Calculus Concept Collection - Chapter 4

Related Rates

Answers

1. Answers will vary.

2.

3. Using the following diagram,

Figure 4.1.5

4. Using the following diagram,

Figure 4.1.6
5. Using the following diagram,

Figure 4.1.7

6. Using the following diagram,

Figure 4.1.8

7.

8. The demand is increasing at a rate of per thousand units, or per week.

9.

10.
dr 2 in
1. 
dt  min
dp in
2. 4
dt min
11. 100 square centimeters per second.
The area of circle is given by the formula A   r 2 , so then the change in the
dA dr
area is given by  2 r . Plugging in the values from the problem we have
dt dt
dA
that  2 (10)(5)  100 .
dt
1
12. .

The area of circle is given by the formula A   r 2 , so then the change in the
dA dr
area is given by  2 r . Plugging in the values from the problem we have
dt dt
dA 100 1
that  100  2 r (50)  100 r , so then r   .
dt 100 
5
13. centimeters a second.
3
dV dH
V   r 2 h for a cylinder, which implies that   r2 when radius is held
dt dt
constant. Plugging in the value from the problem into the last formula gives
dH dH 10 5
10  6 , so that   .
dt dt 6 3
dV dr
14. V   r 2 h for a cylinder, which implies that  2 r h .
dt dt
15. We do not need to fully understand the situation in the problem in order to come to the
right answer.
Since the variables other than x1 are fixed, we can take them not to be variables
at all and instead just view them as constants. Taking the derivative of the
momentum function, then, gives us:
dM dx 5 dx
  cos( x1 ) 1  5 x14 ln( x4 ) 1  8, 000, 000  ( cos( x1 )  5 x14 ln(5))
dt dt x4 dt
Now, all we have to do is plug in the value x1  1 .

dM
 8, 000, 000  ( cos( )  5ln(5))  8, 000, 000  (5ln(5)   ) .
dt
This is our final answer.
Finding Maxima and Minima (Extrema) of Functions

Answers

1. Absolute max at x  7, absolute minimum at x  4, relative maximum at x  2 .

Note: there is no relative minimum at x  9 because there is no open interval around x  9 .
Since the function is defined only on x  9 the extreme values of f are f (7)  7, f (4)  0.

Figure 4.2.8

2. Absolute maximum at absolute minimum at relative minimum at

Note: there is no relative minimum at because there is no open interval around
since the function is defined only on the extreme values of are

Figure 4.2.9

3. Absolute minimum at ; there is no maximum since the function is not

continuous on a closed interval.

Figure 4.2.10
4. Absolute maximum at x  3, f (3)  13, absolute minimum at x  1, f (1)  3

Figure 4.2.11
3 3
5. Absolute maximum at x  , f ( )  .1055, absolute minimum at x  2, f (2)  8.
4 4

Figure 4.2.12

6. Absolute minimum at x   2, f ( 2)  4.

Figure 4.2.13
7. The sine function is bounded above by one everywhere on the real line, so if it achieves a
value of one at any point in an interval then that must be the absolute maximum for that

interval. We know that sin( )  1 , so the absolute maximum is one.
2
8. The function can achieve local minimums at the end points of the interval or at the critical
points. Since the derivative of cosine, sine, is zero at only at the end points and pi, those
are the only three points we have to check. Both end points are absolute maximums, so the
only minimum is at pi, where the function equals negative one. This is also the absolute
minimum.

9. The derivative of x 2 is 2x , which is always positive over the interval [6,7], so the function
is always increasing. Since this is the case, the absolute maximum and minimum must occur
at the end points of the interval. Therefore the minimum value of the function is 36 and the
maximum is 49.

10. The absolute minimum is zero, which occurs at x  8 .

The function involves a quadratic. Usually when this is the case it is a good idea to try and
factor the quadratic; in this case we can rewrite the function as
f ( x)  ( x2  7 x  8)4  (( x  8)( x  1))4 . We then have that the function equals zero only at
the points eight and negative one. Since the function is a fourth power, it can never be
negative, so if an interval contains either the point eight or negative one then the absolute
minimum occurs at that point and is zero. Our interval contain eight, so this is the case.

11. It must then be true that f ( x) has a slope of zero, and achieves both its maximum and its
minimum at the same time everywhere. In other words, the function is equal to a constant.

12. First observe that since it is a polynomial, the domain of this function is all real numbers.
To find critical numbers, begin by taking a derivative.
f '( x)  12 x3  8x2  12 x  8
The critical numbers are x-values in the domain of the function at which the derivative is
equal to zero or at which the derivative does not exist. Since the derivative is still a
polynomial, its domain is still all real numbers, so there are none of the latter type of critical
numbers. Find where the derivative equals zero.
0  12 x 3  8 x 2  12 x  8
0  3x3  2 x 2  3x  2
0  x 2 (3x  2)  1(3x  2)
0  ( x 2  1)(3x  2)
0  ( x  1)( x  1)(3x  2)
 2
The critical numbers are x  1 , x  1 and x  .
3
13. Critical numbers are x-values in the domain of the function at which the derivative is equal
to zero or at which the derivative does not exist. Note that the function’s domain does not
1
include x-values such that 2 x2  5x  3  0 , that is, x   and x  3 are excluded from the
2
domain.
Now find the derivative.
1
f ( x)   (2 x 2  5 x  3) 1
2 x  5x  3
2

d 1 4x  5
f '( x)  1 (2 x 2  5 x  3) 2  (2 x 2  5 x  3)   (4 x  5)  
dx (2 x  5 x  3)
2 2
(2 x  5 x  3) 2
2

