energies

Article
Smart Building Integration into a Smart City (SBISC):
Development of a New Evaluation Framework
Rasa Apanaviciene 1, *, Andrius Vanagas 1 and Paris A. Fokaides 1,2, *
1 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu str. 48,
LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected]
2 School of Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus
* Correspondence: [email protected] (R.A.); [email protected] (P.A.F.)




Received: 23 March 2020; Accepted: 19 April 2020; Published: 1 May 2020


Abstract: The aim of this study is to define the features that smart buildings should fulfil in order to
be compatible with the overall context of the smart city and to introduce a new evaluation framework
of Smart Buildings Integration into a Smart City (SBISC). By analysing scientific literature as well as
existing international and local project examples, the features of smart buildings that are expected to
be adopted in smart cities were identified. The SBISC evaluation methodology was developed and
applied to a set of selected projects. The literature review revealed that the smart building and smart
city concepts were developed in different time frames and by different stakeholders and, thus, need
to be realigned. The most important aspect is to employ in a smart building all the functionalities
proposed by the smart areas of the city and vice versa by enabling the recommended features of smart
materials, smart building services, and smart construction to serve for the surrounding systems. Nine
office buildings representing smart building concept in different smart cities built within the period
2 2
2007–2018 with a total area from 10,000 m to 143,000 m were selected for the analysis. The research
of selected projects revealed that the smart buildings have more potential to become smarter by
utilizing smart cities capabilities in the areas of smart energy, smart mobility, smart life, and smart
environment. Smart cities are the most prominent trend in creating a cohesive environment.

Keywords: smart city; smart buildings; ICT; interoperability; sustainability

1. Introduction
According to the 2018 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects report, 55% of the world’s
population lives in urban areas, and the percentage is expected to reach 68% by 2050 [1]. The world’s
cities are built on just 3% of the Earth’s land but consume 60%–80% of the global energy and produce 75%
of the total carbon emissions [2]. Cities face major challenges in maintaining a sustainable environment
and a healthy lifestyle, considering the growing population, required infrastructure, increasing
resources demand, waste management, and the required services that need to be developed [3].
The concept of a smart city is the brightest contemporary trend integrating the ideas of smart
mobility, smart economy, smart people, smart government, smart environment, and smart living.
The construction sector plays an important role in adapting to the new challenges in all these areas.
Buildings and infrastructure need to be built and operated in accordance with smart city features.
Thus, the terms “smart building” and “smart city” are widely discussed by researchers, industry
professionals, the community, and representatives at the city and higher governance levels. The EU
policy focuses on developing ISO standards of certain smart city areas [4], the funding of smart cities
lighthouse projects [5], and on financial incentives for smart buildings and smart city elements [6].
Smart buildings are considered to be one of the major elements of the built environment within a
smart city. The first smart building definition was published in 1989 by the Intelligent Building Institute

Energies 2020, 13, 2190; doi:10.3390/en13092190 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2020, 13, 2190 2 of 19

of the United States. A smart building was described as providing an efficient environment through
optimized structures, systems, services and management, and the interrelationships between them.
Later on, the impact on the operational efficiency, effectiveness of its occupants, and employment of
information and communication technologies (ICTs) were emphasized [7,8]. Smart cities, the operational
efficiency of which is heavily dependent on buildings, are the most prominent trend in creating a
cohesive environment of the future [9]. However, there are no particular recommendations on how
the new materials and technologies should be applied to the construction projects in smart cities.
Therefore, it is important to investigate what features would be the most critical in adapting future
buildings to the digital smart city platform. It comes as no surprise that there is a need to identify
the integration requirements that construction projects have to meet in order to be consistent with the
overall context of a smart city.
The latest challenges of the advanced development of smart buildings and smart city are
related to digitalisation: compliance of the buildings with the new city ecosystem, adaptability to
the environment, information collection and transmission, real-time information communication,
information management, and action control [10–12]. A lot of attention needs to be paid to the
development of a new approach based on the combination of two individual fields that describes the
main principles of smart building integration into a smart city. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop
a new evaluation framework of “Smart Building Integration into a Smart City” (SBISC).

2. Smart City and Smart Building: Concept Evolution

In this section, the major features of smart cities and smart buildings are described. The analysis
is performed on a literature overview basis. A review of smart building and smart city assessment is
also performed.

2.1. Smart City

The concept of a smart city has been changing over the time from “intelligent” to “digital” to “smart”
and to “sustainable smart” or “smart sustainable”; many different definitions and main dimensions
of a smart city have been identified without unified consensus through a literature review [7–9,12].
Giffender et al. [13] defined the required components of a smart city, and Lombardi et al. [14] defined
the related aspects of urban life for each one of these components (Table 1).

Table 1. Smart city components (adapted from Lombardi et al. [14]).

Component of A Smart City Related Aspect of Urban Life

Smart Economy Industry, Innovation, and Competitiveness
Smart People Education Creativity, and Social Capital
Smart Governance E-democracy, Participation, and Empowerment
Smart Mobility Logistics and Infrastructures, Transportation
Smart Environment Efficiency and Sustainability, Resources
Smart Living Security and Quality, Culture

In 2015, three generations of smart cities were introduced by Professor Boyd Cohen as “three
distinct phases of how cities have embraced technology and development, moving tech company
driven, to city government driver, to, finally, citizen drive” (Smart Cities 1.0: Technology Driven; Smart
Cities 2.0: Technology Enabled, City-Led; Smart Cities 3.0: Citizen Co-Creation) [15]. Smart Cities
1.0 might be characterized as single-stand different technologies solutions for city control without
analysing the overall application impact on citizen well-being. Smart Cities 2.0 emphasize the role of
the implementation of smart technologies and other innovations in facilitating industry growth and
higher quality of public services for citizens and visitors. In Smart Cities 3.0, citizen co-creation models
attract people to collaborate with the municipality and apply the benefits of recent digital platforms
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 3 of 19

and technologies by transforming the city, creating new information, projects, services and businesses,
and flourishing co-working and co-sharing culture for a better quality of life and urban ecosystem.
Applying modern ICT technologies tends to ensure the fulfilment of the needs of current and future
generations and responds to the challenges associated with innovations, efficiency, and competitiveness
of public services and urban structure. The latest UNECE definition highlights smart and sustainability
city concepts integration: “A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban
operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and
future generations with respect to economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspects” [16].
The rapid development of new technologies is shaping the smart cities of the future. The set
of technologies for building the smart cities of the future was recently described by Fourtané [17]:
5G technologies, sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), geospatial technology including geographic
information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics,
virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and blockchain technology.
According to Fourtané, “smart and sustainable city urban planning affects everyone, and it’s
crucial to know and understand what the technologies involved in building smart cities are and how
they can help achieve the ultimate goal of urban transformation into the truly smart cities of the future”.
The same technologies ensure the full integration of smart buildings into the smart city platform.

