Scribd
Upload
259 views25 pages

Lecture 06 - Protective Relay PDF

This document discusses terms related to protective relaying. It defines terms like trip circuit, current transformers, voltage transformers, fault clearing time, relay time, breaker time, and pick-up. It also describes different types of relays including electromagnetic attraction relays, induction relays, and thermal overload relays. Inverse-time relays and their time-current characteristics are explained. Overcurrent protection and applications of overcurrent relays for motor and transformer protection are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Emdadul Hoq Rakib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
259 views25 pages

Lecture 06 - Protective Relay PDF

This document discusses terms related to protective relaying. It defines terms like trip circuit, current transformers, voltage transformers, fault clearing time, relay time, breaker time, and pick-up. It also describes different types of relays including electromagnetic attraction relays, induction relays, and thermal overload relays. Inverse-time relays and their time-current characteristics are explained. Overcurrent protection and applications of overcurrent relays for motor and transformer protection are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Emdadul Hoq Rakib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

EEE 462

Switch Gear and Protection


Lecture 6
SOME TERMS IN PROTECTIVE RELAYING
Trip Circuit: The circuit comprising trip coil, relay contacts, auxiliary switch, battery
supply, etc which controls the circuit-breaker for opening operation.

Current Transformers (CT): The current ratio of a CT is usually high. The secondary
current ratings are of the order of 5 A, 1A, and 0.1 A, the latter being used for
static relays. Primary current ratings vary from 10 to 3000 A or more. Ratio error
and phase angle are important aspects of CT’s. The CT’s play an important role in
protective relaying. The Volt-Ampere rating of current transformers is low (5—150
VA) as compared with that of power transformers (a few kVA to several MVA).

Voltage Transformers or Potential Transformer: The voltage transformers step-


down the primary voltage to a secondary voltage of lower value. The standard
rated secondary voltage is 110 V, 240, 440 V. The Volt-Ampere capacity of
Potential Transformer is small relative to that of power transformers. The VT’s are
used for measurement and protection. They are accordingly called as measuring
instrument potential transformers and protective potential transformers.
Fault Clearing Time: Time elapsed between the instant of occurrence of
fault and instant of final arc extinction in circuit breaker. It is expressed in
milliseconds (ms) or cycles 1 cycle in 50 Hz system is equivalent to 1/50
second, i.e. 0.02 second.

Relay Time: Time interval between occurrence of fault and closure of Relay
contact

Breaker Time: Time interval between closure of trip circuit and final arc
interruption.

Relay time plus breaker time is equal to fault clearing time.


Pick-up: The operation of relay is called relay Pick-up. Pick-up value or level is
the value of operating quantity which is on threshold (border) above which the
relay operates and closes its contacts.
Consider an over-current delay. During an injection test, suppose, the current is
gradually increased. At a certain value of current, the relay contacts are on the
verge of moving such that increase in current causes contacts movement. This
value of current is known as pick-up value.
Normally the relay setting corresponds to pick-up value.
Basic Types of Relays
Most of the relays in service on electric power system today are of
electro-mechanical type.
They work on the following two main operating principles :
(i) Electromagnetic attraction
(ii) Electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic attraction type:
• Electromagnetic attraction relays operate by virtue of an armature being
attracted to the poles of an electromagnet or a plunger being drawn into a
solenoid. Such relays may be actuated by d.c. or a.c.
quantities. The important types of electromagnetic attraction relays are-
(i) Attracted armature type relay
(ii) Solenoid type relay
(iii) Balanced beam type relay
Induction Relays
• Electromagnetic induction relays operate on the principle of induction
motor and are widely used for protective relaying purposes involving a.c.
quantities. They are not used with d.c. quantities owing to the principle of
operation.
• An induction relay essentially consists of a pivoted aluminium disc placed
in two alternating magnetic fields of the same frequency but displaced in
time and space.
• The torque is produced in the disc by the interaction of one of the
magnetic fields with the currents induced in the disc by the other.
• The two a.c. fluxes φ2 and φ1 differing in phase by an angle α induce e.m.f. in
the disc and cause the circulation of eddy currents i2 and i1 respectively.
These currents lag behind their respective fluxes by 90 degree.
The following points may be noted from the equation :

(a) The greater the phase angle α between the fluxes, the greater is the net
force applied to the disc. Obviously, the maximum force will be produced when
the two fluxes are 90 degree out of phase.

(b) The direction of net force and hence the direction of motion of the disc
depends upon which flux is leading.