1
The values at which the derivative does not exist are just x   and x  3 again. Since
2
they are outside the function’s domain, they cannot be critical numbers of the function. To
see where the derivative equals zero, set the numerator equal to zero.
5
4x  5  0  x 
4
5
x is the only critical number of the function.
4

14. First find the domain of the function. Numbers that are not positive are outside the domain
of the logarithm function, so we require x  4  0  x  4 as the domain of the function itself.
Next take a derivative.
d 1 d 1
f '( x)  ln( x  4)   ( x  4)  .
dx x  4 dx x4
The derivative cannot be evaluated at x=4. However, 4 is outside the function’s domain, so
it cannot be a critical number of the function. Next we set the derivative equal to zero and
solve. For a fraction to equal zero, its numerator must equal zero. However, 1  0 so f '( x) is
never zero.
The function has no critical numbers.

15. First find the domain of the function. Since negative values are outside the domain of the
square root function, the domain of f ( x) is x  0 . Now take the derivative.
f ( x)  x  (1  x)  x  x x  x1/2  x3/2
1 1/2 3 1/2 1 3 x 1 3 x  x 1 3 | x |
f '( x)  x  x     
2 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 x 2 x
Find where the derivative cannot be evaluated. That is, where the denominator is zero or
the quantity inside the square root is negative. The denominator is zero at x=0. x=0 is in
 the domain of the function, but not in the domain of the derivative, so it is one critical
number. The quantity inside the square root is negative when x  0 . These values are not
in the function’s domain, so they are not critical numbers. Finally, find values that make the
derivative equal to zero by setting its numerator equal to zero.
1 1 1 1
1  3 | x | 0 | x |  x   . x   is outside the domain of the function. x  is within
3 3 3 3
the domain; therefore it is a critical number.
1
The critical numbers of f are x  and x  0 .
3
16. First find the function’s domain. The function exists for all real x-values except those which
make the denominator zero, that is, x  2 .
Now find the derivative.
(2 x  1)  ( x  2)  1 ( x 2  x  1) x 2  2 x  3 ( x  3)( x  1)
f '( x)   
( x  2)2 ( x  2)2 ( x  2)2
The derivative cannot be evaluated at the point x  2 , however, that is outside the
function’s domain and is therefore not a critical number. Now find x-values for which the
derivative is zero by setting the numerator equal to zero. These are x  3 and x  1 .
Therefore the critical numbers are x  3 and x  1 .

17. Yes, by the extreme value theorem. The function is continuous over a closed interval,
therefore it achieves an absolute minimum there.

18. Yes. Even though the extreme value theorem does not guarantee a maximum, the absolute

maximum of sine over the interval is sin( )  1 , making the absolute maximum of the
2
function over the interval 7. The function does not achieve an absolute minimum over the
interval however.

19. No. The extreme value theorem does not apply as even though our interval is closed, the
function is not continuous throughout the interval. Specifically, there is a discontinuity when
x  0 . By choosing x values arbitrarily closed to zero we can make the function arbitrarily
large, so the answer is no.

20. No. The function grows arbitrarily close to zero as x approaches zero but since zero is not in
the interval, and since the function is always positive over the interval, it does not have an
absolute minimum value.

21. Yes, by the extreme value theorem. The interval is closed and the function is continuous
over the entire interval.
The Mean Value Theorem

Answers

2 3
1. f ( x)  3x3  12 x  0 at x  0, 2 ; f '( x)  9 x2  12  0 at c  
3

2
2. f ( x)  x 2   0 at only one value , so Rolle’s Theorem does not apply.
x 1

6  46
3. f ( x)  2 x 2  12 x  5  0 at x  ; f '( x)  4 x  12 at c  3 .
2

4. f ( x)  2 x  3  0 at only one value, so Rolle’s Theorem does not apply.

3
5. f ( x)  2sin x  3cos x  0 at multiple locations where tan x   ;
2
2
f '( x)  2cos x  3sin x  0 at multiple locations where tan x  or c  0.588  n .
3

6. f ( x)  x 4  2 x 2  0 at x  0,  2 ; f '( x)  4 x3  4 x  0 at c  0, 1

a1  a12  4a2

7. x  a1x  a2 x  x( x  a1x  a2 )  0 has a positive root at x  r 
3 2 2
2
a1  a12  3a2
provided a2  0 ; f '( x)  3x2  2a1x  a2  0 at x  r.
3

f (b)  f (a) c2 1

8. f '(c)   1   2  ; c  2 in [1,2].
ba c c

f (b)  f (a) 2
9. f '(c)   2   2 ; no real solution for c .
ba c

f (b)  f (a) 3
10. f '(c)   2  2c  5 ; c  in [0,3].
ba 2

f (b)  f (a) 4
11. f '(c)   1  2 ; c  2 in [1,4].
ba c
 f (b)  f (a)
12. f '(c)   13  3c 2  8 ; c  7 in [1,4].
ba

f (b)  f (a) 2
13. f '(c)    cos c ; c  0.88 radians in [0,  / 2 ].
ba 

f (b)  f (a) 2
14. f '(c)      sin c ; c  0.69 radians in [0,  / 2 ].
ba 

f (b)  f (a) 7
15. f '(c)    2c ln 2 ; c  1.75 in [0,3].
ba 3
The First Derivative Test

