SEW NO.

SS(239

ON
WELDED REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS
IN STRUCTuR& STEEL MEMBERs

BY

D. VM4~Y1 .4N0 B. A. EECBTMAN

Unfvrtnity
ofWasbiiM >
UnderBureauofSb& Contract
NObs-60238
(Jndex
N..NS.Zil.034)

M~RB LIBRARY

SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE

ihlvcaed
by
Thesecretary
oftbeTreasmy

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 SHIP STRUCTURE COMMITTEE

MEMBER AGENCIES:
December15, 1951 ADDRESS CORRESPONDENCE To:
~.”,.. 0, S“,,’, D..,. e, NAVV sscmm.”v

Mlu,,.” s..7..,s,0 .,,,,., s,.”,.., D,n. 0, M.,, s“,, s,.”., ”,. co..,,,,,
. UNITE.S,Arcs COAST G.,.., TREAS.”” D,rr, U, S. Cc..,, GUAR. H, A.. ”AR, ERS
MARITI.
K A. MtNIST..T, ON, m.,. w co..c.cm WASH,..,.. ,s,D. c,
Au,.,.,. BuRn” 0, S“,,,,?+.

Mar Sir:

Herewithis a COPX of the first ProgressReport

on the investigationof ‘tWelded
Rehforoeraentof Cpeni.ngs
in StructuralSteelMembers(tby D. Va8arhelyiand R. A.
Hechtman. This investigationie being conductedat the
Universityof Washingtcafor the Ship StructureCommittee
. and cover8the work completedto August1950.

ky questions,comments,criticismor other
matterspertainingto the Reportshouldbe addressed
to the Secretary,Ship StructureCcmuaittee.

This Reportis being distributedto those

individualsend agenciesassociatedwith and intereetad
in the work of the Ship StructureConm!ittee.

Yours sincerely,

%c- K. K. COWART
Rear Admiral,U. S. Coast Guard’
Chairman,Ship Structore
Ccmaittee
 . ..$

. PREFACE

‘TheNavy Departmentthrought~ Bureau of Ships is distributingthle

reportfor the SRIP STRUCTURECOMMITTEE.tl$ those agenciesand individusle
who were act!velyassociatedwith theresearch wor~. Th.iereportrspre-
eenteresultsof part of the reeearchprogramconductedunder the Ship
StructureCommittee *s dirsctiwiOto tmpro~ the hull at,ficturesof Ehips
by an e%tensitin@ kflowled@petitainfng to deeign,materialsand mekhode
of fabrication.n
,-.
The 4$etributionof this reportisas follows:

Sh$p StructureComu&ttee

Copy No. 1 - Rear AdmiralK. K. Cowart,LECG - Cheinuan

copy No. 2 - Rear AdmiralR* L. Hicke,USN, (Ret.) MaritimeAdministration
Copy No. 3 - Rear AdmiralE. W. Sylvester,LSN, Bureauof Ships
copy No. ~ - Capt. W. N. Manefield,t5NRjMilitarySea TransportationService
Copy No. 5- D. P. Brown,AmericanBureauof Shipping

. Ship StructureSubcommittee

Copy No. 6- Capt. E. A. Wright,lSN, BWSSU of Ships - Chairman

Copy No. 7 - Comdr.E. A. Grantham,TEN, MlllterySea Transportation Sertice
* c Opy NC* 8 - Comdr.D. B. Henderson,lBCG, U. S. CosetGuard Headquarters
COPY No. 9 - Lt. Comdr.M. N. P. Hinkamp,~N, Bureauof Shipe “
c Opy No. 10 - Lt. Corn&.E: L. Perry,LECG, U. S. Coast Guard I%adqusrtars
Copy No. 11 - W. G. Frederick;MaritimeAdsinietration
Copy No. L2 - HubertKempel,MilitarySea Transportation Service
Copy No. 13 - J. b!.Crowley,Officeof Natil Research
Copy No. L$ - M. J. Letich,AmericanBureauof Shipping
copy NO. ~ - L. C. Host,AmericanBureauof Shipping
COPY No. f6 - E. M. MacCutcheon,Jr., Bureauof Shipe
Copy No. 17 - V. L. RUSSO, MaritimeAdmlnlstrstion
Copy No. 18 -.Finn Jonsseen,’LiaieonRepresentative, NRC
Copy No. 19 - E. H. Dsvidson,LiaisonRepresentative, AISI
copy No. 20 - l?.P. Gerhart,LiaieonRepresentative, AISI
Copy No. 21 - Wm. Spraragen,LiaiaonRepresentative, WRC
copy No. 22 - CharlesHoch,Milita~ Sea Transportation Sertice,Alternate
Member
COpY No. 23 - W. E. Megee, U. S. CoastGuard,AlternateMember
copy Ho. 2.4- J. B. Robertson,‘Jr.,U. S: Coast Guard,AlternateMember
COpY No, 25 - John Vasta,Bureau of SHipS,AlternateMasher
* COPY No. 26 - J. E. Walker,Bmeau Qf Shfps,AlternateMember
COPY No. 27 - Edward Wenk, David.Ta$lorModel Baein,AlternateMember
.
\
 -li -

U.-,.,..,
s.,Aqly .

Copy No. 28.. WatertownArsenal@o@tory, :Attn: S. V. &llO~

.,
,.. U..S. Navy

CopyNo. 29 - Chief,Bureauof.Stips,Navy Department

copy No. 30 - Capt. R. H. hmbqrt, tSN, PhiladelphiaNavalShipyard
Copy No. 31 - Capt. C. M. ‘Tooke,lEN,”Long BeachNavalShipyard
cOPY No. 32 - Comdr.H. G. Bowen,lSN, Code Re-3, Bureauof ordnance
Copy No.B - Comdr.R. S. ,kndelkorn,lSN, PortsmouthNavalShipyard
Copy No. 34 - A. Amirikfan, Bureau of Yards and Docks
Copy No. 35 - A. G. BisselJ,Bureauof Ships
Copy No. 36- JosephBrock,David TaylorModel Basin
Copy No. 37 - J. W. dmkins,...
BYOaU Of ShiPS.
COpy No. 38 - Carl Hartbower,.,NavalResearchI+boratory
Copy No. 39 - Noah Kahn, Ney York NavalShipys+
,, Copy No. .@ - A. S. !!arthenp,
.,, Bureauof Ships.
copy No. 1+1- 0. T. Marske%Na@ .Research. Laboratory
Copy No. 42 - J. E. McCembridge,IndustrialTestingLsb.,Pbila.Naval
>,.,.
~,,.
;:.
.-shipyard .
COPY No. 43 - W. E. McKenzie,Metallurgical Branch,Naval Gun Factory
copy No. 44 -:WiLLiS@. ,,?e&l.ipi, Metallur~ Divn.,Na@ Resesrohkboratoq
.,:
,GopyNo..,L5T N,E, Pro@gel,,Bvreau of Aeronautics ●
Copy No. 46,F NavalRes.e@chLaboratory
copy No. 47 - Nav@, RepearchLaboratory,MechanicalSection
copy No. 48 - NavalResearchLaboratory,Metallurgical Section
cOpy No. .?+9
- Post GraduateSchool,U.,S. NavslAcademy
Copies No. 50 and 51 - U. S. NavalEngineeringExperimentSection
Copy No. 52 - New York NavalShipyard,““lhterial,Laboratory
Copy No..53 - IndustrialTeetingLaboratory
Copy No. 54 - PhiladelphiaNaval Shipyard
Copy No. 55 - San FranciscqNavelShi~rd b
COPY No. 56 - Dsvid TaylorModel Basin,Attn:,.Library
Copies No. 57 a~d 5’8- TechuicalLibrary,Bureauof Shipe,Code 3$4

U. S. Coast Guard

COW, NO. 59 - Capt. R. ~’.Lank, Jr., LSCG

COpy NO. 60 - Capt. H. C. Moore$ L6CG
COpy No. 61 - Capt. G. A. Tyler,WCG
Copy No. 62 - Testingand Development, Division .#
COPY No. 63 - Il.S. Coast Guard Academy,New London

U. S..AkritimeAdmln3str@ion ..

Copy No. @ - Vice A&. E. L. Cochrane,lSN (Ret.)

COpy No. 65 - E. E. Martinsky
. C*tt09,, on Ship Steel.

Cow. No. 66- P. E. Kyle, - Chairman .,, .

CopyL’No. 67- C. H. Herty,“Jr.- ~ce CbairnBI” ‘“‘2 .
copy No. 68 - Wm. M. Baldwin,Jr.
C O~y NO. 69 - C. S. Barr5~~
Copy No. 7C - R. M. Brick
CoPy No. 71- S. L. Hoyt
Copy No. 13 - J. M. Crow16y ““
cOpY NO.. 72 ; k W. Lightner
cOpy No. 73 -’R. F.”Mebl ,..,,
Copy No. 74 - T. S. Washburn ““
Copy NO. 18 - Finn Jonassen- TechnicalDirector
Copy No. 75 - A. Mull.er - Consultant

..:
:,:Members
of‘“P$jeot~d~sory CommitteesSR-9$,SR-99,SR-lCO,
SR-108,SR-1C9,SR-ll~;andSR-Lll (not listedelsewhere)
,. .,
copy“lb.76+. R. ‘Hp”’’AbOin ““ .,.
Copy NOm’77,
Q’E~”A. Anderson’‘ ,“, ‘ ,(,““”,:,:, “.... ..
COpy NO. 78 - L; C. Bibber ,.
.:.,
*
Copy..
No. 79 -:,
MorrisCohen
.:. .
Copy ITo;8b -W. C. Ellis’ “: ‘,’::.,,;
‘“’::> ‘ -““’”’:”’”:: “
COPY NO. ?31- M. Gen=+mer .,...
;.. + . .. .,,
* copy No. @’ - ‘M.,F:’&Wk~~”;”) : ,’ “
.83 - W: F- ~&W’’”’”
Copy }10. ,“
copy No.,~” - W. ‘R.+b+rd; .Jr. .;‘:.,
COPY N0.:85- C’;E. ‘Jackson ,
Copy No. 86 : J. R.,”,L+;jJro
: “’“’
2,’;;],”
Copy NO. ~’,.-,H.W. P16rce ::
Copy No. 88 -~W. A. Reich ~ :“”~’”,,’:,, .,
COpy No.’,89’
-’C.E. Sims ,. ,’.
COPY No. 9CI,-’R. ~. StOUt ‘“ ? ,’““”” :: .,,,’,
.,.
, .,. - .,

copy NO. 91’- J. G. Thompson ,,

,,
COPY NO. 92 - B. G. Johnston,WeldingRese@ch’Goticil,L~ison
COPY No. 93 - w. H. wooding,Philadelphia ‘Nat+ s,$tierd

Committeeon Re$~d# “St$e&& ‘. “, ,.

,.
copy Ko. 94 - J. T. Notin - Chaitin’:~ .“,’,,.’.’
,,.~
copy NO. 68 - Wm. M. Baldwin,Jr. “’ ,“ .:j, ~,
Copy No. 95 - Paul Ffield
Copy No. % - LeVan Grlffie
Copy No. 97 - K; HeindLhofer
COpy NO. 98 - IkmlelRosent~l
Copy NO. 18 - Finn Jonsssen“-TeohnicalDirector

,..
 -fv -

Representativee
of AmeficanIron end Stiel Institute
.
Committeeon MenufncturlngProblems

Copy No. 99 - C. M. Parker,Secretary,GeneralTechnicalCdttee, A.ISI

copy No. .% - L. C. Bibber,U. S. SteelCQ.
COpY No. 67 - k?. H. Herty, Jr., BethlehemSteel Co. ‘“
Copy No. 100 - E. C. Szdth,RepublicSteel Corp.

WeldingResearchCouncil

CoPy No. 101 - C. A. Adams Copy No. U33 - LaMotteGrover

Copy No. 102 - Harry Boardman Cow.,Ho. 21 - Wm. Spraragen

copy No. 104 - w. w. RubeY.ChairmaniNationalReeearchC ounoil

Copy N0.,105.- C. R. Sode~&rg, Chaib, D Iv. Engineeringf+Ind@trial
‘“Research,NRC
Copy No. 18 - Finn Jonassen,TechnicalDirector;Committee, on Ship Steel
COpy Nc. 106 - R. A. Hechtmen,Investigator, ResearchprojectSR-119
Copy No. 107 - S. T. Carpenter,Investigator, Reeearch.
~oj~cts SR-98 and
SR-3.18
Copy No. 68 - Wm. M. Baldwin,Jr., Investigaticr, ResearchProjects.?R-99
and SR-111
COpy }1..108 - C. R Vcldrich,Investigator, Resesroh@eject SR-1OO
Copy Nc. 109 - P. J. Rieppel,Investigator, ReeearchProjectSR-1OO
Copy No. 110 - M. L. Williams,Investigator, ResearchProjectSR-106
Copy No. 111 - C. A. Ellinger,Investigator, Researchno jectSR-106
Copy No. 73 - R. F. Mebl, Investigator, ResearchProjectSR.108
Copy No. 70 - R. M. Brick,Investigator, ResearchPrcject..SR-109
Copy No. 11.2- C. H. Lorig,Investigator, ResearchPrcject.SR-11O
.Copy No. 113 - E. W. Suppiger,Investigator, Research.ProjectS~-~3
Copy No. Ill+- Cerlo Riparbelli,Investigator, Research,PrcjectSR-113
COPY No. 28 - S. V. Arnold,Investigator, ResearchProjectSR-114
Copy No. 17 - V. L. Russo,Investigator, ReeearchProject,SR-.ll7
Copy No. 115 - G.,S. Mikha.lapov,Investigator, ResearchProjectSR-~0
Copies No. 116 and 117 - Army Air MaterialCommand,?right. Field
COPY Nc. 3.18- ClarenceAltenburger,Great LakesSteel Co.
Copy No. 119 - J. G. Althouse,LukenaSteelCo.
copy No. 120 - T. N. Arzstrong,The International NickelCo., Inc.
Copy No. 121 - R. Archibald,Bureau of PublicRoads
Copy No. 122 - F. Baron,NorthwesternUniversity
Copy No. 323 - Britishshipbuilding ResearchAssoc.,Attn: S.L Asher,Sac.
Copy No. 124 - J. P. Comatock,NewportNexe Shipbuilding& DrydockCo.
Copy No. 125 - A. J. Durelli,ArmourResearchFoundation
,,~OpyNo. 126 - W. J. Eney, Fritz Eng. Lab., LehighUniversity
Copy No. 127 - S. Epstein,BethlehemSteel Co.
CCPY Nc. 1.28- J. H. Evens,Massachusetts Instituteof Technology
Copy No. 129 - A. E. Flanigan,Universityof California
Copy No. 130 - L. E. Grinter,IllinoisInstituteof Technology
 -T-.

copy No. 131 - W. J. Htis, Jr., ldetillurgisal A dvlsoryBowl, .~,

● COPY No. 132 - T. R. Higgl.ne, AmericanInstituteof Steel Conetruct~on.
Copiee No. 133 thro~h 157 - E. G. Hill,BritishJointServlceaNlesion,
(NavyStaff) .,
copy No. 158 - 0. J. Horger,TimkenRollerBearingCo.
COPY No. 159 - L. R Jaokson,~ttells Mmrial Inetitut@ ~~ ~ ~~
copy Ho. 160 - B. J. Johnefmn,Udversity of Michigan
COpy NO. 161 - J. Jones,BethlehemSteelCo.
Copy No. 162 - K. V. King, StandardOil Co. of California
copy No. 163 - E. P. Kller,Universityof Lk+rylend
Copy No. 164+- W. J. Krefeld,ColumbiaUniversity
Copy l?o.165 - J. B. Letherbury,New York ShipbuildingCO.
copy No. 166 - E. V. Lewi~,GeorgeG. Sharp
Copy No. 167 - C. W. MacGregor,Massachusetts Instituteof Technology ~‘:”
copy No. I@ - R. C. Madden,KaiserCo., Inc. .,
COpy No. 169 - G. M. Magee,Associationof AmericanRailroads “ I ““
Copy No. 170 - J. H. M@@~ld, BethlehemSteelCo., ShipbuildingDiv.
Copy No. 171 - NACA, Ak*n: MaterialsResearchCordination,Navy Dept.
Copy No. 172 - N. M. Newmark,UniversityCFIlli?oia
Copy No. 173 - CharlesH. Norris,MassachusettsInstituteof Technology
Copy No. 174 - E. Orowan,Massachusetts Instituteof Technology
c Opy No. 175 - W. G. Perry,RN, BritishJointSertioesMission(NavyStaff)
Copy No. 176 - WalterRsmberg,NationalBureau of Stemierds
Copy No. 177 - L. J. R&l, U. S. Steel Co.
cOpy No. 178 - W. P. Roop,SwarthmoreCollege
Conv
r.
N.. 179 - H. A. Schede.‘Univarsit!?of California
c OPY N& 180 - SaylorSnyde~,U. S. St~elC o.
cOpy No. 181 - E. G. Stewart,StandardOil Co. of N. J.
Copy No. 182 - R. G. Sturm,PurdueUniversity
Copy No. 183 - K. C. Thornton,The AmaricanShipbuildingCo.
Copy No. 184 - A. R. Troisno, ”Case Instituteof Technology
Copy No. 185 - R. W. Vanderbeck,U. S. Steel Co.
copy No. 186 - T. T. Watson,LukensSteel Co.
COPY No. 187 - Webb Instituteof NavelArchitecture
copy No. 188 - GeorgesWelter,Ecole PolytechnlqueInstitute
Copy No. 189 - G. W inter,CornellUniversity
Copy No. 190 - L. T. Wyly, PurdusUnlversl~
Copy No. 191 - Divisionof Metallurgy,NationalBureau of Standards
COpy No. 192 - Transportation Corps Board,Brooklyn,N. Y.
Copies No. 193 through197- Libraryof Congressvia Bureauof Ships,Code 324
copy No. 198 - C. A. Zapffe, Carl A. Zapffe Laboratory
cOpy No. 199 - File Copy, Committeeon Ship Steel
CopiesNo. 200 through- 204 - Bureauof Ships
Copy No. 205 - L. Crawford,Investigator, ResearchProjectsR-I.21
COPY No. 206- ~. c . r. 3cG, ld~, 12//$”/5/
COpy No. 207 - ~ 4. & .2++ Ia.ft 5/.3-f
COpy No. 208 - @ ~- ). T ~ 1=/,~/~1
COpy No. 209 - C++-. Q.T. , 7 Tflfi /~/~Y/r/
 -vi-