2.2. Smart Building

According to the study of the United Nations (UN) Environment Programme, buildings at a global
level utilise about 40% of energy, 25% of water, 40% of resources, and emit about 33% of GHG emissions;
residential and commercial buildings use about 60% of the world’s electricity [18]. The tendencies of
building design and construction have historically changed in a way that is similar to the development
path of a smart city: from energy efficient to sustainable, to green, to intelligent, and finally to smart [19].
In 1989, the Intelligent Building Institute of the United States described an intelligent building as
providing a productive and cost-effective environment through the optimisation of structures, systems,
services, and management, as well as the interrelationships between them. In 1998, the European
Intelligent Building Group stated that an intelligent building “creates the environment that maximizes
the effectiveness of its occupants, while at the same time enables the efficient management of resources
with minimum life-time costs of hardware and facilities” [7]. The advancement of ICT has led the
expansion of the smart buildings market and the change in the smart building concept. According to
the European Commission, “Smart buildings means buildings empowered by ICT in the context of
the merging Ubiquitous Computing and the Internet of Things: the generalisation in instrumenting
buildings with sensors, actuators, micro-chips, micro- and nano-embedded systems will allow to
collect, filter and produce more and more information locally, to be further consolidated and managed
globally according to business functions and services” [20]. Based on a recent forecast, the global smart
buildings market is expected to demonstrate a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 32%, reaching
$43 billion USD by 2022 [21].
The concept of a smart building is being developed at all stages of the building life cycle, focusing
on the design, construction, and operational phases. In many cases, a smart building combines the
characteristics of a sustainable building and a green building. Smart buildings are usually confused
with zero energy buildings [22] or passive buildings [23], which are not the same things as smart
buildings. At the design stage, when the building’s digital model is developed, the energy efficiency
of the future building is simulated and analysed, considering the location and orientation, urban
infrastructure, and other environmental conditions using the latest and most effective technological
solutions of building materials and products, building services, and construction processes based on
ICT. It is estimated that about 10% of a building’s whole CO2 emissions originates from the building
materials production, and 15% of total CO2 emissions during the construction process is caused by the
lack of a smart logistics approach [20]. Therefore, these are the areas of expected progress in smart
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 4 of 19

building construction: eco-friendly construction materials; effective organization of logistics processes,

sharing best practice between ICT, energy, and construction sector organisations; and a transparent
collaborative environment for architects, engineers, clients, operators, and other stakeholders.
The operation stage of a smart building can be defined as the most advanced automated process,
enabling different building services to interact with each other. Different sensors and controllers may
regulate the performance of different systems, such as heating, air conditioning, ventilation, lighting,
security, water, etc. This reduces energy consumption, to increase safety and security as well as to
improve personal indoor comfort for the occupants. The smart building learns from the experience
to make the most efficient real-time decisions in order to maximize comfort and productivity at the
lowest energy costs. Implementing smart building solutions can reduce up to 30% of water and up to
40% of energy usage and save from 10% to 30% on costs of overall building maintenance [20].
In summary, both smart cities and smart buildings serve the people inside the buildings and inside
the city, providing them with more rational and personalized solutions, making their lives easier in
terms of economic, environmental, social, and cultural aspects. Analysing the role of a smart building
alone, it might be stated that the smart building’s management system as a local data management
centre can adopt a building’s behaviour based on the changing environment inside or outside of the
building. When the smart buildings are interconnected into a smart city network, the smart building
itself can impact the behaviour of the other smart buildings or infrastructure because it becomes a
consistent outside environment element influencing the other elements of the network. The smart city
data platform receives and shares all the data from the interconnected elements in the network. Based
on the communication between the local and central data platforms, the most efficient decisions can be
made in favour of the occupants of a particular building as well as inhabitants of the city.

2.3. Review of Smart Building and Smart City Assessment Schemes

Several assessment schemes for smart buildings and smart cities have been released in the past
few years. This section refers to the following assessment schemes:

− The Building Intelligent Quotient (BiQ);

− The Honeywell Smart Building Score (HSBS);
− The evaluation for smart buildings presented by Omar [24];
− The EU Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) scheme;
− The smart city assessment scheme presented by Sharifi [25].

Concerning smart buildings, they can be evaluated by defining how well the various systems
communicate; how the usage data is collected, analysed, and applied to building performance;
and how well the technologies respond to the various input devices. In 2005, an online tool called the
Building Intelligent Quotient (BiQ) with over 300 questions to rate the building’s intelligence level
was introduced by the Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA). The BiQ guides on the
design for the following issues that are considered to be relevant when selecting intelligent building
components suitable for linking into a building automation network [26]:

− Building structure and systems;

− Building automation and security systems;
− Building communication systems;
− Building and facility management applications.

The Honeywell Smart Building Score™ (HSBS) was introduced in 2015 and has been applied
worldwide for smart buildings assessment. It is based on 15 technology assets with three main impact
criteria—green, safe, and productive (Table 2).
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 5 of 19

Table 2. The Honeywell Smart Building ScoreTM 2.0 components (adapted from reference [27]).