Answers

1. Increasing on decreasing on constant on

2. Increasing on and decreasing on
3.
4. Relative minimum at ; increasing on and ,
decreasing on

Figure 4.4.8

5. Absolute minimum at ; decreasing on , increasing on

Figure 4.4.9
6. Absolute minimum at ; relative maximum at ; decreasing on
increasing on

Figure 4.4.10

7. Absolute maximum at ; increasing on decreasing on

Figure 4.4.11
8. Relative maximum at ; relative minimum at
; increasing on and decreasing on

Figure 4.4.12

9. Relative maximum at ; relative minimum at

; increasing on

and decreasing on

Figure 4.4.13
10. There are no maximums or minimums; no relative maximums or minimums.

Figure 4.4.14

11. Although we are given critical numbers, we need to find all critical numbers of f in order
to test values between them. Take the derivative of f.
f ( x)  cos 2 ( x)  (cos( x))2
f '( x)  2(cos( x))  ( sin( x))  2cos( x)sin( x)
f '( x)  0 where cos( x)  0 or sin( x)  0 , that is,
3   3
x  2 ,  ,  ,  ,0, ,  ,, , 2 ....
2 2 2 2
And there are no other critical numbers since the derivative is continuous.

To classify the critical number at x  0 , choose a point on the interval ( , 0) and one
2
  
on the interval (0, ) . For example, we choose x   , x  .
2 4 4
It is not necessary to calculate the value of the derivative exactly; just determine if it is
positive or negative.
   2 2
f '( )  2sin( ) cos( )  2    0
4 4 4 2 2
   2 2
f '( )  2sin( ) cos( )  2   0
4 4 4 2 2
The function is increasing before x=0 and decreasing after it so x=0 is a local maximum.
3 3
To classify the critical number at x  , test values on the intervals ( , ) and
2 2
3 5 7
( , 2 ) , for example, x  ,x  .
2 4 4
 5 5 5 2 2
f '( )  2sin( ) cos( )  2    0
4 4 4 2 2
7 7 7 2 2
f '( )  2sin( ) cos( )  2    0
4 4 4 2 2
3 3
The function is decreasing before x  and increasing after it, so x  is a local
2 2
minimum.

12. First find the critical numbers. Note the function’s domain is all real numbers. Next, take
a derivative.
f '( x)  5x 4  20
The derivative’s domain is also all real numbers. Set the derivative equal to zero and
solve.
0  5x4  20  0  x4  4  0  ( x2  2)( x2  2)  0  ( x2  2)( x  2)( x  2)
Since x 2  2  0 has no solutions, the only critical numbers are  2 . To classify them,
choose points below and above them, for instance, x  2,0, 2 and find the signs of the
derivatives at these points.
f '(2)  5(2) 4  20  5 16  20  0
f '(0)  5(0) 4  20  20  0
f '(2)  5(2) 4  20  5 16  20  0
Since the function is increasing before x   2 and decreasing after it, x   2 is a local
maximum.
Since the function is decreasing before x  2 and increasing after it, x  2 is a local
minimum.

13. Find the critical numbers by taking the derivative and setting it equal to zero.
f '( x)  1  cos( x)  0  cos( x)  1
On the interval (2 , 2 ) the critical points are x   . Choose numbers to test
3 3
between the critical points, for example, x   , 0, . Find the sign of the derivative
2 2
at these points.
3 3
f '( )  1  cos( )  1  0  0
2 2
f '(0)  1  cos(0)  1  0  0
3 3
f '( )  1  cos( )  1  0  0
2 2
 Since the function is increasing over every interval, the critical numbers do not represent
maxima or minima. On the given interval the function has no maxima or minima.

14. Find critical points by taking the derivative and setting it equal to zero.
f '( x)  3x 3  12 x 2  12 x  48
0  3 x3  12 x 2  12 x  48
0  x3  4 x 2  4 x  16
0  x 2 ( x  4)  4( x  4)  ( x 2  4)( x  4)
0  ( x  4) 2 ( x  4)
The critical numbers are x  4 . Now choose values on every interval between and
outside the critical values to test, for instance, x  0, x  5 . Test them by finding the
sign of the second derivative.
f '( x)  3( x  4) 2 ( x  4)
f '(5)  3(5  4) 2 (5  4)  0
f '(0)  3(0  4) 2 (0  4)  0
f '(5)  3(5  4) 2 (5  4)  0
Since the function is decreasing on either side of x  4 , that point is neither a
maximum or minimum. Since the function decreases before and increases after x  4 ,
x  4 is a local minimum. We know this function approaches  as x approaches  ,
so there is no global maximum, but there is a global minimum. To sum up, we find
local minimum: at x  4
local maximum: none
global minimum: x  4
global maximum: none

x 2  x  6 ( x  2)( x  3)
15. f ( x)  
x 2  x  6 ( x  2)( x  3)
The points x  3, 2 are outside the domain. Now find the derivative.
x2  x  6
f ( x) 
x2  x  6
(2 x  1)( x 2  x  6)  (2 x  1)( x 2  x  6)
f '( x) 
( x 2  x  6) 2
( 2 x3  2 x 2 12 x  x 2  x  6)  ( 2x3  2 x 2 12 x  x 2  x  6)

