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Linear Algebra - Solution To Test 1

1. The system of equations has infinitely many solutions of the form (-2+t, -1+t, t) which describes a line. 2. Two lines, l1 and l2, and two planes, Π1 and Π2, are defined in terms of vectors between points. 3. Various vector operations are computed for vectors u and v including length, sum, projection, orthogonality, and angle.

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Juan Felipe Solorzano
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68 views3 pages

Linear Algebra - Solution To Test 1

1. The system of equations has infinitely many solutions of the form (-2+t, -1+t, t) which describes a line. 2. Two lines, l1 and l2, and two planes, Π1 and Π2, are defined in terms of vectors between points. 3. Various vector operations are computed for vectors u and v including length, sum, projection, orthogonality, and angle.

Uploaded by

Juan Felipe Solorzano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra - Solution to Test 1

Please find below an outline of the solution.


If something is not clear please ask questions in class.

 −x2 + x3 = 1
1. Consider the system of equations: x1 − x3 = −2
−x1 + x2 = 1.

(a) Write the augmented matrix of this system.


The augmented matrix is:  
0 −1 1 1
 1 0 −1 −2  .
−1 1 0 1

(b) Bring the augmented matrix into the row-reduced echelon form.
Denote by ri the ith row of a matrix. We execute the following row operations on the
augmented matrix: r1 ↔ r2 , r2 ↔ r3 , r2 → r2 + r1 , r3 → r3 + r2 , to obtain:
 
1 0 −1 −2
 0 1 −1 −1  .
0 0 0 0

(c) Write the system of equations that corresponds to the row-reduced echelon matrix
obtained in (b).
We read up the corresponding system:

x1 − x3 = −2
x2 − x3 = −1

(d) Find all solutions of the original system.


Letting x3 = t and solving for xi ´s, we see that all solutions are of the form

(−2 + t, −1 + t, t) ,

with t an arbitrary real number.


(e) How many solutions does this system have?
Infinitely many.
(f) Can you describe the set of solutions geometrically?
Rearranging the solution we obtain:

1
   
−2
~x = −1 + t 1 .
  
0 1

This is an equation of a line.


2. Let P = (1, 3, 1), Q = (3, 0, 0) and R = (−1, 7, 2) be three points in R3 .

(a) Give a vector equation of a line, call it l1 , through points P and Q.


2
       
2 x 1
−→  
P Q = −3 , hence l1 : y = 3 + t −3, with t ∈ R.
    
−1 z 1 −1
(b) Give a parametric equation of a line, call it l2 , that is skew (not parallel and not
intersecting)tothe line l1 .
2
The vector 1 is perpendicular to the direction vector of the line l1 and l1 does not

1
2
   
x
contain the origin, hence l2 : y  = s 1, with s ∈ R, is skew to l1 .
z 1
(c) Find the
 scalar
 equation of a plane,
 call it Π1 , through the points P, Q and R.
−2 1
−→   −→ −→  
PR = 4 , n~1 = P Q × P R = 0 and p~ · n~1 = 3, hence Π1 : 3x + 2z = 3.
1 2
(d) What is the distance
√ of the plane Π1 from the origin?
Since kn~1 k = 5, the distance from the origin is √35 .
(e) Find an equation of a plane, call it Π2 , that is perpendicular to Π1 .
Use as n~2 = p~, the by construction Π2 : x + 3y + z = 0 is perpendicular to Π1 .

   
1 2
3. Let ~u = −4 and ~v =  1 .
   

α α

(a) Compute
√ the length of the vector ~u.
k~uk = 17 + α2 .
(b) Compute 2~ u + 7~
 v .
16
2~u + 7~v = −1.
 

5α
(c) Compute proj~v ~u.  
2
u·~v
~ α2 −2  
proj~v ~u = k~vk2 ~v = α2 +5  1 .
α
(d) Find all values α for which ~u and
√ ~v are orthogonal.
2
~u · ~v = α − 2 = 0 ⇐⇒ α = ± 2.
(e) For which values of α is the angle between ~u and ~v acute and for which values is it
obtuse?
The angle between two vectors is acute iff it is less than 90, so iff the √dot product
√ is
2
positive. So we have to solve ~u · ~v = α − 2 > 0. This yields α ∈ (−∞, − 2) ∪ (√ 2,√
∞).
Analogously for the obtuse angle we have to solve ~u ·~v < 0, which gives α ∈ (− 2, 2).
4. Find an equation of a plane parallel to the line

 x=3+t
y=t
z = 1 − 5t.

A plane with a normal vector ~n is parallel to a line with


 adirection vector ~v if they are
1
perpendicular. The direction vector of this line is ~v =  1 . We need a vector ~n so that
 

  −5
5
~n · ~v = 0. For example we can take as ~n = 0 and as the required plane 5x + z = 1.
 

5. Prove the triangle inequality k~u + ~v k ≤ k~uk + k~v k.


Hint: Useful identities are kwk ~ 2 = w ~ ·w
~ and ~u · ~v = k~uk k~v k cos θ, where θ is the angle
between the vectors ~u and ~v .
See class notes.

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