117.

PROFILE ON BLEACHING POWDER

 117-2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

I. SUMMARY 117-3

II. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION 117-3

III. MARKET STUDY AND PLANT CAPACITY 117-4

A. MARKET STUDY 117-4
B. PLANT CAPACITY & PRODUCTION PROGRAMME 117-7

IV. MATERIALS AND INPUTS 117-8

A. RAW MATERIALS 117-8
B. UTILITIES 117-8

V. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING 117-9

A. TECHNOLOGY 117-9
B. ENGINEERING 117-9

VI. MANPOWER & TRAINING REQUIREMENT 117-13

A. MANPOWER REQUIREMENT 117-13
B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT 117-14

VII. FINANCIAL ANLYSIS 117-15

A. TOTAL INITIAL INVESTMENT COST 117-15
B. PRODUCTION COST 117-16
C. FINANCIAL EVALUATION 117-17
D. ECONOMIC BENEFITS 117-19
 117-3

I. SUMMARY

This profile envisages the establishment of a plant for the production of bleaching
powder with a capacity of 103 tones per annum. Bleaching powder is used to remove
color from natural or artificial products. It is a crucial input of the textile industry.

The raw materials used in the manufacturing of bleaching powder are calcium oxide
which is obtained from calcium carbonate burning and chlorine gas from sodium chloride
electrolysis process. Calcium oxide can be obtained from Caustic Soda Share Company
while chlorine will be imported.

The present demand for the proposed product is estimated at 85 tones per annum. The
demand is expected to reach at 267 tones by the year 2020.

The total investment requirement is estimated at Birr 4.85 million, out of which Birr 420
thousand is required for plant and machinery. The plant will create employment
opportunities for 15 persons.

The project is financially viable with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.75 % and a net
present value (NPV) of Birr 2.80 million, discounted at 8.5%.

The project will have a backward linkage effect with chemical industry and a forward
linkage effect with the textile sector. The establishment of such factory will have a
foreign exchange saving effect to the country by substituting the current imports.

II. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION

Bleaching Powder is an oxidizing agent and the activity is measured in terms of available
chlorine, which is, by definition, the same weight as that of gaseous or liquid chlorine
that would exert the same action as the chlorine compound in question. In the bleaching
powder (CaOCl2), the available chlorine is the same as the percentage of chlorine.
 117-4

Bleaching powder contains about 35% or less of available chlorine when freshly
manufactured. Bleaching powder is partially soluble in water, the hypochlorite dissolving
and being responsible for oxidizing and bleaching power.

Bleaching powder is used to whiting or removing the natural color of textile fibers, yarns,
wood pulp, paper and other products by chemical reaction and also is an additive in the
scouring powder preparation as germicide.

III. MARKET STUDY AND PLANT CAPACITY

A. MARKET STUDY

1. Past Supply and Present Demand

Bleaching powder is used to remove color from natural or artificial products. The product
is a crucial input of the textile industry. Since there is no a plant that produces bleaching
powder locally the country’s requirement for the product is entirely met through import.
However, import statistics from Customs Authority lumps up bleaching powder with
other finishing agents used by textile industries. However, opinion of knowledgeable
persons indicates that from the total textile finishing agents imported the share of
bleaching powder is 15%. Accordingly the quantity of textile finishing agents imported
and the share of bleaching powder in the past seven years i.e. 2000-2006 is presented in
Table 3.1.
 117-5

Table 3.1
IMPORT OF BLEACHING POWDER (TONNES)

Year Textile
Finishing Bleaching
Agents Powder
2000 344 51.6
2001 347 52.05
2002 368 55.2
2003 334 50.1
2004 992 148.8
2005 304 45.6
2006 108 16.2

Source:- Ethiopian Customs Authority

As could be seen from Table 3.1., Import of bleaching powder fluctuates from year to
year with out any trend. However, during the period of analyses import of bleaching
powder has registered an average annual growth rate of 10%.