Green Safe Productive

Energy sources Security—people, vehicle, material Indoor air and water quality
Utility sources Fire safety Circulation—people, vehicle, material
Temperature control Gas safety Personalization
Electricity control Worker safety Connectivity
Utility control Disaster response Energy quality

Omar [24] stated that a diversity of aspects might be included for intelligent building evaluation.
The author presented main evaluation criteria (intelligent skins, building automation system
(BAS), building management system (BMS), sensors, smart materials, passive design technologies,
and renewable resources) and 68 sub-factors for intelligent building design selection from an
architectural point of view. On the other hand, eight quality condition components and sub-components
were identified as primary criteria alongside the aspects of energy and environment, space flexibility,
cost-effectiveness, client comfort, working efficiency, safety, culture, and technology. This approach
enables the project team to ensure energy efficiency while providing supreme quality living standards.
The revised EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2018/844 was updated with
the new term “smart readiness indicator” (SRI) [28]. SRI calculation methodology for buildings was
accomplished in 2018 under the authority of the European Commission DG Energy. SRI assesses
the technological readiness of buildings based on their capabilities to interact with their occupants
and the energy grids and to provide more efficient operation and optimized performance due to ICT
employment [29]. SRI score presents a final result of a multi-criteria evaluation of smart readiness
functionality levels of 52 building services from 10 main domains, which demonstrate the impact on
eight categories (Table 3):

Table 3. Smart readiness indicator (SRI) domains and impact categories [29].

Domains of Building Services Impact Categories

− Heating
− Domestic hot water − Energy savings on site
− Cooling − Flexibility for the grid and storage
− Controlled ventilation − Self-generation,
− Lighting − Comfort
− Dynamic building envelope − Convenience,
− On-site renewable energy generation − Wellbeing and health
− Demand side management − Maintenance and fault prediction
− Electric vehicle charging − Information to occupants
− Monitoring and control

The SRI methodology is expected to be a great EU-wide tool for building readiness assessment to
be performed in a “smart way” from energy efficiency perspective [30]. However, Janhunen et al. [31]
noticed that “the baseline design for the European SRI is not directly feasible for cold climate countries
and without any methodological changes in the framework, the SRI appears not to realize its original
purpose as an equally applicable EU-wide energy efficiency activity”.
The assessment of the smart city concept comprises many more domains compared to smart
buildings. Based on the analysis of 34 existing smart city assessment schemes, Sharifi [25] presented
a typology of smart city evaluation tools and indicator sets. The author concluded that different
approaches have been selected for smart city assessment because there is no consensus on the definition
of a smart city. The other identified reason might be variations related with the priorities of the
developers and the needs of the end users. Despite these facts, the most frequently used themes and
factors were identified (Table 4).
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 6 of 19

Table 4. The most commonly used themes and factors [25].

Clustering Component Most Commonly Used Items (listed in Descending Order of Frequency)
Themes Economy, environment, governance, mobility, living, people, data
Education, infrastructure, health, services, innovation, culture, transportation,
environment, inclusion, safety, governance, energy, business, pollution, planning,
Factors entrepreneurship, sustainability, security, accessibility, water, resources, technology,
building, participation, social, efficiency, productivity, economy, connectivity, traffic,
employment, housing.

Within the list of seven themes and 32 identified factors, the majority of them might be
associated with the components and performance of a smart building. Thus, considering this
rationale, the development of a new evaluation framework of Smart Building Integration into a Smart
City (SBISC) is presented in the next section.

3. Smart Building Integration into a Smart City (SBISC): Development of a New

Evaluation Framework
In this section, the main aspects of smart building and smart city technologies are presented
independently, based on previous scientific works and studies. The last section introduces the main
principles of the proposed Smart Building Integration into a Smart City (SBISC) model, which is based
on the combined approach of two individual fields.

3.1. Smart Building Technologies

The purpose of an intelligent system for building services is to create the conditions for the easy
and efficient operation and management of residential and workplace areas, considering the immediate
and ongoing needs of its occupants, by ensuring the long-term strategic goal of the owners in aspects
such as comfort, safety, economy, energy efficiency, and representativeness. The Global Smart Building
Market Research Report [32] emphasizes the following intelligent building services:
− Building energy management system (energy management system, heating, ventilations and air
conditioning (HVAC) control system, lighting control system);
− Infrastructure management system (elevators and escalators management system, smart water
management system, parking management system);
− Intelligent security system (video surveillance system, access control system, emergency
management system);
− Network management system.
New technologies in construction enable developers to deliver complex projects in the most
optimal manner. Technology-based ICT programs and tools change the way companies develop
the project design, its planning, and its execution. Advanced software, hardware, and analytical
tools eliminate problems that have stifled the construction sector for decades, including difficulties
in project design and communication. These improvements have come to the market at the same
time that construction projects are becoming more complex and expensive, and managers are anxious
to reduce costs, meet deadlines, and improve efficiency. Real-time data capture and analytics of the
condition of a construction site enable better environmental protection (site energy consumption and
CO2 emissions), safety, operational efficiency, productivity, quality, and profitability at the construction
site. Thus, the deployment of smart and sustainable building technologies becomes significantly
important, and building professionals have demonstrated a strong awareness about these issues [33].
Based on the recent advancement in the industry and research, the following main areas of smart
construction can be identified:
− Smart construction site environment (automation of construction site, GIS/GPS, radio-frequency
identification (RFID), sensors, IoT, telematics, cameras, photogrammetry, and object recognition);
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 7 of 19

− Smart communication and data management (integration of environmental, quality, safety,

logistics, progress information);
− Smart construction technologies and project management (off-site construction (modules),
3D printing, 3D scanning, lasers, GPS technologies, smart construction machinery and equipment,
robots, drones, building information modelling (BIM), VR, AR, digital twin, machine learning,
artificial intelligence).

The requirements for smart building materials, services, and construction based on industry
practices and the literature review are provided in Table 5.

Table 5. Requirements for smart building materials, services, and construction.

