List of Experiments of Microwave Engineering

Sr. No. Experiments

Introduction of Transmission Line Demonstrator (TLD511) & Reflection
01 of a pulse on Transmission Line
02 Properties of nλ/2 Lines

03 Lines With dissimilar Lossless Terminators

Standing wave due to a Mismatch & Standing wave as sum of Incident
04 and Reflected wave
Introduction To Microwave Trainer Components 56-200 & Measurement
05 of frequency using cavity wavemeter
06 Measurement of Guide Wavelength, λ
07 Measurement of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
The use of directional couplers and the measurement of VSWR and
08
reflection co-efficient
09 Introduction to Microstrip Trainer Mst532

Introduction to the microwave VCO sources and detector and action of a

10 3 port circulator
Measurement of insertion loss Insertion loss characteristic of a Low pass
11
filter
12 Measurement of return loss, reflection coefficient and VSWR
13 Properties of a Power divider and Rat race Hybrid
14 Introduction to HFSS & Designing of a T junction Waveguide

15 Open Ended Lab

Course Instructor: Dr. Abdul Aziz Lab Engineer: Engr Talha Gohar
 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 01
Title: Introduction of Transmission Line Demonstrator (TLD511) & Reflection of a
pulse on Transmission Line

Performance objective
Upon successful completion of this lab. Student will be able:
 To operate transmission Line Demonstrator satisfaction.
 To operate variable Phase Generator satisfaction.
Equipment required
 Transmission Line Demonstrator TLD-511.
 Storage box of TLD-511.
 VPG 608.
Discussion
 The transmission line demonstrator (TLD-511) has been design to provide the lecture with
the graphic display of the behavior of a signal on a transmission line, working at speeds
and frequencies which enable students to visualize easily that is taking place. Its display
feature and its low speed combine to demonstrate line properties normally only observable
by more complex equipment at much higher frequencies.
 The TLD-511 has two end, end “A” and “B” and each end of the artificial transmission
line in the TLD-511 has a defined characteristic impedance, propagation is bidirectional
and the line response to arbitrary signals and impedances (of any phase angle) in the same
meaner as a real line.
 The VPG 608 variable phase L.F. Generator is based on a pair of oscillation synchronized
in mutual quadrate. Each is of the switched integrator type, generating a triangular wave
which is shaped into a sinusoid. One of the oscillators produces an output signal of
reference phase 0º. A second output of variable phase is ф and constant amplitude is
derived by suitably potentiometer. One phase ф is variable over 0º to 180º and may be
switched to be either leading or lagging. Frequency is continuously adjustable over each
of five calibrated decade ranges, together covering 0.01Hz to 1KH.
 Each channel has maximum amplitude of 10volts, peak to peak, with a calibrated output
potentiometer and a X1.0, X0.1, X0.01 stepped attenuator to provide clean signals down
to 10mv or less from either or both channels.
Procedure
 Explanation of TLD-511 switches
o Label the diagram of TLD-511
o ON/OFF switch or power switch:
It is with integral pilot lamp.
o Step input
It is three position toggle switch, centre-biased, applies a signal to
the designated end of line.

o Hold switch
Steps signal changes on line except end two columns.
o Line length switch
3-position rotary switch, position designated L, 2L, 8L give propagation times
0.25sec, 0.5sec, 2sec respectively.
o Attenuator control switch
Uncelebrated, continuously variable which acts equally on all parts of the line?
This gives continuous adjustment from a nearly lossless to a high loss condition.
 Inspection of TLD-511
o Check the TLD-511 for mechanical damage and storage box is present.
o Use link terminator, connect 1/P terminal “A” to the left hand end of the line.
o Set line length to “L” and distribution attenuation to minimum.
 o Set “step input” briefly to “A” and check that the columns of LED’s illuminate in
term with the pattern moving from left to right; returning with same polarity from
right to left.
o Connect the second “Link” terminator as a short circuit across the right hand end
of the line.
o Repeat the test and check that this time the polarity of the reflected signal is
inverted.
o Repeat the two tests for the lengths of “2L” and “8L” and various attenuation
settings up to maximum.
o Repeat the forgoing procedure using the right hand end of the line, “B” a the
input with the left hand end of the line, “A” as the terminated end.
o Check that with no external signal applied and the “step input switch” in its
normal, control position, no LED’s are lit.
 Explanation of VPG 608 switches

o Power switch
Green push button power switch separates green power indicator.

o Frequency control switch

It is rotary range switch from 0.01Hz to 1.0 KHz in five switched
ranges. It works with the collaboration of transparent diode, fine frequency
control that linearly calibrated.
o Phase
Lever switch selecting “LEAD” or “LAG” continuous 0º to 180º control
calibrated transport dial.
Amplitude
0º and ф channels each have a rotary control and slide switch stepped
attenuator.
 Auxiliary outputs, one giving square and other triangular waveform,
each have a rotary control.
Reflection of a pulse on Transmission Line

Performance objective
Upon successful completion of this lab student will be able:
 Partial reflection due to mismatch,
 To observe reflected wave amplitude is that of the original wave reaching the
termination, multiplying by the reflection co-efficient.
The reflection co-efficient of voltage is

Equipment required
 Transmission line demonstrator (TLD-511) 01
 Shorting link 01
 Terminating resisters
o 600R 02
o 200R 01
o 1K8R 01

Discussion
If a transmission line is correctly terminated i.e. terminated in its characteristic
impedance, all the power sent down the line is absorbed at the termination and no signal returns.
It the line is open circuit or short circuit at the termination, complete reflection of signal occurs.
Procedure
 Connect the apparatus as shown in the figure.
 Set the various controls on the TLD511 as follows:
Hold/run switch------------------------- set to 'run'
Line length------------------------------- set to '8L'
Distributed attenuation----------------- set to 'min'
 Switch on the power and check that the 'power' switch lights up.
 Operate the 'step input' switch in the direction 'to A', just long enough to light up the second
column of the display, then release it. This should send a pulse from the end of the line
marked 'A' to the end marked 'B', where it will disappear because of the matched, or correct,
termination.
 Next, replace the 600R terminator at 'B' with terminators of 200R and of 1k8 resistance in
turn. For each of these terminators, observe the sign and magnitude of the reflected pulse.
 Subject:: Code: Semester / Term
Lab Journal
Class: Session:

Student Name: __________________________ Roll. No ______________

Instructor Signature: ______________________ Date: _________________

WORKSHEET SHEET LAB EXPERIMENT NO-01

Q.No.01: Define line length switch?

Q.No.02: What is the function of HOLD/RUN switch?

Q.No.03: Write down characteristic impedance of TLD-511 and VPG 608?

Q.No.04: Define frequency control switch?

Q.No.05: What is the value of the reflection coefficient, from your observation of the reflected
pulse?

Q.No.06: Does that value agree with the calculated value?

 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 02
Title: PROPERTIES OF nλ/2 LINES

Performance objective
 To discover the resonances of a line for which the line is an integral number of half-
wavelengths long.
 To observe the effect of attenuation on a resonance.
 To observe the 1:1 impedance-transforming property of a lossless λ/2 line.

Introduction
In previous experiment you saw that when a line was terminated by any other impedance
than the characteristic one, a signal on the line was reflected. In a real line, energy is associated
with the reflected signal. Suppose that both ends of the line are terminated so that they absorb
no energy and that energy losses in the line are small: any signal on the line must then be totally
reflected back and forth between the two ends. Because there is a finite time of travel between
the two ends, we may expect that a cycle of reflection between the ends will have a particular
frequency. In this assignment you will be studying this and related phenomena, which are
collectively called 'resonance'.
You will need to put some energy into the line, and yet to leave the line terminated in
such a way that the energy in it is not allowed to escape. How is this to be done? To feed the line
through a gross mismatch, like 10k, might work. Let us see.

Equipment required
 TLD511(Transmission Line Demonstrator) ----- 01
 Function Generator (VPG608) ----------------------01
 50R terminator----------------------------------------01
 10k terminator-----------------------------------------01
 1k8 terminator---------------------------------------01
 110μ terminator-------------------------------------01
 Links----------------------------------------------------02
 Oscilloscope ------------------------------------------01

Practical 2.1 Line Open-circuit both Ends.

Procedure
1. Connect the generator to the 'A' end of the TLD511 line through 10k resistance, as in fig below.
The 10k is high enough compared with the 600R line to approximate to an open circuit.
 2. Set the generator frequency to 1Hz and its output to about 8V pk-to-pk.

3. Set the various controls on the TLD511 as follows:

hold/run switch------------------------- set to 'run'
line length------------------------------- set to 'L'
distributed attenuation----------------- set to 'min'
4. Under these conditions you may just see a small signal near the 'B' end of the line, but the 10k
input resistance is clearly cutting down the generator signal considerably.
5. Now raise the frequency about 0.2Hz at a time and observe the display at each step. Take
particular care, and rather smaller steps as you approach 2Hz: near this frequency you will also
need to wait several seconds after each adjustment before its full effect can be seen. By fine
adjustment of the frequency you should be able to obtain a display oscillating as indicated in fig
below. Sketch the outline of the wave pattern.

6. Disconnect the 10k resistor and observe that the oscillation dies away only gradually. When the
resistor is replaced the oscillation takes a little while to build up again.
Raise the frequency further. You should be able to find resonances at 4Hz and 6Hz. These are called
resonant frequencies of the line. Even at 8Hz there are signs of resonance, although at this frequency
the TLD511 is hardly an adequate representation of a real line. Sketch the shape of the wave in each
case.

Practical 2.2 Line with Short-circuit Ends.

Procedure
 1. Another way of grossly mismatching the line and generator is to put a low resistance in
parallel with both. Use the 50R resistor and a link, connected as in fig. below.

As before, search for several different resonant frequencies, and for each one note the frequency and
sketch the shape of the wave on the line.

Practical 2.3 Attenuation and Damping

Procedure

1. The resonant behavior you have seen, where the line gives little response to frequencies in
general, but a strong response to a particular frequency, is exhibited in very many situations
where energy is capable of being converted from one form to another within a closed system.
Here the closed system is the line; the energy at an instant when the voltage is contained by
the electric field between its conductors, i.e it is stored in the distributed capacitance. When
the voltage collapses to zero, current flows in the line, and the energy is contained in the
magnetic field around the conductors, i.e it is in the distributed inductance. This energy can
be lost not only at the terminations, but by conversion into heat within the line itself, through
the same causes (resistance and conductance) as attenuation.
2. Connect the apparatus as in fig below. This gives a correctly terminated condition, so that a
traveling wave on the line is absorbed at 'B'.

3. Adjust the oscillator to a frequency of 2Hz, and amplitude just filling the height of the display
columns.
4. Turn the distributed attenuation control up to 'max', and note that the signal at the 'B' end of
the line (i.e after traveling the length L down the line) is slightly reduced. Make an estimate
 of the reduction factor. It may help you in this, if you temporarily double the line length to
'2L': the reduction over 2L will be the square of the factor for L.
5. So far we have got an idea of what the attenuation is. The next step is to see how this affects
a resonance. Set the distributed attenuation control back to 'min', and the line length to 'L'.
Reconnect the apparatus as in fig below.

6. Adjust the generator amplitude until the voltage at the 'A' end lights about four-fifths of the
left-hand column, and check that the generator is accurately tuned for maximum voltage.
Then adjust the amplitude so that the left-hand column is just lit to its full height.
7. Turn the distributed attenuator control to 'max'. The signal on the line should die away to a
very low level. This is partly because of the attenuation, and partly because the propagation
velocity has changed, causing the resonant frequency also to change. Counteract the latter
effect by lowering the oscillator frequency until resonance is found again.
8. Note that the reduction in amplitude, which is now due solely to the attenuation, is much
greater than that which occurred for the traveling wave.
9. The reason for this is that the resonant standing wave is built up of a long traveling wave
reflected time and time again between the ends of the line. This traveling wave therefore
undergoes the attenuation of the line many times before its amplitude becomes
insignificant.

Practical 2.4 λ/2 line as a 1:1 Transformer

Procedure
1. Connect up the apparatus as shown in fig below, omitting Z2 and making Z1 600R.
2. Set the distributed attenuation control on the TLD511 to 'min'.
3. Set the frequency of the generator to 2Hz, and its amplitude to maximum (20V peak-to-peak).
Do not exceed 20V pk-pk.
4. The impedance presented by the 'A' end of the line is now 600R resistive, and connected in the
position indicated by Zin fig below. Thus the X channel of the oscilloscope is driven at 20V
(peak-to-peak), and the Y channel is driven by 20m volts where m is (Z /(Z + 10k)) or in this
case m is 0.0567. The oscilloscope will thus trace out a line representing the equation y = mx.
If the X sensitivity is set to 5V/div and the Y sensitivity to 0.2V/div you should obtain a line

across the screen. Adjust the shift controls until it passes through the centre.