Copy No. 210 -

%g,K: % :
COPy No.213 -
Copy No. 214 -
COPY No. 215-
Copy No. 216-
COpy No. 217 - B. >
copy No. 218 - ~ -..
copy No. 219 -
Copy No. 220 -
Copy No. 221 -
copy No. 222 -
copy No. 223 -
copy NO. Za -
COPY No. 225 .
,-..+ - ‘“- ’-’-L .,..,.:
~ P“
--wbti *+.., b [email protected]+i% - ~sio.c+ b&&Cw~ _
(Total- 22.5,
copies) ,

w -. v,k.~—” icb- \3, l’35~

 WELDEDREINFORCEMENTOF OPENINGS
IN STiWCTURALSTEELMEMtMRS

TAME OF CONTENTS

Contents *

“’I. Intreduction’ ,. 1
II. PreviousTheoreticalWork
III. Objectand Scope of the l?.xpertien~IfivestigatiOn i~~ ;
IV. Tests and Test Methods b
1. SpeciqenSteel and Weltig Electrode 1+
Dstaik”of Test Specimens 4
;: Method of TestingPlate Specimens 6
!.+.Gagingand Measurements 7
v. Resultsof Tests $
1. Introductionof Definitionof Terms 8
DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-In.Gage Length 10
;: Comparisonof Load on Specimen ~and Avewge Elongationon
36-In. Gage Length 12
1
4. GeneralYieldkg in the Plain Platesand the Plates
with Openings u
5. UltimateStrengthof Plain Platesand Plateswith Openings 15
6. EnergyAbsorptionof the Plain Flates and the Plateswith
Openings 17
7. Effactiveness of the Reinforcement 18
8. Unit StrainConcentration in the Platesin the Region
aroundthe Opening 20
9. Deformationand Fractureof Plateswith Openings 25
10. Brief Summaryof the ExperimentalResultsof the Tests
of Plain Plates and Plateswith Openings
VI. Discussionof Test Results ;;
1. GeneralYielding,UltimateStrength,and Energy Absorption
of PlainPlatesand Plateswith Openings 33
2. Effectivenessof the Reinforcement 37
VII. Conclusions 39
VIII. Acknowledgement 40

AppendixA - Reviewof Referencesin TechnicalLiterature

on Openingsin Plates la
1. MathematicalAnalysesof Stressesin
Plateswith Opentigs la
2. ExperimentalDeterminationof btressesin
Plat~swith Openings
3. Bibliography 2
 LIST OF.TASLES

TableNo. Title P* ‘

1 MechanicalPropertiesof Platesof DifferentThickness.

Sefi-KilledSteel U as Rolled. 42”

2 Descriptionof Spectienswith’l/4-In.Bcdy Plate. 43

3 List of PlatesUsed for Fabricationof Each Specimen. L4

4 Plain Plates and

Strengthand EnergyAbsorptionof I/f+-In. “
Plateswith Openings. , 45

5 Efficiencyof Plateswith Openingsas Comparedwith Plain

Plates. 47

6 Types of Fleinf
orcementGivingthe GreatestEfficianciesfor
PLatesnith OpeningsSustainingCompletelyDuctileFractures. 49

7 GeneralYieldingati Fracturesof Plateswith OFenings. 50

 LIST:O?,FIGURES

Fig. No. Title ~

,.

1 of TypicalPlatesof Each ThicknessUsed

hlicrostructures
for S“pecti@n5. 52

2 Detailsof Plain Platesand Plateswith Unreinforced

Openings. 53

Reinforcedby a Face Mr.

Detailsof Piat6swith “Openings 53

Detailsof ~.ates with OpeningsReinforcedby a SingleDoubler

Plate. . 54

5 Detailsof Plateswith OpeningsReinforcedby Sri’Insert

Plate. 54

6 TypicalSpecimen.Mountedin 2,400;00&1b. TestingMachineand

Ready for Testing. .,,. 55

7 Locationof SR-1+ElectricStrainGages on Specimenswith

Unreinforck+d
Openings. 56

Locationof SR-~ tilectricStrainGages on Specimenswith

OpeningRei+o reed by a Face Bar. 56
.
9 Locationof SR-L ElectricStrainG&es on SDecimenswith
OpeningReinforcedby a SingleDoubierPlat~. 57

10 Locationof SR-L ElectricSt&iiiGages on Specimens”

with
OpeningReinforcedby an Ii@ertPlate. 57
.
XL DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-in.Gage
Length.’S@L?c.No. 1. Plain Plate. ,“ 58

12 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongatiori
on 36-in.Gage
Length. apec.No. 23. PlainPlate. ,,,
, 58

13 Distributionicros”sPlate of Elongationon 3f+in. Gage

Length. Spec. No. 2. CircularOpening. Ho FteWorcement. 58

u+ DistributionacrossPlate of’Elorigation
on 36--U.‘Gage
Length. Spec. No. 3. Square Opening..lJoFteinforcement. 58
. 15 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 3&in. Gage,
Length. Spec.No. 4.~:SquareOpeningwith’RotidedG5fndrs.
No Reinforcement. ...., 59

16 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-in.Gage

Length. Spec. lJo.5. CircularOpening. Face Bar
ReiifOrcem>nt. 59
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. NO. Title P* ‘

17 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 3t-in.Gage’‘ .

Length. Spec.No. 6. CircularOpening. Face Bar
Reinforcement. 59

18 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 3kin. Gage

Length. Spec.No. 7. SquareOpening. Face Bar
Reinforcement. 59

19 Distribution
.,acrcmsPlate of Elongationon 3&in. Gage
Length. Spec. No. 8. SquareOpening. Face Bar
Reinforcement. 60

20 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-in. Gage

Length. Spec.No. 9. SquareOpeningwith Rounded ~~~
Corners, Face Bar Reinforcement. ., 60

21 Distribution
across Plate of Elongation.on36-ti. Gage
Length. Jpec.lio.10. SquareOpeningwikh Rounded J
Corners. Face Bar Reinforcement. 60

22 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-in.Gage .

Length. Spec. No. 11. CircularOpening. SfigleDoubler
Plate Reinforcement; 60

23 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-in.Gage

Length. Spec.No. 1.2. CircularOpening. SingleDoubler
PlateReinforcement.

24 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-in.Gage

Length. Spec.No. 13. SquareOpsning. SingleDoubler
PlateReinforcement.

25 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 3.6-in.

Gage
Length. Spec. No. IA. SquareOpening. SingleDoubler
Plate Reinforcement.

26 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-in. Gage

Length. Spec. No. 15. SquareOpeningwith RoundedCorners.
SingleDoublerPLateReinforcement.
.
27 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-in. Gage
Length. Spec.No. 16. SquareOpeningwith RoundadCorners.
SingleDoublerPlate Reinforcement.
 LI.STOF FIGURES

Fig. No. Title ~

..
28 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongation.on3&in. Gage Length.
. 62
Spec.’
No. 17. CircularOpening. InsertPlateReiiforcamerit.

29 DistributionacrossPbte “ofElongatiofi
on 36+b’.Gage”
“~e&th;.
Spec. No. u. CircularOpening. InsertPlate”Reikiforcement.’ 62

30 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongation“on3&~. .Ga~e”’

Lerigth.
Spec.No. 19. SquareOper&ng. InsertPlate Reinforcement. 62

31 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 3&in. ‘dageLet&thi‘

Spec. iio.20. SquareOpening. InsertPlateReinforcement. 63

32 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongation‘on36-in.Gage Length.“.

Spec.No. 21. SquareOpeningwith RoundedCorners. Insert
Plate Reinforcement. 63

33 DistributionacrossPlate of Elongationon 36-in.Gage Length.

Spec.No. 22. SquareOpeningwith RoMded Corners. Insert
Plate Reinforcement. 63

34 AverageElongationto UltimateLoad and to.Failureon 36-in.

Gage Lengthfor Plain Platesand Platesy+tiiOpenings. 6L

35 Comparisonof Load and AverageElongation.

on 36-in. Gage
Lengthfor P~in Plstes. 65

36 Comparisonof Lead and AverageElongationon 36-in. Gage

Lengthfor pl.at
es with an UnreinforcedOPefig. 66

37 Comparisonof Load and AverageElongationon 36-in. Gage ‘“’

Lengthfor Plateswith OpeningsReinforcedby a Face Bar. 67

38 Compsrisonof Load and AverageElongationon 3&in. Gage

Lengthfor PLateswith OpeningsReinforcedby a Single
DoublerPlate. ,. 68

39 Comparisonof Load and AverageElongationon 3@in. .Gage

Lengthfor Plates with Operiings
Reinforcedby”an Insert
Plate. 69

. Lo Comparisonof UltjmateLoad and AverageElongationto Ultimate

Load for Plain Plates and Plates with Openings.
” 70

L1 Load and AverageStress on Net Cross Sectionat GeneralYielding

of Plain Platesand Plates with Openings. 71
 LfiT OF FIGURES

Iig. No. “Title’ ~

42 Ulttite Strengthof,Plain Plebes:

akd Plateswith Openings
i ‘.72
.

43 Comparisonof Ultimatehad and Percentageof Reinforcement

for Plateswith Openings. 73
.. ..~> ,.. .

44 Comparisonof Ulthate Strengthwith Percentageof Reinforce-

ment for Plateswith Openings. 74

45 Relationbetweeathe UltimateStrengthof Plateswith Openings

and the Notch Acuityof the Opening.

46 EnergyAbsorptionto UltimateLoad and to Failurefor Plates

with Openings. .. . 76

4’7 Comparisonof EnergyAbsorptionto Failureand Percentage“of

Reinforcementfor Plateswith Openings. 77
48 Rslationbetweenthe EnergyAbscirpt2ioRto ‘Failureof Elates
with Openingsand the NotchAcuity of the Opening. 78 )

.49 Comparisonof the Efficiencieswith Respectto Ultimateload

and EnergyAbsorptionto Failurefor Plates with Openings”. 79 ..

50 Comparisonof the Efficiencieswitl-”

‘Respectto Ultimate
Strengthand i?,nergy
Absorptionto Failurefor”Plateswith
Openings. 80
,,,.
, ., .,,
51 SketchShowingMethod of ‘Presentktitiof Unit StrainConcen-
trationin Plateswith Openings. 81
,.
52 Unit StrainConcentrationh Regionof Opening. ~ -Spec.No. 2
CircularOpening. No Reinforcement. 81
.
53 Unit StrainConcentrationin Regionbf “Opening.Spec. No. 5.
CircularOpening. Face Bar Reinforc
anent. . 82

54 Unit St~n Cdricentration

in Region OT Opening.
” Spec. No. 6.
CircularOp&ing. Face Bar Reirifc+c&ient. 82

55 Unit StrainConcentrationin Region of Ope,ning.Spec. No. 11.

CircularOpening. SingleDoublerPld,e” ~eihforcement: 83 .

56 Unit StrainConcentrationin Regionof Opening. Spec. No. L2.

CircularGpening. bingl~DoublerPlate‘Reinforcement. 83
.
 LISTOF FIGURRS

.
Fig. ?40. Title P*

Unit StrainConcentrationin Region Openiig. Spec. NO. l??.

. 57 -.. of
. ,.
CircularOpening. Insert”Plate Heworcement. w

58 Unit strainConcentrate
on in Regionof Opening. Spec. 1~0.18.
Cifiil.ar
Opening. ImsertPlate Reinforc+meiit. 81+

59 Unit StrainConcentrationin Region of Operiing.Spec. No. 4.

SquareOpening,RoundedCoiners. No Reinforcement. %5

60 Unit strainConcentration
in Regionof Opening. Spec. No. 9.
SquareGpening,RoundedCorners. Face Bar .Reinforcement. 85
:.:
61 Unit StrainConcentration
in kegionof Opining. Spec. No. 10.
SquareOpening,RoundedCorners. Face dar R&nforcsment.“ 86

62 Unit StrainConeentrationin Regionof Opening. Spec. NO. 15.

SquareOpening,RoundedCorners. SingleDoublerP1-steReiO-
forcement. %6
*
63 Unit strainconcentrationin Region of Opening. Spec. No. 16.
SquareOpening,RoundedCorners. SingleDoublerPlate Rein-
. forcement. w
.,
64 Unit >trainconcentrationin Regionof Opening. Spec. Na. 21.
SquareOpening,RoundedC orriet%,
“InsertPlateRe~orc ement. :87
,.
65 Unit StrainConcentrationin Region of Opening. Spec.NO. 22.
SquareOpening,RoundedCorners,&m4rt PlateRei~or&ment. ; 88

66 Unit StrainConcsntrati
On in Regionof .Op@ng. SPec. NO. 3.
SquareOpening,NO Reinforcement.. 88

67 Unit StrainConcentrationin Region of Opening. Spec. No. 7.

squareOpenfig,Eace Bar Reinforcement.“ ,,
’89

68 Unit btrainConcentrationin Region of Opening. Spec. No. 8.

Face Bar Reinforcement. 89

69 Unit StrainConeentrationin Regionof Opening. Spec. No. 13.

squareOw=fig> SingleDOu’Oler plate Rei~Orcement. 90
.
70 Unit StrainConcentrationin Region of Opening. Spec.No. IA.
SquareOpening,SingleDoublerPlate Reinforcement. 90
.
71 Unit StrainConcentrationin Region of Opening. Spec.No. 19.
SquareOpening. InsertPlats Reinforcement. 91
 LIST OF FIGURES

~tle
Fig. No.

72 Unit StrainConcentration
in Regionof Opening..Spec.No. 20. ,
SquareOpening. InsertPlateReinforcement. 91

73 HighlyStressedRegionsaroundOpeni+gsof UnreWorced Plates

as Indicatedby StresdcoatAnalysis. Three Shapesof Openings. 92

7L Photographsof Rim of OpeningwhichBuckledIater~ly during .

Loading. Plateswith DifferentTypes of Reinforcementaround
Opening. 93

75 Comparisonof Load and the MaxinumLateralDeflectionof the

Buctiled
Edge of Openingin Plateswith Openings. 9.4

76 Photographsof Plain Platssand Plateswith Opekgs after

Fracture. 95

77 Photographsof Plateswith OpeningsafterFracture. 96

78 Photographsof Plateswith OpeningsafterFracture. 97

79 Photographsof Plateswith OpeningsafterFracture. 98

80 Comparisonof Total Load on,Plate and TotalLengthof Fracture.

~: 99

a Relationbetweenthe U~timateStrength” and the NotchAcuity of

the Opening,
for IllinoisHide Plate Tests. Steel E as Rolled. 100
,“
82 Relationbetweenthe UltimateStrengthand the NotchAcuityof
the Openingfor Illinois:{idePlate Tests. SteelD as Rolled. 101

83 Relationbetweenthe UltimateStrengthand the Notch Acuityof

the Opening,for Illinois,iide
Plate Tests. SteelD Normalized. 102

8L Relationbetweenthe UltimateStrengthand the Notch~cuity of

the Opening,fpr,,,iide
Plate Te,stsby Thomas~and didenburg..“Steel
E as rolled. 103
.,
,,
,!, ., . .

.
,.,,’

.
 LIST OF FIGUREREFERENCESIN TEXT

(
Fig. No. Referredto on pages
,.&; :,., ,
.&.
.

2 5, 7, 9, lo

3 5, 9

L 5, 9

5 5, 9, 3$

6 6

7-1o ~ 7, 21

11-33 10

3J’+ u

35-39 1.2,3-3,U, 25

40 13

u 1.4

1+2 15, 16

43-44 if, 16

45 16, 34, 36

l@+7 17

lf! L3, 35, 36

49-50 19

51-72 20, 22, 26

73 26, 27, 3L

74 27

75 28

76-79 29

80 29

81-84 34, 35
 LIST OF TABLEREFER31,!CES
IN TEXT

TableNo. Referredto on pages

1 4, 12, lb, 15 .

2 5
3 5
4 14, 17

5 18, 19
6 20, 25

7 26, 28
 PROGRESSREPORT

(FIRST)

by

D. Vasarhelyiand R. A. Hechtman
Universityof “I,ashington

for

SHIP STRUCTUR3COW.;lTTEE

Under Navy ContractNObe-50238

IndexNo. NS731-0311
 WF.IDEDREINFORCEMENTOF OPENINGS
IN STRUCTURALSTEZL MZMBERS “
4

I. INTRODUCTION
..
.
The introductionof an openingwithina structuralmember is often
.,”
necessaryto permitthe passageof conduitor personnel. These openingsweaken

the structuralmember by decreasingits cross-section

area as well as by pro-

ducinga regionof stressconcentration.Variousmethodsof reinforctigsuch

openingshavs been developedin order to increasethe net cross-section

area

of the member,but only a Littletheoreticalor expertientalinformationis a-

vailableconcerningthe effectivenessof the differenttypes of retiorcement

and the magnitudesof the stressespresentin and aroundthe reinforcement.

The experimentalinvestigation
reported hereinhad as its purpose

the determination
of the effectiveness
of four types of arc-weldedrei&?orce-
. ment for openingsin plain-carbonstructuralsteelplatesloadedunder uniform

tension. The openingwae centrallylocatedin each plate and had a width equal

to one-fourthof the width of the plate. The effectof the openingand of the

varioustypes of reinforcement upon the load at yieldtig,the ultimatestrength,

,-
the ductility,and the unit straindistributionin the vicinityof the opening

was investigatedand comparedwith similarobservationsfor plateswithout ,

openings.