Requirements for Smart Building Materials

Material is evaluated according to eco-friendliness, secondary use, re-cycling
Sustainability and, utilization, purchase and installation price, transportation, produced from
local resources
Adaptability to the Ability to react and adapt to the environment by changing colour, form or
environment position, ability of self-protection and self-healing.
Information collection Ability of the material to collect and transmit information in real time on
and transmission characteristics, loads, changes in environmental indicators
Requirements for Smart Building Services
Positive effects of the system on energy savings, environmental protection, local
Sustainability
economy and social well-being.
Sensors, mobile applications and wireless network are used for adaptation to
Adaptability to the
occupants needs and habits: adjustable lighting, pre-controlled microclimate,
environment
controlled elevators, indoor mobility, etc.
Use of renewable resources (solar, wind, water, geothermal) to generate
Renewable resources
electricity, energy for cooling or heating; use of rain and flood water
Information collection
Information is collected, analysed and transmitted to interested parties for use.
and transmission
Requirements for Smart Building Construction
Peculiarities of logistics; duration, resources and costs of technological
Sustainability processes; impact on local economy, human and environment, social welfare
of employees
Real-time information Real-time information tracking and its communication to all
communication construction participants
Building information modelling (3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D), risk management,
Information Management
environmental, quality, safety and progress prediction and control.

The vision of the future construction site, modelling scenarios of the future construction worker,
smart supply chain, smart plant operation, and smart real-time safety management systems were all
presented in the research study by Edirisinghe [34]. The main aspects of the construction site digital
skin, such as communication technologies, hardware, and middleware/software, were presented.
The research analysed recent technology applications for construction, namely BIM-based visualisation,
augmented reality, supply chain, labour, mobile equipment tracking, schedule and progress monitoring
and safety management. However, these promising technologies can be brought to the construction
sector through systematic procedures for standardisation and validation.

3.2. Smart City Technologies

Smart buildings in most cases can be built as stand-alone entities and operate independently
from the outside urban world. However, the concept of a smart city emphasises the interconnectivity
between the different layers of the city ecosystem, the share of information and the efficient resource
usage. Thus, most ICT benefits might be achieved when the smart building is connected to a city
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 8 of 19

information and management platform in order to share the input and output resources with other
surrounding units [35].
The scientific community has already identified various technologies and ICT architecture models
for smart cities. Park et al. [36] analysed the future sustainable smart energy city (SSEC) and identified
the following elements as its integral parts: smart energy, smart energy data analytics, energy prosumer,
energy security, and renewable energy. The authors specified that, for SSEC realisation, the identified
elements have to be linked intelligently, and they presented an AI-based physical and virtual platform
by applying a five-layer architecture to develop a SSEC:

− The first layer as the digital layer: data-based collection–transmission and analysis technology;
− The second layer as the home and buildings layer: smart homes, buildings, and factories;
− The third layer as the mobility layer: electric vehicles and smart mobility;
− The fourth layer as the infrastructure layer: sensors, actuators, network infrastructure,
and energy grid;
− The fifth layer as the virtual layer: energy optimization technology through simulation based on
augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) and digital twin technology.

Lu et al. [37] developed the technology roadmap for building a smart city. The authors recommend
arranging all smart city technologies and applications into four ascending ICT layers:

− Sensor level—biometric and environmental sensors, online video surveillance, recognition and
testing, GPS, as well as energy, water, and power and monitoring;
− Integration level—heterogeneous network integration, IoT integration development platform,
sensor integration, cyber-physical system (CPS)-based application services;
− Intelligent level—Big Data analysis, cloud computing services, intelligent grid;
− Application level—connecting and extending the previously listed layers into a wide range of
smart applications.

Sodhro et al. [9] analysed how IoT technology might be implemented and sensor-enabled IoT
devices might be integrated into a smart city ICT platform. The authors proposed an IoT-based smart
city architecture model, which has a structure that is quite similar to that identified by Lu et al. [37]

− Layer 1—sensor networks, applications, services, tools;

− Layer 2—sensing, acquisition, and collection of data;
− Layer 3—data processing and monitoring;
− Layer 4—data integration and management;
− Layer 5—secure deployment and quality control.

The above section gave a review of the latest state of development of a smart city and a reference
for the city administration to define the specific development strategy. The owners/developers of smart
buildings need to define their strategy by answering the following questions: how can particular smart
building applications contribute to smart city development, and what benefits might be achieved from
this integration?
Common peculiarities of smart buildings and smart cities are smart technologies, sustainability,
information management, real-time systems, renewable resources, and energy management. However,
not all EU countries and cities are smart-ready built environments prepared for an increasing
share of smart buildings in terms of dynamic operability, renewable energy uptake, energy-system
responsiveness, or dynamic and self-learning control systems [38]. On the other hand, not all smart
buildings are ready to perform as a part of a smart city network. Moreover, not every smart building
can utilise most of the possible potential of a smart city and vice versa. Therefore, the authors propose
an evaluation system that analyses a particular smart building in a particular smart city and calculates
the potential of a smart building based on the smart system capabilities of a particular city.
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 9 of 19

3.3. SBISC Evaluation Framework

This section provides the development methodology of a framework which enables users to
evaluate a smart building’s capability to interact at certain ICT layers of a Smart City digital platform
and to define how the particular smart building applications are related with the particular smart
city ecosystem. The Smart Building Integration in a Smart City (SBISC) evaluation framework was
developed based on building performance, connectivity, communication, and integration level into a
smart city system. Five smart city domains were selected as interrelated to the smart building and
smart city: smart energy, smart mobility, smart life, smart environment, and smart data (Table 6).
The domains were selected based on the analysis of different existing classifications and taking into
account the major interconnectivity aspects between smart building and smart city digital platforms.
The description of each domain is provided in Table 6. All these domains can be monitored and
managed very effectively if all built environment elements are interconnected into one city-level ICT
network [35]. Thus, the smart building performance score in each domain of the smart city is based on
the smart building integration level into the smart city ICT platform (Table 7). The integration levels
were adopted from the research study presented by Bernstein in 2014 [39], where the open system
intelligence was described in detail from the interconnection point of view. Furthermore, this approach
proves high correspondence to the logic of the recently proposed ICT architecture of smart city [9,36]
reviewed in Section 3.2.

Table 6. Description of smart building–smart city integration by smart city domains.

