CE40/

LConst
ruct
ionMat
eri
alsandTest
ing Chapt
erI
II-TI
MBER

Chapt
erI
II

TI
MBER
- t
imberwasderi
vedfrom aSaxonword"ti
mbr i
an"whichmeans"t
obui
l
d"
- awoodofsuff
ici
entsize,
sui
tabl
eforengineer
ingconstr
uct
ion

Cl
asssi
ficati
ons:
standingtimber-whenintheliv
ingt
ree
rought i
mber-whenf el
led
log-whent hebarkoft
hefreshl
ycuttreei
sremov
edandhewnedr
oughl
y
conver t
edtimber-whenlogissawni ntov
ari
ousmar
ketf
ormssuchaspost
,beams,
planksandbat tens

Twocl
assesoft rees
1.Phaner ogams-f lower i
ngt rees
a.exogens-out war dgrower s
-usedf orengi neer ingwor ks
a.1.conifer
s
-y i
eldingsof twood
- usual lyli
ghtcol ored,l
ightinweight,
resi
nousandweak,andshow
distinctannual rings
a.2.deciduous
- y ieldinghar dwood
- usedf orengi neer i
ngconstruct
ion
- cl ose- gr
ained,dar k color
ed,st r
ong,heavy,dur
able and non-
resinous
b.endogens–i nwar dgr ower s
2.Cr ypt
ogam -non- fl
ower i
ngt rees

St
ruct
ureofanEx
ogenousTr
ee

1. barkorcor tex-out ermostl ay erorskinoft hetrunkwhi chcov ersthewood

2. cambi um -at hi
nlayeroft hi ckenedsapj ustbeneat hthebark
3. sapwood-l ightinwei ght,br oadannualr ingsandl i
abletodecayast hisisnota
mat uredwood
4. annualr i
ng-consi stsofi nnumer ableclosedcel l
sofwoodyf i
ber sandt issues
arrangedi nadi sti
nctconcent ricri
ngsorci rcl
esr oundthepith
5. pit
h,hear tormedul la-thei nner mostpartorcor eofthet r
ee, r
epresentst hefir
st
formedcent ralport
ionoft hest em consi
stingent ir
elyofcell
ulartissues
6. medul lar
ysheat h-al ayeroff i
bro-
vascularbundl eoft hef i
rstyearsur rounding
thepith
7. heartwoodordur amen-consi st
soft hei nnerannualr ingsr oundt hepi th,i
tis
darkincol or,hard,strong, compactanddur abl
e
8. medul lar
yr aysort ransv ersesept a-composedofaser i
esofhar df lat
tenedcel l
s
l
y i
ngoneabov eanot her,v ertical
lyinrows,r aysar efoundi naspi derli
ker adial
l
inesf rom pithtobar kbi ndingt heannualringst ogether.

Howi sti
mberf or
med?
1.dur i
ngr ainyseason, thet r
eesuckst henutrientsfrom thesoilintheform ofsap
2.t hesapr isesfrom t her ootstoflouri
shandnour ishthebr anchesandl eavesof
thetree
3.byphot osynthesis,thesapf rom thesur faceoft heleaveslosesmoi stureand
absorbscar bondi oxidefrom airi
nthepr esenceofsunl i
ght
4.sapbecomest hickenedanddescendsi nthesummerf rom thefull
ygrownleaves
5.t hethickenedsapi sdepositedbeneatht hebar kformingt hecambi um l
ayer
6.t hecambi um layerhar denswithageandconv ert
edi nt
ot i
mber
NenaG.Zara 4
CE40/
LConst
ruct
ionMat
eri
alsandTest
ing Chapt
erI
II-TI
MBER

Wheni
st hetimef orf ell
ingatimbert
ree?
1.Immedi atel
yaf terithasattai
nedful
lgrowt
htoobtai
nmaximum quant i
tyofwood
ati
tsmostendur ablestate
Post -
mat uredt reey i
eldswoodt hati
sbri
ttl
eandinelast
ic,decaystar
tsin
valuablehear twood
Undermat uredt reeyi
eldsmoresapwoodthanhear
twood
2.Dur
ingmi d-summerwhent hequanti
tyofsapi
smi ni
mum andatrest.

WoodSeasoni
ng-i
sthepr
ocessofr
emov
alofsapf
rom t
imber

Whyseasonwood?
1.t
orenderti
mbereasytoworkwit
h
2.t
oincr
easeitsst
rengt
h
3.t
omakei tl
essli
ablet
owarp,shr
ink,
crack,
twi
standspl
i
t

Howtoprepareti
mberforseasoning?andwhy ?
Ti
mberhast obecut,
sawni ntoplanksorquart
ersinor
dertogiv
efr
eeaccessof
ai
rint
otheporesofgreentimberandt ohastenprocessofdry
ing.I
tal
sofaci
li
tat
es
uni
for
m shri
nkageanddryi
ngallthroughoutt
hetimber.

