to a higher
361
carbon footprint of their product. Customers can also experience negative
impacts from products made from artificial sources than natural sources.
Synthetic dying takes high amount of water consumption and it is a long cycle
of work. Efficiency and reduced processing time is key in the competitive
dyeing industry.
The use of synthetic dyes has a high demand for water treatments, with the
increases production costs Some dyes contain heavy metals which require
additional treatments. As a company operating in an industrial zone, they have
to maintain given standards when discharging the water into the central
treatment plant. They have to take the responsibility for the produced sludge -
they send it to cement kilns to be incinerated.
Solutions/Actions: Even though there are lot of alternatives for natural dye such as beetroot, they
are often not practical and sustainable. With experimenting with rice husk,
paddy, and tea leaves they found that tea leaves are a good alternative for a
natural dye. They consider the consistency of the color and the quality of the
fabric after dying. They selected the source of rejected tea leaves from a well-
known company, Unilever. To make one ton of natural dye, the needed tea
leaves quantity is relatively higher. But there are plenty of stock available and
the price is also relatively low.
Compared to synthetic dye, using tea leaves can’t create a large range of
colors (only light colors). As a solution, they produce 100% natural dye and a
hybrid dye with adding 5% synthetic dye for obtain better color range.
From this new conversion from synthetic to natural dye they found that there
are many benefits could be obtained
● Efficiency in water consumption. Before they needed 240 l/1 kg of
fabric, but now they need only 100 l/1 kg of fabric.
● It is a carbon minus reaction. The process absorbs carbon from the
environment.
● As it is a natural source there is no need for water treatment before
discharging.
● No cost for handling sludge. The sludge is biodegradable.
● Natural dye has the quality of absorbing heavy metals. When they are
discharging the used water from the natural dye process and synthetic
dye process together they noticed that the heavy metals in the
synthetic dye has been absorbed by the natural dye.
● Energy efficient. The natural dye process is much shorter than the
synthetic dyeing. It consists only of prewash, dye, and rinse steps.
● Environmental friendly. With the conversion to natural dye they
eliminated hazardous chemicals from their system.
Lesson Learned/Key One of the main problem they face is with using natural dye they can’t create
Takeaways: dark colors.
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Another problem is compared to the synthetic dye which has an absorption
rate of 20%, natural dye has a lower absorption rate of 5%.
There is a faint smell of tea leaves that remains with the fabric that dyed with
natural dye.
With more experiments, they can find new solutions or alternatives for these
problems.
Discussion/Questions:
Appendix:
Works Cited:
363
Section Three
364
GLOBAL GREEN CHEMISTRY INITIATIVE
CENTER for GREEN CHEMISTRY
and GREEN ENGINEERING at YALE
A Methodology to Estimate and Demonstrate
POP/uPOP Savings through Green Chemistry and
Green Engineering Case Studies:
How to use resources to assess POPs savings.
DRAFT – Not for distribution until finalized
2
365
What is Green Chemistry?
Green chemistry is the design of
chemical products and processes to
reduce or eliminate the generation
and use of hazardous substances.
Anastas, P. T., Warner, J. C. (2000).
Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice.
New York; Oxford University Press.
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
The principles address:
• Toxicity
‐ Reducing the hazard
• Feedstocks
‐ Use of renewable resources
• Designing safer products
‐ Non‐toxic products by design
• Biodegradability
‐ Enhancing breaking down at the end of life
• Energy
‐ Reducing the energy needs
• Accidents
‐ Eliminating accidents
• Efficiency
‐ Shorter processes and synthesis
4
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The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry, in particular Principles 4 and 10,
are intended to avoid the introduction of persistent organic pollutants.
Principle 4:
Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy
of function while reducing toxicity.
Principle 10:
Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of
their function they do not persist in the environment and
break down into innocuous degradation products.
Defining POPs and uPOPs
POPs [Persistent Organic Pollutants] are a set of toxic
chemicals that are persistent in the environment and
able to last for several years before breaking down.
uPOPs are unintended byproducts of chemical
processes that are also persistent organic pollutants.
367
Key Questions to be Answered by the Methodology:
1. Does Green Chemistry or Green Engineering (GCGE)
solution REPLACE a POP or uPOP?
• If YES, then what are the savings?
2. Does GCGE solution INTRODUCE a POP or uPOP?
• If YES, then are viable substitutions?