Smart City Domain Description

Response to real-time power changes when connected to the grids. Information
Smart Energy collection, analysis, comparison, and recall from previous developments; justifying
decision-making and control to ensure the most effective performance.
Acquisition of real-time information from surrounding participants about their
mobility and needs. Connection to the networks facilitates efficient logistics and
Smart Mobility
infrastructure, considering past problems, addressing them in accordance with
reasonable trends and development strategies.
Disaster prediction, security, health, comfort, and quality assurance, whether automatic
Smart Life
or online, with the ability to store, analyse, compare data, and make informed decisions.
Observation, analysis, and adaptation to the external environment and the ability to
receive information from influential actors and institutions. Online comparison and
Smart Environment
management of renewable resources, recyclable materials, waste, and justification of
decisions based on past/previous reports.
Combination of collected data by analysis, comparison and justification. Reports and
Smart Data
communication of combined data to different actors responsible for remote control.

The smart building applications depend on construction technologies, i.e., the combined impact
of smart materials, building services, and construction processes. The detailed description of how
smart building components might be integrated within the different applications of smart city domains
is provided in Table 8.
The conceptual model of Smart Building Integration into a Smart City (SBISC) framework,
representing the case of ideal smart building and ideal smart city is provided Table 9. The proposed
evaluation framework indicates how the selected smart building integrates within the specific smart
city ecosystem domains of smart energy, smart mobility, smart life, smart environment, and smart data.
The maximum score is eight points for each domain, and the value of each smart building integration
level is equal to 1 point. The levels are presented in priority order. To reach a higher level, all the lower
levels have to be fulfilled. Based on the characteristics of the city, some domains of a specific smart city
might be more developed than the others; thus, the project total evaluation and projected potential for
improvement does not always reach the maximum scale of eight in every domain.
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 10 of 19

Table 7. Smart building integration levels into a smart city information and communication technology
(ICT) platform [39].

Smart Building Integration Levels Level Description

Level 1 Ability to network (system and subsystem) Connection to a wired or wireless network
Response to any change in the environment or
Level 2 Ability to see information (real time)
traction of the amount of a given data stream
Collection of information with the potential to
Level 3 Ability to collect information (historical)
share or use it in the future
Analysis of information received for the
Level 4 Ability to process information (analyse)
appropriate actions
Evaluation of the resulting analysis and report
Level 5 Ability to make decisions (report);
on changes
Level 6 Ability to compare baseline (evaluate) Conclusion based on analysis over a period of time
Introduction to trends, technological development,
Level 7 Ability to validate over time (trend)
continuous and reliable improvement
Level 8 Ability to control (act) Autonomous decision-making and remote control

Table 8. Smart building application examples in relation to smart city domains.

Smart SMART CITY DOMAINS
Building
SMART SMART
Technologies SMART ENERGY SMART LIFE SMART DATA
MOBILITY ENVIRONMENT
Possibility to generate
Fire resistant,
energy (e.g., Recycled and recyclable.
non-toxic, natural Information
Smart photovoltaic cells). The Adaptation to light flow
Wireless power and close to nature transmission through
Building internet and electricity (e.g., glass). Ability to
transmission. (biomimicry, wired and wireless
Materials supply by the same cable change form (e.g.,
biophilia, green networks.
(e.g., low energy shading).
walls, roofs, etc.).
lighting).
Video surveillance,
Water collection,
Connection to smart recognition Information
Smart filtration, and secondary
energy grids. Sensors. Wireless power systems. Water transmission through
Building use. Natural airflow
Automated control transmission. quality, waste wired and wireless
Services control. Renewable
systems. disposition networks.
sources.
tracking.
Sensors for Exchange of project
Safety and quality environmental information between
trainings by using monitoring and analysis participants (e.g.,
Wireless power
Smart lighting VR, AR. Progress (directly). Detailed BIM Common Data
Smart transmission,
management, and mobility analysis of the Environment (CDE)).
Building autonomous
deployment of monitoring, environment for design: Digital tracking of
Construction vehicles,
renewable energy. accidental drones. 3D Scanning, items on site.
drones.
predictive systems Level of noise, pollution Transport status
(GPS helmet). of harmful particles. information
Waste recycling. wirelessly.

The SBISC evaluation framework presents a novel approach combining smart building and smart
city interoperability aspects. Smart city and smart building concepts and assessment schemes has
been thoroughly analysed from different aspects in the state of the art review provided in the previous
sections of this study. The smart building was researched with regards to its capability to automatically
adjust and control the operation parameters. The research was realigned with the smart city ICT
platform architecture, which is considered a new research trend started very recently. Thus, the SBISC
framework fills the gap, disclosing the interoperability capabilities between the smart building and the
external world/smart city digital platform, emphasizing the future trends of artificial intelligence in
smart building and smart city management.
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 11 of 19
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 20

Table 9. Smart Building Integration into a Smart City (SBISC) framework.

Table 9. Smart Building Integration into a Smart City (SBISC) framework.

SMART BUILDING SMART CITY

SMART BUILDING
ICT ICT
INTEGRATION INTO A
ELEMENTS CAPACITY CAPACITY DOMAINS
SMART CITY (SBISC) SCORE
LEVEL LEVEL
x Level 1 x
x Level 2 x
x Level 3 x
x Level 4 x
x Level 5 x SMART ENERGY
x Level 6 x
x Level 7 x
x Level 8 x

x Level 1 x
S
x Level 2 x
M
S x Level 3 x
A
M x Level 4 x SMART
R
A x Level 5 x MOBILITY
T
R x Level 6 x
T x Level 7 x
B
S x Level 8 x
U
B M
I
U A x
L Level 1 x
I R x
D
L T
I x Level 2 x
D
N x Level 3 x
I B
G x Level 4 x SMART LIFE
N U
x Level 5 x
G I
C x Level 6 x
L
O x Level 7 x
M D
N x Level 8 x
A I
S
T N
T x Level 1 x
E G
R x Level 2 x
R
U x Level 3 x
I S
C x Level 4 x
A E SMART
T
L R x Level 5 x ENVIRONMENT
I
S V x Level 6 x
N
I x Level 7 x
N
C x Level 8 x
E
S x Level 1 x
x Level 2 x
x Level 3 x
x Level 4 x
SMART DATA
x Level 5 x
x Level 6 x
x Level 7 x
x Level 8 x
POTENTIAL SCORE
TOTAL SMART
= Total Smart City TOTAL SMART
BUILDING 40 40
Score—Total Smart CITY SCORE
SCORE
Building Score