Di
ff
erentmethodsofwoodseasoni ng
1.Nat ur
al orAirSeasoni ng
2.Wat er-Seasoning
3.Seasoni ngbyBoi l
inginWater
4.Seasoni ngbySt eami ng
5.HotAi r-Seasoning, Desi
ccat
ionorKi
l
n-Seasoni
ng
6.SmokeDr yi
ng
7.Char r
ingorScor ching
8.McNei ll'
sProcess

WoodPreser
vat
ion-i
sthepr
ocessofpr
otect
ingt
imberf
rom di
seases,decay
,wor
msand
i
nsect
s.

Requi
rement
spr
iort
owoodpr eservat
ion:
1.shoul
dbematur
eandwellventi
lat
ed
2.ti
mbermustbet
horoughl
yseasoned

Met
hodsofWoodPr eser
vati
on
1.Tarri
ng
2.Paint
ing
3.Charri
ng
4.Creosoti
ng
5.Varni
shingandFrenchPol
i
shi
ng

I
mpor
tantconsi
derati
onsintheuseofwoodi nengi neeri
ngwor k
1.Itsmechanicalproper
ti
esar eextremelyv ari
able,unli
kesteelandconcr ete.
2.Strengt
hisinfl
uencedbyspeci es, l
ocal
ity,densit
y, moi
sturecont ent
,anddef ect
s
3.Allwoodgainst r
engthandst i
ffnesswhent horoughlyai
r-dri
edorki l
n-dri
ed
4.Timberinconstructi
onispracti
cal l
yneversubj ectedtopuret ensil
estresses.
5.Timbermember shavebetterelasti
cshockr esi
stancethanst eel.
6.Timberdiff
ersf r
om mostmat erial
sint hatt herateofapplicationofloadhasmore
pr
onouncedeffectonstrengthandst if
fness.

Mechani
cal
Test
sforWood

A.St
ati
cBendi
ng
NenaG.Zar
a 5
CE40/
LConst
ruct
ionMat
eri
alsandTest
ing Chapt
erI
II-TI
MBER

Si
zeofspeci
men-2x2x30i
n (50x50x750mm)

3PL
Modul
usofRupt
ure,R
2
= 2
bd

St
ressatPr
opor
ti
onal
Limi
t,Spl 3P1L
= 2bd2

P1L3
Modul
usofEl
ast
ici
ty,E
4bd3y
=
1

wher
e:
b-wi dt
hofspecimen
d-depthofspecimen
L-spanl engt
h
P-maxi mum load
P1-loadatproporti
onal
li
mi t
y1-centerdef
lect
ionatproport
ional
li
mit

B.Compressi
onParal
l
elt
oGr
ain
SizeofSpeci
men-2x2x8in(
50x50x200mm)
P

St
ressatPr
opor
ti
onal
Limi
t,Spl P1
= bd

Maximum Cr
ushi
ng St
rengt
h, P
Smax= bd

Modul
usofEl
ast
ici
ty,E P1L
= bdy
1

wher
e:b-widt
hofspeci
men
d-dept
hofspeci
men
NenaG.Zar
a 6
CE40/
LConst
ruct
ionMat
eri
alsandTest
ing Chapt
erI
II-TI
MBER

L-spanl engt
h
P-maxi mum load
P1-loadatproporti
onal
li
mi t
y1-centerdef
lect
ionatproport
ional
li
mit

C.Compressi
onPerpendi
cul
art
oGr
ain
SizeofSpeci
men-2x2x6i n(50x50x150mm)
P
bear
ingbl
ock

St
ressatPr
opor
ti
onal
Limi
t,Spl P1
= bd

D.ShearPar
all
elt
oGrai
n
Si
zeofSpeci
men-2x2x2½i
nnot
ched
P

shear
ingsur
face

P
Smax= Area of shear
ing
surf
ace

E.Hardness-isdet
erminedbymeasur
ingt
hel
oadrequi
redtoembeda0.444in(11.
3mm)
steelbal
ltoone-hal
fitsdi
amet
erintot
hewood.Thistesti
sofval
uef orcomparat
ive
purposesonly
.
SizeofSpeci
men-2x2x6i n( 50x50x150mm)

F.Tensi
on
a.tensi
ont
estpar
all
elt
ogr
ain

b.t
ensi
ont
estper
pendi
cul
art
ogr
ain

NenaG.Zar
a 7