Purpose and Instructions:
Purpose: To provide innovators of Green Chemistry & Green
Engineering solutions with a methodology to estimate and
demonstrate POP/uPOPs savings that is achieved by
implementation of their GCGE solution.
Instructions: Innovators are asked to assess their novel

technology using a POPs rubric [enclosed] and determine whether
their technology reduces the generation or use of POPs or uPOPs,
and if so, determine the savings in terms of mass reduction per
annum. The assessment will also confirm that the GCGE solution
does not introduce or generate a POP/uPOP.
8
368
Questions to introduce topics related to the uPOP/POP rubric:
1. What is a POP? What is a uPOP?
• What are the properties of concern?
2. How do POPs/uPOPs enter our environment?
3. What is guiding the elimination and use of POP/uPOPs on
a global scale?
4. Which chemicals are formally known as POPs and uPOPs?
5. What the chemical characteristics of POPs/uPOPs?
6. Where can I learn more?
What is a POP? What are the properties?
✧ A POP is a Persistent Organic Pollutant that is carbon‐based.
✧ It is a chemical that is persistent in the environment with the ability to last several
years before breaking down.
✧ POPs circulate globally. Chemicals released in one part of the world can be
deposited at far distances from their original source through a repeated process
of evaporation and deposition.
✧ Due to low solubility in water and high solubility in lipids, POPs accumulate in the
fatty tissue of living organisms, including humans, and are found at higher
concentrations at higher levels in the food chain [bioaccumulation].
✧ POPs are toxic to humans and wildlife.
From (on 12/19/2018 ): http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/tabid/673/Default.aspx
http://www.cep.unep.org/publications‐and‐resources/marine‐and‐coastal‐issues‐links/persistent‐organic‐pollutants‐pops‐and‐pesticides
10
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Bioaccumulation and Toxicity
✧ POPs concentrate in living organisms through a process called bioaccumulation.
✧ Though not soluble in water, POPs are readily absorbed in fatty tissue, where
concentrations can become magnified.
✧ Fish, predatory birds, mammals, and humans are high up the food chain and so
absorb the greatest concentrations.
✧ Specific effects of POPs can include acute and chronic effects such as:
Cancer, allergies and hypersensitivity, and damage to the central and
peripheral nervous systems. Some POPs are also considered to be
endocrine disrupters.
From (on 12/19/2018): http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/tabid/673/Default.aspx
11
Pathways of POPs/uPOPs to the Environment and Humans
✧ Intentionally produced and used in agriculture, disease and pest control,
manufacturing, or industry.
✧ Unintentionally produced from some industrial processes and from waste
incineration, backyard trash burning, cigarette smoke, and vehicle exhaust.
✧ Exposure examples:
• Polluted air that we breathe.
• Aging and wear of the end consumer products that we touch.
• From food we eat (e.g. wild fish).
From (on 12/19/2018): https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/chemicals‐and‐contaminants/persistent‐organic‐pollutants‐pops
12
370
What is guiding the elimination and reduction of
POP/uPOPs on a global scale?
✧ The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and
the environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants.
✧ The Convention was adopted on 22 May 2001 and became effective on 17
May 2004.
✧ It is a global legally binding agreement.
✧ Parties (countries) to the convention have agreed to eliminate the
production and use of POPS.
✧ There are important, related agreements:
Examples: Rotterdam, OSPAR, and Basel Conventions.
✧ There are also national and international regulations [e.g., REACH].
From (on 12/19/2018): http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/Overview/tabid/3351/Default.aspx
And from DOI: 10.1039/c6em00311g
13
Which chemicals are formally known as POPs?
Annex A ‐ Parties must take measures to eliminate the production and use of these chemicals:
• Aldrin • Hexa‐, Hepta‐ bromodiphenyl • Pentachlorophenol

• Chlordane ether • Polychlorinated biphenyls
• Chlordecone • Hexabromocyclododecane • Polychlorinated naphthalenes
• Decabromodiphenyl ether • Hexachlorobenzene • Short‐chain chlorinated
• Dieldrin • Hexachlorobutadien paraffins (SCCPs)
• Endrin • Alpha‐, Beta‐ • Endosulfans
• Heptachlor hexachlorohexane • Tetra‐, Penta‐bromodiphenyl
• Hexabromodiphenyl • Lindane ether
• Mirex
• Pentachlorobenzene
Annex B ‐ Parties must take measures to restrict the production and use of these chemicals

• DDT
• Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts
• Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS‐F)
From (on 12/19/2018): http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/AllPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx 14
371
“Rules of Thumb” ‐ Molecular features that generally
increase resistance to aerobic biodegradation.