5. Vary the frequency a little up and down, observing the trace. It will be traced out faster and
slower, but always over the same path on the screen, because Z is always constant at 600R.
6. Now transfer the 600R terminator from the Z1 to the Z2 position. Z is now the parallel
combination of the 600R terminator and the unfermented line. The transmission line will be a
(nominally) infinite impedance if the frequency is such as to make it half a wavelength long,
thus making Z once again 600R resistive. If the frequency is not right, the line on the oscilloscope
will broaden out into a loop because the transmission line's impedance is now finite and reactive:
try this. Finally set the frequency to give a single-line trace: this ensures that the transmission
line will behave as a λ/2 line in the following tests.
7. You found that, with a λ/2 transmission line the oscilloscope trace was the same whether the
600R terminator was at one end or the other. Try the same test now with the 200R and 1.8k
terminators. You may need to adjust the Y sensitivity of the oscilloscope for each one to get a
useful trace, but in each case you should find that the same settings give the same trace whichever
end of the transmission line you place the terminator.
8. Try the same procedure with the capacitive terminator. This time the trace you get should be
nearly a circle, owing to the reactive nature of the capacitor's impedance. Notice that the circle
is traced out in the same direction each time, indicating that the reactance is capacitive.
9. The conclusion is that for any impedance tried (and it is generally true for an ideal line) a
lossless half-wave line acts as a 1:1 transformer, enabling the impedance terminating the line at
one end to be presented at the terminals of the other end.
 Subject:: Code: Semester / Term
Lab Journal
Class: Session:

Student Name: __________________________ Roll. No ______________

Instructor Signature: ______________________ Date: _________________

WORKSHEET SHEET LAB EXPERIMENT NO-02

Q.No.01: All your sketches should show a common feature concerning the positions of voltage
maxima. What is it?

Q.No.02: For each resonant frequency, note the number of wavelengths in the line. What common
statement applies to every case?

Q.No.03: What general statement can you make about the shape of the voltage wave in this case?

Q.No.04: What general statement can you make about the resonant frequencies in this case?
 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 03
Title: LINES WITH DISSIMILAR LOSSLESS TERMINATIONS

Performance objective
When you have completed this assignment you will:
 Know about the resonance of a line with both a short and an open-circuit termination.
 Understand the effect on a resonant line of adding a capacitive termination.
 Know about the reactive impedance of a line in the vicinity of a resonant frequency.
Introduction
In previous experiment you saw that a series of resonances was possible on lines which
lost little energy either through attenuation or at the terminations. You saw that either a short-
circuit or an open-circuit form a loss-free termination.
In this assignment you will see that by putting one of each of these terminations on the
line, further resonances are possible. Yet further resonances are possible if a completely reactive
termination is introduced, since although the current-voltage relationships are altered, the
reactive termination cannot absorb any energy. The study of the latter series of resonances leads
to a study of the impedance of a lossless line.
Equipment required
 TLD511(Transmission Line Demonstrator) ----- 01
 Function Generator (VPG608) ----------------------01
 50R terminator----------------------------------------01
 10k terminator-----------------------------------------01
 100μ terminator-------------------------------------01
 Links----------------------------------------------------02
 Oscilloscope ------------------------------------------01

Practical 3.1 Low-impedance driven end, Open-circuit far end.

Procedure

7. Set up the apparatus as shown in fig below.

8. Set the various controls on the TLD511 as follows:

hold/run switch------------------------- set to 'run'
 line length------------------------------- set to 'L'
distributed attenuation----------------- set to 'min'
9. With the generator amplitude control set to about 8V peak-to-peak, the display will show little
response, since most of the voltage will be lost in the generator's internal impedance, except at
a resonant frequency. The lowest of these is 1Hz. Check that you do get a resonance at 1Hz, and
sketch the shape of the standing wave on the line.

Practical 3.2 High-impedance driven end, Short-circuit far end

Procedure

2. Connect the apparatus as below ignoring the item marked C.

3. Record the frequencies and sketch the shapes of the resonances as in Practical 4.1.

Practical 3.3 Line with Reactive Termination

Procedure
10. Place the capacitive terminator in the position marked C in fig below. Find the new value of
the lowest resonant frequency: it will be lower than before.

11. Evidently the parallel combination of capacitor and line is a resonant circuit in the same
way as a parallel combination of a capacitor and an inductor. It appears that the line is
behaving like an inductance.

Practical 3.4 Impedance of a Resonant Line at Frequencies away from Resonance.

Procedure
10. Connect the apparatus as shown in fig below, initially omitting C.
11. Set the generator to 1Hz. Adjust the oscilloscope to produce a trace extending diagonally across
most of the screen, and then adjust the generator frequency to make that trace a single line. The
frequency is now set to the line's resonant frequency, and the line presents a high resistive
impedance, ideally infinite so that it absorbs no power.
12. Plug in the capacitive terminator as indicated by C in the diagram. The Y deflection will
decrease: adjust the Y sensitivity to get a useful oscillogram. Observe that it is a loop, possibly
a circle, round which the spot goes anti-clockwise.
13. Remove the capacitor and alter the frequency back to the value you noted in Practical 4.3. You
should find that you get a slightly taller loop, but with the spot going the other way round it. This
means that the line's impedance is equal in magnitude, but opposite in phase, to that of the
capacitor at this frequency (which will be higher than it was at 1Hz). The line is in fact behaving
like an inductance.

14. Alter the generator frequency above 1Hz, and the spot will go anti-clockwise, indicating that the
line is capacitive. Similar behavior will be found in the neighborhood of each resonant
frequency. It can be shown that a lossless line of length l, propagation velocity v and
characteristic impedance Zo, shorted at the far end, has at frequency f an impedance:
 Subject:: Code: Semester / Term
Lab Journal
Class: Session:

Student Name:__________________________ Roll. No ______________

Instructor Signature:______________________ Date:_________________

WORKSHEET SHEET LAB EXPERIMENT NO-03

Q.No.01: Why is there no resonance at 2Hz or 4Hz?

Q.No.02: What is the capacitance of the (nominal 110µ) terminator, based on the formula given,
your resonant frequencies in Practical’s 4.2 and 4.3, and the line's characteristic
impedance 600 + j0 Ohm?

Q.No.03: What general statement can you make about the shape of the voltage wave in this case?

Q.No.04: What general statement can you make about the resonant frequencies in this case?
 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 04
Title: Standing wave due to a Mismatch & Standing wave as sum of Incident and
Reflected wave

Performance objective
Upon successful completion of this lab students will be able:
 To observe standing waves on a line with mismatched termination.
Equipment required
 Transmission line demonstrator TLD-511.
 Storage Box
 Variable Phase Low Frequency Function Generator VPG-608
Discussion
 The terminating load is not equal to Zo, as shown in the figure. The load no longer looks
like more like to the section of line immediately adjacent. Such a line is said to be
mismatched

(A) R = Zo

(B) Short circuit

(C) Open circuit

 The more that the load impedance differs from Zo, the greater the mismatch. The power
reaching the load is not totally absorbed, as it was when the load was equal to Zo, because
load requires a voltage to current ratio that is different from the one travelling along the
line. The result is that the load absorbs only part of power reaching it (the incident power);
the remainder acts as though it had bounced off a wall and starts back along the line toward
 the source. This is known as reflected power, and greater the mismatch, the larger is the
percentage of the incident power that is reflected.
 In the extreme case where the load is zero (a short circuit) or infinity (an open circuit), all
of the power reaching the end of the line is reflected back toward the source.
 It the source of the power is AC generator, the incident (outgoing) voltages and the
reflected (returning) voltage are simultaneously present all along the line. The actual
voltage at any point along the line is the vector sum of the two components, taking into
account the phases of each component. The same is true of the current.
Procedure
 Connect links on end “A” and end “B”
 Connect the generator on “A” end.
 Connect 600R link on “B” end. As shown in figure.

 On the TLD-511 set the line length to “L”. (the another controls should be at “run” and
“min”)
 On the generator, se the frequency to about 2.5Hz, adjust the amplitude until the travelling
wave on the display is just lighting two section, up and two down in each column of the
display. Let us call this ±2units of amplitude. A standing wave appears.
 Substitute the 1.8K terminator. Note that the standing wave is reduced. Note its minimum
and maximum values and compare them with the values of the reflected pulse.
 Note carefully where the maximum and minimum voltages occur. Replace 1K8 terminator
with on of 200R.
 Note what similarities and differences you see between this situation and the one with 1K8
Standing wave as sum of Incident and Reflected wave
Performance objective
After completing this experiment, the student will be able to know:
 That the standing wave is equal to the sum of the incident and reflected wave.
Equipment required
 Transmission line demonstrator TLD5-11 01
 Variable phase sine-wave generator VPG-608 01
 Links 02
 Connecting cables 02
Discussion
The mismatch between load and line is responsible for the variation in amplitude which, because
of their stationary, wave line appearance, are called standing wave.If two cyclic wave, such as sine
waves of the same frequency are travelling in opposite directions on a line, they will at any one point
of the line alternately come in to phase with one another and oppose one another. The result is to produce

a wave which appears to stand still; an appearance which the TLD-511 demonstrator will show you
better that any diagram.
Procedure
 Connect one output of the VPG-608 to each end of the line as indicated in the figure. Since each
output of the VPG-608 has an impedance of 600R, the line is now correctly terminated.
 Verify that with either output set to zero amplitude, the other will send a signal along the line

which is a travelling wave, i.e. without reflection.

 Set the amplitude of one output to 4V peak-to-peak. (this is the value of the internal emf, so that
with 600R load of the line, the terminal voltage is half this). Set the other output to 2V peak-to-
peak you know have a signal of 2V peak to-peak amplitude travelling from A to B, and one of
1V peak-to-peak amplitude travelling from “B” to “A”.
 Adjust the phase of one output of the VPG-608, using the phase and LAG/LEAD controls. Note
the shift of the maxima and minima along the line as the phase is changed.
 Subject:: Code: Semester / Term
Lab Journal
Class: Session:

Student Name: __________________________ Roll. No ______________

Instructor Signature: ______________________ Date:_________________

WORKSHEET SHEET LAB EXPERIMENT NO-04

Q.No.01: How do you explain the maximum amplitude in term of the reflection coefficient found
previously?

Q.No.02: When greater mismatch will occur?

Q.No.03: What will be the effect on transmission line when load is zero or infinity?
 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 05
Title: INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE TRAINER COMPONENTS 56-200 &
MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY USING WAVE CAVITY METER

Performance objective
 Upon successful completion of lab, the students will be able:
 To understand different type of microwave components and their operation
 To know the safety precaution about trainer 56-200
Equipment required
 Microwave trainer 56-200
Introduction
 The microwave trainer 56-200 enables students with the basic waveguide components,
making up microwave system. It is easy to use and is completely self-contained. It enables
students to understand microwave measurements and investigate working of components.
 This trainer also provides a working knowledge of microwaves and their applications and
carryout basic microwave system practiced studies continue
 This set has a set of waveguide component and a console that contains the microwave
power supply and having circuits which can measure microwave power and signal
strength. The components and source are designed in standard wave guide size which
operates in X-band range (8.2 to 12.4 GHz).
Procedure
 General information about 56-200 trainer.
o Internal dimensions of W/G are 0.9" x 0.4" or 22.86 x 10.16mm
o H10 cutoff frequency and wave length is 6.56 GHz, 45.7mm.
o Normal operating range 8.2 to 12.4 GHz.
Dielectric resonant oscillator source (DRO) (P):
It is X-band cw FET and operating at fixed frequency of 10.425 GHz. Its minimum output
power 10mw. It’s identification letter is “P”.
Variable attenuators (A)
These are basically resistors, named resistive vane central slot type and are used to set
attenuation level and control power transmission in waveguide.
Max attenuation is at vane setting 0º approx 36db; minimum at 90 º, less than 1db.
Waveguide slotted line (B)
It is used for sampling electric field pattern in waveguide; used with diode probe detector to
measure guide wave length (λg), VSWR and impedance.
Slotted line probe tuner (C)
It is used as an impedance matching device.
Cavity wavemeter
It is circular cross-section cavity wavemeter which resonates in the Eoll mode and designed to
measure frequency in the X-band range.