The test programcoveredin thie reportis the initialpart of a

largerprogramof tests. Includedin the presdntreportare tests at room

temperatureof two plainplates withoutopenings,threeplates with unrein-

,
forcedopenings,and eighteenplateswith arc-weldedreinforcement
aroundthe

opening. Three types of weldedreinforcement

were investigated:face bare,

_\-
 “4-

>
singledoublerplates,and insertplates. The plateswithoutreinforcement

and thosewith each type of reinfo~ementwere fabricatedwith threecliff

erent ●
..,.
,..
shapesof openings: circular,squ&e with roundedcorners,and equsrewith “‘’“‘
, i,.:.
.,
sharpcorners. .. ...?!.<’r:.!
-.
.,..,
Followingthe List of Figuresat thebeginningof this reportwili tie’
““

found a table givingthe

.. referencesin the text to each figure.

~1. .PREVIOUSTHEORETICALW3RK
... ....’ :
The presentinvestigation
.. ,.,. was prefacedby a somewhatthoroughseArti~‘“
-,,.
i.
of the technicalli~rat~e, ,for solutionsby the theoryof elasticityof ~hd:““
.. .
variouscasesof plates,yithopeningsloadedunder uniformtensionin one

direction. Solutionswere found.fo,r

.p&}es of,constantthicknessand “hf”k+~~ ‘““f

width with circular,ellipticai~or ,pya:loid

hple,e,
and for a circularhole””~ J~”
“’”
; .

a plate of constantthic@ess and finitewidth. Solutionswere ~SO foundfOi:” ‘“‘“

:
.,.
.
,:,
...... ~~~
platesof constantthicknessand,infinitewidth with a circularopeningrem-
,.,
forcedby a sectionof increasedthicknessaroundthe opening. ~ ~_ry:&, -:,
,,’,.’:
bibliographyof these referencesare givenin AppendixA. ‘~

The availabletheoreticalsolutionswere only qualitatively

applicable““”

to the types of reinforcement

used in this programof tests. Threeimportcint’
conclusions,,
however,were indicatedby the variousmathematicalanalysesof the

elasticstressesin,platesof infinitewidth and c.cnstant

thicknesswitii”
‘circular”
,
openingsreinforcedby an increaseof the plate thicknessinxnediately
around

the opening:
;:. ..’.
1. An increaseof the smou@ of reinforcement decrecisek
the maxhufm ,
,,..
;
circumferential
stresson the rim of the opening,but as addition-

al amountsof reinforcement
are addedthey becomekcreasingly
 -3-

less effectivein reducingthis circumferential

stress.

2. While the reinforcement

deoreaseethe maximumcircumferential
. ... .
etreeseeareundthe opening,it simultaneouslyincreaseethe

raximumshearetreesesadjacentto the reinforcement.This

increasein the maximumcheerstresseerendereit impoeeible

that any reinforcement

may restorethe full strengthpoeeessed

by a pletewithoutan opening.

3. The amovr,t
of area added by the.reinforcementie more effective

in reducingthe circumferential
stressesthe.qthe b?~i.ng ~‘

stiffnessof the reinforcement.

R. Emerimental data were fOmd in the literaturewhich were “‘

directlyapplicable$0 this problem.

III. OBJECTAND SCOPE OF THE EXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATION

The experimental’”
programof teetewas plannedprimarilyto find

informationusefulfor the developmentof “designcodes for structural

memberswith reinforcedopeningewhere arc-meldingwas the methndof

fastening. The objectof the investigation,

therefore,was to obtain

data such as the load at which initialyieldingwo,~ldoccur,the maximum

strength,the energyabsorptionand ductility,end the tit straindis-

tributionin the regionof the openingfor plateswith typicaltypes and

amountsof weldedreinforcement.
,
The scope of the initialpart of the “investigation
includedfive

.
seriesof epecimenstestedat room temperature!plain plateewithout

openings,plateswith unreinforcedopenings,plateswith openingsre-

inforcedby face bars,plateswith openingsreinforcedby singledoubler

plates,and plateswith openingereinforcedby insertplates.

 -l+-

.,
Each ‘iif’
the &briesof”specimens~<th openingsincludedthree shapesof opening:

&Feilar,’squarew$.throunded’
corners,
”an~ squarewith”sharp ~orners. The body

“or tiiriplate ofleach specimenm’s“cutfrom l/l+-irich

plate. The programof
.
t&~s wfich will“followthis &itial proowain
tichdes spectiensof greater

th~cknessas hell as spec~ens of the “d~ferentthickrlesses

testedat low
fi ... !,. .

atmospherictemperatures.
.’. . ,. ‘,

-,:
...
,,,.
.:,.,:,
... .. .,.,. Iv. TLsTS AND TEST METHOl15
1. SpectiensSteel and Welding,Electrode.
.
.411the specimensfor t~s seriesof testsWere,$,,xnpi.etely
fabricated
from the same heat of steel.,,This steel,hereafterdes~+t+d as Steel U, was

a plain-carbonsemi-kill.ed
grademeetingfi$JMSpec.1(o.A 7.-49Tand v@?,used in

the as-rolledcondition. The chenicalanalysisof this steelwas as follows: .

,..,
“c’ ‘“”’
Ml ‘ P s ““Si‘“
.,
0.23 0.50 0.053
‘“ ““ 0.051““
‘“ 0.07

“Thetensilepropertiesof this’steelas determinedby tests of two

,. :..,
ASTM standardfl~t tensile‘specinens
““cut
fi’omeach plate are given ~“ Table 1.
,,.,,. :,. .
The microstructureof “samplescut from one plate of each thicknessare shown
.
in ‘1’i”g
. 1.

‘The’
coated‘weldingelectrodewas 1/8 in. and 5/32 in. h’ diameter
,,
and’“metAVE Speti”.
‘E-601O.
,,.
2. Detailsof Test Specimens,

The”spec”inens””
were designedand weldedin accokance”w~th Navy
4.
Specificationkavships451. ‘“Theweldswebe designedto have an efficiency
,. i,,. ‘,.
of 100-percefitaccordingto””th6SeSpecifications.Sketchesshowingthe five
,.,,, ,. .
,.,
...,,,.,
.;.

,.
. ,.,;...;r,
,.’ .,,,..
 “+

types ~f specimensand the detailsof the weld~g appearti Figs. 2, 3, k,”and

5. Table 2 I.istti
the testprogreni;

All plateshsd a test sectionwith the same dimensi~s, 36 in. wide

by 1/4 in. thick,as shownin Fig. 2. Figs. 2 to 5, inclusive,ShOWthe shape

of the openingwhich was locatedin the centerof the test sectionand the

detailsof the weldedreinforcement.‘lheouter edgesof the sp%c~~s and

the circumference
of thetipeningwere flame-cutto shapeand groundto remove

the roughnessleft by “the’

flame-cutting.The-.
doublerplatesad the insert

plateswere also,flarie-cut
to shape. However,the face bars‘tiers”
sewedto

width.froa@-in. platesratherthan ilame-tilt”;

ti order that the”&ternal

stressesin the facebars might be simil.ar’tm

those’in hot-reliedbars, which

woul.~ordinarilybe used for this kind 6$:strtictti~detafi. The face bars

were sold-bentto shape and splicedwith ‘siiigle

V-buttwelds”on the vertical

centerline,
of,.theepectien. Thosefor the cficularopening‘were”
made in one

piece,and,those for the.two types of squareo“pefigsin two halves. Tabls3

lists the plateefrcm whichthe detailsfor each specimenwire cut.

All filletand edge welds were laid in one~pass ofthe welding

The doubleV-butt.
eJ.ectrode., welds requiredone pass on each side of the

plate,.,,
plate bevelsfor edge or butt welds were‘preparedby Wd grinding.

The surface of the edge bead on the.circumferenceof’the openingin the speci-

,.,
mens with doublerplates: was @ound to rdmove‘thesurfaceroughness.
,:
● Becauseheat-straightenrhi~ might introduceundesirablestressesand

advert+.y@feet the ductilityof”the”eteel,very carefulprecaution were

.
taken to mir@zizethe .shri.mage
resoltingfrom the hsnd-weldQg proc;ssto
 -&

.
the degreethat straightening
would,be unnecessary.A,$>g Was b~t in which..

the specimento be weldedcould be clampedbatweentwo heavy platesand,r? ●

tated.throughan angle.
of 180 degreesto permit the ~ying of ~ we?.dsin the

flat downbandposition. The weldingprocedurewas arr~ed so that,$he welds

were placedin short stepswhich were systemst

icaIJ.y
laid fmm side.to side

and from face to face of ,thespecim~. Moreover,no

of the reinforcement

or sndedin the vicinityof the regionwhichthe fracturewould

pass.start+d

latertraverse. Time was allowedbetweenthese shortpassesad beforeremoval

of the plate from the jig after the completionof all wel.dLng
to permitthe

spectiento cool, The maximumwsrpagewhich resultedfrom this,weld-g pro-

cedurewas not greater than 1/2 in. in the.seven-f

cd lengthof the,r.pecben.

The metnod of fabricqticnfollow+,very closelythe usual,

procedure

in a fabdicatingshop..exp
ept ,+hatmore care was teken in Cuttingthe atr.UCt~?l,

detailsto exactdimen~lo,ns
and in holdingthe welds to the specifieds+z.pthan

is requiredb~ commerci+ specifications.The apeckens were not teated until

at leastsevendays after welding. ,.

3. Method of TestingPlate Specimens.

The plate specimenswere testedin a 2,400,COO-1b.capacity~iversal

hydra,pl.
itesting
c” ,nchiqe. The specimepswere mountedin the teetingmachine

by butt-weldconnectionsto the @Q.ng heads. The two pullinghesdawere free

to swivelon the pins of two clevisesattachedto the heads of the testing

machineby sphericaljoints. The verticalcenterkne of the specimenwas

alignedto withinl/l&in. of the l+e jo@ng the centersof,the two clevis

p~. s. A typicalplste specimenmounted~ ,thetestin~machine and ready for ,

testingmay be seen in Fig. 6.

 -7-

“Tbeload was:’8pplied
“’slo;l~
to the specimen,and”reddirigi
bf the
.. ,.
gages takenat’frequent“intervals.The Same scheduleof lCadswas “kpplied

to all specimensin order that comparisonsof the elo~atlons =d unit

..’ ,,;.,;
strainsmight be made at the same loads.
.. .
4. Gagingand Measurements.
,.’’.,,
The priicipe~meas~em6hts made were the elongationOn a 36-in.
,.,
gage lengthstraddlingths regioni~tid the”openingand tie“mit”strain

distribution”
in one qtidrantof “thespecimenlying b&,&&en~hd”%r~ical

The““36-G.gage lengthbidgbd most of

end the hoiizontalcerterl.lnes.

the portionof the sp~cimenin which‘theUnit etressesWere”ndn-uniform.

“The36-in.“gages“werelocatedon both’’
facee of the pla~e on’four squal
,..
.
spaciii@acrossthe iidth of’the apechen a-i“shownin Fi~. 2.

SR-4 iiectric’
s~raingageswere used to ““deterblne
the’unit

straindistributionin the one quadrant‘ofthe sp&imen ~ ‘“ti<e

el’astic

range and the early plasticrange. These electricstraingageswere

mountedon both faces of the pla$es

. .. to removethe e~fect o!;:be:d@g
from the readings.The,number,
of SR-4 gage readingaon the singleSpeCi-

mens variedfrom 33..

to 56 accordingto the shape.wd the lc@d Of the re-

inforc.ezent.
..-
The locationof the electric,
stwin ,g@ge,s.
OQ the different

types of specimens,
is phowm.inFigs. 7 to 10, im’?luSiVe.: ! “

A ,mber of ayxiliary,observ@ionswere made. The first speci-

mens testedwere coated,

with $tresgcoatfor the purposeof indicatingthe

principalstresstrajectoriesend the @nt?, of initial.~elding. HOwevar,

since the Stresscoat was.sprayed.

and:.t.ested
under conditicmeof varying

temperatureand humidity,the behaviorof the brittlelacquerwas somewhat

 -8-

erratic. Accordhg&,
,.
ordigarywhitewashwas used on the hter tiste. .

The locationend the directionof the p@ncipel shear stsesseaat ~-

*
tial yieldingand duringthe euhseq~nt p~stic flow were clearlyshown

by the wlitewash.

The distortionof the openingat thy.higherloads ~d the pr~

greseionof the freoturewere measuredwith a scale graduatedin one-

hundiadth@ches as well as the lateralbucklingof?the regionsunder

compressionstressadjacentto the opening. These variousa~lierg ob-

servstionawere usefulin evaluatingqualitatively

the state of stress

in the epecimenwithin the plasticstressrange.

Since tinetestewere ssde at room.‘temperature,,,.

the temperature

of the s,pecimen
wae measuredwith stificlenta@wracy by a merctuyther-

mcyoater
which.yaain intimate.
the-l contactwith the plate surfaceand

insulatedfrom t~ surroundingatmosphere. ,.

“’V, RESULTSOF TESTS

1. Introductionand Definitionof Terms.

The resoltsof the tweY@-threk tests of plain plates,plates

with unreinforcedopenings,
”and ~lat’es
with reinforced openingswill be

presentedin the followingaec$ion. NO two”of the twenty-oneplate speci-

mens with ep&lngs were alike,and, accordingly,comparisonsof the re-

svlts of thesetests must be tide on a ratherbroad or generalbasis.

Duplicatetests‘of&y of these apeclmenswould umdoubt.edly

have given 1

soukwhetdifferentresi.il.ts.
It was found”quite often that the platea

with the sate ahape of openingbehavedmore nearlyalike than the p’btes

 -9-

with the same typeof .reinforcernent.

Trandsare ahomnwhereverthe data

indicateddefiniterelaticmsBetweenthe veriable.s.All the teetsde-

scr$hd in thds reportresultedin .cempletely

dutitile
frecturae.

Some of the terms to he used in the followingsectionshouldbe

clearlydefined..The elongationsmeasuredove~K %in. gege“lengthat

five pointsacrossthe width of the plate as shownin Fig..2 were

averaged.
and the resultingvelue calledthe averageelongationon the 36-

~n.gage length. The term, load at generalyielding,of the specimens

was appliedto the point where a definiteeltmwappearedin the plot”of

the totalload on the pla@,againstth~,,e~rage

,., elongat-ion
on‘the3Gin.

gage length. :- ..’

The ultimateload, the maximumload sustainedby the specimen,

was di@ded ,~ the origin@ net cross-section

area of the specimento

give the value of the maxirnup

averagenet stress”
or ultimatestrengthof

the plates. The total load on the specimenwas plotted a~inet theaver-

age elongationon.the 3.6-fP.

gage lengthfur each sped.men. The area

under this cm.ve,.orany portionof~~

it, representedthe energy amorption

of the specimenup to the point under consideration.Two valueeof the

energyabsorption.
have be~ repQrted
j thetiergg to ultiioate
load end

the energy-to.
failure,”.’
“.: .?~:

~,.
The three shapeeof.openingwill,be referredto as circular,
‘”

squarewith roundedcorners,and squsre. The dimensionsand the cornwr

,
radii of.these openingsare’shcwn in Figs. 2 to 5, inclusive, The plates

withoutopenfngswill beailed.plain plates.

 -1o-

.
in computingthe percentageof reinforcement,
the unreinforced

plateswith openingeone-fourthof the full width of the specimen

●

were consideredas bevlngzero percentageof reinforcement.The per-

.,
centsgeof reinforcementwas comp@ed as the ratio in percentbetween

the additionalnet cross-sectlen area added to the unreinforcedspecimen

,:...
and the crosg-sectioparea”of the materielremo~d frOm the bdy Plete

by the opening. A reinforcedplatewith a net cross-s,?

ction area eq~l

to the area of the plain platewould have a percentageof reinfacement.

of 100 percent.

2. DistributionecrossPlats Qf Elonmtion on 36-in. Gage Lenrzth.

The elongationwas measuredin the directionof the applied

tensLonat five pointsacrossthe width of the specimensas describedin

Fig. 2. The distributionacrossthe plate width of the elongationon the

36-in.gage lengthiS shO~ in Figs:.,
11 to 33, inclusive,for each of the

y-threeplate specimens. Measurementswere taken after passingthe

tme”nt

ultimateload, but were not plottedin thesefiguresbecausethey were

more dependenton the progressingfracturet+an on the elongationof the

material.

The elongationof the specimensremainedfairlysymmetrical

about the verticalcenterlineof tbe plate until fract~e began at, or

just beforethe ultimateload. ,~ithfew exceptionsthe elongationwas

greaterin the centerof the specimenthan at,its edges,both for plain ,

platesend plateswith openinge. The distributionof the elongation’

across

the plateswas more or less the same in shapefor all the platesand was not

changedby the differentshapesof openingsor the differenttypes of re-

enforcement.
 -1.1-

The elongatioxis
at ‘thefive pointsacrose“thewidth of the plate

were averagedto oblxiin

the averagaei&gation on the 36-in.gage length.

A comparisonof the averagee~~gatiop’~’tit

iwte’ load‘andto failureis

shown ir:~ig. %. The valuesof the average“elongation

at titlmateload

rqed frOm 36 tO 85 percentof the values of th~ averageelongationat

fbllure.Apong the plateswith squareopenings,“,thisratio rangedfrom
,,, . ,,
36 percentfor Spec. No. 19 to .59pero,@,for S$CS. No. 3 end 20; among

the plateswith’equsreopeninge.with
.......roundedco~+r:,.
,. .<??E..5,?
PercentfOr
,. . ..
Spec..No. 22 to 78 parcentfor Specs.No. L and 21; and’among tk” plates

with circularopenings;frem 73 percentf~r Spec. NO. 6 to 85 prcent for

Specs.No. z ~d 1.8. For the three shapes“ofopenimgs,the”rattb be-

tween the averageelongationto.,

ultiuateload and the atira~:elongation

to failureincreasedin the followingorder: squareopening,square

openingni+h roundedcor.ne~)~d circularopening.

