Object Oriented Programming

Instructor Name:
Lecture-19
 Today’s Lecture

 Packages

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 Package

What is a Package?
 A package is a collection of similar types of classes, interfaces and
sub-packages.
 A package is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and
interfaces.
 Conceptually you can think of packages as being similar to different
folders on your computer.
 Because software written in the Java programming language can be
composed of hundreds or thousands of individual classes, it makes
sense to keep things organized by placing related classes and
interfaces into packages.
 The Java platform provides an enormous class library (a set of
packages) suitable for use in your own applications. This library is
known as the "Application Programming Interface", or "API" for 3
short.
Package

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Package

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 Package

Advantages of Package
 Package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they
can be easily maintained

 Application development time is less, because reuse the code

 Application memory space is less (main memory)

 Application execution time is less

 Application performance is enhance (improve)

 Redundancy (repetition) of code is minimized

 Package provides access protection.

 Package removes naming collision.

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 Package

Types of Package
 Package are classified into two type which are given below.
1. Predefined or built-in package
2. User defined package
 Predefined Packages are already designed by the Sun Microsystem
and supply as a part of java API, every predefined package is
collection of predefined classes, interfaces and sub-package.

 User Defined Packages are those which are developed by java

programmer and supply as a part of their project to deal with
common requirement.

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 Package

Rules to Create User Defined Package

 package statement should be the first statement of any package program.

 Choose an appropriate class name or interface name and whose modifier

must be public.

 Any package program can contain only one public class or only one public
interface but it can contain any number of normal classes.

 Package program should not contain any main class (that means it should not
contain any main())

 modifier of constructor of the class which is present in the package must be

public. (This is not applicable in case of interface because interface have no
constructor.) 8
 Package

Rules to Create User Defined Package

 The modifier of method of class or interface which is present in the package
must be public (This rule is optional in case of interface because interface
methods by default public)

 Every package program should be save either with public class name or
public Interface name

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Package

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 Package

Compiling a Package Program

 For compilation of package program first we save program with public
className.java and it compile using below syntax:

javac -d . className.java

javac -d path className.java

 In above syntax "-d" is a specific tool which is tell to java compiler create a
separate folder for the given package in given path.

 When we give specific path then it create a new folder at that location and
when we use . (dot) then it crate a folder at current working directory.

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 Package

Example of Package Program

Below given package example contains interface named animals:

/* File name : Animal.java */

package animals;

interface Animal {
public void eat();
public void travel();
}

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 Package

Example of Package Program

package animals;
/* File name : MammalInt.java */
public class MammalInt implements Animal{
public void eat(){
System.out.println("Mammal eats");
}
public void travel(){
System.out.println("Mammal travels");
}
public int noOfLegs(){
return 0;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
MammalInt m = new MammalInt();
m.eat();
m.travel();
}
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}
 Package

Compiling and Executing

Compile the java file as shown below

javac -d . Animal.java
javac -d . MammalInt.java

Execution
java animals.MammalInt
ammal eats
ammal travels

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 Package

Import keyword
 If a class wants to use another class in the same package, the package
name does not need to be used.
 Classes in the same package find each other without any special
syntax.
 Import keyword is used to include any package

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 Package

Example of Package Program with import

 Package program which is save with A.java and compile by javac -d . A.java

package mypack;
public class A {
public void show() {
System.out.println("Sum method");
}
}

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 Package

Example of Package Program with import

 Import above class in below program using import satatement

import mypack.A;

public class Hello {

public static void main(String arg[]) {
A a=new A();
a.show()
System.out.println("show() class A");
}
} 17
 Package

Difference between Inheritance & Package

 Inheritance concept always used to reuse the feature within the
program between class to class, interface to interface and interface to
class but not accessing the feature across the program.

 Package concept is to reuse the feature both within the program and
across the programs between class to class, interface to interface and
interface to class.

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 Package

package keyword vs import keyword

 package keyword is always used for creating the undefined package
and placing common classes and interfaces.

 import is a keyword which is used for referring or using the classes

and interfaces of a specific package.

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 Package

Directory Structure of packages

 Two major results occur when a class is placed in a package:
1. The name of the package becomes a part of the name of the class,
as we have seen in the previous code.

import mypack.A;

2. The name of the package must match the directory structure

where the corresponding bytecode resides.

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 String Tokenizer

What is String Tokenizer?

 It is a pre defined class in java.util package can be used to split the
given string into tokens (parts) based on delimiters (any special
symbols or spaces).
 Suppose that we have any string like "Features of Java_Language"
when we use stringTokenizer this string is split into tokens whenever
spaces and special symbols present.
 After split string are :

Features
of
Java
Language
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 String Tokenizer

Methods of String Tokenizer

 hasMoreTokens()
It is predefined method of StringTokenizer class used to check whether
given StringTokenizer having any elements or not.

 nextToken()
Which can be used to get the element from the StringTokenizer.

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 String Tokenizer

Example of StringTokenizer
import java.util.*;
class Stringtokenizerdemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String str="He is a gentle man";
StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer(str," ");

System.out.println("The tokens are: ");

while(st.hasMoreTokens()) {
String one=st.nextToken();
System.out.println(one);
}
}
}
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 String Tokenizer

Example of StringTokenizer
Output

The tokens are:

He
is
a
gentle
man
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