Shunt tee waveguide junction (E)

It is also known as H-plane. It acts as a power divider in the plane containing the incident H.
(magnetic field)
Directional coupler (F)
It is used to monitor power and measure VSWR.
Series tee waveguide junction (G)
It is also know as E-plane. It acts as a power divider in the plane containing the incident “E”.
(electric field)
Hybrid tee (H)
It is also known as a magic tee. It is a combination of a shunt and a series tee-junction to form a
4-way junction. It is used to effect common transmitter/receiver antenna operation and in balanced
mixer circuits.
Waveguide to coaxial transformer (J)
It is used to interconnect wave guide to coaxial line and vice-versa.
Resistive termination (K)
It is a wave guide section containing a taper of lossy material to absorb incident microwave
signals with out any reflection. It then acts as a matched load.
Diode dector in waveguide mount (M)
It is used to rectify microwave signals for their diction. At low power levels diode detector
output is directly proportional to the microwave power being detected.
Horn antenna (N)
It is an important microwave antenna widely used as a feed to a microwave parabolic reflector
in radio, satellite and radar system.
Short circuit terminator (R)
These are metal plates and are used to short circuit waveguide section. It is also used to measure
waveguide length and crystal dector law in conjunction with slotted lines.
Probe detector (S)
Diode detector mounted in coaxial section with inner conductor acting as a probe. It is used in
conjunction with slotted line and directional coupler to detect microwave signals. Letter “S” not
marked on unit.
Coaxial cable
It is length is 380mm and external diameter is 10mm with N-type connectors on both ends.
Accessories in the plastic bag
 Coaxial cable with approx. 3mm external diameter with BNC connectors for dector
detection to console.
 Flange coupling clips for interconnecting and supporting the components.
 Support plates are used to support the component, specially horn antenna.
Safety precaution
Although the microwave power levels generated by the equipment are below 10mm and not
normally dangerous, the human eye can suffer damage exposed to direct microwave radiation.
Therefore:

NEVER LOOK DIRECTLY INTO AN ENERGISED WAVEGUIDE.

Measurement of frequency using cavity wavemeter
Performance objective
When a student will complete this experiment then he would be able:
 To know how to measure frequency using a cavity wavemeter.
Equipment required
 Supply for X-band oscillator 01
 Dielectric resonant oscillator 01
 Attenuator variable (A) 02
 Cavity resonator (D) 01
 Diode detector (M) 01
 Resistive terminator (K) 01
Introduction
Frequency in a microwave system can be measured using electronic counter techniques or by
means of a cavitymeter.
The principle of operation of the cavity wavemeter is based in the fact that very high Q-resonances
can be obtained in metal waveguide cavities. Such cavities are usually of uniform circular or rectangular
cross-section and resonate when their axial length equals an integral number of half guide wave length,
ie.
L = 1/2 nλg where
L = axial length of cavity
N = 1,2,3,……, the order of resonance
λg = guide wavelength of resonating mode.
The cavity length “L” may be varied by altering the position of the short circuit plunger. Off
resonance the cavity absorbs little or no power from the main waveguide transmission system. How
ever at resonance considerable power is coupled in to the cavity and this results in a corresponding dip
observed in the main transmitted power “L” at resonance can be very accurately determined. Knowing
“L” the type of resonant mode and the order of resonance enables the exciting frequency, the source
frequency “f”, to be calculated from theory.
F = c/l = 3x108m/s the velocity of electromagnetic wave in free space.
Lc = cut-off wavelength of mode resonant in the cavity.
N = order of resonance: n 1,2,3,……
Procedure
Set up the microwave components as shown in the figure:-

 Main green switch on “OFF” position.

 Amplifier and detector control knob to mid position.
 Supply for X-band oscillator:
o Left hand switch switch to internal keying
o Right hand switch to OFF.
 Make sure the coaxial cables are also in place to connect the power supply for the X-band
oscillator and to connect the diode detector output to the amplifier and detector input on the
console.
 Set the micrometer position of the cavity wavemeter fully out to the reading greater than
15mm. in this position, the short circuit plunger terminating the far end of the cavity is also
fully out and the cavity is at its maximum length.
 Set the angular position of the resistive van for both attenuators at about 20 o. at these
setting, the attenuators reduce the microwave power in the bench by the order of load and
avoid possible diode detector and display meter overload when we switch on.
 Semester /
Lab Subject:: Code:
Term
Journal
Class: Session:

Student Name:__________________________ Roll. No ______________

Instructor Signature:______________________ Date:_________________

WORKSHEET SHEET LAB EXPERIMENT NO-05

Q.No.01: What is the frequency of DRO in the trainer?

Q.No.02: In which band of frequency, this trainer works?

Q.No.03: What is the function of variable attenuator?

Q.No.04: What is the safety precaution of trainer 56-200 while in use?

Q.No.06: Define cavity wave meter in the trainer?

Q.No.07: What is the diameter of cavity circular wave guide?

Q.No.08: How many modes the cavity supports and write the names as well?

Q.No.09: Which type of scale is a micrometer barrel?

 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 06
Title: MEASUREMENT OF GUIDE WAVELENGTH, λg
Performance objective
 When a student will complete this experiment then he would be able:-
o To know how to measure guide wave length.
Equipment required
 Supply for X-band oscillator 01
 Dielectric resonant oscillator (P) 01
 Attenuator variable (A) 02
 Cavity resonator (D) 01
 Slotted line and probe detector (S) 01
 Short circuit terminator (R) 01
Introduction
When the waves are guided by a waveguide they travel in the form of distinctive wave patterns
known as modes and the wave length of the guided transmission is known as the guide wavelength λg.
For rectangular and circular waveguides, λg is related to 1 by the formula:

---------- I

---------- II

λc = the cut off length of the mode propagating.

For the case of rectangular waveguides, transmission is invariably limited to single
moded operation in its dominant H10 mode the cut off wave length for the H10 mode is:
λc = 2a
When a = internal broadside dimension of the waveguide. Thus if “f” is known, “h” can
be determined and λg can be calculated for a given size of waveguide using formula II.The guide
wavelength is measured using the waveguide slotted line component “B” fitted with one of the
diode detector/probe units “S”. this unit should be mounted so that its probe penetrates a short
distance into the slot there by allowing the electric field to be sampled. The depth of penetration
is a compromise between obtaining reasonable coupling for the probe detector to provide an
observable meter reading without the probe causing undue disturbance of the field in the
waveguide and thus invalidate the measurements. In practice a penetration depth of 1 to 2mm
should suffice.
Procedure
 Connect the equipment as shown in the figure.

 Set the switch positions on the control console as follows:

o Green power switch “OFF”
o Left hand switch of supply for X-band oscillator, to internal keying, right hand oscillator
switch “OFF”
 Check also the coaxial cables are correctly connected:
o Oscillator output cable on console to microwave source; probe detector unit cable to
input of amplifier detector on the console.
 Now switch on power and oscillator and adjust the attenuators and if necessary the sensitivity
control on the console to obtain a defector leas leading. Move the probe to locate the position of
maximum field and read just sensitivity control and or attenuators to provide a meter reading
close to full scale, say 4mA.
 Starting from zero on the slotted line scale move the probe along the slotted waveguide section
and locate and record the positions of electric field nulls.
It should be possible to locate 3 consecutive nulls:
X1 =
X2 =
X3 =
The guide wavelength:
 Subject:: Code: Semester / Term
Lab Journal
Class: Session:

Student Name: __________________________ Roll. No ______________

Instructor Signature: ______________________ Date:_________________

WORKSHEET SHEET LAB EXPERIMENT NO-06

Q.No.01: Find out guide wave length with the short circuit nulls as under
X1 = 27mm, X2 = 45.4mm, X3 = 64mm

Q.No.02: What will be the λ of WG-16 waveguide at H10 mode?

Q.No.03: What is the frequency of DRO?

Q.No.04: What is the formula to measure λg?

 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.7
Title: MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGEG STANDING WAVE RATIO (VSWR)
Performance objective
Upon successful completion of this experiment the student will be able to know: -
 The definition of voltage standing wave ration and its relation to reflection coefficient.
 How to measure VSWR using a slotted line and probe detector.
 The method used to measure high voltage of VSWR.
Equipment required
1. Control console 01
2. Variable attenuatiors A 02
3. Slotted line B 01
4. Probe diode detector S 01
5. X-band source P 01
6. Resistive termination K 01
7. Waveguide horn N 01
Discussion
When a component is connected into a transmission line system it will cause reflection at the
junction between the line and the component unless it is correctly matched or a matching unit is used.
The reflected wave from the component and incident wave from the source set up a standing wave
pattern in the feed line as illustrated in figure.Standing wave causes undesirable effects. They can give

rise to very high values of voltage/electric field strength in the waveguide and this can cause
breakdown in high power systems. Reflection caused through the between the line and component
reduces the amount of pwer that can be transferred below optimum and can adversely affect the
efficiency of a communicatinos or rador systems. Power can be wasted in a transmitter by being
reflected, for example, at the antenna input. Likewise, power can be lost by mismatch reflection at an
antenna receiver station.
The voltage standing ratio, VSWR, is universally used to quanlify the degree of mismatch. It is
denoted by the letter S and defined as:

.There is an important relation between VSWR, S, and reflection coefficient G:

Procedure
1. VSWR with resistive load

 Setup the equipment as shown in the figure with the resistive termination component
connected to the slotted line section. The depth of penetration of the probe of the diode
detector in to the slotted line showed be set at approximately 1 to 2mm.
 Set the switch conditions on the console as follows:
o Amplifier and detector-switch to detector output.
o Amplifier and detector sensitivity control turn to mid-position supply for X-
band oscillator.
o Left hand keying switch-switch to internal keying
o Right hand switch-initially off.
Now switch on the console power supply the main green switch, and energise the
microwave bench by switching the right hand X-band oscillator switch on
 Set the attenuator at 25o to provide a reasonable level or attenuation in the system. This
is good practice since attenuation between the microwave oscillator and the equipment
it drives helps reduce detuning of the oscillator due to reflected signals.
 Move the probe-detector unit along the slotted-line to locate a position of electric field
maximum. Adjust the detector sensitivity of the amplifier and detector on the console
and if necessary, the attenuator setting to obtain a meter reading close to full scale
reflection. Record the detector current Imax corresponding to Emax.
  Now move the probe detector unit away from the maximum and locate accurately the
position of the adjacent minimum. Record the detector current Imin corresponding to
Emin.
 Using the results:
Imax =
Imin =

= the % of pwer reflected

2. Measurement of VSWR for the horn antennas

Remove the resistive load termination and connect one of the horn antennas. Measure
its VSWR by measuring Imax and Imin as described earlier.
Results and calculations of VSWR
 Subject:: Code: Semester / Term
Lab Journal
Class: Session:

Student Name:__________________________ Roll. No ______________

Instructor Signature:______________________ Date:_________________

WORKSHEET SHEET LAB EXPERIMENT NO-7

Q.No.01: What will be the VSWR(s) with resistive load if Imax is 4.8mA and Imin is 2.4mA.

Q.No.02: What will be the VSWR(s) with horn antenna load if Imax is 4.2mA and Imin is
3.0mA.

Q.No.03: Which type of load present poor match and why?

 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.8
Title: The use of directional couplers and the measurement of VSWR and reflection co-
efficient

Performance Objectives
When you have completed this assignment you:
 Will appreciate the properties of directional couplers and their applications in microwave
transmission and measurement systems.
 Know how a directional coupler used to monitor power flowing in forward and reverse
direction.
 Know how to measure the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of a waveguide component
using a directional coupler.
Equipment Required
1. Control console 01
2. Variable attenuators A 02
3. Directional coupler F 01
4. Probe diode-detector S 01
5. Horn antenna N 01
6. Resistive termination K 01
7. Short-circuit termination plate R 01
Knowledge Level
Before you start this assignment it would be an advantage:
 To be familiar with the operation of the microwave bench
 To have read and done Assignment 2:- Measurement of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).
 To know that microwave signals can be detected using a diode detector and for low-level signals
that the detector output is proportional to power.

Discussion
The properties of a waveguide directional coupler are investigated. It is confirmed that microwave
power flowing in the forward direction (from source to load) and power flowing in the reverse direction
(reflected from the load) may be independently detected using the directional coupler. In the practical
assignment, the directional coupler is employed to measure the ratio of forward to reflected power for
three different waveguide components and their VSWRs determined from these measurements.
Introduction
A directional coupler consists essentially of two coupled transmission line designed to couple a certain
fraction of energy from one line to the other and in a direction dependent on the direction of power flow.
These properties are best defined with reference to the following Figure.