~..
: ‘.

The shape of the,openingatio effected.

the total‘amount:
of~blon-

ga$ion occurringbeforefailwe....The.magnitudes,
of the avarag~.
elong&-

tion.to failurevs~ied.
within approxlswk.ely
the same range for the ‘plates

with circularand those.with~uare openingswith roundedcornars,but

were greaterfor all the speci~ns with these two shapesof,.operiing

than

for any of’the plateswith squareopening

. ..s....,.
:7he.+
. aye$c+ge,,
elOriga.$iQn
to
.. .... ..
failureon the 36-in.gage lengthrangedfrom 4.01 in. for Spec,..
NO. 10

t.o,1.82in. for Spec. No. 3 as.co,mpared

to values of 9.C3 and 12.35 in.

for the two plain plates. The largeetelongationto faihre of all of

the plateswith openings.

was only LO percentof the le,ss,er
of the two

valuesof the elongationto failure,

for tiw plain plates.
 -Ii
The followingtabul.atlon
Itits the speoimsneIn decreaehg order

of magnitudeof the averageelongationh failure: .,,

.,
,,

Order of s~c. Shape of Opening Type of

Metitude No. Reid 0rcenlant .:.
1 10 Sq~e, RoundedCorners Face ~r ..:..
:.,.
2 21 Square,RoundedCorners InsertPlate
17 circular Insert.Pb.te
: 5 Circular Face Rar
Circular ~ DoublerPlate
2 ;: Square~ RoundedC6rnere Doulii&”Plate
7 18 Circular lne@ .~+tte
8 2 Cf.rculer None
,, .
Ae thie tabulationindicates,the avaregeelongationto:dfeilore
was not

consistentlylarge for any particulartype of reinforcement.However,the

lergeatelongationsustainedby a plate wi~out re~o~ckbnt arod the

openingwas only eighth& order of”magnitudeor 78 percentof the value

,.
for Spec. No, 10.
.,
The averegeelongationin 8 in. of the nine l/4-in.platis

listedin Table 1 was 29.1 percent. If the averageunit elongationfrom

. ,,
the tinsilecoupon“tazto ~e”‘<cd to predictthe’total’elongatlouin the
“’
.. ,.. .
36-in.gage lengthof the plain platee,the valuewould b 10.5 in. This
,,, ,
‘, :.’
value compareswith the‘act~l averageelongationof 9.83 and 12.35 for
...
. ....
Specs.w. 1 and 23.
,.:, ,,
3. Comparison‘of“~ad on S~;&n and Averi~
e Elongationon %-in. Gaee
., ,:,
“ Leneth.

The total te~ion load on the specimenwas plottedagi.&tthe

,. .(.. ... . .,, .. . ‘.
.1 .-,
averageelongationon de “~-in. gage“lengthto”obtaint% res~ta “ehown
,,, ,,
in Figs. 3S to 39, inclusive. The specimens=e “@ouped in “eachp~t ac-
,, ,, .;. . ,.. ”
cordingto the t~e of re+tiorcemant.
 -1.3-

‘fheredts ShOWS h Fig. 35 fOF the bO p~~? Pti~ ‘~re ~tie

,. !.’ .,,.... .. ..........>.. .- ..
..
.. ..
. .,
eicepttht ~~c”;”’ No.”’2>s~hhd a greeterawra~ elonga,t,ionto fai.lure
..
... ... .;.,,,
then SpeC9 No. 1. lieoiingnf tie”’
cross seotiOn,of tb pl.+.nply,:e.?
+-
,. .,, .. .::
gan”’
at the u.lt~t;”load ~ continueduntil fractures+ted at,,
,,...,a..load
.,. ,..
not fer below the ultimateload.
.:, . ,.,.
.”.. .-..’
The plateswith unralnforcedopaningeaa shown ~ Fig. 36
.. .
followedalmosta commoncurveae the load increased~~11, E p~t ,ff~~

tha ~timste load of each sp8ciumnwas reached. Spec. No. 3 wi~,,the

,“.
equereopeningsustaineda ssmlleraverageelongationthan +sc. Fo. 4
....
with the equereopeningwith rcundedcorners. Spao. I!o.,2with the OiT-
,,
c“uleropeningunderwentthe I.srgeat
avarsgeelongationof the thee Plqtes.

The behatiorof the plateswith reinforcedopenings,ehown In

Figs. 37, 38 end 39, waa similarto that of tha unreinforcedplatesexcept

,.
that higherloadswere reachedbecaueaof the increaaedcrose-sectl,on
,,.
area addad by the reinforcement.The edlest averageelongationconsis-

tentlyoccurredin the plateswith squareopenings,while the average

,.
elongationof the plateswith aquereopeningswith roupdadcornersand of

thosewith ciroularopeningsvariedconsiderably,
but were of the same

order of magnitude.

Since all the load-averageelongationcurvespoaaeaaeda common

shape up to a point near theirultimate’

load, it seemedlikelythe++some

relationexistedbetweenthe magnitudesof the ultimateload and the aver-

.,
age elongationto ultimateiced on the 36-in.gage length. Pig. .?@8hoWS

this co&srison. The ultismteload increasedin directproportionto the

logarithmof the averageelongationto ultimateload on the 36-in.gage

length.
 -u-

4. GeneralYlahu in the Plain Plates and the Plataauitb OIXniXlg+@ .

......
Yieldingbagan In very Smell regionsOf t~ s~~ns et 1~
,.
loads as wifi “k shown In a subseqwnt sectionof this report. However,

otiy wry slightchangesin the slope of the load-averageelo%ation

curvesin Figs. 36 to 39 took place untilyield+ng&d spreadto a larger

‘7 ‘-,
portionof the area aroundthe opening. This point of the load~~rage

elongationcurve at which a sharp changeof S1OPB occurredwas teed,

..
the load at generalyieldlng.

The valuesof the load and the averagenet atres?at general.

yieldingare plottedin Fig. 41 and given in Table 4. While.the V:lyes

of the total load on the specimenvariedconsiderq~y, the .yalues

of tie

averagenet stressat yieldingwere more nearly@form end varied.fl’om

.,
36,360psi for spec. No. 21 to 45,500psi for,Spec,.
XO. 6. The net cross-

sectionarea of the formarspecimenwas 8.17.,

sq. in. and.of the latter

7.25 sq. in. The averagenet stressat generalyieldingin the plain

plates wss &,220 end 43,330psi for Specs.no. 1 d 23. AD ,%=mine?iOn

of the valuesin Fig. Q and Table4 indicatedthat thers..Was

no Siwle

relationbetweenthe averagenet streesat generalyieldiqgand the ebape

of the openingor the type end amountof reinforcement.

In Table 1, the averageupper yield pointsof the platesOf

variousthickneeswere f+.f+,
500 psi for the l/4-in.plate,36,500psi for

the l/2-in.plate end ?2,800 psi for the [email protected]. The averagenet

9t~8S at generalyieldingrangedfrom 36,360$.o45,500psi for the ptitei3

wttii”
openingsand was 42,220and 43,330psi for the two l/4-in.thick

plain plates.
 -15-

5. UltimsteStre!x?th of Plain p-t -platis @s.

with.Ooe$xin
,.,
,’”,
},., “‘
The‘ultlm%tas~ength of the pl@n pla~s..,@idt?+.phtSS with
,,:,
of the
Openingsla shown in Fig. u and tabulatedin ~~~e 6..,Thq VElhlSS

ultimateload for the plataswith openingsyu’ied.frorn

357,500lb. for

Spec. No. 3 to 5s5,0Q0lb.”for Spec. No. .1.1,

@, the valuesof the ul-

psi for Spec.

timatistrengthfrom ~7,690psi for Spec. No. 19 to fi7,SO0

No.’:
‘5. The ultliates~~ngth of the two plain pla@s,,
was ,65,390
and 6.?+,
780

for Specs.No. 1 and 23. The titits strengthof tm plateswith

.,:.
openingswas eitherapproxJmstaly equal to or,less than the ultimate ;
,~.,..~
strengthof the “plainplatee. The a~~~ tittite strength.of the

platesof differentthicknessas determinedby ,thatsnsile coupontests

,,.
.,, :., ,
are reported”
‘“as
followsin Table 1$ 65,700pai ,f?sthe 1/4-in,plates “‘“

and 61,100psi for both the l/2-in.and the.l-in. plates..,T@ ultimate

strengthof the 36-in.wide plain plateswas approximat@y,tb. same as fori

,,
the smell.tetis~le
coupons. The ultimatestrengthsof.,,~,plateswith

openingsrtiged““from”
approximately75 to 100 per~ent~of the ultimate
.,.
r
strengthsof the ‘plainplatesand the tensilecoupws.

The relationbetweenthe ul.timetel~d, sustainedby the platss

,.,~:”1
with openingsand the”percentageof reinforcementis ?ho~ in Fig, ~~s

and the relationbetweenthe ultimatestrengthand the pe~eptaga of re-

inforceumntin Fig.“‘L. In these two figures,the plottedpointsfsll “

into bands accordingto ths shape of openingused in the specimen. Tb ,.

,.:,
ultimataload and the ultimatestrengthincreased.
in the order of the sbiip6
‘“’

of the Operiing”
a8 follows: equare,squarewith,roundedcorners,and cir-

cular. L mbeh smellervariationwithinthe bands for each shape of opening

was noted as the effectof the type and the amountof reinforcem@t.
 -16-
,. ...’,>. ,:,
,., ,., ,., . .
The ultimateload’inc&aaed as shown in Fig: 4>’$th ~ increase .

of * percentageof reinforcement..
However,the”ultimatestrengthof
r

the platesin Fig. &$ “dec;asedas the prcentage’of reinforcement

k-~
... ..,.
.;,
creased. While a definltac- cannotbe accuratelyd~wn throughthe

plottedpoints,the ultimateload increasedand the titimstastrength

decreasedat about the EIamerate for all threeshapes of openingsas the

percentageof”reinforcement
was increaeed.

The plote in Fige. ~3 and ~ would be identicalif the oltisate

load and the ultimate’

stre~th ~d been plottedagainstthe net cross-

sectionarea of the‘plates.
“’‘&refore, it may be seid that the U3.tis-ate

load Increasedend the ultimateetrengthdecreasedas the net croes-

,.
eection“areaof the plateswith openingswas increased.
,.. ,-, , ? ‘,
Since the ultimateload end’the ultimatestrengthdecreasedin
!.

Figs. 43 & ~ ag tk cornerradiusof”the”openingdecreaeed,%t was

qperentthat the notch-aff

set of the openingwas very significant.The

relationbetweenthe ultimatestrengthof the plates@th openingsand

the notch acuityof the openingis shown in Fig. 4s. The notch acuityof

the openinghas been expressedin the fo~ of the ,~tio,,

R~, t&e ratio.,

of the half-widthof the openingto the notch rsdiuewhich is in this caae

the’corierradiusof the opening. The actualmeasuredcornerradiusof

each specimenhas been used to computathis ratio. An increasein the.

ratioR~ indicatesan increaeein the eharpne~te

of the notch ae.~.pr~

aentad by the opening. In Fig. 45 the ultimateetrangthof the platee

,.
...
with openingsdecreesedin a linearmannerwith the logarithmof the ratio
,.,
 -“”17-“”

.: ... ,.,..,..,.!
The”etii~’’Ago~ti&”’~ “~t~~ load‘kd”to‘“fati~e” of‘the“ “’
,,
.,.
plaln plat.aa
~~
ek~”{he’‘&ate?ki.h opirii~a1S: ~joiiit’in’’’$ig~ “’
46’’&2: ~ii.
,,, ,.:,
..,,,,
latacliriTatiL&’~.:”Ph&’-
~nergya~o~ttin to‘ktfkte-’ioad was ~;O18~OO0”
,...... ;:,,,
,:
.,
. .,{.,..
,.
: ~:,
,,
,,
“and&;062#O06““ti-lbi’
for the two”plain platee~“:Spe&.~o. 1 &d 23,”and

among th6“’ti&@-one” plakkswith““openings

&led” ‘~~m’‘~9jOOO:‘~-lb~”for
,,, ... .
SpaC. No. 19 to 1,358;CO0in-lg~<’for
Spec.”lto~11. “’:’Th~
“erie+wabsorption

to ultimateload for the pletea with open$ngerangadfrom 6 to & percent

,,, ,.:. . ,,, ,.. ... ,$. . .. .
of the valuesfor the plkinplates,“

The energy“absorption
tO ~iii~e”WCS 5;Z76;~b0end‘~~779yOOO””‘”
. ,:
.:, ,. ..~,..
in-lb. for the two plainplat.ke;
Spc’cB;NO.’
‘1”
L8: 23, and ~ong the p~tas
,., . ,. , ,’ .,.,:.:: :’
~$tti ,Opening= ~ied :&i.,.,538i coo .in:l’bi For g-pee. ~o:”’
,3 to ~;”5@;ooo
.:[
:
in-lb.for’Speci i?o.11. The’”hiiirgyabso~~idn”*O failtiefor the piatea
,.:,,,;
,.
.,. ..$,..;-
wi~h.openingsrazigedfrom 9‘to’’26pe$c~nt;’
“of’
<he”Aues ““for the plain ‘“’”
> :,
..,:,..’
...
,, ...?,,:, .. .. J.
pl.atee.
.,:.
’,,1
The madmum valtiea-of the enek~’to”~~imste load kh the ener~
,.
to failurefor the plateswith equar&.@&ngs were leBa tbiiith<iihdmk

value for the plate’s

with‘the:
ckhe$’&’o’shapesof opening.
Fig. L7 ~hoe~‘theco~rr$oti‘Ofthe energyabaorpti’on’”’to
“fki~;e
:!“ .~
and’the percentageti~
‘r’e”tiin.cetient
a“ewe’llES the net “cross
~ect”ionarea

of the plate.~”
‘Theplotted“&i&t.sIn this “f
ig”ti’
“f~1” ‘&to’“twobands,“a
.
group of lower v=alues
of energymbso~tioti’for the plateawith equare

openingsand “a&dbly scatteredgroup”of higherval.u&’‘forthe plates

,.
with the other ttioshapesof ‘openhg,the squareo~ning tith ro~ded
.,
.,.4
,,, -
... ,!.,,
 -18-

cornersemi the circularopening. An increeee in the percentageof ra-

inforcem&t for the plateswith squareopehingstmught about no a@ifi-

cant changein the energyabsorptionto failure. The trendfor the

plateewith the otherehapaaof openingsie leee dlecernikla,but no

,:
elseablei+creaaaor decreasein the energyabsorption~ failurere-

suitedIn the plateawith squareopanl.nge

with rounded’
c~ere or the

plataewith circuhr openingswhen the percentageof reinforcement

wee

increased.

The effectof the notoh acuityof the differentehe+pee

of

openingsupon th ultirateetrengthof the plateswith openings”

was

found to te ratherolearlydefined. A similarrelationwas found for

the energyabeor@ion of the same plates,and Fig. 48 shows”tbie relatiofi.

In general,the logarithmof the ener~ absorptionto failureof the

plateswith openingsdecreaaedlinearlywith the logarithmof the ratio,

,,
R@N. The trend,however,was eomewhatlees clearlydefinedfor the

ener~ to failurethan for the ultimateatrahgth.

7. EffectivenessQf the b~orcement.

Gne purposeof the reinforcement

ia that of restoringas mush

as,possiblethe propertiesof the plain plat%. The ratio of the value

of come particularpropertyof the pleke’with an epeningb“ the aisdlar

value of the plain plate umy be calledthe efficiencywith r;a$ct to

the propertyunder consideration.Table 5 tabulatesthe efficiencies

,. .,
of the variousplateswith openingswith reepectto generalyielding,

ultimatestrength,and ener~ absorption. The shape of the openingaa

well aa the type and amountof reinforcementis indicatedfur aech speci.

man. The ~rage of the valuaefor the two plain plateswas used as

the tasla for each comparison.

 :19-

,,,.. The v@.#s OF + effictenciee.

in Table 5 indicete~ ad~~te

the rqlnforcement
was @ r@or@ the -properties
of the plaln plate.

Inasmuchas the averagenet streeeat generalyieldingdid not vary

ap}resiab~
,,. . for +ha platee:
with openings,the efficiencywith respect

t~.,,.the
load @ avera,ge
net etreesat generalyieldingdid not vary

througha very wide range, However,the ultlnnteetrangthand the

. energyabsorption
. of the plateswith openingswere &eatly effectedby

the shape of the openingand the type end amountof reinforcement.

Fig. 49 is a type of plot in @ich the efficieneywith reepect

to two differentvarietiescan be compared. In this comparisonof the

efficiencieswith respectto the ultimateload end the energyabsorp-

tion to.,f
ailure,the pointsplotted In the upperright-handcornerrepresent

the specimanewhich gaw the highestefficiencies.The specimenswhich

gave the best performancewere those with circularopenings-orwith

squareopeningswith m?updedcorners,while the specimenewith the worst

.. .
performenc.e
includedall thosewith equare openings. Fig, 49 also in-

dica$esthat the spec~ne which sustainedthe greateetult@te, load .

consistentlyabeorbedthe largestamountof energyto failme.

.,
A piot similarto.Fig. 49 is shown in Fig. 50, in which the

effici?ncleswith respectto the ultimataetrengthaiulthe energyabsorp-

tion to.fallureare.pl.o~ted.The specimenswhich sustainedthe highest

ulti~te strengthabeorbedthe largeyba~unt of energyto failure.

.Witbthe nid of Flge. 49 and ~O)..

the specimenewhich gave the

best performancecan be selected. A line has been drawn which delineate

those specimenswhose efficiencieswere greaterthan 80 percentwith

reepactto ultimateload, 88 percentwith reepectb ultimatestrangth,

and 15 percentwith respectto energyabSOI@fOn b ftime. The .