To estimate the present (2008) demand for the product the recent three years (2004 –
2006) average is assumed to reflect demand for the product in year 2006. Moreover,
assuming that past trends will also continue in the near future a 10% growth rate is used.

Accordingly, by taking the average of 2004 - 2006 import as a base and applying a
growth rate of 10% the present demand for bleaching powder is estimated at 85 tons.
 117-6

2. Projected Demand

Demand for the product is directly related with the development of the manufacturing
industries in the country specifically the textile sector. According to a Plan for
Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP), Sept, 2006, value
added in industrial out put grew by 7% on average during the last three years (2002/03-
2004/05). The target set for the industrial sector during the period of the PASDEP i.e.
2005/06-2009/10, is to register and average annual growth rate of 11.5%. Considering
this situation the demand for bleaching powder is assumed to grow by 10% per annum.
The projected demand is shown in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2
PROJECTED DEMAND FOR BLEACHING POWER (TONNES)

Year Projected Demand

2009 93
2010 103
2011 113
2012 124
2013 137
2014 150
2015 166
2016 182
2017 200
2018 220
2019 242
2020 267
 117-7

3. Pricing and Distribution

Based on the average price of import a factory grate price of Birr 27,000 per ton is
recommended. Since the product is required by the manufacturing sector it can be sold
directly to the end users.

B. PLANT CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION PROGRAMME

1. Plant Capacity

The annual production capacity of the proposed project is 103 ton per annum based on
300 working days and a single shift per day.

2. Production Programme

Table 3.3 below shows the production programme of Bleaching powder production at the
initial stage of the production period, the plant requires some years to penetrate the
market. Therefore in the first and second year of production, the capacity utilization rate
will be 70% and 90%, respectively. In the third year and then after full capacity
production shall be attained.

Table 3.3
PRODUCTION PROGRAMME

Sr. Description Production Year

1 2 3
No.
1 Capacity Utilization (%) 70 90 100
2 Bleaching Powder(Ton) 72.1 92.7 103
 117-8

IV. MATERIALS AND INPUTS

A. RAW AND AUXILIARY MATERIALS

The raw materials used in the manufacturing of Bleaching powder are calcium oxide that
is obtained from calcium carbonate burning and chlorine gas from sodium chloride
electrolysis process. Calcium oxide can be obtained from Caustic Soda Share Company
while chlorine will be imported. The plant also requires polyethylene woven bags with
inner lined plastic for packing of the finished product. The annual requirement of
Calcium oxide, Chlorine gas and polyethylene woven bags with inner lined plastic
estimated cost are indicated in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF RAW-MATERIALS & COST

No. Description Unit Of Qty Unit Cost Cost In '000 (Birr)
F.C L.C Total
Meas. (Birr)
1 Calcium Oxide Ton 70 3,000 - 210.000 210.000
2 Chlorine gas m3 44 3,200 140.800 - 140.800
3 PP woven bag with Pcs 2,22 3 - 6.798 6.798
inner lined plastic 6

Total cost 357.598

B. UTILITIES

Utilities required for manufacturing of Bleaching powder include electric power and water.
The detail of utilities consumption and their costs is given in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2
ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF UTILITIES
 117-9

Cost In '000 Birr

Description Unit of Qty. F.C L.C T.C
Measure
Electricity kwh 85,000 - 40.25 40.25
Water m3 6,000 - 19.50 19.50

Total Cost - 59.75 59.75

V. ECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

A. TECHNOLOGY

1. Process description

Nearly dry slaked lime readily absorbs chlorine to form bleaching powder. In commercial
production, electrolytic chlorine, diluted with air, passes up a rotating inclined cylinder
down which slaked lime falls. The rotating inclined cylinder ensures that the slaked lime
is constantly being stirred to expose afresh uncombed surface. Water cooling regulates
the temperature of the system. The product, bleaching powder or” chloride of lime”, is an
off- white solid, which smell of chlorine.