A fraction of the incident power P1 entering port 1 and flowing in line 1 is coupled into line 2. The power
coupled P3 emerges at port 3 only with ideally zero power emerging at port 4. The balance of the power
P2 in line 1 emerges at port 2.
The coupling coefficient of the device,
𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐏𝟑
𝐂= =
𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝟏

is usually expressed in decibels as

10 log P1/P3 dB
the reciprocal ratio P1/P3 rather than P3/P1 being used to avoid a negative quantity e.g. if the incident
power P1 = 10 mW and the power coupled to port 3, P3 = 0.1mW:
Coupling C = 0.1/10 = 0.01
Coupling in dB = 10 log (10/0.01) = 20 dB
In practice, there is a small leakage of power to the 'isolated' or 'decoupled' port, port 4. The directional
coupling quality of a coupler the directivity is defined in terms of the ration of coupled to decoupled
port powers i.e.
𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐏𝟑
𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐃 = =
𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐏𝟒

and is usually expressed in decibels,

10 log (P3/P4)
Well-designed couplers typically have directivities in excess of 30 dB so that the ration of powers
coupled in wanted to unwanted directions is usually better than 1000 in such devices.
Directional couplers find important application in power monitoring, power splitting and in microwave
measurement systems. Some examples of their application are illustrated in this figure.

Figure: Directional Coupler Applications

The type of coupler used in this assignment is a side wall waveguide coupler where coupling is produced
by cutting apertures in the side wall of two parallel waveguides. Microwave energy is coupled from one
guide to the other via these apertures. The strength of coupling is determined by the position and area
of the apertures and the directional properties by their axial spacing. A sketch of a simple 2-hole coupler
of the type used in the assignment is shown in the below figure. Its action is explained in the following
paragraph.
 Figure: Sidewall Coupler

Consider waves incident at port 1 and suppose coupling through the first aperture produces waves of
amplitude F1 and B1 in forward and reverse directions as indicated in the above Figure (b). Suppose at
the second aperture coupling produces forward and reverse waves of amplitude F2 and B2. The
components F1 and F2 from the apertures in the forward direction emerging at port 3 are in-phase since
both have travelled the same distance d. Components B1 and B2 travelling in the reverse direction and
emerging at port 4, however, differ in phase since B2 has travelled an additional distance of 2 d when it
combines with B1 at port 4, i.e. from x1 to x2 and x2 to x1. Since d is designed to be ¼ lg, 2d = ½ lg
and hence the components are 180° out of phase and therefore tend to cancel. If the coupling through
the apertures is such that B1 = B2, then the cancellation will be complete and no power will emerge at
port 4.
Procedure
1. Connect up the equipment with the horn antenna as the effective load and with the directional
coupler in the forward coupling position as shown in below Figure. The probe diode-detector S
detects the power coupled in the forward direction. The depth of penetration can be adjusted by
the nut and should be close to maximum.
2. Set the attenuator to approximately 40°, switch the X-band source to internal keying and the
meter to detector output. Switch on the console power supply and X-band oscillator source.
3. Adjust the amplifier-detector sensitivity control and if necessary the attenuator to obtain a
reasonable (mid-scale) reading on the meter. Record the detector current in a table similar to
that given above. This result provides a reference directly proportional to the power incident
on the horn antenna load.
 Figure: Table to Record Results
4. Next reverse the directional coupler to measure the power reflected from the horn antenna. The
directional coupler is now positioned to couple power flowing in the reverse direction. The set-
up is shown in the below figure.

5. Measure the detector current output for the reverse direction case and record in the table under
the HORN ANTENNA section.
6. Disconnect the horn antenna and replace with the resistive load termination. Measure detector
current output for both forward and reverse coupling direction as indicated in 3, 4 and 5 above.
 7. Repeat with the above measurements for the case of a highly reflective load using a variable
attenuator set at 80° (very low attenuation) terminated by a short circuiting plate.
8. For each of the 3 loads work out the following:
𝑷𝒓 𝐈𝒓
𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭, = = Г𝟐
𝑷𝒊 𝐈𝒇

𝑷𝒓 𝑰𝒓
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭, Г = =
𝑷𝒊 𝑰𝒇

𝟏+Г
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨, 𝐕𝐒𝐖𝐑 𝐒 =
𝟏−Г

and record your results in the table.

9. Comment on the results obtained for each component as regards the degree of matching it
presents to its waveguide feed line.

Summary
The directional properties of a waveguide coupler have been investigated by measuring the ratio of
powers coupled in forward and reverse directions for 3 different components. From these results, the
VSWRs of the components were determined. Applications of directional couplers and construction for
a typical coupler have also been considered.
 Subject:: Code: Semester / Term
Lab Journal
Class: Session:

Student Name:__________________________ Roll. No ______________

Instructor Signature:______________________ Date:_________________

WORKSHEET SHEET LAB EXPERIMENT NO-8

 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Title: INTRODUCTION TO Microstrip Trainer MST532
Performance objective
 Upon successful completion of lab the students will be able:
 To understand different type of microstrip components and their operation
 To know the safety precaution about trainer MST532
Equipment required
 Microstrip trainer MST532
Introduction
The MST532 has been specially developed to
 Provide students an innovative approach to microwave circuit and systems training.
 The trainer comprises the fundamental passive and active microwave integrated
circuit (MIC) building blocks now used in modern microwave radio, radar and
satellite communications systems equipment.
System Components
Microwave source (VCO):
It is voltage controlled oscillator tunable over the range 2.4 to 3.7GHz.
Directional coupler (DC):
Microstrip component with directional transmission properties used for measuring power reflection
coefficient, return loss, power monitoring
Low pass filter (LPF):
Microstrip component designed to pass lower frequency microwave signals and attenuate high
frequency components above the cut-off frequency.
Matched load (ML):
Microstrip component designed to act as a matched termination to microwave incident power, ideally
a reflection less load.
Wilkinson power divider (PD):
Microstrip component designed to split incident microwave power equally to its two output ports
Rat-race hybrid coupler (RRH):
Microstrip component designed to couple incident power at one port equally to two other ports but
providing isolation between the incident and a fourth port; finds important application in microwave
mixers, power splitters, combiners and cancellers.
Ring resonator (RR):
Microstrip resonator circuit used to investigate effective dielectric constant and loss of
microstrip.
Unknown load, 1/4 and shunt stub matching unit (ZT):
Microstrip circuits to illustrate quarter- wavelength transformer and shunt stub matching.
Three-port circulator (CIR):
Ferrite circulator mounted in microstrip used for its non-reciprocal transmission properties; widely
used as an isolator, diplexer and channel separator.
PIN diode modulator (PIN):
It is a unit in which PIN diode is mounted in microstrip to act as a modulator, voltage-
controlled attenuator of microwave power.
MMIC amplifier AMP SMA plug-to-plug coaxial connector (PPC):
It is used for interconnection of microstrip units.
DC biasing unit BL50 ohm coaxial termination (MT):
It is miniature coaxial load for terminating 50 ohm characteristic impedance microstrip in a matched
load (identified by red spot on its casing).
Crystal detector (D):
It is coaxial crystal detector employing Schottky diode to detect microwave power from
micro- to milliwatts, widely used as the power sensor in microwave power meters.
Calibration curves:
VCO and Detector

Power leads:
Used for microwave source (VCO).

Safety precaution
The Crystal Detector in this kit is EXTREMELY sensitive.Under no circumstances
should any DC or AC voltage be applied directly to the detector.
 Subject:: Code: Semester / Term
Lab Journal
Class: Session:

Student Name:__________________________ Roll. No ______________

Instructor Signature:______________________ Date:_________________

WORKSHEET SHEET LAB EXPERIMENT NO-09

Q.No.01: In which band of frequency, this trainer works?

Q.No.02: What is the function of crystal detector ?

Q.No.03: What is the safety precaution of trainer MST532 while in use?

 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.10
Title: Introduction to the microwave VCO source and detector and action of a
3-port circulator
Content
A simple microwave test system comprising the microwave voltage controlled
oscillator source, a 3-port circulator and the crystal detector used as a power meter is
set up. The operation of the VCO source and detector is explained and the non-
reciprocal transmission properties of the circulator and its action as an isolator are
investigated.
Equipment Required

Qty Designation Description

1 VCO Voltage controlled oscillator,

microwave source

1 CIR 3-port circulator

1 D Crystal detector

1 MT (red spot) 50-ohm coaxial termination

1 PPC SMA plug-to-plug coaxial connector

1 SC (white spot) Coaxial short-circuit termination

1 – Power Supply for VCO source

1 – Digital voltmeter for diode detector,

1mV to 1.4V

Note: The power supply should not be used in ‘tracking’ mode.

Objectives
When you have completed this assignment you:
 Be able to use the VCO oscillator and set its frequency to a given
value within its tuning range
 Be able to use the crystal detector for the measurement of microwave
power
 Know the basic properties of a circulator and its applications in
microwave systems
Knowledge Level
Before you start this assignment, it would be an advantage
 How the VCO source was calibrated in terms of frequency
  How the diode detector was calibrated for use as a power meter
Introduction
The VCO Source, Diode Detector and Three-Port circulator
The microwave generator supplied in the MST532 and used as the microwave source in all
assignments is voltage tuneable allowing the oscillator frequency to be
set to any desired value within its range. It incorporates a silicon transistor operated as a negative
resistance oscillator element which may be tuned by a varactor diode acting as a voltage controlled
capacitor in a thin film microwave resonator circuit.
The approximate specification of the voltage controlled oscillator, the VCO, is as follows:

frequency range: 2.4 to 3.7GHz

power output into 50 ohms: 10mW, minimum
power variation: ±1.5dB, maximum
tuning voltage limits:
low frequency (2.4GHz), 2V approx.
high frequency (3.7GHz), 30V approx.
dc supply: 15V, maximum

Tuning voltage - microwave frequency output data for the VCO in the MST532 Microstrip
Trainer are provided.

+15Vdc
0Vground supply Tuning voltage
(2-30V)

Light emitting
diode (LED)
Microwave
Black Red White power output
2mm sockets

Continuous - CW rf output
Flashing - 1kHz modulated
rf output

SMA coaxial
Modulator
connector
On-OFF switch

Fig 5.1.1 External connections to VCO Microwave Source

Fig 5.1.1 gives the external connections to the VCO unit. Three 2mm sockets mounted on
the side casing are available for the connection of the dc supply and the VCO tuning voltages.
The Connections are:

Black ground
 Red power supply = +15V
White tuning voltage +2.0V to 30V

The output from this oscillator unit may be either constant wave (CW) or switched-keyed (on-
off type) modulation at 1kHz. Switching between CW and modulated output is achieved by
operating the modulator switch. A light-emitting diode, LED, indicator is used to indicate in
which mode (CW or modulated) the oscillator is operating. In the CW mode the LED indicator
remains on. When switched to 1kHz modulation the LED flashes at a rate of approximately
once every 2 seconds.

The diode crystal detector, see fig 5.1.2, is used in the MST532 Microstrip Trainer to detect
(rectify) microwave signals and measure microwave power. The crystal detector is designed
to effect an excellent match to 50 ohm lines and for CW inputs produces a dc voltage output
which may be accurately measured by a digital voltmeter and converted to power using the
calibration curves provided. The detector sensitivity is better than 0.5mV per microwatt at low
power levels and is used to measure power levels over a wide dynamic range, typically 1µW
to 30mW plus.

Note The connection of the diode in the crystal detector used is such as to produce a negative
rather than a positive voltage output. Thus a negative voltage will be measured on the digital
voltmeter. The negative sign is of no consequence in using the calibration curves and may
be discarded.

As well as introducing and using the VCO and detector, this first assignment serves to investigate the
characteristics of a 3-port circulator and in particular its isolation properties.
A circulator is an important microwave component and is extensively used in microwave systems. It
depends on its operation on the non-reciprocal properties of ferrites — non- conducting magnetic
materials with high permeability and permittivity. Fig 5.1.3 shows a simplified diagram of a 3-port
circulator. The ferrite, placed at the centre of the junction produces non-reciprocal effects on the
transmission of energy between junctions when correctly magnetised. Magnetisation is usually
produced by a permanent magnet, not shown in the diagram; however, for switching applications
current carrying magnetisation coils are also used. The effect of the magnetised ferrite on transmission
is as follows:
Microwave energy entering at Port 1 leaves at Port 2 with ideally zero energy reaching Port 3. Energy
entering at Port 2 leaves at Port 3 and energy at Port 3 emerges at Port 1.