The following three types of structures are commonly used for obtaining the
phase difference in the fluxes and hence the operating torque in induction
relays :
(i) shaded-pole structure
(ii) watthour-meter or double winding structure
(iii) induction cup structure
Thermal over load relay:
• It is a 3 pole relay. The measuring current flows through their
bimetals (1 per phase) which are indirectly heated.
• Under the effect of the heating, the bimetals bend
(thermostat effect); cause the relay to trip and the position of the auxiliary
contacts to change.
• The relay setting range is graduated in amps. In compliance with international
and national standards, the setting current is the motor nominal current and
not the tripping current (no tripping at 1.05 x setting current, tripping at 1.2 x
setting current.)
• The relays are built to be self protecting in the event of an overload until the
short circuit protection device is activated. To make a fine adjustment, change
the distance between the heater and the heat-sensitive element.
Inverse-time relay
• An inverse-time relay is one in which the operating time is approximately
inversely proportional to the magnitude of the actuating quantity.
Following figure shows the time-current characteristics of an inverse
current relay.
• At values of current less than pickup, the relay never operates. At higher
values, the time of operation of the relay decreases steadily with the
increase of current. The inverse-time delay can be achieved by associating
mechanical accessories with relays.
Important Terms
Current setting: are expressed in terms of
• It is often desirable to adjust the percentage full-load rating of C.T.
pick-up current to any required with which the relay is associated
value. This is known as current and represents the value above
setting and is usually achieved by which the disc commences to
the use of tappings on the relay rotate and finally closes the trip
operating coil. circuit.
• The plug bridge permits to alter
the number of turns on the relay
coil. This changes the torque on
the disc and hence the time of
operation of the relay.
• The values assigned to each tap
Pick-up current = Rated secondary current of C.T. × Current setting
Problem: An OC relay having current setting of 125% is connected to a supply
circuit through a current transformer of 400/5. The rated secondary current of
C.T. is 5 Amp. Calculate the pickup current

Solution: the pick-up value will be 25% more than 5 A i.e. 5 × 1·25 = 6·25 A. It
means that with above current setting, the relay will actually operate for a
relay coil current equal to or greater than 6·25 A.
• Plug-setting multiplier (P.S.M.). It is the ratio of fault current in relay coil to
the pick-up current i.e.
Time-setting multiplier
• A relay is generally provided with control to adjust the time of operation.
This adjustment is known as time-setting multiplier.
• These figures are multipliers to be used to convert
the time derived from time/P.S.M. curve into the
actual operating time. Thus if the time setting is 0·1
and the time obtained from the time/P.S.M. curve is
3 seconds, then actual relay operating
time = 3 × 0·1 = 0·3 second.
Time/P.S.M. Curve
• Following figure shows the curve between time of operation and plug
setting multiplier of a typical relay.
• If the P.S.M. is 10, then the time of operation (from the curve) is 3
seconds. The actual time of operation is obtained by multiplying this time
by the time-setting multiplier.
Overcurrent protection

Overcurrent protection is that protection in which the relay picks up when


the magnitude of current exceeds the pickup level.
Overcurrent Relay
• The overcurrent relays are connected to the system, normally by
means of CTs. Overcurrent relaying has following types:
— High speed overcurrent protection.
— Definite time overcurrent protection.
— Inverse minimum time overcurrent protection.
— Directional overcurrent protection (of above types).
Overcurrent Relay
• Over current protection includes the protection from overloads. This is
most widely used protection. Overloading of a machine Or equipment
(generally) means the machine is taking more current than is rated current.
Hence with overloading, there is an associated temperature rise. The
permissible temperature rise has limit based on insulation class and
material problems. Over-current protection of overloads is generally
provided by thermal relays.
• Over-current protection includes short-circuit protection. Short circuits can
be phase faults, earth faults or winding faults. Short-circuit currents are
generally several times (5 to 20) full load. Hence fast fault clearance is
always desirable on short-circuits.
• When a machine is protected by differential protection, the over-current is
provided in addition as a back-up and in some cases to protect the
machine from sustained through fault.
Applications of Over-current Protection
• Motor Protection: Over-current protection is the basic type of protection used
against over-loads and short-circuits in stator windings of motors. Inverse time
and instantaneous phase and ground over-current relays can be employed for
above 1000 kW. For small/medium size motors Where cost of CTS and
protective relays is not economically justified, thermal relays and HRC fuses
are employed, thermal relays used for overload protection and HRC fuses for
short-circuit protection.
• Transformer protection: Transformers are provided with over-current
protection against faults, only, when the cost of differential relaying cannot be
justified. However, over-current relays are provided in addition to differential
relays to take care of through faults. Temperature indicators and alarms are
always provided for large transformers.
• Line Protection: The lines (feeders) can be protected by :
1. Instantaneous over-current relays.
2. Inverse time over-current relays.
3. Directional over-current relays.
Characteristics of relay units for over-current
• There is a wide variety of relay-units. These are classified according to
their type and charecteristics. The major characteristic include :
1. Definite characteristic
2. Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Relay
3. very Inverse
4. Extremely inverse
Connection scheme with three O/C Relay

You might also like