( x 2  x  6) 2
(2 x 2  x 2  6)  (2 x 2  x 2  6) 2 x 2  12
 
( x 2  x  6) 2 ( x 2  x  6)2
The x-values that make the denominator zero are excluded from the function’s domain,
so they are not critical numbers. No real x-values will make the numerator of the
derivative (and therefore the derivative itself) zero, so the function has no critical
numbers. Therefore it has no local extrema and no global extrema.
The Second Derivative Test

Answers

1. There is a relative minimum at x  2; the relative minimum is located at (2,3)

2. f (1)  3 suggests that a  b  2 and f (1)  0  2  a; solving this system we have that

a  2, b  4 ; the point (1,3) is an absolute max of

2
3. Relative maximum at x  , relative minimum at x  0 ; the relative maximum is located at
3
2
( , 0.15) ; the relative minimum is located at (0, 0). There is a point of inflection at
3
1
( , 0.07) .
3

Figure 4.5.4

4. Relative maximum at x   3 , located at ( 3, 2 3) ; relative minimum at x  3 ,

located at ( 3, 2 3) . There are no inflection points.
 Figure 4.5.5

5. Relative maximum at x  2, relative minimum at x  2 ; the relative maximum is located at

(2,16) ; the relative minimum is located at (2,16). There is a point of inflection at (0, 0).

Figure 4.5.6

6. Relative maximums at x  2, relative minimum at x  0 ; the relative maximums are located
at (2, 4) and (2, 4) ; the relative minimum is located at (0, 0).

2 3 20 2 3 20
There are two inflection points, located at ( , ) and ( , ). The graph is concave
3 9 3 9
up in the interval;
 Figure 4.5.7

7. There is a relative minimum at (0.25, 0.10) .

8. False: there are inflection points at x  0 and x  2 . There is a relative minimum at x  3.

Figure 4.5.8

1
9. f ( x)  x 2  ( )
x 1
 Figure 4.5.9

10. f ( x)  x on (0, )

Figure 4.5.10

1
Also, f ( x)  
x2

Figure 4.5.11
11. No, the first derivative does not provide any information about concavity. Only the second
derivative may be used.

12. The second derivative is positive on the interval so the function is concave up.
f ( x)  x 4
f '( x)  4 x 3
f ''( x)  12 x 2

13. The second derivative is negative over the interval so the function is concave down.
f ( x)   cos( x)
f '( x)  sin( x)
f ''( x)  cos( x)
14. If the first derivative of f ( x) is 20 x sin( x) , then the second derivative of f ( x) is
f ''( x)   20x cos( x)  sin( x)20x ln(20) . Cosine and sine are both positive on the interval
[0,  / 2] . The natural log of twenty is positive and 20 x is always positive, so the entire
second derivative is positive. The function is concave up.
1
15. x   is the only inflection point.
4
We need to take two derivatives.
f ( x)  4 x 3  3 x 2  2 x  1
f '( x)  12 x 2  6 x  2
f ''( x)  24 x  6
Now, we need to solve for when the second derivative is equal to zero.
6 1
0  24 x  6  6  24 x  x  
24 4
16. First we need to find the critical points of the function.
5 3x3  2 x 2  5
f ( x)  x3  x 2  5ln( x)  f '( x)  3x 2  2 x   .
x x
This is only zero when the polynomial in the numerator is equal to zero, which is when
x 1.
Now to apply the second derivative test we need to take yet another derivative.
3x3  2 x 2  5 9 x 3  4 x 2  3x3  2 x 2  5 6 x 3  2 x 2  5
f '( x)   f ''( x)  
x x2 x2
At x  1 the second derivative is positive, so this is a minimum.

17. First we need to find the critical points of the function.

f ( x)  5sin( x )  f '( x)  cos( x)5sin( x ) ln(5) .
 
The only zero is when cosine is equal to zero, which occurs at x  .
2
Now we need to take a second derivative.
f '( x)  cos( x)5sin( x ) ln(5)  f ''( x)   ln(5)(sin( x)5sin( x )  cos2 ( x)5sin( x ) ln(5))
The interior of this last expression is always positive when sine is positive, which it is at

x . Since we are then multiplying by the negative log of five, the second derivative is
2

negative at x  . Therefore we are dealing with an absolute minimum.
2
18. First we need to find the critical points of the function.
2  2x
f ( x)  log(2 x  x 2 )  f '( x) 
2x  x2
The function is zero when the numerator is zero.
2  2 x  0  2(1  x)  0  x  1
Now, we need to take the second derivative to classify the critical point.

2  2x 4 x  2 x 2  4  8 x  4 x 2 2 x 2  4 x  4 x2  2x  2
f '( x)   f ''( x )    2
2x  x2 (2 x  x 2 )2 (2 x  x 2 )2 (2 x  x 2 ) 2
At negative one, this function is negative, so the point is a local maximum.
19. The first derivative of this function is f '( x)  4 x3 . There are no critical points and so no
extrema.
20. No, we cannot.
f ( x)  x10  25
f '( x)  10 x9
f ''( x)  90 x8
At the given point both the first and second derivatives are zero, so we do not have any
information.
Using the First and Second Derivative Tests

Answers

1. f '( x)  3x2  6 x  0 means critical points at x  0, 2

f ''( x)  6 x  6 : f ''(0)  6 means concave down and local maximum.
f ''(2)  6 means concave up and local minimum.
f ''( x)  0 at x  1 , a point of inflection.