Port 2

Port 1 Ferrite
1 2

P1

3
Port 3

P3 Zero
Fig 5.1.3 Action of a 3-port circulator

Typically, the transmission loss between coupled ports is only about –0.5dB whilst the
isolation at the decoupled port is of the order of –20 to –30dB, i.e with reference to fig 5.1.3
with power P1 incident at Port 1:
P2
transmission loss, 1 to 2  10log10 0.5dB
P1
P
isolation, 1 to 3  10 log 3 20dB
Some applications of circulators

In Practical 1.1 described below a basic test system is set up and

the operation of the VCO microwave source and detector to
measure microwave power is explained. The transmission power
from the source via the low loss transmission path, port 1 to port
2, of the circulator is measured at a number of different
 frequencies in the S-band range centred on 3GHz.

In Practical 1.2 the power to the decoupled or isolated port of the

circulator is measured.

In Practical 1.3 port 2 is terminated in a short circuit and the

power to port 3 remeasured.

Finally in Practical 1.4 the circulator is set up so power is incident

from the source at port 2 and the power transmitted to port 1 is
measured.

From these measurements the non-reciprocal transmission

properties can be quantified for a practical circulator and its
applications as an isolator, diplexer, channel separator
reinforced.

Procedure

12.1 Initial setting-up and measurement of transmission power

1 Connect up the microwave source (VCO), circulator (CIR) and crystal detector (D) as
shown in fig 5.1.5. The VCO and circulator at its port 1 input
are interconnected using an SMA plug-to-plug connector, 8
of which are supplied. The crystal detector input is an SMA
plug connector and mates directly with the circulator at its
output port 2. These connectors can be easily tightened by
hand and finally by the spanner. Do not over-tighten.
Terminate port 3 of the circulator in a 50 ohm coaxial
termination (distinguished by a red spot on its outer casing).

2 The DC power supply has a dual 0 to 30 volt output. Using one set
of these terminals and the leads provided connect the positive (+)
terminal of the supply to the red 2mm socket terminal of the VCO
unit, connect the negative (–) terminal to the black 2mm socket
terminal of the VCO.

Strap the negative terminals of the dual supply together.

Connect the positive terminal of the second pair of the power
supply to the white terminal, the tuning voltage terminal, of
the VCO.
 3 Connect the crystal detector output by means of the coaxial cable
provided to the digital voltmeter. The BNC female connector on
the cable connects directly to the BNC jack output of the detector.
At the voltmeter end connect the black lead to the terminal marked
COM and the red lead to the terminal marked V. Set the rotary
switch to DC volts.

When switched on, the voltmeter is in the auto-ranging mode

and this should not be changed. The DC output voltage from
the crystal detector is displayed directly.The display also
shows the measurement units millivolts (mV) or volts (V) and
the polarity, in this case negative, since the detector
produces a negative output.

4 If not already done so, switch on the digital voltmeter and switch
on the DC power supply. Set the VCO supply voltage to +15 volts.
Set the VCO tuning voltage to 10 volts or so. The digital voltmeter
will display the crystal detector voltage corresponding to the power
output at port 2 of the circulator. Ensure the VCO is in its CW
mode, i.e LED indicator is on continuously.

5 Now complete the following.

Using the tuning voltage — frequency data supplied for the

VCO set the oscillator frequency at 2.5GHz. Measure the
transmission power P2 at port 2, i.e record the digital
voltmeter reading and use the detector voltage - power
calibration curves to convert the reading to microwave
power.

Use this procedure to obtain similar measurments for the

frequencies given in Table 5.1.1.

Record the results in a copy of Table 5.1.1, reproduced at the

end of this assignment.

12.2 Measurement of power transmitted to decoupled/isolated Port 3

Interchange the crystal detector D and 50 ohm coaxial termination as shown in fig
5.1.6 and using the VCO voltage settings found in Practical 1.1, measure the detector
voltage and hence the power P3 transmitted to port 3 at the five frequencies, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0,
3.25 and 3.5GHz. Record the results in a copy of Table 5.1.2, reproduced at the end of this
assignment. Calculate the ratios P3/P2 and 10 log P3/P2, where P2 is the power transmitted
to port 2, measured in Practical 1.1.
 Circulator
(CIR)
P1
1 2 50 Coaxial
VCO
Termination (MT)
PPC
plug-to-plug
Microwave Source connector 3
P3

Crystal D
Detector (D)

Digital
DVM Voltmeter

12.3 Measurement at
port 3 with power
reflected at port 2

Circulator
(CIR)
P

Short-circuit
1 2 Termination (SC)
VCO 2
P 12.4
PPC
plug-to-plug Measurement
Microwave Source connector 3 3
of
Crystal transmission
D
Detector (D) power P1 with
circulator
Digital reversed
Voltmeter
DV eter

DV
M

3
P1
2 1
VCO D
Microwave Source connector
PPC
(CIR)
plug-to-plug
Crystal
Circulator
Detector (D
 VCO Frequency VCO Tuning Detector Voltage Transmission
f GHz Voltage Output at Port 2 Power P2
2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.5
Table 5.1.1 Results
VCO Port 3 Port 3 Port 2 10log10 P3/P2
f GHz volts Detector V Power P3 Power P2 P3/P2 dB
(from Table
5.1.1)

2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.5
Table 5.1.2 Results
VCO Port 3 Port 3 Reference 10log10 P3/P2
f GHz volts Detector V Power P3 Power P2 P3/P2 dB
(from Table
5.1.1)

2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.5
Table 5.1.3 Results
VCO Port 1 Port 1 10log10 P1/P2
f GHz volts Detector V Power P1 Power P2 P1/P2 dB
(from Table
5.1.1)

2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.5
Table 5.1.4 Results
SUMMARY
A basic microwave test system has been set up and the non- reciprocal transmission properties of a
3-port ferrite circulator have been investigated.
It is observed that with power incident at a given port, the circulator directs the power with low loss in
each direction but not in the reverse sense, e.g with power incident at port 1 low loss transmission
occurs to port 2 but little power reaches port 3 when both these ports are terminated in matched (50
ohm) impedances; if power were to be reflected at port 2 it will be directed to port 3.
An important application of the circulator is as an isolator — a one-way transmission device which
presents low-loss transmission in one direction but high loss (isolation) in the reverse. In microwave
measurements, it is standard practice to use an isolator to protect the source. Any reflections produced
in the system will be effectively absorbed in the isolator (see fig 5.1.4b) thus preventing these
affecting the source output. The application of the 3-port circulator as an isolator for the VCO
microwave source is used in most of the following assignments for this reason.
 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10
accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO.11
Title : MEASUREMENT OF INSERTION LOSS: INSERTIO LOSS CHARACTERISTIC OF A LOW PASS FILTER
Performance Objectives
When you have completed this assignment, you will:

 Have calibrated the VCO source plus isolator to obtain the

output power versus frequency characteristic.
 Know the basic means of measuring the insertion loss of a
microwave component and have measured the insertion loss of a
microstrip low pass filter
 Appreciate the pass and attenuation band characteristics of this
type of filter
 Know that a microstrip low pass filter may be fabricated as an L-
C type ladder network where series L elements may be
synthesised as short lengths of high impedance line and shunt C
elements of low impedance line.
Equipment Required

Qty Designation Description

1 VCO Voltage controlled oscillator,

microwave source

1 CIR 3-port circulator

1 D Crystal detector

1 MT (red spot) 50 ohm miniature coaxial termination

1 LPF Low pass filter

2 PPC SMA miniature plug-to-plug coaxial

connectors

1 – Power supply for VCO source

1 – Digital voltmeter for diode detector

Knowledge Level
No prior microwave knowledge is required to carry out this Lab
Introduction

Filters are frequency selective networks designed so as to pass certain bands of

frequencies and reject others. Filters are normally classified as low-pass, band-pass, high-
pass or band stop according to the bands they pass with low loss or in the case of the
band stop filter, the band they reject. Typical insertion loss characteristics for the four
 classes are sketched in fig 5.2.1.Low-pass, band-pass and band stop filters find important
applications in signal selection in microwave systems and may be fabricated in microstrip.
In this assignment we investigate the insertion loss characteristic of a low pass filter
designed to attenuate frequencies in the upper part of S-band whilst providing low loss up
to 2.7GHz.

The filter, LPF, and its equivalent circuit is shown in fig 5.2.2. The filter is the microstrip
equivalent of a 5-element L-C ladder network. The L and C values are designed to produce
the required cut-off frequency, the frequency determining the limit of the pass-band range,
and the rate at which the loss rises in the attenuation band.
 LPF

(a) (b)
Low Pass Filter Equivalent circuit of filter:
(LPF) 5-element L-C ladder network

Fig 5.2.2
The series inductance L elements are synthesised using short lengths of high impedance
line. Such lengths behave predominantly inductively when terminated in low impedance lines
as indicated in fig 5.2.3(a). The characteristic impedance of a microstrip line is a function of
its width w; the smaller w the higher the impedance. The shunt capacitance C elements are
synthesised again by short lengths but of relatively large w to give the line a low characteristic
impedance. Short lengths of low impedance line terminated in high impedance lines simulate
closely a shunt capacitance as indicated in fig 5.2.3(b). In the complete
filter, see fig 5.2.3(c), corrections must be made for the abrupt junction discontinuities
between adjacent elements and the effects of the terminations on the L and C line elements.
In practice microstrip filters are designed using computer aided design packages which
accurately model all these effects and also contain facilities for simulated testing and
optimisation. In this way the L and C line lengths and respective widths can be obtained with
a good degree of confidence that they satisfy the filter specification before fabrication is
commenced.

From Power Supply

+15V
0V 2-30V Digital
voltmeter
Circulator (CIR)

DVM

P1
1 2
VCO D

3 Crystal detector (D)

SMA (Power meter)
Microwave Source
plug-to-plug
50 coaxial
connector
(PPC) termination (MT)
Procedure
The measurement of Insertion Loss of a component (see Section 4.8 of Chapter 4
'Introduction to Microwave Measurements') at a given frequency
involves two measurements: the determination of the power P 1
in the direct connection with the microwave source directly
connected to a matched power sensor and the determination of
the power P2 from the component output with the device inserted
between the source and power sensor:

The procedure described below measures first P1 over the band and then with the filter
inserted P2 over the same band, thus avoiding the rather tedious need to break the
measurement set up at each point-to-point frequency.

1 Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram of fig

5.2.4(a) with the filter out of circuit, i.e. in the direct
connection. Note the circulator with the 50-ohm termination
at port 3 acts as an isolator for the microwave source. It
provides low loss transmission from port 1 to port 2 and any
reflected power from the test system is absorbed in the 50-
ohm termination at port 3.
Connect the power supply to the VCO microwave source and
using the frequency-tuning voltage calibration data set the
source frequency at 2.45GHz.
Measure the crystal detector voltage and determine the
corresponding direct power P1 using the detector voltage —
power calibration curves.
Repeat at 50MHz intervals up to 3.65GHz, i.e at 2.5, 2.55 ...
3.6, 3.65GHz to cover the band.
Enter the results in a copy of Table 5.2.1, reproduced at the
end of this assignment.