 -20-

,,.
performanceof these superiorplateswith reinfo~ed 0p6nings~e described

in Table 6. The fol.1.owing

observationcan be zade concerningtheee

specimens:

1. The nine plateawhich gave the best performancehad either

circularopeningsor squareopeningswith roundedcorners,

and all had welded reinforcement

aroundthe opening.

2. Spec. No. 11 which gave the tmst performanceend Spece.No. 5

and 18 the neti best all had circularopenings.

3. The nine best specimensincludedtwo with face bar rein-

forcement,threewith insert‘platereinforcement,
and four

with doublerplate reinforcement.

One interestingobservationabout the plateswith equare

openings,eitherreinforcedor unreinf
orcsd,is that theirperformance

was worse in every case than that of the ~einforced plateswitn ‘the

circularcpeningand the squareopeningwith roundedcorners,Specs.No. 2

and .4,respectively.

8. .—
Unit StrainConcentrationin the Plateain the Region aroundth.~Ooaninr

Many SR-4 electricstraingageswere locatedin one quadi-ant

of the plateswith openings,the quadrantlfing betweenthe verticaland

the horizontalcenterlinesof the specimen. Elasticstrainconcenta’ation

,,,,.,,::

are shorm in Figs. 52

curvesbased on the data of these obaervstions
. .. .
to 7z, ~clusive, The @rtical directionin these diagramscoincides ,.
;,

with the directionof ‘thetensionload. The sketchin Fig. 51”explains

the mannerin which the unit fitrain

concentration
is presentedfor the
 -21-

1. For the pletaswfth circular,

:-gs, the horizontalcenterline,

the unit strainking taken in .t@ verticaldirection. ~

,- 20 For the plateswith equareopen@gs with rmmded.cOrnerS,a

horizontal”
l~e ~ssimg throughthe point of,.
t.qgencybetween
,. ...,
the verticaledge of the openiggand the corper.
arc, the:unit

straioabeing taken in the ~rtical direction. ~~:

3. For the plateswith squareopenings,a horizontalline through

the cornerof the opening,,
the.wlt strain?being takenti the

verticaldj.rection.
,.
4. T“hecircumference
of the,o,pening
for all specimens,the unit

strainsbeing takenin a directionte?gentir+to..

the edge Of

the opening.

The strainmeasurementsshownnear the cornerof the square

opening in‘plateswith equsreopenings,

were actually,
locatedI/l+-in.
from

the corner’
“asshown in Figs. 7 to 10. Therefore,the,read$ngsof these

gagee would not determdnethe maximumunit strainwhich WOtid OCCUr Very

near to the corner.

.,
The unit strainconcentration
factorswere computedfronithe

SR-4 atreingage readingsin the followingqsgner. The totalload on the

specimenwas plottedagainstthe SR-4 strainreadinga}.,each

of the gsge

pofnts. The curve“through

theseplottedpo~ts in the.~lastic,
rangewas “‘

aPProAmtely a straightline. The slopesof the variouecwves were com-

pared with the slope of the came plot i+ th,eregionof the plate‘remote “

from the opening. Thus, the ratios,

‘deter+ed by this comparisonwere in

realitythe unit strainconcentration

as comparedto the unit strainin

the regionof the plate undergoinga uniformstressdistributlonacross

the platewidth.
 -22-

This approachwas necessary,becaueeof”the natureof the S%4

f

readings. First, thesereadingswhen plottedalongwith the load on the

specimengave a curve from which many of the plottedp@nts at lower loads .

detiatedcone,
iderably. This effectcould probablybe attributed,
to the

residualstreesespresentin the specimenbecauseof flsmeouttlngand

welding. The directtensionincreasing,these effectsbcame ProPOrtion-

a~ less then at lower loade. Secend,some of the SR-4 gagesindicated

an earlydeparturefrom linearity.asthe resultof yieldingat loeds vav-

ing from approximately30,000to 6c,000lb. for all the specimens.

Each shape of openingpossessedthe same charactarist,ic

form of

strainconcentration
curvefnr unit strainsin the verticaldirectionwhose

shapewas only somewhataffectedby the type of reinforcement..Theehepe

of the strainconcentration
curvefor circumferential
unit strainswas

somewhatsimilarforths plateswith squareopenings

with ro~ded corners

and for thosewith square,openinge,

but was differentfor t~ plateswith

circularopenings.

In Figs. 52, 59, and 66, the unit strainconcentrations

are

ehewn for plateswith unreinforcedopenings. The unit strainalong the

circumference
of the openingin Spec. No. 2 with a circularopening(see,

Fig. 5.2)changedgraduallyfrom tensionat the horizontalcenterlineto

compressionat the verticalcenterline. For Spec. No. 4 with a square

~peningwith roundedcornersand Spec. No. 3 yith a squareopening(see ,

Fige. 59 and 66), the tmit strainincreasedehsrpiyfrom tensionat the

horizontalcenterlineto a much largertensionvalue at the cornerand th?n

 -23-

droppedabruptlyto compressionas the oornerwas passed. The shaps

of the unit strainconcentration

alongthe circumference
of the opatig

in the plateswith end withoutreinforcementwere similarfor each shape

of opening. .’.

The shape of the unit strainconcentrationcurves on the hori-

zontaleectionsof the specimenswill now be &arnined. ThA shapesof the

unit strainconcentration
curvesalong the horizontalsection throughthe

openingwere similar,in general>exceptfor smalldifferen~e character-

istic of the type of reinforcement.Ii the “caseof the plateswith a

singledoublerplate and some of the specimenswith insertplates,a

second“point“of~high unit“strain
ctikentration
appearedat the,outer edge

of the reinforcement.

The greatestdifferencethen in the shape of the ~it strain

distributioncurveson the variousedct.lctis

of the”ep&?im~s occvlred

along the circumference

of the openingwhere the straingradientwas much

steeperin the plates‘wfthscpxir.s

‘opetin@with roundedc$rnersand the

plateswith squareopeningsthen in’the plateswith circular:

openings.

In a very short disttincs

“alongthe circumference
of the Opehingin the

vicinityoflthe cornerof the openiog,the unit strainsfor the two typee”

of .iqusre
openingdecreaeedveti rapidlyon bcth sides of the pcint of

the maximumtensionvalue. The slopeof the straingradienton each””

side

of the point of the msilmumtensionvalue,wasvery gradualin the case““

.
cf the circolaropening.

The additionof srxwelded reinforcement

changedthe character-

isticsof the unit strainconcentrationcurvesin twc importantrespects,

 -21+ -

as comparedto the curvssfor the unreinforcedplates:

1. ‘l’he
magnitudesof the unit te.neion
strainsin the vertical

directionalong the horizontalsectionthroughthe opening

-,
were Increasednear the edge of th openingand reduced

near the edge of the plate.

2. A secondmaximum,in sozm cases greaterthen the concentra-

,,,
tion velue at the circumference,
appearedin the regfon of

the welcibetweenthe doublerplate or the insertplate

reinforcement
and the body plate.

3. The unit atrsinconcentration

at the edge of the platewaa

reduced.

4. The magnitudesof the unit compressionstrainsalong the

verticalcenterlinein the regionof the openingwere

reduced.

The effectof the reinforcement

was similarfor all three shapesof

opening.

The unit streinconcentration

in tineregionof the openinghee

been discussedso far in a purelyqualitativemanner. The closerexamina-

,.
tion of the behaviorand the magnitudesof the unit strainconcentrations
,..
In the variousplatessuggest,that the methodof fabdicationof the

specimensis responsiblefor some of the discrepancies.The introduction

of shrinkagestressesalong the edges of the apecicmnsby the flame-

cubbingprocesswas followedby the additionof ‘otherresidualstresses

by the weldingprocess. After welding,the specimenswere observedto

.,.
 -25-

heve slightlydished shape in the vicinityof the epening. This dle@d

shapewae reducedto a flat plane duringthe coureeof the.teat,+Y

after extane~~”fldding bed progressedacrosethe width of the plate a%

a load far in excessof the had8 at which the SR+ gageewere read. It

can be deducedthat these reeidualetreaeeffectefrom the fabrication

procesewduld materiallysffect the unit etrainconcentration

,=eulting

only fron the supplication

of load.

The SR-L gage givingthe highestuni,t,

strain~adings .=.slo-

cated on a flame-cutedge In the case of the unpeipforced.

plpi,ee.
emd the

plateswith insertplate reinforcements,

on a weld bead In the .ceae.
of.

the plateswith doublerplate reinforcement,and on a l/4-i9:faC.ehar

,,,
immediatelyoppositetwo fillet-weldbeads in the caee of the platesw$th
,.
.”.
face bar reinforcement.The residualstrainsresultingfxvm the cw!l?ina-

tlon offlame-cutting
end weldingw@d ~troduce uncertaintyinto the

readingsof these gages. ,.

9. Deformationand Fractureof Plateswith Ooenings.

The twenty-threespecimene,both the plain plateeand the plates

with openings,fai~ed‘with’
a completelyductilefrscturein the room

temperaturetestsrepotied“herein.Semi ~escriptionof th6 mannerof

failurewill be given in”the followirig

paragraphs.

The plots of the‘loadsgainst“tk averageelongationon the

36-in.gage lengthshoti”~ Figs.“’35

to 39, inclueim’>were all very much

the same in ebspe. TN over-allbehsvlorof the ratherlarge regionbe-

tween the 36+n. gage llnbs’

was”similarin all the speclm&a. However,
,..
 -26-

in much smallerregions,especiallyaroundthe opening,the smnner of

deformationdifferedceneiderebly
among the variousspecimens.

‘l!ahle
7 comparesthe load at which generalyieldingof the

platesbeganwith the load et which yieldingfirst appearedas evidenced

by Luderslines. ‘Whenthe locationof the‘firstLudersllnes is shown

insidethe openingin Table7, the Luderslinesapp”sredon “thecircumference

of the opening. TheseLuderslines eppeeredin Specs.No. 8, 10, and 22

at loads equal to about 20 percentof the load at generalyielding,in

six otherspecimensat, or just beyondthe load at generalytelding,and

in the remainingplates@th openingeat a load between50 end 100 percent

of the load at generalyielding. The resultsof the SR-4 gage readings

recordedsmellamountsof plasticstrain,at loade between30,000and

60,00C lb. These variousobservationsfoundsmall amountsof plastic

deformationocc~ring in the platea in the rsgionof the openiDgst 10ads

below that nscessaryto cause generalyieldingof the’specimen.

The sketchesin Table 7 shov the pointswhPze the maximumunit

strainconcentration
occurredsnd the firstLuderslines appeared. In

general,it may be seen that the firstLuc+’slineswere locatedat, or

very closeto the pointsof maximumunit strainconcentration.

.,
Figs. 52 to 72 showedthat the shape,of the unit.strainconcen-

trationcurvesaroundthe circumference
of the openingwas somewhatalike

for the plateswith squareopeningsor squareopeningswith ro~ded cornersj

but completelydifferentfor the plateswith circular,openings. These

,.
differencesin straihconcentration were also indicatedby the Stresscoat

analysisof the reg%onsrotidthe opening. Fig. 73 shows the resultsof

 -27 -..

this ahelyais for the thied~’ o+ ‘o~ningeiti

“pl&.eawltheutr6in-

‘ ‘~oticeinent.
The crackingof the Stres&oat delineated”
th>”’ertiag
of high

“strainafor 6ach load. It may ‘b seen in Fig.“73“thdttiii:”~nt of the

“’crack’
patternhas been ehown fo??”’
each”load‘d “th& the regioiiof high
,.
‘“”etrain
coveredthe least area in the plateswittithe“’”a@re“kpe~$ngand
,.
th; moat area”in the platee&th ‘“thecircularopening. The arid‘ofthe

highlystrainedregionearouxid
openingIncreaeeda“s
“the&o&er radiusof

the openingincreased.

.lf
ter’:klevan
of”the”plateswith ‘6~e&rigsh~d paaeedthe load at
,,,
. ,....
which generalyieldingbegan,tliecircumfetianceof the opetiingIn the two

regionsof compression
““”i~kin
‘beg”an
to buckle”
latarally. Pi~togiaphaof

this Ixicklhd
ecfgeOf the “$@&rigare shown iriFig. 74 for plates“&th the

differentQqieaof re$tiorcement.The directionof this lateralde~e~- )

tion was sltiays

opposfteto “thedirectionin wti”chthe sp6cimenaa’a’whole

was ‘slightly
“dished
““~’tie:distortionresultingfrom the welding. The
,,
distance”betweenthe ‘hbdal”
polrits
of’!th&’
bucliied”’
“edgeof the openingwaa

greatestfor the plateswith’Equ&k “openings

‘Andleaet for those’
“withcir-

cular opehings’
“andvariedfrom”a length eqtii to’‘abouthalf: “o*the “~otal
... .. .... .
width of the specl’men
in’‘t&”’
case of’tbe’aqui+re” “openingto a leti@hatime-

what long~”r”
than the’”
w“ldthof”t“ha
“&pe&ng in’the case of the;c~r~ar
:,..
opening. “’

The”folleiiing’
~lai& buciiled
laterally irL”thou~
Te’&orcernekt,

Specs.No. 2,”33““”and
&; with doubler””
plwte rklhorcement;S&cs. No. 11”

to”’
16? inclukik; and with”insertplate”:
rei&okc&efi~YSpecS.No’:20”‘and’
‘

22. All’of the ep%blmenswith double?$lkte rel~orcehn{” &d ‘two:

of’,
the
,’~’
,.
 -28-

SIX.specimetiwith insertplate reinforcement

bukled laterallyd~i.w

loading. i?oneof the plateswith face bar reinforcement

buckledlat,erelly.

A comparisonofthe load on the specimenand the,maximumdeflec-

tion of this bucklededge is shown in Fig. 75. The lateraldeflec~on..in-

creaeedas the load was increased. i~hen~ ~Wves in Fig. 75 were extra-

polatedbeck to zero deflection,they were found to intersectthe vertical

axis of the diagrnmat a load approximately

equal to the load at general

yielding.

Elva of the elevenspeclmenawhich buckledleterallybad ultimate

strengthsexceeding~, COO .~i. Four of the nine apecimsnslisted.

In

Table 6 as givingthe best performance,buckled

laterally. NO indication

was found that this lateralbucklingo.f.tha,edgesof the openingunder

compressionstrainbed any significanteffectupon the ultimatestrength

or the en+rm absorptionto failureof the plateswith openings..

The first crack or the b?ginqingof fractureappearedat ~he.

me@m~ load,in the plateswith openings,and the load thereafterfe~ off

.a~.
ths fracturetraversedthe width o? the plata. An exception+0 this

behati.or
occurredfn Specs.No. 8 end 13, in which s@l .cra@cs.
appeared

at the c,ornera,
of the equaraopeningat 97 percentof tba ultimateload..

The sketchesin .Table7 show thatthe fractimebegan at the pointsof

maximumunit strainconcentration
in every apeclmenexceptSpecs.No. 7,

9, and 22, in which the ~itiel fractureoccurredby shear in t,heweld

betweenthe body plate end the reinforcement

at a point adjacent,
to ~e

locationof the mximum unit strainconcentration.The ~cture st++ed

in all the plateawith openingsat, or ~ry near the point of meximum

strainconcentration.Moreover,the firstLuderslines appearedIn the

same regions.
 -29-
.,
Piiotograph6
of the specimensafter fractureare shownin Figs. 76

to 79, inclusive. The fr~ct’m”began at the edge of the opening,psssed

throughth6”relnforceuent
at its narrqwestwidth,and then continued

horizontallyacrossthe plate. An exceptionto this behetioroccurred

in Specs.No. 7, 9, and 22 which failedby ahear in the weld betweenthe

body plate end the outer edge of the reinforcement.In these threeplates,

the reinforcement
was lsft intactand the fracturepassedaroundft. In

none of the tests did the spechen break completelyin two halves,and a

small part of the cross-section

was alwaysleft intact.

After the frecturehad begun tu traversethe width of the plate,

observationsof the load on the specimenand the total lengthof the

fracturewere taken at intervalsuntil the fracturereachedthe outer

edge of the specimen. The readingsof the load and the progress.
of the

fracturewere plottedas shown in Fig. 80 for eighteenof the plateswith

openings. It was found that the load on the specimendecreasedapproxi-

mately in a linearmannerwith the totallengthof the fracture. In a

rethercrudewsy this data indicatedthat the load which the partlyfrac-

tured spectmencould oarrywas proportionalto the total remainingun-

area of the specinen.

brokencross-section

10. BriefSummervof the ExperimentalResultsof the Tests of Plain Plateq

and Plateswith Ooenines.

Beforethe resultsof the tests of plain platesend of plates

with openingsare discussed,the more importantexperimentalobservations

of the investigation
wI1l be summarized. They are as follows:

1. All the plain platesand the plateswith openingseuatained

completelyductilefractureain tests at room temperature.

 -30-

The averageelongation.tmfailureon the 36-in.gage length

for the plateswith openings,

~$ed ,from16 to ,36~egt
,“,
of the averageof the valqeefor the,,two
plain.plate,e.
Ths
., ..’’.’.:’” :!y,’. ~.
plain plataeunderwentapp@xi~tel.ythe same a~ount,
:of
<..
elongationto failureae the much e@ler tensilecoupons.
,, .,
All the plateswith clrcul.ar
openingsor with equereopenings
,
with roundedcornereunderwenta greateraverageelongation

to feilureon the 36-in.gage lengththan any of the platee

.
with squareopeninge.

The evaragenet stressat generalyieldlngof the pletes

,,:
with openingsrangedfrom 36,360to 45,500pei end may be

comparedwith the averagefor the plain platesof 42,880ps1

end with the averagefor the tensilecoupontests of the

l/,4-in.
plat%sof u, 500 psi.