2. f '( x)  4 x3  6 x 2  1  0 means critical points at x  1.60

f ''( x)  12 x2  12 x : f ''(1.60)  0 means concave up and local minimum.
f ''( x)  0 at x  0,1 are points of inflection


3. f '( x)  2cos 2 x  0 at x  n , n  1,3 .
4
f ''( x)  4sin 2x : f ''( / 2)  4 means concave down and a local maximum
f ''( x  3 / 4)  4 means concave up and a local minimum
f ''( x)  4sin 2x  0 at x  0,  / 2,  are inflection points.

(2 x  1) 1
4. f '( x)   0 means critical points at x 
( x 2  x  2)2 2
2(11x 2  11x  1)
f ''( x)  : f ''(0.5)  0 means concave down and a local maximum.
( x 2  x  2)3
2(11x 2  11x  1) 11  165
f ''( x)   0 at x  which are inflection points.
( x  x  2)
2 3
22

5. f '( x)  6( x2  x  1)  0 means non-real critical points of x , so there will not be real local
minima or maxima .
1
f '( x)  6(2 x  1)  0 at x  which is an inflection point.
2

6. f  x   x3  12 x  5 in the interval [-5,3] f '  x   3x 2  12  0 at x  2 .

f ''  x   6 x : f ''(2)  0 which means concave down and a local maximum.
f ''(2)  0 which means concave up and a local minimum.

f ''  x   6 x  0 at x  0 which means this is an inflection point.

7. f ( x)  x5  20 x  5 f '( x)  5x4  20  0 at x   2
f ''( x)  20 x3 : f ''( 2)  0 which means concave down and a local maximum.
f ''( 2)  0 which means concave up and a local minimum.

f ''( x)  20 x3  0 at x  0 which is an inflection point.

5
8. f  x   x2  5 x  6,  1, 3 f '  x   2x  5  0 at x  .
2
5
f ''  x   2 : which means concave up and a local minimum at x  .
2
There are no inflection points

9. f '( x)  3x2  6 x  0 at x  0, 2 , and need to check end points of [0,4].

f ''( x)  6 x  6 : f ''(0)  0 means concave down and a local maximum.

f ''(2)  0 means concave up and a local minimum.

f (0)  2 , f (2)  2 and f (4)  18

Absolute maximum at f (4)  18 and absolute minimum at f (2)  2 .

10. f '( x)  xe x ( x  2) with critical points at x  0, 2

f ''( x)  e x ( x2  4 x  2) : f ''(0)  0 means concave up and a local minimum.

f ''(2)  0 means concave down and a local maximum

. f ''( x)  e x ( x2  4 x  2)  0 at x  2  2 are inflection points.

x( x  2)
11. f '( x)   0 with critical points at x  0,1, 2 with x  1 not in the domain.
( x  1)2
2
f ''( x)  : f ''(0)  0 means concave down and a local maximum
( x  1)3
f ''(2)  0 means concave up and a local minimum.
There are no inflection points.

12. Use a calculator to find f '( x)  5e x  3x 2  0 at critical point x  0.8458 .

This is a local (and global) minimum. There is no inflection point.

 ln 2
13. There is a critical point at x  which is a global minimum ( f ''  0 ); there is no
3
inflection point.

14. No critical points since f '( x)  3x e x (ln 3  1) is defined everywhere but has no 0.

15. On the interval [ ,  ] there are critical points at x  0 , where f '( x)  x sec2 x  tan x  0 ,
and x   / 2 where f '( x) is not defined;

f "(0)  2 , so this is a local minimum; and f "( / 2) is not defined.

Evaluating Indeterminate Limits: L’Hospital’s Rule

Answers

x2  9
1. lim 6
x 3 x  3

1 x  1 x
2. lim 1
x0 x

ln( x)
3. lim 0
x  x

4. lim x 2e2 x  0
x

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ln(1 x ) lim ln(1 x )
 ; Hint: Let (1  x) x  eln(1 x ) , so lim(1  x) x  lim e
x
5. lim(1  x) x x  e x 0 x
x 0 e x0 x0

ex 1  x 1
6. lim 
x 0 x2 2

ex 1  x
7. lim 0
x  x2

1
8. lim x 4 ln( x)  0
x 

tan x
9. lim 1
x  /2 1  tan x

tan x
10. lim 1
x 0 x

x2
11. lim 1
x 0 sin 2 x

2
ex 1
12. lim 1
x 0 sin x 2
 x2  1
13. lim 1
x  x

1  cos x 1
14. lim 
x 0 x2 2

x3
15. lim x3e x  lim  0 , Hint: Apply L’Hospital’s Rule 3 times.
x  x e x
Analyzing the Graphs of Functions