✧ Halogens, especially chlorine and fluorine, and especially if there are more
than three in a small molecule.
✧ Chain branching if extensive (quaternary C is especially problematic).
✧ Tertiary amine, nitro, nitroso, azo, and arylamino groups.
✧ Polycyclic residues (such as in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons).
✧ Heterocyclic residues.
✧ Aliphatic ether bonds (except in ethoxylate).
Important Note: Persistence is determined by a combination of substance specific
properties and environmental conditions, and there exceptions to “Rules of Thumb”.
Boethling et al, Biodegradability of Small Molecules Chemical Reviews, 2007, Vol. 107, No. 6 2209
15
What is a uPOP? What are its sources?
uPOPs are unintended Persistent Organic Pollutants.
They are:
✧ Byproducts from production of other chemicals.
✧ Detected in incineration of coal, peat, wood, hospital
waste, hazardous waste, municipal waste, and car
emissions.
From (on 12/19/2018): https://www.who.int/ceh/capacity/Lead.pdf?ua=1
16
372
Which chemicals are formally known as uPOPs?
Parties must take measures to reduce the unintentional releases of chemicals
listed under Annex C with the goal of continuing minimization and, where
feasible, ultimate elimination.
Chemicals Listed in Annex C:
✧ Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDD)
✧ Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF)
✧ Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
✧ Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
✧ Pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz)
From (on 12/19/2018): http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/AllPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx
17
Sources of uPOPs
There are of four general sources, three of which are active, ongoing
processes, and one is a legacy of historic activities:
1. Chemical production processes, e.g., facilities or production units that
produce chlorinated chemicals, or that produce pulp and paper using
elemental chlorine for chemical bleaching.
2. Thermal and combustion processes, e.g., waste incineration, combustion of
solid and liquid fuels, or production of metals in thermal processes.
3. Biogenic processes in which PCDD/PCDF may be formed from precursors.
4. Reservoir sources such as historic dumps containing PCDD/PCDF and other
POPs‐contaminated wastes, and soils and sediments in which POPs have
accumulated over time.
Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins,
Furans and Other, slide 18 Unintentional POPs January 2013, page 19 18
373
Sources of uPOPs
1 – Waste Incineration
2 – Ferrous and Non‐Ferrous Metal Production
3 – Power Generation and Heating
4 – Mineral Products
5 – Transport
6 – Open Burning Processes
7 – Production and Use of Chemicals and Consumer Goods
8 – Miscellaneous e.g., Drying of Biomass
9 – Disposal / Landfill
10 – Contaminated Sites and Hotspots e.g., Production Sites of Chlorine
Abstracted from : UNEP‐POPS‐TOOLKIT‐TOOLK‐PCDD‐PCDF‐2012
19
A Third Category: Persistent Toxic Substances [PTSs] /
Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals (PBTs)
✧ Other chemicals are characterized by their persistence in the environment,
and may pose a serious threat to humans and the environment.
✧ They can be transported long distances, far away from their site of origin.
✧ They can accumulate in organisms and enter the food chain.
✧ Their levels in food may be of concern to human health.
✧ They are not called "POPs" as they are not listed in the Stockholm Convention.
✧ There are tools and guidelines available to assess new chemicals
From (on 12/19/2018) https://www.who.int/ceh/capacity/POPs.pdf?ua=1
20
374
Where can I learn more?
Articles
1. Howard, Philip H., and Derek CG Muir. "Identifying new persistent and bioaccumulative organics among
chemicals in commerce." Environ. Sci. Technol. (2010): 2277‐2285.
2. Matthies, M., Solomon, K., Vighi, M., Gilman, A., & Tarazona, J. V. (2016). The origin and evolution of
assessment criteria for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) chemicals and persistent organic
pollutants (POPs). Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 18(9), 1114‐1128.
3. Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs
January 2013, page 19
4. Valsecchi, C., Grisoni, F., Consonni, V., & Ballabio, D. (2018). Structural alerts for the identification of
bioaccumulative compounds. Integrated environmental assessment and management. Integrated
Environmental Assessment and Management — Volume 9999, Number 9999—pp. 1–10
5. Strempel, S., Scheringer, M., Ng, C. A., & Hungerbühler, K. (2012). Screening for PBT chemicals among
the “existing” and “new” chemicals of the EU. Environmental science & technology, 46(11), 5680‐5687.