4. Research on Smart Buildings Integration into Smart Cities

Energies 2020, 13, 2190 12 of 19

4. Research on Smart Buildings Integration into Smart Cities

4.1. Research Methodology and Data

In order to validate the proposed scheme, nine office buildings representing the smart building
concept in different smart cities built within the period 2007–2018 with the total area from 10,000 m2
to 143,000 m2 were selected for the analysis (Table 10). The research data was gathered from various
resources: project websites, research studies, projects analysis, etc. The majority of the projects were
assessed by BREEAM New Construction, or LEED Core and Shell, but four of the nine selected projects
were in parallel rated by local building sustainability assessment (BSA) schemes Since Sustainability
aspects are integral part of a smart building, BSA attribute was important for project selection.
The project set under the investigation represents three continents: Europe (4), North America (3), and
Asia (2). The designated smart cities were evaluated as high (2), relatively high (4), medium (1), and
low (1) performance levels based on the IESE Cities in Motion Index (CIMI). The CIMI is a composite
index that assesses the development level of worldwide cities, The CIMI methodology is based on
the evaluation of the following nine domains: human capital, social cohesion, economy, governance,
environment, mobility and transportation, urban planning, international outreach, and technology [40].

Table 10. Overview of the projects.

State, City, (CIMI

Construction Sustainability Assessment
Project Performance, Year Area, m2 Final Rating
Type System
Ranking )
USA, New York
Project A 2007 143,000 New Non-certified N/A
(High, 2)
LEED BD + C: New 82/110
USA, San Francisco Construction (v2009) Platinum
Project B 2011 16,500 New The International Living Net-Zero Energy
(Relatively High, 58)
Future Institute (ILFI) Building (NZEB)
UK, London BREEAM UK Refurbishment 71.80%
Project C 2013 60,250 Refurbished
(High, 1) and Fit Out 2014: Fit-Out Excellent
LEED (V3.0) Core and Shell Platinum
UAE, Abu Dhabi
Project D 2014 22,800 New Estidama Pearl Building
(Low, 127) 3 Pearls
Rating System
Living Building
USA, Seattle The International Living
Project E 2013 50,000 New Challenge (version
(Relatively High, 58) Future Institute (ILFI)
2.0)
Netherlands,
98,4%
Project F Amsterdam 2014 40,000 New BREEAM
Outstanding
(Relatively High, 3)
LEED ID + C: Commercial 86/110
Interiors (v4) Platinum
China, Shanghai
Project G 2014 10,000 Refurbished The International Living Full Living Building
(Relatively High, 59)
Future Institute (ILFI) Certification
BREEAM In-Use
Lithuania, Vilnius
Project H 2015 12,500 New International 2015 Part 1 - 86,6% Outstanding
(Medium, 74)
Asset Performance
Lithuania, Vilnius BREEAM International 2013 73.09%
Project I 2018 45,000 New
(Medium, 74) New Construction: Offices Excellent

Each of the selected projects was assessed with the SBISC framework presented in the previous
section; thus, the smart city capabilities were explored and evaluated in parallel with the projects.
The examples of Smart City I and Smart Building I analysis are presented in Tables 11 and 12,
respectively. Results of Smart Building I Integration in Smart City I are summarized in Table 13, which
represents the results of ICT capacity level identified for smart building and for smart city. The given
results were obtained using Table 9, which has been filled based on information provided in Table 11
for the smart city section and Table 12 for smart building section.
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 13 of 19

Table 11. Analysis of Smart City I [41,42].

SMART SMART
SMART MOBILITY SMART LIFE SMART ENVIRONMENT SMART DATA
CITY ENERGY
The city promotes car
The city provides one of the
sharing and public
fastest public Wi-Fi internet
transport: redesigned
connection in the world
public transport routes, Smart management -
(2018), a high quality of life,
express bus lines. Traffic electronic platforms LoRa wireless
clean water and fresh air.
monitoring and control for communication technology
IoT technology is used for
system combines all with city supports low data
the following applications:
traffic lights across the administration rate
lighting, traffic, air pollution,
city into one centrally engage citizens and communications
agriculture, healthcare, retail
managed network. business in over long distances
60% of energy and logistics.
Two mobile applications: decision-making. by sensors and
from biofuel Fast development of smart
mTicket and m.Parking. Mobile app “Tvarkau actuators for M2M
and biomass. technology areas within the
m.Ticket allows Miesta - Maintain and Internet of
High efficiency city: financial technology, IT
purchasing public City”), enables the Things (IoT)
CITY I LED street (games, cyber security, data
transport tickets on the residents to report applications.
lighting centres), biotechnology,
phone, and the overflowing bins or The city
reduced 70% of electronics and optical
monitoring of the objects blocking municipality
power systems.
movement of buses and public roads, etc. The provides free
consumption. Five official sandboxes were
the planning of trips. mobile application access to financial,
open – three in fintech, as
m.Parking is a solution was developed to public
well as an energy and
for paying for parking foster the direct procurement, real
proptech. Proptech sandbox
on a smart phone. communication estate, transport
“Realbox” gives start-ups the
Mobile platform “Trafi” between the and other open
possibility to test their
for trip planning: access residents and the data.
products within 2.5 million
to traffic data and municipality.
m2 of commercial,
timetable of public
residential and
transportation, parking
multi-purpose buildings.
location and exact price.

Table 12. Analysis of Smart Building I [43].

