Notes

1. Meiosis a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the
parent cell, as in the production of gametes
Meiosis occurs only in the germ line (ovaries or testes).
2. Mitosis a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of
chromosomes as the parent nucleus
Mitosis occurs in every cell of the body except in germ cells
3. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, Ultrasound are generally safe during pregnancy, x-
rays should only be done when the benefits outweigh the risks
Radiologist is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disease and injury, using
medical imaging techniques such as x-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear
medicine, positron emission tomography (PET) used to observe metabolic processes. Fusion imaging and ultrasound.
4. Zygote is the union of the sperm cell and the egg cell. The zygote begins as a single cell but divides rapidly in
the days following fertilization. After this two-week period of cell division, the zygote eventually becomes an
embryo
5. Internal fertilization is the process when the syngamy (union of male and female gamete) occurs inside
the female body after insemination (the introduction of semen into a female) using copulation. ... Internal
fertilization is followed by mammals, humans, birds, while external fertilization is supported by
mostly aquatic animals and few amphibians
6. zygote is Also known as a fertilized ovum,
7. A pregnancy starts with fertilization of ovum, when a woman's egg joins with a man's
sperm. Fertilization usually takes place in a fallopian tube that links an ovary to the uterus. If the fertilized egg
successfully travels down the fallopian tube and implants in the uterus, an embryo starts growing.
8. Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the lining of a woman’s uterus (more commonly known as the womb).
The terms menses, menstrual period, cycle or period also knows menstruation. The menstrual blood, which is
partly blood and partly tissue from the inside of the uterus—flows from the uterus through the cervix and out of
the body through the vagina.

9. A period happens when the fertilization does not occurs.

10. Most women will experience menstrual clots at some point in their lives. Menstrual clots are gel-like blobs of
coagulated blood, tissue, and blood that are expelled from the uterus during menstruation
11. Menopause is the time in your life when you stop having periods because of hormonal changes. This usually
happens in your late 40s or early 50s, but may happen earlier.
12. Perimenopause means the time leading up to menopause where you may have symptoms. This stage can last
anywhere from a few months to up to 10 years, and is a process that may start, stop, and start up again.

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Notes
Perimenopause usually begins in your 40s, but it can start earlier, too. People who smoke usually start perimenopause 2
years earlier than nonsmokers.

13. The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23: chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to
form a diploid cell.

14 / 16: small middle portion of the sperm contains the mitochondria. The tail of the sperm, sometimes called
the flagellum, is a slender, hair like bundle of filaments that connects to the head and middle portion. ...
The tail gives the sperm cell movement. It whips and undulates so that the cell can travel to the egg

15: In Eutherian mammals(humans) the acrosome OF SPERM contains digestive enzymes (including hyaluronidase
and acrosin). These enzymes break down the outer membrane of the ovum, called the zona pellucida, allowing the haploid
nucleus in the sperm cell to join with the haploid nucleus in the ovum.
17: Gestation is the period of time between conception and birth. During this time, the baby grows and develops inside
the mother's womb. Gestational age is the common term used during pregnancy to describe how far along
the pregnancy is.
18: Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ tissue layers of the embryo, which are the ectoderm,
endoderm, and mesoderm, develop into the internal organs of the organism.
19: A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon,
20 whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium. ...
21: An oocyte, a mature female reproductive cell, especially of a human, which can divide to give rise to an
embryo usually only after fertilization by a male cell.
"the ovum contributes one chromosome of each pair to the fertilized cell"

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Notes
22: oogonia, it is an immature ovum, or egg cell. ... also The female primordial germ cell (PGC), produced by oogenesis
23. A normal pregnancy IS COMPRISE OF 4o to 43 weeks and 3 trimesters

24. First Trimester (0 to 13 Weeks) The first trimester is the most crucial to your baby's development.33

Because Most other miscarriages happen in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy when the embryo is
developing.
25 Second Trimester (14 to 26 Weeks) the second trimester of pregnancy is often called the "golden period"
because many of the unpleasant effects of early pregnancy disappear. ...
Third Trimester (27 to 40 Weeks).
Teratology is the study of birth defects of a structural nature (skeleton / MUSCULATURE) that arise
during embryonic development. These most often appear as congenital (abnormality present from birth).
malformations that are apparent at birth, but can present in different ways.
27 Pregnancy: The state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within the female body.
28 In an ectopic (abnormal position) pregnancy, the egg attaches itself somewhere outside the uterus — usually to the
inside of the fallopian tube. ... In about 98 percent of ectopic pregnancies, the fertilized egg implants within a
woman's fallopian tube, the narrow tube that links the ovaries and uterus. This is also called a tubal pregnancy.