Answers
Table Summary

1. Analysis

Domain and Range

Zeros at
Intercepts and Zeros
intercept at

Asymptotes and limits at

No asymptotes
infinity

Differentiability Differentiable at every point of its domain

Intervals where is
increasing and

Intervals where is
decreasing

Relative maximum at located at the point

;
Relative extrema

Relative minimum at located at the point

 Table Summary

2. Analysis

Domain and Range

Zeros at
Intercepts and Zeros
intercept at

Asymptotes and limits at

No asymptotes
infinity

Differentiability Differentiable at every point of its domain

Intervals where is increasing and

Intervals where is
and
decreasing

Relative maximum at , located at the point ;

Relative extrema at , located at the point

Relative minimum at , located at the point

Concave up in
Concavity
Concave down in and

Inflection points , located at the points

and
 Table Summary

3. Analysis

Domain and Range

Zeros at ,
Intercepts and Zeros
No intercept

Asymptotes and limits at

HA
infinity

Differentiability Differentiable at every point of its domain

Intervals where is increasing

Intervals where is
and
decreasing

Relative extrema Relative maximum at located at the point

Concave up in
Concavity
Concave down in and
Inflection points located at the point

Table Summary

4. Analysis

Domain and Range

Intercepts and Zeros Zeros at

 Table Summary

4. Analysis

intercept at

Asymptotes and limits at

No asymptotes
infinity

Differentiability Differentiable in

Intervals where is
increasing and

Intervals where is
decreasing

Relative maximum at located at the point

Relative extrema

Relative minimum at located at the point

Concave up in
Concavity
Concave down in
Inflection points located at the point

Table Summary

5. Analysis

Domain and Range

 Table Summary

5. Analysis

Zero at
Intercepts and Zeros
No intercept

Asymptotes and limits at

No asymptotes
infinity

Differentiability Differentiable in

Intervals where is
Nowhere
increasing

Intervals where is
Everywhere in
decreasing

None
Relative extrema
Absolute maximum at located at

Concavity Concave up in

Inflection points None

 Table Summary

6. Analysis

Domain and Range

Zeros at
Intercepts and Zeros
intercept at

Asymptotes and limits at

No asymptotes
infinity

Differentiability Differentiable in

Intervals where is
increasing

Intervals where is
decreasing

Relative minimum at located at the point

Relative extrema

Concavity Concave up in

Inflection points None

 Table Summary

7. Analysis

Domain and Range

Zeros at
Intercepts and Zeros
intercept at

Asymptotes and limits at

No asymptotes; does not exist
infinity

Differentiability Differentiable at every point of its domain

Intervals where is increasing

Intervals where is
decreasing

Absolute maximum at located at the point

Relative extrema
Absolute minimums at located at the points
and
Concave down in ,
Concavity
Concave up in and

Inflection points , located at the points and

 Table Summary

8. f ( x)  x 2  x  1 Analysis

D  (, )
Domain and Range 3
R  ( , )
4

Non-real zeros
Intercepts and Zeros
y-intercept (0,1)

No asymptotes
Asymptotes and limits at
infinity lim f ( x)  
x

Differentiable at
Differentiability
every point

Intervals where is increasing (0.5, )

Intervals where is decreasing (,0.5)

Global minimum at
Relative extrema
(0.5, 0.75)

Concave up
Concavity
everywhere

Inflection points None

 Table Summary

9. f ( x)  4 x3  6 x 2  1 Analysis

D  (, )
Domain and Range
R  (, )

Zero at x  1.5979
Intercepts and Zeros
y-intercept (0,-1)

No asymptotes

Asymptotes and limits at lim f ( x)  

x
infinity
lim f ( x)  
x

Differentiable at every
Differentiability
point

Intervals where is increasing (,0)  (1, )

Intervals where is decreasing (0,1)

Relative extrema Local maximum at (0, 1)

Concave up in (,0) and

(1, ) .
Concavity
Concave down in (0,1) .

Inflection points At the point (0.5, 2)

 Table Summary

x2
10. f ( x)  Analysis
x 1

D  ( x  1)
Domain and Range
R  (,1) and (1, )

Zero at x  0
Intercepts and Zeros
y-intercept (0,0)

VA at x  1

Asymptotes and limits at lim f ( x)  

x
infinity
lim f ( x)  
x

Differentiable at all points

Differentiability
except x  1

Intervals where is increasing (,0)  (2, )

Intervals where is decreasing (0,1) and (1, 2)

Local maximum at (0, 0)

in (,1) .
Relative extrema
Local minimum at (2,4) in
(1, )

Concave down in (,1) .

Concavity
Concave up in (1, ) .

Inflection points None

 Table Summary

11. f ( x)  x 2e x Analysis

D  (, )
Domain and Range
R  (0, )

Zero at x  0
Intercepts and Zeros
y-intercept (0,0)

HA at y  0

Asymptotes and limits at lim f ( x)  0

x
infinity
lim f ( x)  
x

Differentiability Differentiable at every point

Intervals where is increasing (0, 2)

Intervals where is decreasing (,0) and (2, )

Local maximum at

Relative extrema (2, 4e2  0.5413)

Minimum at (0,0)

Concave up in (, 2  2)
and (2  2,)
Concavity
Concave down in
(2  2, 2  2) .