SMART SMART
SMART ENERGY SMART MOBILITY SMART LIFE SMART DATA
BUILDING I ENVIRONMENT
New street section, BREEAM New Smart application
500 m bicycle route Office spaces are Construction (Excellent). platform to capture,
was connected to the easy to redesign to The combined assign and monitor
existing meet the business courtyards of the construction
infrastructure and needs. The buildings form public defects repair. An
new 3 level complex also spaces - a harmonious automated
Project ISmart A Class Energy underground includes social and attractive streaming ordering
Construction Performance Certificate. parking. New spaces and services: environment for city and delivery
pedestrian a dining room, residents and guests. As system for building
connections were conference, gym, much natural light as materials. An
formed. New traffic games room, possible for every hourly delivery
lights installed. library and workstation illumination. schedule enabled
Bicycle storage lounges. Facilities for waste 12% more efficient
facilities. sorting. results.
Wide application of Responsibly produced
Double facade
renewable energy and healthy materials
Atypical elevator (four glass layers)
sources: 10% of were used for
design. Both with external
electricity from construction. 85% of the
Smart panoramic and cargo louvers is installed
photovoltaic (PV) solar construction waste was
Building elevators were to protect against
panels; water in the recycled or reused.The
Materials adapted to the excessive heat and
building is heated by white colour of the
interior solutions of glares. External
solar panels; buildings facade and the light roof
the building. blinds controlled
are centrally heated by help to save energy for
automatically.
air-water heat pumps. cooling.
Integrated Digital room
state-of-the-art reservation system, Building management
engineering systems, flexible access system for integrated
building management control, easy state-of-the-art
Elevators designed
system installed. transformation of engineering systems
with a focus on
Complex interior partitions control: security alarm,
Smart functionality - their Ventilation control
heating-cooling system and redesign of access control, video
Building vertical speeds meet based on CO2
consists of and desired spaces. surveillance system, etc.
Services the highest concentration.
interconnected air-water Performance Automatic lighting,
standards. Electric
heat pumps, chillers, parameters humidity control.
car charging stations.
variable refrigerant management of Water-saving technology
volume (VRV) systems, building appliances. Rainwater
solar collectors and city spaces/rooms with utilization.
heating networks. PC tablets.
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 14 of 19

Table 13. Evaluation results of Smart Building (SB) I Integration into Smart City (SC) I.

Smart Smart Smart Smart

Smart Data
Integration Level (1 Point Each) Energy Mobility Life Environment
SB SC SB SC SB SC SB SC SB SC
Ability to network
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
(system and subsystem)
Ability to collect information (historical) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Ability to see information (real time) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Ability to process information (analyse) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Ability to make decisions (report) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Ability to compare (baseline evaluate) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Ability to validate
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
over time (trend)
Ability to control
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
(take action)
TOTAL SCORE: 5 8 7 7 6 8 6 8 0 0
POTENTIAL SCORE: +3 +0 +2 +2 +0

The summarized SBISC assessment results are presented in Table 14. The average score of smart
building integration in smart city is 18.56, with the lowest score of nine and the highest of 31. Only
an ideal smart building project in an ideal smart city would reach the score of 40 points, so 35 is a
very high result (Figure 1). The average potential score of 7.44 means that the average city capacity to
interconnect the smart building is higher than that which is actually employed. If the average smart
building integration into the smart city platform was increased by potential average score provided
with the average city, it would result in 26 final points, which is above the half of the ideal score.

Table 14. Summarized SBICSC assessment results.

Smart Smart Smart Smart Smart Final score =

Project Total Potential
Year Energy Mobility Life Environment Data Total +Potential
No. Scores Scores
Scores Scores Scores Scores Scores Scores
A 2007 7 +1 0 +6 0 +6 3 +5 0 +0 10 +18 28
B 2011 7 +1 0 +0 5 +3 5 +3 0 +0 17 +7 24
C 2013 2 +6 2 +3 3 +5 2 +6 0 +0 9 +20 29
D 2014 7 +1 0 +0 4 +4 0 +0 0 +0 11 +5 16
E 2013 8 +0 0 +0 0 +0 8 +0 0 +0 16 +0 16
F 2014 8 +0 7 +0 8 +0 4 +4 4 +0 31 +4 35
G 2014 8 +0 0 +0 8 +0 8 +0 0 +0 24 +0 24
H 2015 7 +1 7 +0 3 +5 8 +0 0 +0 25 +6 31
I 2018 5 +3 7 +0 6 +2 6 +2 0 +0 24 +7 31
Average 6.56 1.44 2.56 1.00 4.11 2.78 4.89 2.22 0.44 0.00 18.56 7.44 26.00

4.2. Results and Discussions

Looking from the different smart city perspectives, the priority list of smart city domains
contributed by smart buildings for the analysed project set might be defined as smart energy (35%),
smart environment (26%), smart life (22%), smart mobility (14%), and smart data (3%). The leading
position of the smart energy domain could be explained by strategic priority being assigned to the
energy sector [3,22]. The high results demonstrated by the smart environment domain is related to the
recent tendencies of environmental awareness and buildings sustainability assessment. The smart life
domain represents a new-generation technology-based lifestyle supported by sophisticated building
automation and managements systems, which are inspired by the Industry 4.0 revolution. The smart
life and smart environment domains demonstrated the best potential to grow in the future (−37% and
30%), since the recent strategies of smart cities development are very much oriented toward these
directions. The smart mobility and smart data domains so far are underused within the analysed
smart building projects. However, the potential of those two domains are supposed to be boosted in
the near future due to increasing artificial intelligence and smart data employment at a city level and
life domain represents a new-generation technology-based lifestyle supported by sophisticated
building automation and managements systems, which are inspired by the Industry 4.0 revolution.
The smart life and smart environment domains demonstrated the best potential to grow in the future
(−37% and 30%), since the recent strategies of smart cities development are very much oriented
toward these directions. The smart mobility and smart data domains so far are underused within the
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 15 of 19
analysed smart building projects. However, the potential of those two domains are supposed to be
boosted in the near future due to increasing artificial intelligence and smart data employment at a
virtual
city reality,
level and augmented
virtual reality, BIM,
reality, augmented digital
reality, twins,
BIM, andtwins,
digital other and
technology applications
other technology within the
applications
construction
within sector. sector.
the construction

Figure 1. Overview of the project scores.