2. Now insert the low pass filter LPF in circuit as shown in the
diagram of fig 5.2.4(b). Measure the power P2 from 2.45 to
3.65GHz in 50MHz steps. Enter the results in tabular form in
your table.
Using the results obtained in the direct connection plot a curve of the power P 1 versus
frequency over the range 2.45 to 3.65GHz. This will serve as a
useful reference for the power output via the circulator-isolator
for other assignments.
At each of the set frequencies calculate the insertion loss ratio
and insertion loss in dB:

Plot the insertion loss characteristic of the low pass filter, i.e insertion loss magnitude in dB
versus frequency. From this curve determine the 3dB critical frequency, i.e the frequency at
which the insertion loss magnitude equals 3dB. Determine also the gradient of the
characteristic over the range 3.0 to 3.6GHz.
 VCO l.L.R l.L
f GHz Tuning Detector Readings P2/P1 10 log10 (P2/P1)
volts dB
Direct Device inserted

V1 P1 V2 mV P2

2.5
2.75
3.0
3.25
3.5

SUMMARY
A simple 50 ohm test system comprising a VCO microwave source isolator and crystal
detector acting as a power meter has been set up and the insertion loss characteristic of a
low pass microstrip filter has been measured. The filter investigated was the microstrip
equivalent of an L-C ladder network with the L and C elements synthesised by short lengths
of high impedance (narrow line width) and low impedance (relatively broad width) line.
 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 12

Title: Measurement of Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient and VSWR

Performance objective

When you have completed this lab you will:

 Know the meaning of return loss and its relationship with
reflection coefficient and voltage standing wave ratio (vswr)
 Know how return loss may be measured utilising a
directional coupler
 Know how a 50 ohm matched termination can be produced in
microstrip using a 50 ohm surface mount resistor and a quarter-
wavelength, open-circuited line to make an effective short-circuit
to the ground plane conductor.
 Have measured return loss for microstrip and coaxial 50 ohms
loads and investigated the reflection produced by a low pass
filter in its pass and attenuation bands.
Equipment required

Qty Designation Description

1 VCO Voltage controlled oscillator,

microwave source

1 CIR 3-port circulator

1 DC Directional coupler

1 D Crystal detector

1 ML Matched load

1 LPF Low pass filter

2 MT (red spot) 50 ohm coaxial terminations

3 PPC SMA plug-to-plug coaxial connectors

1 SC (white spot) Coaxial short circuit termination

1 OC (blue spot) Coaxial open circuit termination

1 Power supply for VCO source

1 Digital voltmeter for diode detector

Introduction

If a transmission line is terminated in an impedance other than the characteristic impedance

Zo of the line, reflection will occur at the termination and a standing wave will be set up on
the line.

The voltage reflection coefficient  caused by such a termination, see fig 5.4.1, is defined as:
Vr
 V
i

where Vi = amplitude of the incident wave

Vr = amplitude of the reflected wave

The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) on the line, S, is defined as,

S = vmax
V min

Where Vmax = amplitude of voltage at positions of voltage maxima

Vmin = amplitude of voltage at positions of voltage minima and is related to the magnitude
of reflection coefficient,  , by

(1  )
S
(1  )

The return loss ratio is defined in terms of the ratio of the reflected power P r to the incident
power Pi,

return loss ratio= p r

pi
and as the reflected and incident wave powers are respectively proportional to the square of
the amplitudes of reflected and incident wave voltages, we have:

return loss ratio= p r

pi
= vr 2
2
Vi2 
In practice return loss is usually expressed in decibels (dB):
2
 10log10   20 log10 

Procedure
 1 Set up the test measurement system as shown in fig 5.4.5 with the
short-circuit coaxial termination, SC, denoted by a white spot on
its casing, connected to point X, port 2 of the directional coupler.
2 Measure the reflected power coupled to the directional coupler at
port 4 at the frequencies 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25 and 3.5GHz by
noting the crystal detector output. The procedures for setting up
the VCO to a given frequency and using the crystal detector for
power measurement are described in Assignment 1.
3 Disconnect the short-circuit and replace by the open-circuit
coaxial termination, OC, denoted by a blue spot on its casing
and repeat measurements of reflected power.
4 Calculate the average value of short and open-circuit reflected
powers and record them. Each value represents the reference
incident power for the given frequency.
5 Disconnect the open-circuit and connect the microstrip matched load, unit ML. Measure the
reflected power at port 4 for each of the five frequencies. Note you will need a plug- to-plug
connector (PPC) to connect the ML unit to the directional coupler.
6 Disconnect the microstrip unit ML and connect a 50 ohm coaxial termination at point X.
Measure the reflected power at each of the five frequencies.
7 Disconnect the 50 ohm coaxial termination and connect the low pass filter unit LPF at point X
using a plug-to-plug connector (PPC). Ensure the filter output is terminated in a 50 ohm
coaxial termination.
SUMMARY
When a transmission line is terminated in a load other than its characteristic impedance reflection
occurs which gives rise to troublesome effects: loss in transmission power; interference with the
source and other signals; positions of high voltage in the standing wave set up, which in high power
systems can even cause breakdown. It is therefore essential to quantify the degree of mismatch caused
by a component and for this reason return loss and/or VSWR values are required as part of a
component's specification.
In this assignment the return loss and VSWR of three components have been measured using a
directional coupler method. The reflection characteristics of the microstrip and 50 ohm coaxial
terminations have been determined. Ideally these two components should produce zero reflection.
A good quality matched load should have a VSWR of 1.05 or less and a corresponding return
loss of –32dB or less. However, in microstrip circuits return losses of the order of
–20dB are usually acceptable. In contrast the low pass filter investigated relies on reflection
of input energy to produce transmission loss in its attenuation band and high values of VSWR
are present in this band.

RESULTS TABLES
 Lab Assessment Sheet

Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number:

______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO5 Demonstrates Demonstrates

Minimal or
Modern Tools skillful ability Demonstrates some ability to
no ability to
Usage to an ability to use use tools for an
state
Ability to use use the most relevant tools engineering
conclusions or
relevant tools relevant tools for an activity, but may
make
for an for a range of engineering not identify the
recommendati
engineering engineering activity. most relevant
ons
activity. activities. tool.

The content is
The content
sometimes
is
The content is inaccurate or
The content is inaccurate or
Generally incomplete.
PLO10 accurate and overly
accurate and The
Communication comprehensive. general.
reasonably readers/listeners
Ability to express The The
complete. The may learn some
the relevant readers/listener readers/listen
readers/listeners isolated facts,
content after s are likely to ers are
may develop a but
performing the gain new unlikely to
experiment few they are unlikely
insights about learn
insights about to gain new
the topic. anything or
the topic. insights about
may be
the
misled.
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 13

Title :Properties of a Power Divider and Rat-Race

ccccccc Hybrid
coupler

Equipment required

Qty Designation Description

1 VCO Voltage controlled oscillator,

1 CIR 3-port circulator

1 PD Wilkinson power divider

1 RRH Rat-race hybrid coupler

1 D Crystal detector

3 MT (red spot) 50 ohm coaxial terminations

1 SC (white spot) Coaxial short-circuit termination

1 OC (blue spot) Coaxial open-circuit termination

2 PPC SMA plug-to-plug coaxial connectors

1 – Power supply for VCO source

1 – Digital voltmeter for diode detector

Introduction :
A power divider, as the name suggests, is a component which divides an input signal power into
two parts with a defined ratio and phase relationship. There are two types of in-line power dividers
which are used in microstrip circuits: the split T or Wilkinson version and T junction type,
examples of which are shown in fig 5.6.1.

In this assignment we will investigate the characteristics of a 3dB Wilkinson power divider, the
3dB indicating that the input power is ideally split into two equal output powers. Fig 5.6.2 shows
the power divider unit, PD, together with its equivalent input circuit.

Fig 5.6.2 3dB Wilkinson power divider

The Zo = 50 ohm input line is split into two

ohm lines, each a quarter guide wavelength in length, which
feed the Zo = 50 ohm lines at ports 2 and 3. Through quarter- wavelength transformer action
the Zo = 50 ohm lines at ports 2 and 3 are each transformed to 100 ohm effective loads at
junction xx' so the input line sees two 100 ohm loads in parallel and therefore a resultant input
impedance of 50 ohms, the required matching condition.

The 100 ohm chip resistor connected between the two output lines does not enter the above
calculation of input impedance since in the 3dB power divider the voltages induced in the
output lines are equal and in-phase so the voltage across the resistor is zero. The resistor is
included for isolation purposes. Its function is to provide a match for the output lines, it acts
as an absorptive load for any reflections caused by mismatch in these lines.

The 3dB Wilkinson power divider unit, PD, is designed for a nominal centre frequency of
3GHz. Some loss of power inevitably occurs in the divider network, but the critical
characteristics which ultimately determine the divider's quality is the degree to which the
power splits equally to the two output lines, i.e how accurately do the output powers track
each other. The input VSWR and isolation between the output lines are important.

Power dividers find important application both as power splitters and power combiners in
microwave systems and measurements. Fig 5.6.3 (a) shows a systems application where
power dividers are used to feed energy to the radiating elements of an antenna array; (b)
shows an application for measurement of inseertion loss.

The critical characteristics which determine the quality of a power divider is the degree
to which input power splits equally to the two output lines when these are matched.
Additionally the input VSWR and isolation between the output lines are also important.
Procedure :

The power tracking property of the power divider unit PD can be investigated as follows.
 Digital
Circulator (CIR) voltmeter
as Isolator
Crystal
D
detector

1 2 2 Wilkinson
VCO power divider
(PPC) (PPC) 1
3 3 (PD
Microwave
source

and plot a graph of these values versus frequency. Comment on

the power tracking performance of the divider.

If time permits refer to Assignment 4 'Measurement of return loss

and VSWR' and measure the input VSWR of the divider at port
1 with ports 2 and 3 terminated in 50 ohm loads. Plot VSWR
versus frequency.

Results
Wilkinson Power Divider

Power input
Frequency, f GHz
at port 1
2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
Power P2
Power P3

Table 5.6.1

Rat-race hybrid ring coupler

Power input Frequency, f GHz

at port 1
2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
Power P4
Power P3
Power P2
Table 5.6.2
 Lab Assessment Sheet
Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number: ______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO4
States logical
Investigation states conclusions
conclusions and Minimal or no
Ability to state States logical and makes
makes insightful ability to state
conclusions and conclusions and recommendations
recommendations, conclusions or
make makes appropriate that may or may not
and identifies make
recommendations recommendation be relevant to the
those that are recommendations
as a result of the investigation
pertinent/critical
investigation

PLO5 Demonstrates some

Demonstrates
Modern Tools Demonstrates an ability to use tools Minimal or no
skillful ability to
Usage ability to use for an engineering ability to state
use the most
Ability to use relevant tools for an activity, but may not conclusions or
relevant tools for a
relevant tools for engineering identify the most make
range of engineering
an engineering activity. relevant recommendations
activities.
activity. tool.

The content is
sometimes
The content is The content is
The content is inaccurate or
PLO10 Generally accurate inaccurate or
accurate and incomplete.
Communication and reasonably overly general.
comprehensive. The readers/listeners
Ability to express complete. The The
The readers/listeners may learn some
the relevant content readers/listeners readers/listeners
are likely to gain isolated facts, but
after performing may develop a few are unlikely to
new insights about they are unlikely
the experiment insights about learn anything or
the topic. to gain new
the topic. may be misled.
insights about the
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 14

85 | P a g e
 HFSS – A waveguide T junction
Introduction
This Getting Started guide is written for HFSS beginners as well as experienced users who are using
HFSS for the first time. This guide leads you step-by-step through creating, solving, and analysing the
results of a waveguide T-junction. By following the steps in this guide, you will learn how to perform
the following tasks in HFSS:
Draw a geometric model.
Modify a model’s design parameters.
Assign variables to a model’s design parameters.
Specify solution settings for a design.
Validate a design’s setup.
Run an HFSS simulation.
Create a 2D x-y plot of S-parameter results.
Create a field overlay plot of results.
Create a phase animation of results.

About the T-Junction

The waveguide you will create is T-shaped with an inductive septum.1 This type of structure is
used to split an incoming microwave signal into two outgoing signals. The septum divides the signal
and directs it to the outgoing ports, while minimizing reflection at the signal’s point of entry.
A signal at a frequency of 10 GHz enters the waveguide at Port 1 (see below) and exits at Port
2 and Port 3. The waveguide’s transmission and reflection of the signal depends on the position of the
septum.

Port 2
Septum

Port 3

Port 1

Expected Results
86 | P a g e
 When the septum is located centrally opposite Port 1, it divides the signal and directs it evenly
towards the output ports, Port 2 and Port 3. The magnitude of S-parameters at the output ports is
expected to be about 0.7. Incidental reflection is expected at Port 1.
Moving the septum 0.2 inches closer to Port 2 reduces the transmission through Port 2 to about 0.1
and increases the transmission through Port 3 to about 0.9.
To determine if the results are as expected, you compare
HFSS’s S-parameter calculations at each septum position on a
2D x-y plot. You also compare the E-field pattern at each septum position by creating phase-animated
field plots on the model geometry. These comparisons will indicate if the field pattern changes as
expected with the septum’s position

[1] “Parametrics and Optimization Using Ansoft HFSS,” Microwave Journal, Product Reviews,
November 1999.