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Notes
Situation at Childbirth

29 A cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a where the fetus lies longitudinally and the head
enters the pelvis first;
30 Situated in or directed toward the tail or hind part. 3. Inferior to another structure, the terms caudal and caudad are
both derived from the Latin cauda, tail.
31 The medical term for a blocked fallopian tube is tubal occlusion. The fallopian tubes are muscular tubes that are
lined with delicate hair-like structures. These "hairs" work in both directions; helping an egg to travel from the ovaries
down to the womb (uterus) and helping sperm travel up from the womb.

32: last menstrual period (LMP)

33 in 24
34: Gender of the fetus is visible at 12 week of gestation
35 / 36
The germ layers develop early in embryonic life, through the process of gastrulation. During gastrulation, a hollow
cluster of cells called a blastula reorganizes into primary germ layers: During organogenesis, the three germ layers formed
from gastrulation: form the internal organs of the organism
Germ layer, any of three primary cell layers, formed in the earliest stages of embryonic development, consisting of
the endoderm (inner layer), the ectoderm (outer layer), and the mesoderm (middle layer). The germ layers are formed
during the process of gastrulation, when the hollow ball of cells that constitutes the blastula begins to differentiate into

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Notes
more-specialized cells that become layered across the developing embryo. each germ layer eventually gives rise to certain
tissue types in the body.

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Notes

37 / 38

And then
remaining
Approximately first 2 months 7 months

 An embryo is termed a fetus beginning in the 11th week or in the beginning of the 3rd month
of pregnancy,
39 Levels of progesterone rise every month after ovulation, preparing the lining of the uterus for pregnancy. ...
Because progesterone plays a role in maintaining the uterine lining, some researchers have theorized that having
low progesterone before a miscarriage might actually play a role in causing the miscarriage

40: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone

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Notes

EXTRAS

puberty

The time between childhood and adulthood when people mature physically and sexually.
Puberty is marked by changes such as breast development and menstruation or hair
growth and ejaculation.
An, embryo develops from a zygote, the single cell resulting from the fertilization of the female egg cell by the male
sperm cell.
A fetus is the unborn offspring of an animal that develops from an embryo. Following embryonic development, the fetal stage
of development takes place. In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilization
and continues until birth.
An embryo is termed a fetus beginning in the 11th week / 3rd month of pregnancy, which is the 9th week of
development after fertilization of the egg. A zygote is a single-celled organism resulting from a fertilized egg. The zygote
divides to become a ball of cells that eventually implants in the wall of the uterus.
Conception is the time when sperm travels up through the vagina, into the uterus, and fertilizes an egg found in the
fallopian tube. Conception — and ultimately, pregnancy
the action or process of fertilizing an egg of a female, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

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 Notes

Sperm: A sperm is the male "gamete" or sex cell. It combines with the female "gamete," called an ovum, to
form a zygote. The formation process is called "fertilization." And the product is called zygote

Spermatogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile
spermatozoa.
A pregnancy is divided into trimesters: Each trimester comes with its own specific hormonal and physiological
changes. Being aware of the ways that growing baby is affecting body will help to better prepare for these changes as they
happen.

 the first trimester is from week 1 to the end of week 12.

At 1st seek conception occurs, At 4 weeks pregnant, Baby is now known as a blastocyst, a teeny ball of cells,
and is busy settling into his or her new home (mother’s uterus), prepping for all the crucial development that
will happen over the next six weeks.
8 Week umbilical cord is visible

 the second trimester is from week 13 to the end of week 26.

 the third trimester is from week 27 to 43 the end of the pregnancy.
 Babies born between weeks 37 and 39 are considered "early term" while those born between weeks 39 and 41 are
considered "full term". Babies born between weeks 41 and 42 weeks are considered "late term" while after 42
weeks they are considered "post term".
A polar body is a small haploid cell that is formed concomitantly as an egg cell during oogenesis, but which generally
does not have the ability to be fertilized

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