Figure 1. Overview of the project scores.
Figure 2 presents the different projects integration into different smart cities examples. Project D
was built in
Figure 2 the lowestthe
presents CIMI score city,
different whereintegration
projects the ICT integration was possible
into different only within
smart cities Smart
examples. Energy
Project
and Smart Life domains. The ICT capacity of Project E exactly corresponds with
D was built in the lowest CIMI score city, where the ICT integration was possible only within Smart the ICT capacity level
of the and
Energy city. Smart
SpiderLife
graphs of Project
domains. TheF ICT
and Project
capacityC ofcorrespondingly
Project E exactly illustrate the bestwith
corresponds and the
the lowest
ICT
results within the analysed smart buildings. Both of the projects were built in the
capacity level of the city. Spider graphs of Project F and Project C correspondingly illustrate the best high-performance
smart
and cities; however,
the lowest the construction
results within the analysed type
smartandbuildings.
time wereBothsignificantly different.
of the projects wereProjects
built inHthe
andhigh-
I were
built in the same
performance smart city andhowever,
cities; had identical final scores, but
the construction their
type andintegration
time wereprofiles into thedifferent.
significantly smart city
domains are quite different. It must be noted that not every city has the smart ready environment
Projects H and I were built in the same city and had identical final scores, but their integration profiles of the
highest level in every single domain, so if the building has a higher ICT capacity/level,
into the smart city domains are quite different. It must be noted that not every city has the smart this functionality
might
ready be underused
environment for highest
of the a while,level
untilinthe city single
every employs it. However,
domain, so if thethere are more
building has acommon cases
higher ICT
capacity/level, this functionality might be underused for a while, until the city employs it. However,the
in which the functionality level of the city over the time becomes higher that the potential of
smart
there arebuilding
more commonitself. cases
In thisincase, thethe
which potential pointslevel
functionality wereofassigned, andthe
the city over alternatives
time becomesof additional
higher
that the potential of the smart building itself. In this case, the potential points were assigned, In
investment into the smart functionality of the building might be recommended to the owners. andthis
way, the owners will be able to assess and compare their future smart building projects according to
the capacity of a smart city.
When applying the SBISC framework to the new project cases, the selected smart building concept
may be more sophisticated than the ICT platform of the city, as the owners expected or were aware of
smart city development in the near future. According to the logic of the SBSCI framework, the deployed
partial investments for the buildings’ future technologies will not be effective until the city ICT capacity
becomes prepared for the particular functionality. The additional score of + 1 on the Smart Building
ICT level would be neutralized by −1 on the Smart City ICT level.
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 20

alternatives of additional investment into the smart functionality of the building might be
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 16 of 19
recommended to the owners. In this way, the owners will be able to assess and compare their future
smart building projects according to the capacity of a smart city.

Figure 2. Sectional Analysis of Smart Buildings Integration into Smart Cities.

Figure 2. Sectional Analysis of Smart Buildings Integration into Smart Cities.
5. Conclusions
This
When study presented
applying the Smart
the SBISC Buildingtointhe
framework a Smart
new City (SBISC)
project cases,evaluation framework,
the selected which
smart building
was developed
concept may bebased on the building
more sophisticated performance
than compatibility
the ICT platform level
of the city, asof
thesmart buildings
owners to or
expected a smart
were
city digital platform. The analysis revealed that the most important issue for a smart
aware of smart city development in the near future. According to the logic of the SBSCI framework, building’s
full integration
the deployed into ainvestments
partial smart city platform is to employ
for the buildings’ all the
future functionalities
technologies proposed
will not by the
be effective smart
until the
domains of the city in the smart building and vice versa by enabling the recommended
city ICT capacity becomes prepared for the particular functionality. The additional score of + 1 on thefeatures of
smart materials, smart building services, and smart construction to
Smart Building ICT level would be neutralized by −1 on the Smart City ICT level.serve the surrounding systems.
Therefore, five smart city domains were selected as interrelated to the smart building and smart city
concepts, taking into account the major interconnectivity aspects between smart building and smart
5. Conclusions
city digital platforms: smart energy, smart mobility, smart life, smart environment, and smart data.
This study presented the Smart Building in a Smart City (SBISC) evaluation framework, which
In this study, the proposed SBISC scheme was applied to nine smart buildings in eight different
was developed based on the building performance compatibility level of smart buildings to a smart
cities. The research of selected projects revealed that smart energy and smart environment are the most
city digital platform. The analysis revealed that the most important issue for a smart building’s full
advanced domains in smart buildings integration into the smart city platform, representing 35% and
integration into a smart city platform is to employ all the functionalities proposed by the smart
26% of integration capacity. According to the results, smart buildings have the highest interoperability
domains of the city in the smart building and vice versa by enabling the recommended features of
potential by increasing integration capabilities by 37% and 30% in the domains of smart environment
smart materials, smart building services, and smart construction to serve the surrounding systems.
and smart life, respectively.
Therefore, five smart city domains were selected as interrelated to the smart building and smart city
The proposed SBISC framework fills the gap, disclosing the interoperability capabilities between
the smart building and the external world/smart city digital platform, emphasising the future trends
of artificial intelligence in smart building and smart city management. The introduced evaluation
Energies 2020, 13, 2190 17 of 19

methodology can serve as a framework for the owners, real estate developers, and contractors when
building future intelligent buildings in smart cities. The investment decisions regarding future building
technologies can considered to be worth the cost at the concept stage by the owners, or additional funds
need to be allocated for building technologies upgrading in the near future if the city ICT platform
enhancement is under the implementation of a strategic smart city development plan. The major
challenge for real estate developers would be to realign the concept of the future smart building with
the strategic development plans of the smart city.
The future research possibilities of Smart Building Integration into Smart City might be expanded
by incorporating the interoperability and smart building performance forecasting based on the digital
building and digital city modelling.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, R.A.; methodology, R.A.; validation, P.A.F.; formal analysis, R.A. and
P.A.F.; investigation, A.V.; resources, R.A., A.V., and P.A.F.; data curation, P.A.F.; writing—original draft preparation,
A.V.; writing—review and editing, P.A.F.; visualization, R.A.; supervision, P.A.F.; project administration, P.A.F.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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