Using HFSS to Create and Improve the Design

As you step through this Getting Started guide, you will be introduced to several key concepts:
 There are numerous ways to perform most tasks. For example, several methods are presented
for selecting and for assigning design parameter values.
 There is no required sequence of events when creating a design. A convenient method for creating
the T-junction will be demonstrated, but the design setup steps can be completed in any logical
order.
 You can quickly modify design properties at any time. For
example, you can draw a box freehand, then specify its Parameterizing is most effective
exact dimensions in the Properties window. when paired with pitmatics software.
 You can easily track modifications to your design in the Optometric allows you to define and
history tree and the project tree. The branches provide solve a series of variable values
access to setup dialogs, where you can modify design within a range, called parametric
properties. analysis. You can also perform an
 You can modify the model view at any time. You will optimization analysis, in which
learn shortcut keys like Ctrl + D, which fits the model in Optometric changes the design
the view window. parameter values to meet a user-
 You can save time by parameterizing design properties. defined goal. Both of these
For example, you can assign a design variable to the capabilities are demonstrated in
septum’s position. This enables you to quickly modify it “Getting Started with Optometric:
and generate new results. Optimizing a Waveguide T- Junction
 You can use HFSS’s extensive post-processing features to Using HFSS and Optometric.”
evaluate solution results. For example, the animations
you create will help you visualize the difference in field pattern results for the two septum
positions.

87 | P a g e
 Setup the Design
In this chapter you will complete the following tasks:
 Save a new project.
 Rename the HFSS design in the project.
 Select a solution type for the project.
 Set the drawing units for the design.
Open HFSS and Save a New Project
A project is a collection of one or more designs saved in a single *.hfss file. A new project is
automatically created when HFSS is launched. Open HFSS and save the default project by a new name.
1. Double-click the HFSS 13 icon on your desktop to launch HFSS. A new project is listed in the
project tree in the Project Manager window and is named Project by default. Project
definitions, such as material assignments, are stored under the project name.

If HFSS was already open

and a default project is not
listed in the project tree,
add a new HFSS project: On
the File menu, click New

2. Click File > Save As. The Save As dialog appears.

3. Use the file browser to locate the folder in which you want to save the project, (such as
C:\Program Files\Ansoft\HFSS13.0\Projects), and then double-click the folder’s name.
4. Type Tee in the File name text box, and then click Save. The project is saved in the folder you
selected to the file name Tee. hfss.

Rename the Design

You will now rename the default HFSS design in the project. The design is already listed in the project
tree when HFSS opens. It is named HFSS Design by default. The 3D Modeler window appears to the
right of the Project Manager.

88 | P a g e
 History
3D Modeler Window
Tree
Project
Manager
Window

1. To rename the design: Right-click HFSS Design in the project If the Project Manager
tree, and then click Rename on the shortcut menu. does not appear after you
2. Type Tee Model, and then press Enter. insert a new design, click
View > Project Manager.
Select a Solution Type:
As you set up the design for analysis, available settings
depend on the solution type. For this design, you will choose To automatically expand the
Driven Modal as the solution type, which is appropriate when project tree when an item is
calculating mode-based S-parameters of a passive, high- added to the project:
frequency waveguide that is being “driven” by a source. Click Tools > Options > General
1. To specify the design solution type, click HFSS > Solution Options.
Under Project Options, select
Type.
Expand Project Tree on Insert.
The Solution Type dialog appears.
2. In the Solution Type dialog box, select Driven Modal, and
then click OK.

Set the Drawing Units

To set the units of measurement for drawing the geometric The Rescale to new units’ option
model. in the dialog changes the
1. Click Modeler > Units. current units of all objects in the
The Set Model Units dialog appears design to the new units. For
2. Select in from the Select units pull-down list, and then example, 1 mm would become 1
click OK. in.

89 | P a g e
 Create the Model
In this chapter you will complete the following tasks:
 Draw a section of the T-junction.
Assign a wave port with an integration line to the section.
 Duplicate the section to create the other two sections of the T-junction.
 Unite the three sections to create the complete T-junction.
 Draw the septum.
 Assign a variable to the septum’s position.
 Subtract the septum from the T-junction.

Create the T-Junction

The T-junction is made up of three joined box objects. First you will draw a box that represents
one section of the tee. You will assign it a name, confirm its material assignment, and assign a wave
port to one of its faces.
You will then duplicate the box two times to create the second and third sections of the tee. Last, you
will unite the three sections to create the complete T-junction.

Draw a Box
Draw a 3D box object to represent the first section of the tee.
1. Ensure the option Edit Properties of new primitives is selected in Tools → Options → Modeler
Options → Drawing Tab.
2. On the Draw menu, click Box.
3. Find the coordinate fields at the bottom of the HFSS window, labeled “Enter the box position,”
and specify the base corner of the box as (0, -0.45, 0):
a) Press Tab to move to the X text box in the status bar. To move to the previous
b) Type 0 in the X box, and then press Tab to move to the Y box. coordinate box, press
Shift + Tab.
c) Type -0.45 in the Y box, and then press Tab.
d) Type 0 in the Z box, and then press Enter.

90 | P a g e
 4. Specify the length and width of the box by entering a point relative in distance to the base
corner: Type (2, 0.9, 0) in the dX, dY, and dZ boxes, and If you make a mistake, click Tee Model
then press Enter. in the project tree, and then click
5. Specify the height of the box by entering a point on the z- Undo on the Edit menu to undo design
axis relative in distance to the previously entered point: operations. HFSS lets you undo every
command performed since the last
Type (0, 0, 0.4) in the dX, dY, and dZ boxes, and then press save.
Enter. The Properties window appears, with the Command
tab selected, enabling you to modify the dimensions and position of the box.

While the Properties window is open, you will use it to If you do not want the Properties dialog box
assign a name to the box, confirm its material assignment, to appear after you draw an object: Click
and make it more transparent. Tools > Options > 3D Modeler Options. In
the 3D Modeler Options dialog, click the
Drawing tab, and then clear the Edit property
Assign a Name to the Box of new primitives’ option.
Assigning a name to the box makes it easier to track
modifications you make to the design.
1. In the Properties window, click the Attribute tab.
2. Change the name of the box to Tee: Type Tee in the Value text box in the Name row, and then
press Enter.

Confirm the Material Assigned to the Box

By default, the material assigned to the box is “vacuum”. This is the material you will use for
the T-junction. Confirm that vacuum is the value in the Material row so you do not need to change it.

91 | P a g e
Increase the Transparency of the Box
Increasing the box’s transparency makes it easy for you to distinguish separations between
other objects.
1. Click the value in the Transparent row. The Set Transparency dialog appears.
2. Move the slider until the transparency level is 0.4, and then click OK.
3. Click OK to close the Properties dialog.

The name Tee

was assigned
to the box.
The commands
performed on
the box is
tracked in the
history tree.

The first box object in the 3D Modeler window. It is selected by default when you exit the Properties
window.

Assign a Wave Port to the Box

Now you will assign a wave port to the face of the box that is parallel to the yz plane at x = 2.
As part of the setup process, you will define an integration line, which is a vector that specifies the
direction of the excitation field pattern at the port. These lines ensure that the field pattern is
consistent at all ports.
1. Switch to face selection mode by pressing the shortcut key F.
2. Click the face of the box that is parallel to the yz plane at x = 2, as shown.

3. Right-click the 3D Modeler window, and then click Assign Excitation > Wave Port on the
shortcut menu.
The Wave Port wizard appears.
4. Type Port1 in the Name text box, and then click Next.
5. Select New Line from the Integration Line pull-down list.

92 | P a g e
 6. In the 3D Modeler window, select the start point of the vector, (2, 0, 0), by clicking the edge
center at the bottom of the face. By default, the cursor should snap to this point, appearing as
a triangle

7. Select the end point (2, 0, 0.4) by clicking the edge center at the top of the face. The Wave Port
dialog box reappears.

8. To accept the remaining default settings, click Next.

9. Click Finish.

Duplicate the Box

Now you will duplicate the box to create the second and third sections of the T-junction. The
attributes of the box will be duplicated along with its geometry, boundary assignments, and
excitations, including wave port settings, can be duplicated along with the geometry if the option is
set in the HFSS Options dialog box. In this example, you will make sure this setting is selected.
Set Duplicates to Copy Boundaries
1. Click Tools > Options > HFSS Options.
2. Under the General tab of the HFSS Options dialog box, select Duplicate boundaries with
geometry, and then click OK.
Duplicate the Box to Create the Second Section
Duplicate the box 90 degrees around the z-axis to create the second section.
1. Click Tee in the history tree to select the object.
2. In the 3D modeler window, right-click to display the short-cut menu and select Edit > Duplicate
> Around Axis.
3. In the Duplicate Around Axis dialog box, select Z.
4. Type 90 in the Angle box. A positive angle causes the object to be placed in the counter-
clockwise direction.
5. Type 2 in the Total number box. This is the total number of objects, including the original, that
will be created.
6. See that Attach to original object is not checked in this panel.
7. Click OK.

93 | P a g e
 The parent object, Tee, is duplicated, and the duplicate, named Tee_1 by default, is placed
around the z-axis at a 90-degree angle. The attributes of the parent object, including its
dimensions, material, color, transparency, port, and integration line are duplicated with the
box.

Port2

Port 1 was duplicated with the geometry of the box. The new port is named Port2 by default, which
you can verify under Excitations in the project tree.
8. Click OK to close the Properties dialog.
9. Press Ctrl + D to fit the objects in the view window.

Duplicate the Box to Create the Third Section

1. Duplicate the first box again using the same procedure, but this time, type -90 in the Angle box.
A negative angle causes the object to be placed in the clockwise direction.
2. Press Ctrl + D to fit the objects in the view window.

The parent object, still selected, and its duplicates.

Unite the Boxes

94 | P a g e
 Now you will unite the three sections to create the complete T-junction. Before doing this,
you want to be sure that HFSS will not create copies of the original objects before joining them, so
you will clear the “clone before unite” option in the 3D Modeler Options dialog box.
1. Click Tools>Options>Modeler Options. The 3D Modeler Options dialog appears.
2. Under the Operation tab, make sure the Clone tool objects before uniting option is clear
3. Click OK.
4. Switch to object selection mode by pressing the shortcut key O.
5. Select the first box by clicking it in the view window.
6. Hold the Ctrl key and click the second and third boxes.
7. On the 3D Modeler menu, point to Boolean, and then click.
The objects are united at the points of intersection. The new object has the same attributes as the first
object selected.

Create the Septum

The septum is a 3D box object that will be subtracted from the T-junction. When you draw the
septum, you make its y position dependent on a variable.
Draw a Box
This time when you draw a box, you will draw it freehand, and then modify its dimensions and
position in the Properties window.
1. On the Draw menu, click Box.
2. Draw an arbitrarily shaped box in the 3D Modeler window: Select a corner of the base
rectangle, then select a second corner of the base rectangle, and then select a point on the axis
perpendicular to the base rectangle.
When you have selected the last point of the box, the Properties window appears, with the
Command tab selected. Now you will assign the box’s exact position and dimensions.
Parameterize the Position of the Box

95 | P a g e
 When you specify the box’s position, you will enter Alternatively, you could define the
the following expression for the y position: offset - 0.05, variable offset before you draw the
where offset is the name of a variable you will define. septum. Local variables can be
Because the variable offset is not yet defined when you type defined in the Properties window,
it in the expression, the Add Variable dialog box appears, which is accessed by right-clicking
enabling you to define value for offset. the design in the project tree, and
When you specify the variable’s value, you must include its then clicking Design Proper-
unit of measurement as part of the value.
1. In the Properties window, under the Command tab, in the Position text box, type -0.45in, offset
- 0.05in, 0in and then press Enter. The Add Variable dialog box appears.

2. Type 0in in the Value text box, and then click OK. You return to the Properties window.
Now you will set the exact dimensions of the box.
Modify the Dimensions of the Box
1. In the Properties window, under the Command tab, type 0.45 in the X size box.
2. Type 0.1 in the Y size box.
3. Type 0.4 in the Z size box.
While the Properties window is open, you will assign a name to the box.
Assign a Name to the Box
1. In the Properties window, click the Attribute tab.
2. Type Septum in the Value text box in the Name row.
3. Click OK.

96 | P a g e
Optionally, rotate the view to get a better view of the septum object: Press Alt and drag the mouse in
the direction you want to rotate the view.