Chlorine gas is harmful to the environment so it must be properly handled in a closed

system. The recommended technology considers this environmental impact.

2. Source of Technology
 117-10

The technical data and information related to this technology can be obtained from China.
One of the machineries and equipment supplier address is given below:-
Asia Chemical Engineering co,.Ltd
ADD.: 9 Road Qingchun Hangzhou China p.c:310009
Tel: 0086-571-87228886 Fax: 0086-571-87242887

B. ENGINEERING

1. Machinery and Equipment

The list of production machinery and equipment required for the plant is provided in Table
5.1. The total cost of plant machinery and equipment is estimated at Birr 420,000 out of
which Birr 357,000 will be in foreign currency.

Table 5.1
LIST OF MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT

Sr. Cost in Birr’000

Description Qty
No. FC LC TC
1 Rotating steel cylinder 1 107.100 - 107.100
2 Calcium oxide storage tank 1 - 34.650 34.650
3 Hopper for calcium oxide 1 - 25.200 25.200
4 Steel tanker for chlorine gas storage 1 178.500 - 178.500
5 Conveyor and accessories 1 set 71.400 - 71.400
6 Pump 1 - 3.150 3.150
Total Cost 357.000 63.000 420.000

2. Land, Building and Civil Works

The total land requirement for the envisaged plant is estimated at 1,000 m 2out of this 550
m2 is built-up Out of the total built up area 300 m2 is used for production hall, 150m2 for
 117-11

store and 100m2 for office . Cost of building construction with at rate of Birr 2400 per m 2
amounts to Birr 1,320,000.

According to the Federal Legislation on the Lease Holding of Urban Land (Proclamation
No 272/2002) in principle, urban land permit by lease is on auction or negotiation basis,
however, the time and condition of applying the proclamation shall be determined by the
concerned regional or city government depending on the level of development.

The legislation has also set the maximum on lease period and the payment of lease
prices. The lease period ranges from 99 years for education, cultural research health,
sport, NGO , religious and residential area to 80 years for industry and 70 years for trade
while the lease payment period ranges from 10 years to 60 years based on the towns
grade and type of investment.

Moreover, advance payment of lease based on the type of investment ranges from 5% to
10%.The lease price is payable after the grace period annually. For those that pay the
entire amount of the lease will receive 0.5% discount from the total lease value and those
that pay in installments will be charged interest based on the prevailing interest rate of
banks. Moreover, based on the type of investment, two to seven years grace period shall
also be provided.

However, the Federal Legislation on the Lease Holding of Urban Land apart from setting
the maximum has conferred on regional and city governments the power to issue
regulations on the exact terms based on the development level of each region.

In Addis Ababa the City’s Land Administration and Development Authority is directly
responsible in dealing with matters concerning land. However, regarding the
manufacturing sector, industrial zone preparation is one of the strategic intervention
measures adopted by the City Administration for the promotion of the sector and all
manufacturing projects are assumed to be located in the developed industrial zones.
 117-12

Regarding land allocation of industrial zones if the land requirement of the project is
blow 5,000 m2 the land lease request is evaluated and decided upon by the Industrial
Zone Development and Coordination Committee of the City’s Investment Authority.
However, if the land request is above 5,000 m2 the request is evaluated by the City’s
Investment Authority and passed with recommendation to the Land Development and
Administration Authority for decision, while the lease price is the same for both cases.

The land lease price in the industrial zones varies from one place to the other. For
example, a land was allocated with a lease price of Birr 284 /m 2 in Akakai-Kalti and Birr
341/ m2 in Lebu and recently the city’s Investment Agency has proposed a lease price of
Birr 346 per m2 for all industrial zones.

Accordingly, in order to estimate the land lease cost of the project profiles it is assumed
that all manufacturing projects will be located in the industrial zones. Therefore, for this
profile, which is a manufacturing project a land lease rate of Birr 346 per m2 is adopted.