The ultimateloa~ sustainedby the pl@,eswith openingsin-

,,.,
creasedin directproportionto the logar~t,hm
of the a-rage

elongationto ultimateload on the 36-,in..

gage length.
-,,. ... ,’..
“Theultimateload sustainedby the plateswith openings
.
,.
variedfrom 61 to 95 percentof the ultimataload sustained
,-.’”
by the two plain platea.

. ,. !~’?~t?p$? :etK@ngth ‘d.the pla~a:iwlthopenin~ yaried

,,,,.. , ,..,-.,.,,
~<.,- ‘,.,
from 47,690 to 67,800,psi,or from:ap~ro+mately.
75 to 100
.:
‘percentOf the ultimatestrengtho?,the.plain platesand
,,
the tensilecoupone. :,,.,,, .... ....

,,
, ,.. ,,.
 -31-

8. The ultimateload and the ultimatestrengthof the plates

with openingeincreased$n the order of the dape of the

openingas follows: eque~, squarewith roundedcornere,

and circular. The etrengthwee effectedonly to a ssxd.1

degreebg the type end the @sountof reinforcement.

.9. The ultimateloed increased,but the ultimate@rength de-

creasedfor the plateswith openiogeas the percentageof

Increased. The rate of increaseor decrease

reinforcement

was about the came for the three shapasof openings.

10. The ultimatestrengthof the plateswith openingedecreased

in a linearmannerwith the logarithmof the ratio,R@H,

where ~ was the half-widthof the openingand RN tiBcorner

radiusof the opening.

11. The energyabsorptionto ultimateload of the plateswith

openingsrsr.ged
from 6 t.aY+ percentof the same valuesfor

the plain plates,while the energyabsorptionto failurefor

the plateswith openingevariedfrom 9 to 26 percentof the

ssme valuesfor the plain platea.

12. No clear r.elationahip

betweenthe energyabsorptionto failure

and the,percentageof reinforcement

wae found for the plates

with openings. No sizeablechangeIn the energyabsorption

to failurewas broughtaboutby increasingthe percentage

of reinforcement.

13. .Th?logarithmof the energyabsorptionto failureof the

plates@th openingsdecreasedlinearlywith the logarithm

of the ratio,RdRN.
 -32-

U. The specimenswhich gave the best performancewith reepect

to theirstrengthend enarw-absorbingcapacitywere those

#
plateswith ,circvlar
openi~s or with squareopeningewith

roundedcor!@rs,while the pleteewith squareopeningscon-

eietentlyg~ve the worst performance.

15. The nine plateewith openingsgivingthe best performance

includedtwo epecimenswith face bar reinforcement,

three

with insertplate reinforcement,

and four with doubler

plate reinforcomerrt.

16. The performanceof all the plateswith squareopenings,

eitherreinforce~or unreinforced,
was inferiorto that of

the unreinfercodplateswith circularopeml.nge

or equare

openingswith roundedcorners.

17. The plateswith openingswhich sustainedthe highestult-

imate load end the highe8tultlmateetrengthalso abeorbed

the greatestamountof energyto fallure.

18. In a very abort‘dl.stance

alongthe circk”erenceof the

opeaing~n the vicinityof the cornerof the opening,the

unit etrainafor the twe types of equareopeningdecreased

=m rnpfdlyon ~th sides Of the peint of the maximum

temion value. The slepe of the straingradienton each

aide of the point ef the maximumtensionvaluewas very

gradualin the case of the circ~ar opening.

19. The major effectupon the unit sti’abdistributionof

addingreinforcement
to the @.ateswith unreinforcedopenings
 -33-.

,, ma te.~?~.p ,tk,~gnit~es of the unit s,traiqa

in the
t
.,, .: ~t!$?n ~. t% OPS~nS and reducethe magnitudesnear the
outer.edge ~ the plate. .,.

20. .Thereaidm @raine

.. resultingfrom the fabricationpro-

cess made eny quantitativeanal~ls of the observedunit

atralnsdlfficolt.

, .21. Luderslines indicatinglocalyieldingappearedin SOIDS

,.,. of the plateswith openings,
at loads equal to approximately

20 percent.
of the load requi~d to bring about general

yieldingof the speclman.

22. The yea of the highly strainedregionsarpupdthe opening

ipcreaeedas the cornerradiusof the.openingincreased.

23. The locationof the firstL@ers linee and the point where

fracture.
s.~rted,
wer,eat, or very near, the pointson the

circumferenceof the,open@g where the nmximumunit etrains

were measumd.:.,

N,o.
i~icqtlpn was found thatthe lateralbuckllngof the

edges.of the..
openingunderc.impression
,strainhad any sig-

nificanteffectupon the ultlm,ate

strengthor the energy

[email protected] to failureof the..p~ates

with openings. ,

VI. DISCUSSION
‘“bF
i+ilSULTS

1. [email protected]“Ener
ey Abeomtion of Plain
Platesand Plateswith @e nin.qs.

Plastlcdeformationoccurredat 10W.loads,in smallregionsof

$,he
.plat.es
w$th openingsin the vicinityof the cornersof the opening,
 “-34-

whexw tbe.,~glpq~nnlt etrainc%omcentrattou

was found. Since theseregions
t
yere
.,, vp~,,.qme~,
@ area co-~ .to& mhol~ ~ecimen ha ehownIn Fig. 73,

the effectof thie localizedyieldingupbh“.thw

elope of the load-average

s~a~on curve In its,early stsgeswas not very great.

.. .. .. While the highlystralnad.I@ons in the plateswith circular

openingswere locatedat the two oppmit,asidesof:the bpening,there

were four:regionsof high strainat the four cornersof the”‘twotypesof

squa~ op@ng. Althoughthe initiationof yieldingoccurredIn quitea

differentme~er in the pleteewith equareopeningsand’squareopenings

with roundedcornersas compaxedto ths plateswitk elti~ular

openings,the

effeet of this,I@e,aliFed
YieldlngIn producinga point of generalyield-

ing in the spe#ugm as a wholv,

wss apparentlymuch the came for all three

ehapesof oppning,because.
all thetie
platessustainedan averagenet

atreeaat -g+nersl
yieldingof the whole platewhich was equal to, or some-

what 1sss,than the averagestress.

at n~h theplain platesyielded.

The ultimatestrengthof the platde“XKtth

openlngedecreasedin

s linearmsnneras shown in Fig. 45 with the“~ogtztithof the ratio,

R@N~ where R@hs the half-widthof the openingand ~ the cornerradina

of the opening. A similarrelationbetweenthe ultimitestrengthin the

wide-platetests (1) and the acuityof theirnotches”

*as found and is

shown in Figs. 81, 82, and 83. In these tests the thickneaeof the plate

was 3/L in. and the ratio of”the width of the openingto the width of the

epeclmenciib-f
ourtli,’””iddle
‘“th6
~dth of,the epecic,ene
was ~aried‘XromX2

to 72 in. .The,notch radluaremainedoonetent. A plct for a similar

seriesof ~ts. .(2.)

is ehown in Fig.:84. The thickness’
~ ‘thawidth ‘

1, 2. These referencesappearin the Bibliograp& of AppendixA.

 -35-

of the plate remainedconstantfor the8e lest tests es well as the value

of one-fourthfor the ratio of the width of the openingto the width of

the specimen. The notch radluawas varied. The same reletfonbe-en

.
the ultimateetrengthand the aoultyof the opaningwae feud In theee

wide-platetietsae was observedin the teete reportedherein. unfortunate-

ly, other teeteof structuralstaelplateeIn wbioh the type of speciuen

more nearlyresembledthe plates with squareend oirouleropeningswere

not found.

It Is Interestingthat In Figs. 81 to 84, inolueive,the plotted

pointe fell into a bend, and the epecimenewith the greaterpercentsgee

of cleavagein the fracturewere locatedat the bottam of the band end the

epecimenswith mmzllerpercentagesof cleavageet the top of the band.

The ultimateetrengthof the pleteawith openingswae related

to the acuityof the notch. A somewhateimilarrelationwee found in

Fig. 48 for the ener~ ab@orbedto fallure. The logarithmof the energy

absorptionto failuredecreasedIn a linearmannerwith the logarithmof

the ratio,~~N. Sinoe the valuesof the energyabsorptionfor the wlde-

plate tests (1) dependedupon the size of the spacimeneend couldnot

easilybe reducedto a commenbasis of comparisonend, moreover,because

the energgabsorptionto failurewee not reportedfor the otherquoted

tests (2),no corroboration

of thesa findingsof this Investigation
could

be made.

The relaf,lons
fn Figs. 45 and 48 betweenthe ultimatestrength

and the ene~ absorptionto failureon one hand and the acuityof the
 -36-
.,.,
openingon the other hand indicatedthat the notch-affectof,the opening

waa“rimeeffectivein reduchg the enar&yabsorptionthen the ultlmate

strength. The ultimatestrengthof the plateswith oponlngsvariedbetwe~

aPPrommately 75 and lW peroentof the strengthof the plaln platee,but

the energyabaorptj.on
to failureof the formerwas only 9 to 26 peroent

of the same valueafor the latter. While the ultimateetrengthof the

plateewith openingsapproachedthat of the plain plate,the energyabeo~

tion te failureof the formernewerwee but a emallfractionof the energy

absorptionof the latter.

The relationsexpreeeedin Figs. 45 and 48 protidea means of

pred.ictlxg
the po+~ntialultimatestrengthand the encu’gy
absorptionof

apecinenswith the aarcerelativewidth of openingand the came typeeof

..
reinfcrcemantas ‘LAosea’lread:~
teti
ted, but with differentshapesof

opening. In particular,thesefigureecouldbe tt.edfmr plateewith

. .
squareoped ngs with roundedcornerswhere the cornerradiushad a %WAIUS
other tkn O/g, the ra&ju9used In theee $ee@. ,.

Some corralat.’mn
was foundbatwoenthe dietrlbuti@p
,..of the ,pnlt
strainsmeasuredin the elaeticrange of the eteeland the final fracture

of the specimen. The pointeon the circumference

of.the openingwhe~ .:
,.
the maximumunit strainin the elasticrange of,the spcirn?nwas maaewed
,.
were also the came pointswhere the firetLulerelinee appearedax ~.
@, ?r

near which the fracturesubsequently

wae inifiated,

The ultimateetrengthof the @t plq+~s. yith o~@n@, waq W@

.,
to that of the plain plateeand decreaeedfor the poorerplataewith

openingsin a logicalmannerae the aauityof the openingincrsaeed, It

 “-37-

seemedreasohaUe w concludethat ‘theiiithl reeidualetrainaand die-

1 tortlonafrom fabrloatfcmi
by ‘w61d@ had nO “e@Lficent effect~on the

ultimatestrengthof th6 plateswith arc-weldedrehforcement.

2...Effeotiveneaeof the ReiMforce&nt.

When the lnveetigation

was begun,two criteriawere arbitrar-

ily selectedaa the means of determiningthe perfoimanceof the plates

with openinge
,’the “iltimate
strengthor ultimateload and the energyab-

sorptionto failure. The remlte of this inveatfgetionIndicatedthat the

plateswith openingswhich sustainedthe highestultimateloadsmd the

highestultimateetrengthalso e-beorbed
ths greatestamountof energyto

fsilure. This last atetementmust be carefuliy limitedto apply only to

platesundergoinga “completely
ductiletype of fracture.

The designof the nine specimenswhich gave the best performance

will be exemined. The three types of reinforcement

were representedin

tinethree beet specimens,Spece.No. 5, 11, and 18, and these threeplates

all had circularopenings. However,plateewith squareopeningswith

roundedcornerscame closelybehindthese in performancerating. It iS

interestingthat none of the three specimenswhich failedby shear in the

weld at the outer edge of the reinforcement

were includedin this list

of the best epeclmens. The limitednum@r of testsmade suggeetedthat

possiblythe best plateswith openingewere thoee in which the combined

effectof the shape of the operiing

and the type and ammnt of reinforcem-

ent was just sufficientto preventa sheerfailureat the outerboundary

of the reinforcement.This conclusionmay be contradictedby subsequent

tests.
 -38-

Ths ~rformanca of all the platesti.thsquareopeningswas poor

in comparisonwith the platqswith the other two .shap6s”

‘oSopeiiib@. “In

fact, the reeultsof theee Ws.@ s&wad. tiiat.an

.uhrelhfoicA”
- ‘:Witi

a circularabspe or a squareehapewith ~ound~dcornefe‘@vi.ng

..ti.clnmsr:

radiugof D/8 was to be preferredto any of the.s<tire”

6@n@s; whether

reinforced,
or nnreitio~~d, ~

Some oommentehouldbe made aboutSpec..No.”

19 which had the

loFestultlmstestrengthof;all the plates. A sketchof this specimen

is shownin Fig. 5..,It;e~e~ poseiblethat t~e net wSdth of the rsinforce-”

ment.at the,cornerswas reducedin thts specimen&y@ the minimumde-

sirablewidth. Pe~hape,.an,iqaert,
plate‘of lsrgeidiameterwould have

substantially
increased,. of this epacfbn.’
the ,etrengtb’

,Theul~mate load Imcreased,but the ultimateetrengthdecreased

as thepercentage.ofrei=eorcezmnt
was increae~. The greaterth’@r-

cent,age
of reinforcement;
the lese effIcientthe‘?einfor’cemerit
became.

This ree.ult.
of these teetswae in accordwith tha Predictionsof thaory :

(16).

No clear relationshipbetweenthe anerggabsorptionto failure

and the prcentage of reinforcement

was found for the plateswith openings.

No sizeablec@nge in the energyabsorptionto failurewas broughtahout

by increasing,
the percentageof reinforcement.Fone of the types of rein.

forcemsntused..+n
theee testswas effectiveIn increasingappreciablythe

ener= absorptionof so unreinforcedplatewith an opening.

From the resultof these tests,some eatimatacouldbe made of

the best possibleperformanceof a plate with a reinforcedopaning. While

the averagenet stressat initialyieldingof the plate ae a whole and at

 -39-

ultiqate.
,strength
would apprnaoh,or equal the seasTslues for the plain

plate, the.energyakmorp’donto failmrewould probeLCly

not exceed15 or

20 percentof that of the plaln plate. ,.

VII. CONCLIEIONS

Room temperatureteste hs~ been made of two plain plateewithout

openings,threeplateawith unreinforcedopenings,and eighteenplates

with arc-weldedreinforcement
aroundthe opening. Three typesof welded

reinforcementwme Inveatigatedzface bars,”singledoublerplstee,and

insertplates. The plateswithoutreinforcement

end thosewith sach type

of reinforcement
were fabrlcatedwith threed%fferent shepaaof opening:

circular,squarewith roundedcorners,and equsrewith ebarp corners. No

two of the twenty-oneplateswith openingswere alike. Duplicateteste

of’any of these specimenswould undoubtedlyhave given somewhatdifferent

resulti.

All these testsresultedin completelyductilefractures,and

all concluaionemust be limitedto this kind of fracture. The reaulteof

the presentseriesof teatsappearto justifythe followingtentativecon-

clusionswith reepectto the plateswith opanings:

1. The open~g was many timesas effectivein decreasingthe

energyabsorptionof the platesas their ultimateetrength.

While the ultimatestrengthof the plateswith openings

variedfrom 75 to 100 percentof the valueefor the plain

platesand he te~ile coupns, the energyabeorptlonto

failurevariedfrom only 9 to 26 percentof the valuefor

the plaln plates.

 -40-

Arc-weldedre%nforcemntIncteaaedthe ultlmetaetrehgthof

the plates,but Zr@ght aboutno noticeableohangeiritheir

energyabsorption. c

3. The openlngeand tlw reinforcement

did not appreciablyin-

fluencethe generalyielding. Localyieldingoccurredat

.
,:’
very low loada,but the averagenet streesat general
,.. , ,.
yieldingof the platesae a whole was approximately
equal
;’ ..
to, or .elightly
lese, than the tensilecouponyield poipt.
,,
.,,i.
The specimenswhich gave the b.es,t
.perfo:mence
w$t,hrespct

to their strengthand energy-abeorbing

capacitywere thoee
.,
plateawith circularopeningeor
....:, with squareopeningswith
,,.
roundedcorners. The nine platesgivingthe
..:. best pe,rfo,~

ante includedtwo,apecimenewith face bar reinfoz’ce~nt,

.. . ,.
threewith insertplate reinforcement, and four with doubler

plate reinforcement.
,,

VIII.ACKNOWLEXIEMENT

The investigation
reportedhereinwaa sponsoredby the Ship

StructureCoumdtteeand waa carriedout in the StructuralResearchLab-

oratoryof the Departmentof CivilEngineering,Univareityof Washington.

“Thecost of the supervisionand the instrumentation

was aeaumedby the

EngineeringExperimentStation. The teet programend the preparationof

the reportwere under the directionof Dr. R. A. Hechtman,Aesociete

Professorof StructuralResearch. Dr. D. Vaserhelylwas the project

 -u-

engineerand was aselstedby Mr. K. J. Kenworthy. other membersof the

laborsterystaffwho took part M the work ware as followe: H. C. Cheng,

A. K. Chin,Mrs. Ione Knlekern,J. J. Miles,C. W. Norton,and Z. Swystun.

.,
The authorsare gratafulto ProfaseorF. B. Farqubweon, Di.reo-

to$~ EngineeringE~ehnt Statlon~?or hleencotiragement

~&d” s~gistiarie

and to Mr. A. B. Jacobsenend Mr. L. D. Bsrterof the ElectronicMeeeure-

ment and’ControiLiib6ratory
of the Engin&eringExperiment$tati’o”n
for ““

providingthe instrumentation
used in these taste.

. . .,.
 -&2-

,. ..,.