Subtract the Septum from the T-Junction

To complete the model geometry, you will now subtract the septum object from the T-junction.
1. Click Tee in the history tree to select the tee object.
2. Hold down the Ctrl key and click Septum in the history tree to select the septum.
3. On the Modeler menu, point to Boolean, and then click Subtract.
The Subtract dialog box appears. Septum is listed in the Tool Parts list, and Tee is listed in the
Blank Parts list, indicating that the septum object will be subtracted from the tee object.
4. Make sure the Clone tool objects before subtracting option is clear.
5. Click OK.
The septum is subtracted from the tee. The new object has the same attributes as the first
object you selected, the tee object.

97 | P a g e
 The complete Model Geometry

Setup and Generate Solutions

In this chapter you will complete the following tasks:
Add a solution setup.
Add a frequency sweep to the solution setup.
Validate the design.
Run the analysis.
Modify the septum’s position.
Re-run the analysis using the new septum position

Add a Solution Setup to the Design

Specify how HFSS will compute the solution by adding a solution setup to the design.
In the solution setup, you will instruct HFSS to perform an adaptive analysis at 10 GHz. During an
adaptive analysis, HFSS refines the mesh iteratively in the areas of highest error.
1. In the project tree, under the Tee Model design, right-click Analysis, and then click Add Solution
Setup on the shortcut menu.
The Solution Setup dialog box appears.
2. Under the General tab, type 10 in the Solution Frequency text The adaptive analysis will
box, and leave the default unit set to GHz. be performed at the
3. Leave the Maximum Number of Passes set to 6. This is the solution frequency, 10
maximum number of mesh refinement cycles that HFSS will GHz.
perform.
4. Leave the default settings and click OK.
The solution setup is listed in the project tree under Analysis. It is named Setup1 by default.

98 | P a g e
You want HFSS to solve over a range of frequencies, so you will now add a frequency sweep to the
solution setup.

Add a Frequency Sweep to the Solution Setup

A smooth frequency response is expected for this design, so you will select an interpolating
frequency sweep. An Interpolating sweep estimates a solution for an entire frequency range. HFSS
chooses the frequency points at which to solve the field solution so that the entire interpolated
solution lies within a specified error tolerance. The sweep is complete when the solution meets the
error tolerance criterion or generates the maximum number of solutions. The sweep is solved after
the adaptive analysis is complete.
1. Right-click Setup1 in the project tree, and then click Add
Sweep. For the frequency sweep,
The Edit Sweep dialog box appears. HFSS will use the finite
2. Select Interpolating. element mesh refined during
3. Leave the default settings for Error Tolerance and Max the adaptive solution
Solutions.
4. Click Linear Step in the Type pulldown list.
5. Specify the following range of frequencies:

Start 8 GHz
Stop 10 GHz
Step Size 0.01 GHz
HFSS solves the frequency point at each step in the specified frequency range, including the start and
stop frequencies.
6. Click Ok

The frequency sweep is listed in the project tree under Setup1 named Sweep1 by default

99 | P a g e
Validate the Design
Before you run an analysis, it is helpful to verify that all of the necessary setup steps have been
completed and their parameters are reasonable.
1. On the HFSS menu, click Validation Check.
HFSS checks the project setup, and then the Validation Check window appears.

If there is a problem with the

design setup, the Message
Manager lists detailed error
or warning messages. Click
View > Message Manager to
display the Message
Manager.

2. Click Close. You should save the project

Now you are ready to run the simulation. before running the simulation.
To set automatic save of
Analyze the Design projects before solving, click
Now you will run the simulation, which will generate results for Tools > Options > HFSS
the T-junction when the septum is located centrally opposite Options. Under the General tab,
Port 1. select Save before solving.
Click OK
 On the HFSS menu, click Analyze All HFSS computes the
3D field solution for every solution setup in the project.
In this problem, Setup1 is the only setup. You can monitor the solution’s
The solution process is expected to take approximately 1 – 5 progress in the Progress
minutes. window at the bottom of the
When the solution is complete, a confirmation message screen. If the Progress window
appears in the Message Manager. is not visible, click View >
Progress Win

Move the Position of the Septum

When the analysis is complete, modify the septum’s position by changing the value of the variable
offset.
1. Right-click the design name TeeModel in the project tree, and then click Design Properties.
The Properties dialog box appears.
2. Under the Local Variables tab, select Value.
3. Type 0.2 in the Value text box for the variable offset.
4. Click OK.
The geometry is updated in the 3D Modeler window.

100 | P a g e
 Top-down view of the septum in its new position, closer towards Port 2.

Re-analyze the Design

Now you will run a second simulation to generate results for the T-junction when the septum is located
closer to Port 2. The previous solution is saved and available for post processing.
 Right-click Analysis in the project tree, and then click Analyze All. HFSS computes the new 3D
field solution.
 The solution process is expected to take approximately 1 - 5 minutes.
 Proceed to the next step in the next chapter, creating a 2D xy plot of S-parameter results, while
the analysis is running.
 HFSS will populate the plot with data when the solution is
complete.

Compare the Solutions

In this chapter you will complete the following tasks:
Create a 2D x-y plot of S-parameters.
Create a field overlay plot on a surface of the T junction.
Animate the field overlay plot.
Modify the septum’s position and re-animate the field overlay plot.
Close the project and exit HFSS.

Create a Rectangular Plot of S-Parameter Results

Now you will create a 2D x-y (rectangular) plot that compares the S-parameter results at each
port for the two septum positions.
1. Right-click Results in the project tree, and then click Create Modal Solution Data
Report>Rectangular Plot. The Report dialog appears with the Trace tab selected.
2. In the Context area select the Solution as Setup1:Sweep1 and the Domain as Sweep.
3. In the X area, select Freq, which HFSS recognizes as the frequency points solved during the
frequency sweep.
4. In the Y area, specify the information to plot along the y-axis:
a) In the Category list, click S parameter.
b) In the Quantity list, press Ctrl and click S(Port1, Port1), S(Port1, Port2), and S(Port1,
Port3).
c) In the Function list, click mag.
101 | P a g e
 5. Click New Report. A trace represents a line connecting data points on the plot.
6. Click Close.
The magnitude of the S-parameters at each offset value will be plotted against frequency on an x-y
graph, as shown on the next page. The plot is listed under Results in the project tree along with its
three corresponding trace definitions.

102 | P a g e
The three blue-shaded lines show the S-parameter values at each port when offset = 0 in. The three
red-shaded lines show the S-parameter values at each port when offset = 0.2 in. The line styles in the
plot above were modified in the Traces Properties dialog box for better visualization.
 As expected, minor reflection near 0.2 is occurring at the input port, Port 1, when the value of
the offset variable is 0in—that is, when the septum is located centrally opposite to Port 1. At
the same time, an equal transmission near 0.7 occurs at the two output ports, Port 2 and Port
3.
 The reflection at Port 1 decreases slightly when the value offset is 0.2 inches—that is, when
the septum is moved 0.2 inches toward Port 2. The transmission at Port 2 decreases and the
transmission at Port 3 increases with the septum at this position.
Next you will create and animate a field overlay plot that displays the difference in field pattern
between the two septum positions

Create a Field Overlay Plot

A field overlay plot is a representation of a field quantity on a surface or within an object. You will plot
the magnitude of the E-field on the top surface of the T-junction. First, move the septum back to its
original position centrally opposite Port 1.

Modify the Position of the Septum

Change the value of the variable offset back to 0 inches:
1. Make sure the Property window is displayed. If it is not, click View> Property Window.
2. Click the design name Tee Model in the project tree.
3. Under the Variables tab in the Properties window, type 0 in the Value text box for the variable
offset, and then press Enter.

Create the Field Plot

1. Return to the 3D Modeler window.
2. Switch to face selection mode: Right-click in the view window, and then click Select Faces on
the shortcut menu.
3. Select the top face of the T-junction:

The line styles in the plot were modified in the

Trace Properties dialog box for better
visualization. To add data markers to all lines on
the plot as shown: Double click a line. In the
Trace Properties dialog box, click the Attributes
tab, select Show Symbols, and then type 5 in
the text box for Symbol Frequency. To change a
line’s color: Click the Color property and modify
the selected line’s color.

103 | P a g e
 4. Click HFSS > Fields > Plot Fields > E > Mag E. The Create Field Plot dialog box appears.
5. Select Setup1: Last Adaptive as the solution to plot in the Solution pull-down list.
6. Accept the default settings by clicking Done.
The plot appears on the top surface of the T-junction. It shows the E-field distributed evenly towards
Port 2 and Port 3.
The new plot is listed under Field Overlays in the project tree. It is named Mag_E1, which was the
default name set in the Create Field Plot dialog box

The Mag_E1 plot of the E-field when the septum is located opposite Port 1. The new plot is listed in a
default folder under Field Overlays in the project tree.
Now you will animate the field overlay plot.

104 | P a g e
Animate the Field Overlay Plot
An animated plot is a series of frames that displays a field, mesh, or geometry at varying values.
You specify the values of the plot that you want to include, just as an animator takes snapshots of
individual drawings that make up a cartoon. Each value is a frame in the animation.
1. Right-click Mag_E1 in the project tree, and then click Animate. The Select Animation dialog box
appears.
2. Click New. The Setup Animation dialog appears.
3. Under the Swept Variable tab, click Phase on the Swept Variable list.
4. Specify the phase values to include in the animation:
a) Type 0deg in the Start text box.
b) Type 160deg in the Stop text box.
c) Type 8 in the Steps text box.
5. Click OK
The animation begins in the view window. It shows the septum steering the electromagnetic
wave evenly toward Port 2 and Port 3.
The Animation dialog box appears in the upper-left corner of the desktop, enabling you to stop,
restart, and control the speed and sequence of the frames.

The animation displays the plot at 8 phase values between 0 and 160. The start value is the first frame
displayed, resulting in a total of 9 frames in the animation.
6. In the Animation dialog box, click the stop button.

Modify the Septum’s Position and Re-animate

Now you will move the septum’s position closer to Port 2 to see its effect on the E-field pattern
on the T-junction’s top surface.
1. Click the design name Tee Model in the project tree. You may need to drag the Animation
dialog box aside to see the design name in the project tree.
2. Under the Variables tab in the Properties window, type 0.2 in the Value text box for offset, and
then press Enter. Click the play button to start the updated animation. It shows more of the
electromagnetic wave moving towards Port 3 than toward Port 2.

105 | P a g e
 The animated Mag_E1 plot of the E-field when the septum is located 0.2 inches closer to Port 2.

Close the Project and Exit HFSS

Congratulations! You have successfully completed this HFSS Getting Started guide! You may
stop the animation, close the Tee project, and exit the software.
1. In the Animation dialog box, click the stop button, and then click Close.
2. Save the project.
3. Click File > Close.
4. Click File > Exit.

106 | P a g e
 Lab Assessment Sheet
Student Name: ______________________ Roll Number: ______________________

Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

PLOs
9-10 6-8 3-5 0-2

PLO4
States logical
Investigation states conclusions
conclusions and Minimal or no
Ability to state States logical and makes
makes insightful ability to state
conclusions and conclusions and recommendations
recommendations, conclusions or
make makes appropriate that may or may not
and identifies make
recommendations recommendation be relevant to the
those that are recommendations
as a result of the investigation
pertinent/critical
investigation

PLO5 Demonstrates some

Demonstrates
Modern Tools Demonstrates an ability to use tools Minimal or no
skillful ability to
Usage ability to use for an engineering ability to state
use the most
Ability to use relevant tools for an activity, but may not conclusions or
relevant tools for a
relevant tools for engineering identify the most make
range of engineering
an engineering activity. relevant recommendations
activities.
activity. tool.

The content is
sometimes
The content is The content is
The content is inaccurate or
PLO10 Generally accurate inaccurate or
accurate and incomplete.
Communication and reasonably overly general.
comprehensive. The readers/listeners
Ability to express complete. The The
The readers/listeners may learn some
the relevant content readers/listeners readers/listeners
are likely to gain isolated facts, but
after performing may develop a few are unlikely to
new insights about they are unlikely
the experiment insights about learn anything or
the topic. to gain new
the topic. may be misled.
insights about the
topic.

Instructor Signature: _________________________ Total

107 | P a g e
 LAB EXPERIMENT NO. 15
Title: Open Ended Lab
Design a Microstrip Square Patch Antenna on HFSS

DESIGN SPECIFICATION
The essential parameters for the design are:

Parameters Dimensions Units

Dielectric Constant 4.7 -

Frequency 2.45 GHz

W 29.35 mm

L 29.35 mm

Wg 2*W mm

Lg 2*L mm

Wf 2.932 mm

hs 1.6 mm

Figure 1. Structure of Microstrip Square Patch Antenna

108 | P a g e