On the other hand, some of the investment incentives arranged by the Addis Ababa City
Administration on lease payment for industrial projects are granting longer grace period
and extending the lease payment period. The criterions are creation of job opportunity,
foreign exchange saving, investment capital and land utilization tendency etc.
Accordingly, Table 5.2 shows incentives for lease payment.

Table 5.2
INCENTIVES FOR LEASE PAYMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS

Scored point Grace Payment Down

 117-13

Completion Paymen
period Period t
Above 75% 5 Years 30 Years 10%
From 50 - 75% 5 Years 28 Years 10%
From 25 - 49% 4 Years 25 Years 10%

For the purpose of this project profile the average i.e. five years grace period, 28 years
payment completion period and 10% down payment is used. The period of lease for
industry is 60 years .

Accordingly, the total lease cost, for a period of 60 years with cost of Birr 346 per m 2, is
estimated at Birr 20.76 million of which 10% or Birr 2,076,000 will be paid in advance.
The remaining Birr 18.68 million will be paid in equal installments with in 28 years i.e.
Birr 667,286 annually.

VI. MANPOWER AND TRAINING REQUIREMENT

A. MANPOWER REQUIREMENT

In order to run the envisaged plant efficiently, it needs 15 employees. The estimated
annual cost of manpower is Birr 207,750. The detail of which is shown in Table 6.1

Table 6.1
MANPOWER REQUIREMENT AND ESTIMATED ANNUAL COST

Sr. Description Req. Monthly Annual Salary

 117-14

No. No. Salary (Birr) (Birr)

1 Manager 1 3,000 36,000
2 Administration + Finance Head 1 2,500 30,000
3 Secretary 1 900 10,800
4 Sales and purchase Head 1 1,400 16,800
5 Production Supervisors 1 1,400
16,800
6 Operators 2 1,200 14,400
7 Technicians 1 600 7,200
9 Laborers 3 1,050 12,600
10 Store keeper 1 600 7,200
11 Guard 2 700 8,400
12 Driver 1 500 6,000
Sub-Total 15 11,400 166,200
Employees benefit 20 % 2,280 41,550
Grand Total 13,680 207,750

B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT

Training of production worker is carried out during plant erection and commissioning by
the experts of the machinery suppliers. The cost of training is estimated at Birr 30,000.
 117-15

VII. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The financial analysis of the belching powder project is based on the data presented in
the previous chapters and the following assumptions:-

Construction period 1 year

Source of finance 30 % equity
70 % loan
Tax holidays 3 years
Bank interest 8.5%
Discount cash flow 8.5%
Accounts receivable 30 days
Raw material local 30 days
Raw Material import 90 days
Finished products 30 days
Cash in hand 5 days
Accounts payable 30 days
Repair and maintenance 5% of machinery cost

A. TOTAL INITIAL INVESTMENT COST

The total investment cost of the project including working capital is estimated at Birr
4.85 million, of which 7 per cent will be required in foreign currency.

The major breakdown of the total initial investment cost is shown in Table 7.1.
 117-16

Table 7.1
INITIAL INVESTMENT COST ( ‘ 000 Birr)

Sr. Cost Items Local Foreign Total

Cost Cost Cost
No.
1 Land lease value 2,076.00 - 2,076.00
2 Building and Civil Work 1,320.00 - 1,320.00
3 Plant Machinery and Equipment 63.0 357.00 420.00
4 Office Furniture and Equipment 100.00 - 100.00
5 Vehicle 450.00 - 450.00
6 Pre-production Expenditure* 424.08 - 424.08
7 Working Capital 64.16 - 64.16
  Total Investment cost 4,497.24 357.00 4,854.24

* N.B Pre-production expenditure includes interest during construction ( Birr 294.08

thousand ) training (Birr 30 thousand ) and Birr 100 thousand costs of registration,
licensing and formation of the company including legal fees, commissioning expenses,
etc.