. . TARLEI ~~

.l@CRANICAL
PROPERTIES03!PLATESOF DIFFER3NT
. ..., ‘ltlI@N@S
. SEMI-KI13EDSTEEL U AS ROLLED
,.,
....:: ,.: :,’.
Plate Tt@ck- Upper Uj.tinmte Elongation Rediiat.ion
““’
NO.’ ‘ ness Yield Strength in 8-in. of Area
Point
in. DSi net Der cent Per cent
~(j . 1 32,800 61,100 32.6 55.6
25 1/2 36,500 61,100 31.2 54.0
16 l/L 44,1OO 65,300 29.5 50.9

17 l/.4 449300 65,200 29.4 51.7

18 1/4 45,100 65,800 29.2 50.8

19 1/4 &ooo 65,900 28.2 51.7

20 1/4 .44,700 66,000 28.4 49.5
21 1/4 4.&500 66,000 28.6 50.2

22 l/L 43$~o 65,600 28.9 49.6

23 1/4 45,4W 66,100 30.4 49.8

24 1/4 44,s00 65,800 29.3 49.6

Tensilepropertiesare awrage of resultsof two tests of ASTM standard

flat tensilecoupone.
 -- 143-

TABLE 2

DECRYPTION OF SPECIMSNSWITH l/4-IN.BODY PIME*

spec. ~ Size of PeroOntage CrOas-Section

No. Reinforceusnt of
Radius Reinforce- Groes Net
in. ment

?~i n Plates

1 None -- , .’-- ,XK 9.(Y7 9.07

23 None - - -- lCQ 9.1-4 9.14

Plateswith Ume inforoedOMninm

2 Clrouler - - .- 0 9.21 6.92

square 1/32 -- 0 9.18 6.82
: Square 1-1/8 -- 0 9.15 6.87

Plateewith CBenfnm Reinforcedkm a Face E!aE

Circular - - 2ktl/4° 40 9.1.1 7.76

i Circular - - l“xl/4° 9.15 7.25
7 Squsre 1/4 2nfl/4fl z 9.11
Square 3/16 l“il/4° 16 9.02 ?:
; Squsre 1-1/8 21tfi/411 40 9.13 7.74
10 Squsre 1-1/8 l%zl/4° 16 9.15 7.22

Plateswith OmeninpsReinforcedbY a Slnale DoublerPlate

11 Circular - - l@lD*fi/4tl 102 9.11 9.13

Circuler - - 13-1/2’’D.xl/4° 50 9.14 7.99
?3 Square 1/32 l@lfignfi/4tt lo4 9.17 9.21
u Square 1/32 13-1/2’’x13-l/2
Wxl/4° 51 9.I.4
15 Square 1-1/8 1811
fi!3t1fi/4n 103 :::
16 Square 1-1/8, >>1/2’’fi3-l/2mxl/4n s.:: 8.01

PlatesWith ODenius Reinforcedby an InsertPlate

17 Circular - - 12-3/4*’D.fl/2
‘1 39 9.11 7.71
18 Circular - - 10-1/2’!
D.xl[J 50 9.13 8.08
19 Square 1/32 15ND.xl/2’t 9.04 7.55
20 Square 1/32 12.3/4’’xl2-3/ti#2
‘t ; 9.13 ?.72
21 Square 1-1/8 151’D.xl/2’t 62 9.02 8.17
22 Square 1-1/8 12-3/4nx12-3/4”xl/2” 39 9.04 7.66
* All teetsmade at room texpratvre.
 -l+-

-.-., - . ...-”.”-. . . . . . . ,-

r ,,, -.7:,... ,. :;, .-.: ,..

TAME 3
.: !:. .-: ,,,,.,,.,
.1 ,
LIST OF PLAX3SBED FOR
-.----.
........ ....... FASRICATI~TOF EACH SPECIMEN

,,
.,. Spec. No. of Plate Used for
., .,.
” No. Se&v P3.ete* %etnforoeugn~
,,....
*.. :., .,,
.,
1 18
2

20

.....
,,,. <.
i?
,.,
. . . ,. 22 22
~:.”
,-. , .’
.,:. ,.
22 21
21 21 ,
Ii
20 21
21 21
20 21
. ...
,..,,,,., 16 25
,. ,. 22 10
17 25
.: :,. “
19 ., ,.
.
. .
:-.. . ,,
.,
,
. .

* Mechsni,cdpropertiesof plateegiven in Table 1.

. Sketchesof specimene
“InFigs. 2-5, Inclueive.
.,
., ,.

.
. ,.

. . .. .. ... . . .
 , .

TASLE4

STPJINGTH
AND ENERGYASSOP.PTION
OF l/4-IN.pLAIN p~~s ~TD p~~s WITH O~~NGs

Spec. .ooenl~ Percentage Test.. General Yieldinp UltimateStrendh EnergyAbsorption. ...

No. Shape Corner of Temp. Load AverageStress Load AverageStress in 10GfJ~s,in-lb+
.. kdius Reinforce- Deg. lb~. Oei lbs ● DBi To Ulti- TO
in. ment F. Gro8e Net Groee Net mata Load Failure ‘“’‘”
1 None -- 100 81 380,000 “ 42,200.42,220 588,500 65,390 65,390 4,01fl 5,276
. ... .
~,ti.. ?
23 None -- 100 76 390,000 .43,330. L3,330 583,000 64,’780 “&i,7so 4,062

2 Circular- - 0 76 291,500 32,40Q 43,2004.40,00048,900 65,15o 1,136 1,1(4

3 Square 1/32 o 72 292,000 32,500 L3,250 357,500 39,800 52,900 338 y%

,..
4 Square 1-1/8 o 78 292 ,COO 32,500 43,250 421,0Q0 46,700 $2,350 n?., !%;
5 Circular - - 40 74 32&,000 , 36,000 42,500 517,000 57,400 67,S00 1,277 1,420 ,! ‘

6 Circular - - 17 73 324tom 36,~ 45,500457,000 50;800 64,200 725 910

7 Sq~re 1/4 40—.. 75 322,000 35,800 ,&.,230 j~,ooo 44,100 5+,.yo _.. 422 750 -,. .—

8 squre ..3/16 16 74 288,CO0 32,(2QO 40,420391,500 h3,500 54,950.. 447 7m .

.
.. ~,063.’ ‘....
.. 9 . ?q?w 1-1/8 40 ,W 319,000 35, 500-::ZI=%9.431,00C 5%100 5%150, ___ 747. .-.
10 Square 1-1/8 16 75 313,000 34, s00 43,930467’,000 51,Wo 65,54~ 1,234 1,504 ‘.

11 Circular -- 102 75 360,000 40,050 40,050555,000 61,670 61,670 1,358 1,569

1.2 Circular - - 50 73 331,5CKl 36,9oo 42,100488,000 54,200 62,0Q0 m 983

13 Square 1/32 104 76 337,500 37,500 Y7, 500451$500 50,170 50,170 3s7 728
 ... ., ,. ,. .._ ,.. ..N,
. .... . ..

TABLE4 (Cent, )
,,, ,,:.
STRENGTH
ANOENERGYABSORPTION
OF l/4-IN. PLAIN PLATESANDPLATESWITHOPENINGS
,,. .
Spec. &x?ninE Percentage l’est. ~~~e~~~~$:~z~ UltimeteStrenvth EnergyAbsorption
No. Shape Corner of Temp. Load Awrage Stress Lead Average Stress h 1000 Is in-lb<
~~’Radius Reinforce-’ Deg. lbs~ Psl lbs , Oei To Ulti- ~0
in, ment F. Gross N2t Groes Net mate Load Failure
,,
14 sq~re @ 51 71 3oo,ooo 33,3130 38,100 406,0wI 45,1oo 51,6JJo 328 621
,,; .
15 square 1-1/8 103 76 362,000 40,220 40,220 522,500 58,0fXI 58,060 729 1?099
16 Square l-1/8 52 73 3oo, om 33,300 38,100 UY7,000 54,100 61,9oo 779 1,154 ;

;7 Circular - - 39 74 322,000 35,mo 41,86 495,60o 55,000 64,390 1,196 1,361. I

18 Circular - - 50 75 340,000 37,800 43,200 521,50C”” 58,000 66,300 1,266 i,400

19 Square 1/32 33 76”’ 3ol,o@3 33,Am 39,660 362,000 40;hO0 47,690 “““ 229 “ 548

20 square 1/32 39 72 320,0~ 35,6QQ 41,620 427,000 47,560 55,540 545 836

21 Square l-1/8 62 ~~ 77 ..300,00Q 33,300 36,360 478,0@ .53,;l~0’,

57,940 1~155 1,484

22 Sq,uare.“,
1-1/8 39 73 319,0go ,35,50041,490 437,~ ‘“@~IJ 56,S0 00 “-974
.,.
,..

.?,,. .. . . .- ,.,
,’

,
 .

,TABIE5 .

EFFICIENCYOF PLATESWITH OPENINS AS COMPAREDWITH PLAIN PLATES

Spec. Ooeniniz Reinforcement ~ EfficiencyComparedto Plain Plate A Percent

No. Shepe Corner GeneralYielding UltimateStrend.h EnereyAbeerptlon
Radiw Load Average Load Average To Ult, TO
in. Stress Strese Load Failure

Plateawith Unrelnf
orcedOmenings

2 Circular - - .- 76 101 ’75 100 28 19

3 Square 1/32 w* 76 101 61, ,t?2 8 9

4 square 1-1/8 -- ., 76 101 72 96 M 15

Plate8 with 00enines Reinforced bv a Face Bar

5 Circular - - 2ufi/4n Face &r ~ lm ‘ .98 104 32 a

6“ Circular - - 111~/411 Face B= ~~ 1~ 78 99 18 15

Sqwre 2%cl/4w Face Bar ~ .,,,99 68 80 10 12

7 ?4
8 Square 3/16 lllfl/Lll
Face Bar ~ 95 67 S.& 11 13
2tI~/411 Face ~r $33- 98 “m. 18 ~~.
9.squal%” ““1-1/8 91
. ..
10 Square 1-1/8 lS&411 Face Ber 81 103 80 101 30 25
flatee with ODeninga Reinforced bY a Sin$!l e Doubler Plate
11 Circular - - 1811D~/4S DO~~er 94 94 95 95 34 26

1.2 Cficular - - 13-1/2 Wxl/4tt 86 98 83 95 19 16

Doubler
 . . .. . ..... .. . .. .. .

,.. TABLE ‘5(Cont.) ~~

EFFICIENCYOF PLATESWITH OPENINGSAS COMPAREDWITH PLAIN PLATES

.......
Spec. Openinp Reinforcement EfficiencvComuaredto Plain Plate - Percent
No.. ,,Sbpe .,Corner GeneralYieldin< UltimateStreneth Enerev Abeorotion
Radius ‘ Load Average Load Average to Ult. ~~to
, ilk stress “Stres; Load Failure
-, ~atea with k ningsReinforcedbv a SinwleDoublerPlate ,, ~~
Squere.,1/32
13. :,,,,. ~~@:~/4° .’.88 “ ‘8$ 7’? “4 ““lo 12
,U ,Squere 1/32 13-1/2’’Sq.x ./L” 78 “ ’89 69 “86 ‘ 8 10
Doubler
15 Sqllqre -1-1/8 18’’Sqoxl/4!! ~& ; ,,94 89 ’89 18 ,1~
D-otibler I
16 -. Squgre 1~1/8 13-1/2’Wqoit/4’r 78 ‘ ’89 83 95 19 19 “e
Doubler m
. ... .. . .. . .. 1
Plates with Ooe‘&m
“ Reinforced by an Insert Pla~
~~~
17 Ciroular. - - 1.2-3/4’’M/2n &$ ; “98 84 ?9 ,30 22
Insert
.18 Circular “..- - 17j-@mn ‘%8 101 89” 102 .31 .,23
Ineert
:19 squab ?/32 15Nti/21!Insert +8 ., $? .,. , 62 73 6 9
.
20 square 1/32 12-3]4ifsq.xl/21*63 73, ,...85...... 14 ,.. .U: .
97 . ...
.Ineert ~~
2X -Sq~~ ‘“-”’
~R1/8’ 15Wxl/2ttIneert 78 85 82”’ 8,.29 25

22 Square..lrii/8 12-3/4nSq.ti/2° 83 97 “75 ““’” *.. ‘“”..... .i5 “16

Insert
 TASI.E 6

TYPES OF RRINFORCEWNT
GIVING THE GREATESTEFFICIENCIES FOR PLATE9
WITHOPSNIWS SUSTAININGCOMPLETELY DCCTILEFRACTURES

Spec. Shape of Opeoing Reinforcement Percentageof EfficiencyComuaredto Plain Plate-Per

No. ReinforcementLoad at Ultimate Ultimate Energ
general Load Stren@ Failur
Yieldirw

5 Circular 2bl/4t~ Face Bar 40 84 88 104 24

10 square , lW./4tf Face Bar 16 81 80 101 25

Rounded Cornere

11 Circular 1811~411 Doubler 102 94 95 95

Plate

12 Circular 12-1/2 nDd/4’t 50 86 83 95

Doubler PMte

15 Square, lgWq.xl/4n Doubler 103 94 i+ 89 18

Rounded Cornere Plate

16 Square, 13.1/2 Wq.xl/4*1 52 78 83 95 19

Rouuded Cornere Doubler Plate

17 Ciroular 12-3/4Wxl/2n Ineert 39 % 84 99 22

Plate

M Circular 10-1/2 nDxll~ Insert 50 88 ‘9 102 23

Plate

21 Square, 15’UMl/2!l Ineert Plate 62 78 82 89 25

Rounded Corners

Maximuma for all Specimene 103 94 95 104 26

 -50-

TABLE 7

GENERAL YIFXJIING AND FRACTURE3 OF PLATES WITH OPENINGS

Spec. Load in Kips at Location of First Laders Lines,

No. First General First Ultimate First Crack, Maximum Unit
Luders Yielding Crack Load Strain Concentratio& snd Later-
Line al Bucklin@

,(1111,
2 291.5 291.5 440.0 440.0
~“

[,11’
--+

3 220.0 292.0 357.5 357.5

1111 Ill

4 280.0 292.0 421.0 421.0

-$5 +

1111111

* Legend:
324.0 324.0 517.0 517.0

9 I

Max. unit strain concentration according to SR-4 gage readings.

Luders lines appearing before general yielding of specimen.

Lateral buckling of plate in regions of compression stress.

Point of first crack.

Fracture.
 -51-
.

TABLE 7 (cont.) TABLE 7 (cont.)

GENERAL YLELDE4G AND FRACIWRES OF PLATE.? WITH OPENINGS GENERAL YIELDKNG AND FRACTURL9 OF PI.AT=? WITH OPENINGS

I,x.UO. d First Uders ties, bad in KiPs.ak _ mm...4 First Iadem Lines,
spec. ~. ~~~d=’ .!;,: ~: p.
No. llltimi(~ First Crack, Maxim. m Unit Fi% Generzl First Ultir’1.te Fir,t crack,Maximum
unit
I,ud,rs Yi.ldlng C rnck Lm.d SJW;:c;g.entratim, and Late, - Ludem Yielding C rack tid SJBS&m&entraUC% and Later
Line u..

6 324.0 324.0 457.0

-cl-- 15 382.0 382.0 522,5 522,5

‘1 140.0 322,0 39’/.0 397.0

16 220.0 300.0 48’7.0 487,0

,,..
8 6Q.O 288.0 380.0 391,5

9 180.0 319.0 451,0 451.0

17 140.0 322.0 495.0 495.0

-+(3 $“,..

.
10 6a.o 313.0 457.0 467.0
18 280.0 340.0 521.5 521,5

cl-
,.
11 100.0 360.5 555.3 555.3 19 lW.O 301,0 382.0 362.0 ,-

.,, ,..
20 140.0 320.0 427.0 427.0 ‘-+ .
12 331.5 931.5 488.0 488.3

,,
3,,

ml
@ ,,, ,,.

,,,
,-

-Da
21 100.0 3!3+).0 418.0 478.o

13 337.5 337.5 440.0 451.5

‘ I “ \ ,*$-

,.0
.:,,-

,-
22 60.0 319.0 437.0 437.0 a?,

14 220.0 3W.O 406.0 406.0

‘a Q ,& ‘......,4.
 -52-

l/f~-h.
Plate

l/2-In.
Plate

l-In.
Plate

core Rim

Fig. 1. ~crostr,lctures
of TypicalPlates of Each Thickness Llsedfm
Speci5em. secticms TakenParallelto Directioncf Rollir.g.
Magnification
2(X)X.NitalEtch.
l“r- --—~—--— —
1~

EQUAL SPACING ON BOl+iw

FACES OF SPECIMEN
‘--
@’Jp!qJ
‘-”--~R -~ ~E ~
I
Spec. No. 2 Spec. No. 3

‘0
.;

.—

Svec. No. 1 and 23

Fig.
2. Details of Plafn
Plates
andPlates
with
Unreinforced
O?enfngs.

–T

–1

w
Spec. No. 5 Spec. No. 7

~Jii~ pi!%~Tg,,
Spec. No. 8 1% syec. No. 9 Spec. No. 10 1%
k ~. =
i 1%

Fi~.
3.Details of Plates with Owni!w Re~Orced @ I Fz.e Bar.
 -54-

—v-—-

I!!3r
90” 4
D=

13’”

.
A

Sp.iv’ig

s.ec.F5’l!g

Fig. 4. Detafls of Plates with Op.mfngs Reinforced by a Single Doubler Plate.

--~+

M e0=9”

I-J
12%

,+1 IJ$F_J

Spec.No. 17
.

k-
@

60”

60”
Spec. No. 18
’62+

Swc. NO. 21
80’” 60~ 60”

Fiz’. 5. Details of Plates with Openings Reinforced by an fnsmt Plate,

 -55-

Fig. 6. Typical Specimen Mountedin 2,LOO,OCO-lb. Testing Machine

and Ready for Testing.
 ,4
——.3“ 4“

TYPE I
AR-1 N ,, I
A-7 I A-7 1
TYPE 3
A-11 i A-11 i

A-12 ~ A-12 k

I I

TYPE 2
TYPE 4

Fig. 8. Location of SR-4 Electric Strain Gages on Specimens witE

Fig. 7. Locatio-. of SR-4 Electric Strain Gages on Specimens with Opening Reinforced by a Face Bar.
unreinforced Openings.
 ,—i L...
+
L_ k—4...-L
,,
5
,,

.-

I
~.-.-..l. -Y d...~
~ ...-j
~-.x ~4’8

““”1””-J
6“
94’ 6+” ~5“

I...._J J.. i -.,

9“
l..+

TYPE 7

A-II I A-ll ;
TYPE 5
‘-12 k A-12 ~

- z“
- .Z’A ....4”J

ri
~--

8“

9“

Li .__
5“
L L
I
TYPE 8

,,
I
TYPE 6

Fig. 9, Location of SR-4 Electric Strain Gages on Specimens with Fig. iO. Location of SR-4 Electric Strain Gages on Specimens with
opening Re~.reed bY a Single Doubler Plate. Opening Reinforced by an Insert Plate.
 -58-
MO ]

p%,

,’
So —4- - T— ----

7.0 ——t + —. -. -

~ ~DaE OF ~&,E

&o +---i -- +

~:

._t___ –...
60

1!

._.
-
B
?.0 ~oo — -—-— —

460

420
m

Saow i
0

DIStrltNUOn .,,.,, Plate d E1m@lm 0.98-1- G%, L-@

Fig. 11. msmh.ti.. moss Plate d E1.watim.. 38-in.
Gw. L..@z. ,psc. NC., 23. Pm” Plate.
.....NO, ,. PM” P1ate.

3,6

3,2

+
Z.8 — — --l@ —

5 *, ●

i EDOE OF PLbTE
:
3 ~, ~ \
8 ~

+
:
~1 ,6

I .2

*0

0.8 ,4

W. 0
04

800
291 .s~
140
0

w. 14. Distrlmn.n ,Crcas Plste .4 m.n@n4n 0. w-m *. 1,.mgth,

F&. 1s mmibutb
Spin. N., 2.
. ..0s.
C.=”lar
Plate
-.
d EIoI@tio. m m-m-
Gag. Lam@= @c, No. 9, &mue OF-LW.
 -s9 -
3.6

3.,--- .....4 ~.. -.1 ..-

2.8 ..+”j’’oo’:{p’~:
+’<
m
5

F.,. 15. .,s,,,.”,,.. .,,.ss ,,,,, d mm,@,m .“ $6.In. G=,. Len@b.

F*. 16. Mstributkm %cr.ss Phi. ml E,o.p,,.o . . K. L,. ..,, ,,n@,
me..
...4. W- 0..-8 with !+...ded comers.
SF-C. Nm. 5. Ckcul.m cmml,,g. F.., ,., rteimimc, tne.,.

3,
,,
:.
I
3.2 –- .. ~ +. ___
3.2

EDGE OF PLATE
,>. : .j=
2.8 7’- ~ .\- 2 .e
I
2,4.
T :--1 – -

.ED%E OF PLATE

,91S
,.2

3s0

0.8

I
,,0
0.4 — —. +.4 ,40 _! –..-
0,4

I
I 300K
o ,40 300”
0 1
 –60-

m I

II
; ...__/ -—-. .—.
3.2

I I

–M!
1 .
1
Z.o

La

,.2

,,0 ‘

--
L
0.4

Fig .20, M8trlb.u’m across Phi. d moE@tO” m w-h Gage Length.

,,~ 19. Distribution ..?.s$ Plate d E1owM.” m 36 -h. Gwe La!8th. SW.. N.. ,. Sr”are Gwnlw with I&.nded Corners. F-e B=r
Sr Nm. 8. S.”=. O,edw. Fm.e 9., R.lmforc.m=i rm!mlorcemmt.

3.6

3.2

28

2,4

1.6

,.2
,.;.. .
~~~