Inflection points x  2 2
 Table Summary

12. f ( x)  cos x  x Analysis

D  (, )
Domain and Range
R  (, )

Zero at x  0.7391
Intercepts and Zeros
y-intercept (0,1)

No asymptotes

Asymptotes and limits at lim f ( x)  

x
infinity
lim f ( x)  
x

Differentiability Differentiable at every point

Intervals where is increasing None

Intervals where is decreasing (, )

Relative extrema None

Concave up in
 3
(  2 n,  2 n)
2 2
Concavity
Concave down in
 
(  2 n,  2 n) .
2 2


Inflection points xn where n  1, 3, 5,...
2
 Table Summary

13. f ( x)  e2 x  e x Analysis

D  (, )
Domain and Range
R  (1.89, )

No zeros
Intercepts and Zeros
y-intercept (0,2)

No asymptotes

Asymptotes and limits at lim f ( x)  

x
infinity
lim f ( x)  
x

Differentiability Differentiable at every point

ln 2
Intervals where is increasing ( , )
3

ln 2
Intervals where is decreasing (, )
3

ln 2
Relative extrema Minimum at ( ,1.89)
3

Concavity Concave up everywhere

Inflection points No inflection points

 Table Summary

14. f ( x)  5e x  x3 Analysis

D  (, )
Domain and Range
R  (2.75, )

No zeros
Intercepts and Zeros
y-intercept (0,5)

No asymptotes

Asymptotes and limits at lim f ( x)  

x
infinity
lim f ( x)  
x

Differentiability Differentiable at every point

Intervals where is increasing (0.8458, )

Intervals where is decreasing (,0.8458)

Relative extrema Minimum at (0.8458, 2.75)

Concavity Concave up everywhere

Inflection points No inflection points

 Table Summary

15. f ( x)  x5  7 x 2  2 Analysis

D  (, )
Domain and Range
R  (, )

Zeros at x  0.529, 0.541, 1.859

Intercepts and Zeros
y-intercept (0,2)

No asymptotes

Asymptotes and limits at lim f ( x)  

x
infinity
lim f ( x)  
x

Differentiability Differentiable at every point

Intervals where is increasing (,0)  (1.41, )

Intervals where is decreasing (0,1.41)

Local maximum at (0, 2)

Relative extrema
Local minimum at (1.41, -6.344)

Concave down in (,0.888)

Concavity
Concave up in (0.888, ) .

Inflection points At the point (0.888, 2.97)

Optimization

Answers

3 3 3
1. Absolute minimum at x  , f    . Absolute maximum at x  5, f (5)  26.
2 2 2
2. Absolute minimum at x  0, f (0)  0. Absolute maximum at x  3, f (3)  54.
3. Absolute minimum at x  8, f (8)  30. Absolute maximum at x  1, f (1)  3.
4. Absolute minimum at x  0.75, f (0.75)  0.105. Absolute maximum at x  2,
f (2)  24.
5. x  y  20 5
6. x  y  5 2
7. At t  20 ft , the basketball will reach a height of s(t )  25 ft .
8. The rocket will take approximately t  10.4 sec to attain its maximum height of 321.7 ft .
the rocket will hit the ground at t  16.6 sec .
9. Assuming that the given perimeter is a constant :
, where is the width of the rectangle and is the length.

The area of this rectangle is given by . Since we want to maximize the area, we
first isolate in the perimeter equation:
And then substitute this into the area equation: .

To find the maximum of , we then take the derivative of with respect to , set the
derivative equal to zero, and solve for and the associated critical value:

Which means that: will produce either a maximum or minimum for the
area .

We also take the second derivative of with respect to to determine whether this
produces a maximum or a minimum: . The negative value for the second
derivative over the entire domain of means that the function A is concave downwards
everywhere, which, in turn, means that the function at the point is a maximum.

Finally, since , we know that: .

Since , we have shown that the dimensions that produce the maximum area are
square dimensions.
10. Assume that the given area is a constant . Then: , where is the width of the
rectangle and is the length. Then the perimeter of this rectangle is given by P  2w  2l .

Since we want to minimize the perimeter, we first isolate in the area equation: .

Substituting this into the perimeter equation we get: . To find

the point of minimization of this perimeter function, we take the derivative of this function
with respect to and set it to zero and solve for :

To find we substitute this value back into the area formula:

So we have either a perimeter maximum or a minimum at . To determine

which, we look at the second derivative of the perimeter function: . Since we

know that the domain of is limited to positive values, then is positive for all
values of , and the function is concave upwards everywhere in the domain for , and
so produces an absolute minimum for .

Accordingly, we have shown that the smallest perimeter is in the shape of a square.

11. Twenty five feet by twenty five feet.

The formula for the area of a rectangle is A  lw . Since there is only 100 feet of fence, we
have that 2l  2w  100  l  w  50  l  50  w . Area can therefore be reformulated as
A  (50  w)w  50w  w2 .
To find the maximum area we need to take the derivative of the area function and set it
equal to zero, which would give us 50  2w  0  50  2w  w  25 .
Therefore, the length and the width of the fence should both be twenty five—a square!

12. Eighteen and eighteen.

Let the two numbers Hans is after be x and y . Then x  y  36  x  36  y . We are trying
to maximize xy  y(36  y)  36 y  y 2 . Taking the derivative and setting it to zero gives
36  2 y  0  36  2 y  y  18 . The two numbers, then, are eighteen and eighteen.
 25
13. Let the two numbers she is after be x and y . Then xy  25  y  . Without loss of
x
252
generality, we are trying to maximize x  y 2  x  . Taking the derivative of this function
x2
252 1 252
and setting it to zero gives 1  2 3
 0   3  x3  1250  x  10.77 , which means
x 2 x
that y  2.32 .