B. PRODUCTION COST

The annual production cost at full operation capacity is estimated at Birr 976.72 thousand
(see Table 7.2). The raw material cost accounts for 36.63 per cent of the production
cost. The other major components of the production cost are financial cost , depreciation
and direct labour which account for 18.66%, 15.16 % and 10.21% respectively. The
remaining 19.34 % is the share of utility, repair and maintenance, labour over head and
other administration cost.
 117-17

Table 7.2
ANNUAL PRODUCTION COST AT FULL CAPACITY ('000 BIRR)

Items Cost %
Raw Material and Inputs
357.60 36.63
Utilities 59.76 6.12
Maintenance and repair
21.00 2.15
Labour direct 99.72 10.21
Labour overheads
41.55 4.26
Administration Costs 66.48 6.81
Land lease cost
- -
Total Operating Costs 646.11 66.18
Depreciation 148.00 15.16
Cost of Finance 182.21 18.66
Total Production Cost
976.32 100

C. FINANCIAL EVALUATION

1. Profitability

Based on the projected profit and loss statement, the project will generate a profit through
out its operation life. Annual net profit after tax will grow from Birr 555.68 thousand to
Birr 1.12 million during the life of the project. Moreover, at the end of the project life the
accumulated cash flow amounts to Birr 8.08 million.

2. Ratios

In financial analysis financial ratios and efficiency ratios are used as an index or yardstick
for evaluating the financial position of a firm. It is also an indicator for the strength and
weakness of the firm or a project. Using the year-end balance sheet figures and other
relevant data, the most important ratios such as return on sales which is computed by
 117-18

dividing net income by revenue, return on assets ( operating income divided by assets),
return on equity ( net profit divided by equity) and return on total investment ( net profit
plus interest divided by total investment) has been carried out over the period of the
project life and all the results are found to be satisfactory.

3. Break-even Analysis

The break-even analysis establishes a relationship between operation costs and revenues.
It indicates the level at which costs and revenue are in equilibrium. To this end, the
break-even point of the project including cost of finance when it starts to operate at full
capacity ( year 3) is estimated by using income statement projection.

BE = Fixed Cost = 24 %
Sales – Variable Cost

4. Payback Period

The pay back period, also called pay – off period is defined as the period required
recovering the original investment outlay through the accumulated net cash flows earned
by the project. Accordingly, based on the projected cash flow it is estimated that the
project’s initial investment will be fully recovered within 5 years.

5. Internal Rate of Return

The internal rate of return (IRR) is the annualized effective compounded return rate that
can be earned on the invested capital, i.e., the yield on the investment. Put another way,
the internal rate of return for an investment is the discount rate that makes the net present
value of the investment's income stream total to zero. It is an indicator of the efficiency or
quality of an investment. A project is a good investment proposition if its IRR is greater
than the rate of return that could be earned by alternate investments or putting the money
 117-19

in a bank account. Accordingly, the IRR of this porject is computed to be 22.75 %

indicating the vaiability of the project.

6. Net Present Value

Net present value (NPV) is defined as the total present ( discounted) value of a time
series of cash flows. NPV aggregates cash flows that occur during different periods of
time during the life of a project in to a common measuring unit i.e. present value. It is a
standard method for using the time value of money to appraise long-term projects. NPV
is an indicator of how much value an investment or project adds to the capital invested. In
principal a project is accepted if the NPV is non-negative.

Accordingly, the net present value of the project at 8.5% discount rate is found to be
Birr 2.80 million which is acceptable.

D. ECONOMIC BENEFITS

The project can create employment for 15 persons. In addition to supply of the domestic
needs, the project will generate Birr 877.31 thousand in terms of tax revenue. The
establishment of such factory will have a foreign exchange saving effect to the country by
substituting the current imports. The project will have a backward linkage effect with
chemical industry and a forward linkage effect with the textile sector.