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Bisection Method: Roots of Equation

The document discusses the bisection method for finding roots of equations. It begins by providing an example of using factorization and the quadratic formula to find roots of a quadratic equation. It then notes that some equations cannot be solved directly with formulas. The bisection method is introduced as a numerical technique for approximating roots of equations. The method involves repeatedly bisecting the interval between two estimates of the root and determining if the function changes sign within the interval. Two examples applying the bisection method to find roots are then shown.

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Mehedi Hasan Apu
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86 views6 pages

Bisection Method: Roots of Equation

The document discusses the bisection method for finding roots of equations. It begins by providing an example of using factorization and the quadratic formula to find roots of a quadratic equation. It then notes that some equations cannot be solved directly with formulas. The bisection method is introduced as a numerical technique for approximating roots of equations. The method involves repeatedly bisecting the interval between two estimates of the root and determining if the function changes sign within the interval. Two examples applying the bisection method to find roots are then shown.

Uploaded by

Mehedi Hasan Apu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bisection Method

Roots of Equation

Asifur Rahman

CEN 205 Numerical Methods Asifur Rahman January 11, 2018 1/6
Motivation for Numerical Solution of Root Bisection Method

Task Solve the equation, x2 − 5x + 6 = 0.

Solution By Factorization
2
x − 5x + 6 = 0
2
x − 3x − 2x + 6 = 0
x(x − 3) − 2(x − 3) = 0
(x − 3)(x − 2) = 0
So the solution, x = 2, 3

Solution By Quadratic Formula


p
−b ± b2 − 4ca
x=
2a
p
−(−5) ± 52 − 4×6×1 It was pretty easy though. Now try to solve,
=
2×1 3 2
x − 5x + 2 sin x = 0
5±1
= Or may be this,
2
x sin x
= 2, 3 e − + 2 log x = 0
x
There are no hard and fast rule to solve these equations directly. This is
where the techniques of numerical solutions come into play.

CEN 205 Numerical Methods Asifur Rahman January 11, 2018 2/6
Behavior of Nonlinear Equations Bisection Method

Nonlinear equations can behave in various


ways in the vicinity of a root.
I Fig. (a) illustrates the case of a single
real root, which is called a simple
root.
I Fig. (b) illustrates a case where no real
roots exist. Complex roots may exist
in such case.
I Situations with two and three simple
roots are illustrated in Fig. (c) and (d),
respectively.
I Situations with two and three multiple
roots are illustrated in Fig. (e) and (f),
respectively.

CEN 205 Numerical Methods Asifur Rahman January 11, 2018 3/6
Bisection Method Bisection Method

Steps

1. Find two estimates of root, x = a to the left and x = b to the right of root.
2. Then determine c = (a + b)/2
3. If, f(a) f(c) < 0, set b = c and follow step 2.
If, f(b) f(c) < 0, set a = c and follow step 2.

CEN 205 Numerical Methods Asifur Rahman January 11, 2018 4/6
Example 1 Bisection Method

Ques. Solve the following equation using bisection Iteration 2 a = 1, b = 1.5


method. Approximate error should be less than 1
percent. c = (a + b)/2 = (1 + 1.5)/2 = 1.25
2 x
y = 3x + 2e − 12
f(a) = −3.5634
Solution. f(b) = +3.7134
2 (1.25)
f(c) = 3(1.25) + 2e − 12 = −0.3318
1.25 − 1.50

a = = 20%

1.25
Since, f(b) f(c) < 0, the root lies between 1.25 and 1.5. So, a = 1.25 and
b = 1.5 for next iteration.

Bisection Method
i a b c f(a) f(b) f(c) a
1 1.0000 2.0000 1.5000 −3.5634 14.7781 3.7134 -
2 1.0000 1.5000 1.2500 −3.5634 3.7134 −0.3318 20.0000
3 1.2500 1.5000 1.3750 −0.3318 3.7134 1.5820 9.0909
4 1.2500 1.3750 1.3125 −0.3318 1.5820 0.5989 4.7619
Iteration 1
a = 1, b = 2 5 1.2500 1.3125 1.2813 −0.3318 0.5989 0.1271 2.4390
c = (a + b)/2 = (1 + 2)/2 = 1.5 6 1.2500 1.2813 1.2656 −0.3318 0.1271 −0.1040 1.2346
2 (1) 7 1.2656 1.2813 1.2734 −0.1040 0.1271 0.0112 0.6135
f(a) = 3(1) + 2e − 12 = −3.5634
2 (2)
f(b) = 3(2) + 2e − 12 = +14.7781
2 (1.5)
f(c) = 3(1.5) + 2e − 12 = +3.7134
Since, f(a) f(c) < 0, the root lies between 1 and 1.5
So, a = 1 and b = 1.5 for next iteration.
CEN 205 Numerical Methods Asifur Rahman January 11, 2018 5/6
Example 2 Bisection Method

Ques. A flexible chord carries w = 0.1 kN/m Iteration 1


load and has y0 = 5 m. Determine tension T at a = 10, b = 15
location where, x = 50 m, y = 15 m.
c = (a + b)/2 = (10 + 15)/2 = 12.5
Approximate error should be less than 1 percent.
5
 
f(a) = 10×10 cosh − 1 − 10 = +2.76
10
5
 
f(b) = 10×15 cosh − 1 − 10 = −1.59
15
5
 
f(c) = 10×12.5 cosh − 1 − 10 = +0.13
12.5

Since, f(b) f(c) < 0, the root lies between 12.5 and 15. So, a = 12.5 and
b = 15 for next iteration.

Bisection Method
Given that, the cable follows the equation,
i a b c f(a) f(b) f(c) a
T w T
 
y= cosh x + y0 − 1 10.0000 15.0000 12.5000 2.7626 −1.5892 0.1340 -
w T w
2 12.5000 15.0000 13.7500 0.1340 −1.5892 −0.8085 9.0909
Solution. 3 12.5000 13.7500 13.1250 0.1340 −0.8085 −0.3605 4.7619
Substituing the given values on equation and then
4 12.5000 13.1250 12.8125 0.1340 −0.3605 −0.1195 2.4390
rearranging we find,
T

0.1

T 5 12.5000 12.8125 12.6563 0.1340 −0.1195 0.0057 1.2346
15 = cosh ×50 + 5 −
0.1 T 0.1 6 12.6563 12.8125 12.7344 0.0057 −0.1195 −0.0573 0.6135

5
 
10T cosh − 1 − 10 = 0
T
Now solve T using bisection method.
CEN 205 Numerical Methods Asifur Rahman January 11, 2018 6/6

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