The function we are trying to maximize is equal to 16.15. Since five and five give a value of
thirty, this is a minimum.

14. Because she only has fifty feet of fence and one side is enclosed for free, we have that
50  2x  y . The function we are trying to maximize is A  xy . Since y  50  2 x , we can
rewrite this as x(50  2 x)  50 x  2 x 2 . Taking the derivative and setting it to zero yields
25
50  4 x  0  50  4 x  25  2 x  x  . Therefore y  25. , and we are done.
2
15. The distance between two points is equal to ( x0  x1 )2  ( y0  y1 )2 , but instead of
minimizing the distance we can minimize the square of the distance, as this will not change
the answer. Therefore, we need two numbers so that y  x and that (1  x)2  y 2 is
minimized. Substituting in the first equation into the second gives (1  y 2 )2  y 2 , taking the
derivative and setting it equal to zero gives:
d d
((1  y 2 )2  y 2  (1  y 2  y 4 )  2 y  4 y 3  2 y(2 y 2  1)  0
dx dx
1
The positive roots of this equation are y  0, y  Plugging both into the distance
2
1 1
formula and checking which distance is smaller gives as the minimum ( , ) .N
4
2 2
Linearization of a Function

Answers

1.
2.
3. Hint: Let
4.
a.

b.
c.
d.
e.

5. f (0.3)  1.3 with linearization f ( x)  x  1; calculator value 1.2955

1
6. f (0.006)  1.003 with linearization f ( x)  x  1 ; calculator value 1.002996
2
7. f (0.02)  1.2 with linearization f ( x)  10 x  1 ; calculator value 1.219

1
8. f (0.115)  1.0575 with linearization f ( x)   x  1 ; calculator value 1.0630
2
9. f (3.65)  11.95 with linearization f ( x)  3x  1 ; calculator value 12.3725

10. f (3.3)  37.1 with linearization f ( x)  27 x  52 ; calculator value 37.937

1 3
11. f (2.03)  0.2425 with linearization f ( x)   x  ; calculator value 0.24267
4 4
12. f (0.2)  1.2 with linearization f ( x)  x  1; calculator value 1.2214

13. Linearize f ( x)  x around 625: f (628)  5.006 with linearization

x
f ( x)   3.75 ; calculator value 5.00599
500

1
14. Linearize f ( x)  ; f (0.007)  0.49825 with linearization
2 x
x
f ( x)    0.5 ; calculator value 0.498256.
4

15. f (1.3)  2.42426 ; the linearization around x  1 is f ( x)  2 x  (2  2) .

Approximating Roots of a Function: Newton’s Method

Answers

1. x  1.442

2. x  1.146 and x  7.854

4 xn 2  xn  2
3. For this problem xn 1  xn  . With x0  0 , x5  59309
8 xn  1

4 xn3  6 xn 2  1
4. For this problem xn 1  xn  . With x0  1.5 , x3  1.5979
12 xn 2  12 xn

5e xn  3xn 2
5. For this problem xn 1  xn  . With x0  0 , x3  0.8458
5e xn  6 xn
cos( xn )  xn
6. For this problem xn 1  xn  . With x0  0 , x3  0.7391
 sin( xn )  1

xn5  7 xn 2  2
7. For this problem xn 1  xn  . With x0  1 , x4  0.52896
5 xn 4  14 xn

xn5  7 xn 2  2
8. For this problem xn 1  xn  . With x0  1 , x3  0.54066
5 xn 4  14 xn

xn 2 cos xn  xn
9. For this problem xn 1  xn  . With x0  5 , x2  4.91719
 xn ( xn sin xn  2cos xn )  1n
xn 2 cos xn  xn
10. For this problem xn 1  xn  . With x0  8 , x3  7.72415
 xn ( xn sin xn  2cos xn )  1n

xn  2sin( xn )
11. For this problem xn 1  xn  . Record several iterations to the required accuracy:
1  2cos( xn )
x0  3
x1  2.08800
x2  1.91223
x3  1.89565
x4  1.89549
x5  1.89549
The method converged in five iterations to x  1.89549 .
 6 xn3  4 xn  1
12. For this problem xn 1  xn  .
12 xn  4
x0  1.2
x1  0.568
x2  0.629
x3  0.635
x4  0.636
x5  0.636
The method converged in five iterations to x  0.636 .
ln( xn )  (ln( xn )  4)  1 x ln( xn )  (ln( xn )  4)  x
13. For this problem xn 1  xn   xn  n .
2ln( xn )  4 2ln( xn )  4
xn
x0  1
x1  0.75
x2  0.76489
x3  0.76495
x4  0.76495
We estimate the root is at x  0.76495 .

tan( xn )  csc( xn )
14. For this problem xn 1  xn  .
sec ( xn )  csc( xn ) cot( xn )
2

x0  0.7
x1  0.899861
x2  0.904568
x3  0.904557
x4  0.904557
We estimate the root is at x  0.904557 .

tan 1 ( xn )  cos( xn )
15. For this problem xn 1  xn  .
1
 sin( x)
1  x2
x0  2
x1  0.6268
x2  0.8185
x3  0.8165
x4  0.8165
We estimate the root is approximately x  0.8165 .