6. Nizzetto, Luca, et al. "Past, present, and future controls on levels of persistent organic pollutants in the
global environment." Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 6526–6531
7. Howard, P. H., & Boethling, R. S. (2012). Designing for Non‐Persistence. Handbook of Green Chemistry.
Chapter 16 in volume 9
Websites
1. http://chm.pops.int
2. https://www.who.int/ceh/capacity/POPs.pdf?ua=1
21
POPs Assessment Rubric
The following assessments should
be completed by the
creator/innovator of the Green
Chemistry or Green Engineering
solution.
22
375
Does the GC solution replace a POP?
STEP 1
Check Don’t know
What is a POP?
Review OLD TECHNOLOGY Check Refer to links and sources for

that is being replaced and
information
determine if POP is/was used.
How?
Compare chemical/classes in
old process to Stockholm
No POP is replaced * There are socio and economic
Convention Listings in Annex benefits to POP/uPOP replacement
A and B
which is a complex assessment.
For this assessment, simply
YES – POP is replaced by estimate the reduction of POP in
GC&GE solution OPTION for NCPC [not
required]: Look for a terms of volume per annum, for
GC&GE solution [and case example, tonnes or kilos per year.
study] that does replace a
Estimation of POP savings by the GC
POP.
INNOVATOR as a result of using the new
GC&GE solution.
Estimate reduction in POP use
[volume/year]* 23
STEP 2 Does the GC solution INTRODUCE a POP?
Check
List all chemicals generated in the
process/product/
reaction, including chemical class
Compare chemical/classes in new process to
Stockholm Convention Annex A and B No POP is generated or used
Listings
YES – A POP is generated by GC&GE solution
Assessment supports new
tech as being a GC&GE
solution
For the the GC INNOVATOR :
(1) Awareness raising about new solution
(2) Look for alternatives or substitutions –
Where?
Stockholm convention website and related
documents 24
376
uPOPs Assessment Rubric
The following assessments should
be completed by the
creator/innovator of the Green
Chemistry or Green Engineering
solution.
25
Does the GC solution replace a uPOP?
STEP 3
Check Don’t know
What is a uPOP?
Review OLD TECHNOLOGY Check
that is being replaced and Refer to links and sources for
determine if uPOP is/was information
used.
How?
* There are socio and economic
Compare chemical/classes in
old process to Stockholm benefits to POP/uPOP replacement
No uPOP is replaced which is a complex assessment.
Convention Listings in Annex
A and B For this assessment, simply estimate
the reduction of POP in terms of
YES – uPOP is replaced by volume per annum, for example, tonnes
GC&GE solution OPTION for NCPC [not or kilos per year.
required]: Look for a
GC&GE solution [and case
study] that does replace a A detailed estimation can optionally
Estimation of uPOP savings by the
GC INNOVATOR as a result of using
uPOP. performed using the UNEP online Tool
the new GC&GE solution. at http://toolkit.pops.int
Estimate reduction in uPOP use
[volume/year]* 26
377
STEP 4 Does the GC solution INTRODUCE a uPOP?
Check
List all chemicals generated in the
process/product/
reaction, including chemical class
Compare chemical/classes in new process to
No uPOP is generated or used
Stockholm Convention Annex C Listing
YES – A uPOP(s) is generated by GC&GE
solution
Assessment supports new
tech as being a GC&GE
solution
For the GC INNOVATOR:
(1) Awareness raising about new solution
(2) Look for alternatives or substitutions –
Where?
Stockholm convention website and related
documents 27
Answers to Key Questions:
1. Does the GC&GE solution replace a POP or uPOP? Yes/No
a) If YES, then what are the savings [e.g., volume per year]?
b) If NO, then NCPC can optionally look for a GC&E solution
[and/or case study] that does replace a POP or uPOP.
2. Does the GC&GE solution INTRODUCE a POP or uPOP? Yes/No
a) If NO, then assessment supports new technology as being a
GC&GE solution.
b) If YES, then awareness raising about new solution, and innovator
can look for alternatives or substitutions.
28
378
Section Four
379
Braskem/SENAI Case Study Forthcoming
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