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More Examples of Lagrange Interpolation: Appendix E

The document discusses Lagrange interpolation of functions using polynomials. It provides examples of using Lagrange interpolation to estimate values of functions like sin(3x) using polynomials that pass through discrete data points. Increasing the number of interpolation points improves the approximation for smooth functions like cos(x) but can cause oscillations for non-smooth functions like 1/(1+x^2).

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Muqaddas Sarwar
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
96 views3 pages

More Examples of Lagrange Interpolation: Appendix E

The document discusses Lagrange interpolation of functions using polynomials. It provides examples of using Lagrange interpolation to estimate values of functions like sin(3x) using polynomials that pass through discrete data points. Increasing the number of interpolation points improves the approximation for smooth functions like cos(x) but can cause oscillations for non-smooth functions like 1/(1+x^2).

Uploaded by

Muqaddas Sarwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Appendix E

More examples of Lagrange


interpolation
E.1 Lagrange polynomials

We wish to nd the polynomial interpolating the points

x 1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2


f (x) 0.1411 −0.6878 −0.9962 −0.5507 0.3115

where f (x) = sin(3x), and estimate f (1.5).

First, we nd Lagrange polynomials Lk (x), k = 1 . . . 5,

(x − 1.3)(x − 1.6)(x − 1.9)(x − 2.2) (x − 1)(x − 1.6)(x − 1.9)(x − 2.2)


L1 (x) = , L2 (x) =
(1 − 1.3)(1 − 1.6)(1 − 1.9)(1 − 2.2) (1.3 − 1)(1.3 − 1.6)(1.3 − 1.9)(1.3 − 2.2)
(x − 1)(x − 1.3)(x − 1.9)(x − 2.2) (x − 1)(x − 1.3)(x − 1.6)(x − 2.2)
L3 (x) = , L4 (x) =
(1.6 − 1)(1.6 − 1.3)(1.6 − 1.9)(1.6 − 2.2) (1.9 − 1)(1.9 − 1.3)(1.9 − 1.6)(1.9 − 2.2)
(x − 1)(x − 1.3)(x − 1.6)(x − 1.9)
L5 (x) =
(2.2 − 1)(2.2 − 1.3)(2.2 − 1.6)(2.2 − 1.9))

with the following graphs,


1.0 1.5

0.8
1.0
0.6
L1(x)

L2(x)

0.4 0.5

0.2
0.0
0.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
−0.2 −0.5

71
72 E.2 Convergence of Lagrange interpolation

1.0 1.5

0.5 1.0
L3(x)

L4(x)
0.0 0.5
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

−0.5 0.0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

−1.0 −0.5

1.0

0.8

0.6
L5(x)

0.4

0.2

0.0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
−0.2

Clearly, Lk (xi ) = δik . Next, the polynomial approximation can be assembled,

P (x) = 0.1411 × L1 (x) − 0.6878 × L2 (x) − 0.9962 × L3 (x) − 0.5507 × L4 (x) + 0.3115 × L5 (x).

1.0 sin(3x)

0.5
P(x)

0.0
0 1 2 3

−0.5

−1.0

The interpolating polynomial approximates accurately the function f (x) = sin(3x) in the
interval [1, 2.2], with ve points only.

So, P (1.5) ≈ −0.9773 is an approximate to f (1.5) = sin(4.5) ≈ −0.9775 accurate within


E ≈ 2 × 10−4 .

E.2 Convergence of Lagrange interpolation

First, consider, P (x), the polynomial interpolating f (x) = cos(x) through a set of equidistant
points in the interval [−5, 5].
Chapter E  More examples of Lagrange interpolation 73

1.0 cos(x) 1.0

n=6 0.5 n=11 0.5

0.0 0.0
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4

−0.5 −0.5

−1.0 −1.0

P(x)
−1.5 −1.5

Clearly, increasing the number of equidistant points from n = 6 (left panel) to n = 11 (right
panel) signicantly improves the approximation of f (x) by the polynomial P . In the right
panel, the 10th order interpolating polynomial (solid line) matches perfectly with the function
cos(x).

However, Lagrange interpolation is not always accurate. For instance, consider the polynomial
interpolating the Lorentz function, f (x) = 1/(1 + x2 ), through a set of equidistant points in
the interval [−5, 5].
1.0 2.0
1/(1+x2)
n=11
n=6 0.8
1.5

0.6
1.0
0.4 P(x)
0.5
0.2

0.0
0.0 −4 −2 0 2 4
−4 −2 0 2 4
−0.2 −0.5

Increasing the number of equidistant points from n = 6 (left panel) to n = 11 (right panel)
improves the polynomial interpolation in the central part of f (x), but large oscillations are
present in the at region.
20

0
−4 −2 0 2 4

−20

n=21 −40

−60

If the number of equidistant interpolation points is increased further, these oscillations get
even larger. The interpolating polynomial of degree n − 1, P (x), does not converge to the
function 1/(1 + x2 ) as n → ∞.

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