P
3e0
,!

00
i~i
340

~ ..-
0.4

0 L SOOK
,40

LWtrlbutim -TW6 Plate .4 Elc.r%atlm o“ 9 O-h. C%- L-@

::,-.,:1. Clmuhr CW!IM. 81n@ EXubler PM. Eeln-
 -61..
3.e
I

s,?. . .. .———

---1
,~~
~~‘
.-*2 –——
E(IOE
OFPLATE
“N,,
.-— — —.... .—

...—— 4 .——

.,, .5*
~ ~ .&0
0.8
.,3

0,4 ;... —=——.. ,

3eo”
~
0

3.6

3.2

EDGE OF, PLATE .,,,,

,,, EoGE OF PLATE
/
/..
\
~~ -+

,06’
/
4eo
.=’
0.8

0.4

0
 -&.2-
m

.*8R
b. f.

;0

We?of PLATE

2.4
/ ‘ \

?-0
*

,.6

420

1.2 / ‘ 1.

OB 890

%-. n.
‘HiiEk
Dlstrlt”nm
p.ecb,$r.p:ie
.Crom
~Mr:==
Phi. cd ma-n
.ilb
m w-b.
R0Jnd9d
Gap
Corn*r.
Ia@h.
SW*
?ir. =.
0.6

DUrtOUUM
0
~

u.”
SF=. No. 17. clrOJlu
PW d E1.mti
OPmlM. I@Jerl Pm.
840
SooII

m W-k.. We LO@h.
Relnf.rc.mmt.
~
—
-

3.s .

t.o

i
M

CDOE OF PLATE

/
Lo
\

1.8

1*

**

0.8 A%
**O
\
0.4 ~

~
—
 .&3-

3.0

3.?. —

a, /

; “4
~ ,.0

5
+ EDW OF ,LA’t’f

g
: ,*. /’
/’”
~
—-+- I – - j... —...
G ,,e

0.8 ..~ ——. J._._. .

“H&k 04

0
300
140
.~ I
+
 -6k-

1 I I I I I I I 1
I I I I I
Iwriivd oi
1 “lln
‘
011 I I I I I F---T

I I I I I
e
1
I I I
1 m

I I I I I
m
I
I I I I I
w—
L ‘N
I I
1 z

I I I [ I

m
I

z ii
n
 600

500

I 3

400

m
n
z
g 300
0

200
~ SPEC. NO. I
~
—– - SPEC NO. 23 I II
100

0 6 8 10
2
AVERAGE ELONGATION ON 36 IN. GAGE LENGTH- INCHE

Fig. 35. Comparison of Load and Average Elongation on 36-III. Gage Len@h for Plain PlalEs
 -66-

W=u-L-l.
o o
0
10
 600

500

400

CO
n
z

z 300 1

~ %
I
9

200

100

0
0 u .
AVERAGE ELONGATION ON 36 IN. GAGE LENGTH_ INCHES

Fig. 37. Comparison of Load and Average Elongation on 36-in. Gage Length for Plates with OPetigS
Reinforced by a Face Bar.
 I

%
I

SPEC. NO. II

K
SPEC. NO. 12
SPEC. NO. 13
SPEC. No. 14
SPEC. NO. 15
SPEC.NO. 16
I
I I

I
3

Fig. 38. Comparison of Load and Average Elongation on 36-In. Gage Length for Plates wifi Openings
Reinforced by a Single Doubler Plate.
 -69-

m“
m
6
k
Sdl)l NI OVO1
 -i’o-

600
d
x
575 T

~1[
S50

525 # &
;5
500 ,
(Y7
4,6
I
475 I
❑ 10
‘a ~6
cd
450 d3 ~s
:
&2 o2
425 8?s!s! ~ _ _ _ _

.14

400 ■’ ,8 1
x PLAIN PLATE
375 o CIRCULAR OPENING -—
.19
.s .
u SQUARE OPENING,
350 ROUNDED CORNERS- —
~ SQUARE OPENING
325

3000.7 1.0 1.6 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 607.08.0

Average Elongation to Ultimate Load - In.

Fig. 40. Comparison of Ultimate Load and Average Elongation to Ultimate

Load for Plain Plates and Plates with Openings.
 -71-

300 -

200 -

100 -

0-

—
30,000

30,000

10,000

0 I illIt 1
SPEC.NO. 12337813 141929fl 91015 162122,26 611121718

Fig. 41. Load and Average Stress on Net Cross Section at General Yielding
of Plain Plates and Plates with Openings.
 -72-

600

400

200

70,000

50,000

3opoo

Io,ooo

SPE:NO. I 23 3 7 8 1314 19
,5
=0
SQUARE OPENING SQUARE OPENING CIRCULAR OPENIN

‘- ~~N::::~~56’’’7:~:~

Fig. 42. Ultimate Strength of Platn Plates and Plates with Openings.
 ..7
,3 -

600
0 OIRCULAR OPENING d

o SQUARE OPENING, ROUNDED CORNERS

■ SQUARE OPENING
~50 x PLAIN PLATE

018
05

500 d7

&
❑z I
~1o
~6
❑9
45 02
( ~22
mm
4

.14
40 0 ■?
m8

,19
3

35 0

3 00 40 60
c 20
Percentage of Reinforcement
I I \ \
I
) 655 9.00
6.75 7.20 7.65 8.10
Net Cross-Section Area
Sq. In.

Fig. 43. Comparison of Ultimate Load and Percentage of Reinforcement

for Plates with Openings.
 -74-

70,000

0s
owl
10
65,000( $
0’ ~7

012
[4 016 II

60,000
oe

@
,20 022

55,000
He
3
.7

.14
,.
50,00 0
.19

45@0 0 0 CIRCUUR OPENING

o SQUARE OPENING, ROUNDED CORNERS
c SQUARE OPENING

40,000- 1 I I
0 20 40 60 I 0
Percentage of Reinforcement

1 I I I I I
6.7S 7.20 7.6s 8.10 8B5 9.00
Net Cross-Section Area - Sq. In.

Fig. 44. Comparison of Ultimate Stren@witi Percentage Of ReWorcement

for Plates with Openings.
 -75-

70

I
(
65

60

65

50

45 1 2 46

Ratio of Half-Width of Opening to Notch Ri@US-@N

Fig. 45. Relation between the Ultimate Strength of Plates with Openings
and the Notch Acuity of the Openfng.
 -76-.

1 1
3nn7ivd 04
avol 31vN111n oLL 1 i

I
I
1
I
I
J
1
I I
I
I 1
i
J
I
1
I I
I
I
1

I
! I

a I
0 I
~d
*Z I I I 1, I
-=’d -@l
=W
Wn
~al
w
3“v0’-
avol 31vnl17n OA E._L..-
g
Q
g ~ 8 * Gi
n
“81-”NI S,0001 – NOlldUOS8V AW3N3 0
 -77-

160C
I I

@
02’

14 Oc 0s ..18
d7 d’

1200

I
I
#

1000 &2 0’2

o’
,20

800
m’
.7 ,:

.14
600
.19

0 CIRCULAR OPENING ~ SQUARE OPENING

o SQUARE OPENING, ROUNDED CORNERS
400 1 I r 4

20 40 60 80 100
Percentage of Reinforced

t. t
6.75 7.20 7.65 8.10 8.55 9.00
Net Cross-Section Area -Sq. In.

Fig. 47’. Comparison of Energy Absorption to Failure and Percentage of

Reinforcement for Plates with Openings.
 Energy Absorption to Failure, 1000’s In-lbs.

0)
o
0
CIRCULAIl

SQUARE OPEN
I I

% /

//
-’4-
--1- I I

aiiEu-
I

z I

.8–L.
GIG K
 -79-

10
I
01 I
I

I
I
9
&-- 0’805

I 017
I (32 d’ 21

e ——— 10
—_. -

7
4---
CIRCULAR OPENING
I

I
6
SQUARE OPENING –
ROUNDED CORNEF/S
I 1.
❑ SQUARE OPENINO
5
10 15 20 25! )

Efficiency wit.h Respect to Energy Absorption to Failure - Per Cent

Fig. 49. Comparison of the Efficiencies with Respect to Ultimate Load

and Energy Absorption to Failure for Plates with Openings.
,
 -80-

I 0(

~18

do

10(

9!

9<
~s :21
-—— . ——— ___
--i+ ~22
t
‘14
e:
■
,? I
~3m8

8C .7—

T o CIRCULAR OPENING
75
❑ SQUARE OPENING,
ROUNDED CORNERS

= SQUARE OPENING
7C
20 25

Efficiency with Respect to Energy Absorption to Failure - Per Cent

Fig. 50. Comparison of Efficiencies with Respect to Ultimate Strength

and Ensrgy Absorption to Failure for Plates with Openings.
 II
.0

I d
L ,.V-id An ,Caz
*
 -82-

. .

+*R

_.— -—.

9
*

q
.
 _$3-

e
 -84-

e“
.

‘J
.,.

\
 -85-

Z
tj
k
0

-“
-841-
 .87-

%..
./

/
./

—.

.
 -88-

.-

:,5

0
:
.

0
t’
 -89-
‘+R

—.—.—. — -

~
4

.
 / :/ $’

2
.
,/’
/ ,., ,/’
,, \
,.2
.
// ,7.’,, ./
/’
—.
)? ,%

g
 ,

/’
 -92-

.
 sp~ . No. ~. 18.D ~ 1/411 D~~bl~~ p~t,e

Circular Opening.

SpeC. lio. 13. 1811x 181’ x 1//+11 Doubler Plate.

Square Opening.

Spec. No. 20. U? 3/4” x M 3/1+”x 1/2” Insert plate

bqusrs Opening

Fig. 74. Photograph of Rim of Openingwhich ducded Iaterdy during

Lmading. Plateswith DifferentTypesof Reinforcement and
Opening.
 -9J.b -
600

550

450

A 400
?
la

300

250

200
0 03 Lo M 2.0 2.5

Buckling fn Inches

Fig. 75. Comparison of Load and the Maximum Lateral Deflection of the
Buckled Edge of Opening in Plates with Open@s.
 -95-

SPC. No. 23
Spec. No. 1
●

✎ ✎
✍✍✍

:, i
-.
,,
.
—--*. -
.,, @nw
,h h

1!..
“.@’ “
. ., ~$,i...
. . .,<:

Spec. No. j
Spec. No. 2

Spec . till. 5
s?ec. No. L

Fig. 76. Photographsof Plain Platesand Phtes with OpeningsafterFracture

 -96-

Spec. No. 6 Spec. No. 7

Spec. No. 8 Spec. No. y

bpec. No. 10 Spec. IJO. 11

Fig. 77. Photographs of Plates with Openings after fiactue

 -97-

Spec. No. 1.2 Spec. No. 13

Spec. No. 15

Spec.No. 17
Lpec. NO. 16

Fig. 78. Photographs of Plates with Openings afterFracture.

 -98-

SpeC. Mo. 18
Spec. No. 19

Spec. No. 21
Spec. . No. 20

bpec. No. 22

Fig. 79. Photogmphs of Plates with Openings after Fracture

 -99-

600

1
A

500
‘o va~ x

!
400

‘To

SPEC. NO. 5 x SPEC. NO. 14 0

6+
200
●!
‘

70 16 +
80 170
VI
90” 18 v
10 ● 19 v ..-...— I
—... .—
100
II A 20 ?ti
12 A 210
13 e 22 ●
I I I
0
o 4 8 12 16 20

TOTAL WIDTH OF FRACTURE IN INCHES

Fig. 80. Comparison of To~l Lo~d on plate and Total

Length of Fracture.
 -lCO -

55

50
T
L
\
0
●
0-35%
35-100%
CLEAVAGE
CLEAVAGE -+--
.
\, I
\
\
\
\
\
45
\

\
\
\
‘o
● \
40 0

●
\
\ ●

.
35 \
\
\ ●
✼
✼
✼ ●

✼
✼
30
,Afi --- ---—
2tJu *UU 600 800 1000 1500

Ratio of Half-Width of Opening to Notch Radus - R.@N

Fig. 81. Relation between the Ultimate Strength and the Notch Acuity
of the Opening for Illinois Wide Plate Tests. Steel E as
Rolled.
 - 101-

55
‘\
\
\
\
\
\
. 50 o \
\
o \
\
\ ● \
\
\

45
\
\ ●
1 !
●
!-‘8,
\
\ 8
\ ●
✼
●
✼
●
✼
✼
✼
40
✼

✼
✼
✼
✼

3
0 0-35 % CLEAVAGE ___
35
● 35–100 % CLEAVAGE

30
200 400 600 800 1000 1500

Ratio of IIalf-Widti of Opening to Notch Radius - %~N

Fig. 82. Relation behveen the Ultimate Strength and the Notch Acuit y
of the Opening for Illinois Wide Plate Tests. Steel D as
Rolled.
 55

\
\
\

\
o 0-35 % CLEAVAGE
50

\
0 35-1009. CLEAVAGE

\
45
\

‘\ +. T\ \
\
8

●
\
o }

‘o
o\

\T
\
\
\

40
\
a
\*
\
I
\
35 I I

30:
o 400 600 @ ) 1000 15 o

Ratio of Half-Width of Opening to Notch Radius - R@tN

Fig. 83. Relation between the Ultimate Strength and the Notch Acuity
of the Opening for Illinois Wide Plate Tests. Steel D
Normalized.
 - 103 -

65 - I I I
\
“\ O SHEAR FRACTURE
\ ● CLEAVAGE FRACTURE
●
60 ● \
0
\
●
o \
.
o

55 ●
\ ●
o
‘o
\
\ : \
\,
50 \
\
\ i \.
\ @
k ●. 1’ \
\
\* ;Io \\
45 *
●
\
\
\ 8
1
‘4 @
40 ~
\
\\: e
\

‘\
353 ~
10 20 40 60 100 200 4 )

Ratio of Half-Width of Opening to Notch Radius - @tN

Fig. 84. Relation between the Ultimate Strength and the Notch Acuity of
the Opening for Wide Plate Tests by Thomas and Windenburg.
Steel E as Rolled.
 APPENDIXA

EEVIEW cl REF’EifJ?ENCRS
IN TEH!MICALLITBBATDRE
clNcmmGs IN HA~. ,:. .

The t?zlldy’sfi Of the 6tXWSS distribution .8d ths StIW9S COIIOSI)-

tratlon .ti the region” of an opening in a pl.ati is a ch engineering

problemsncountersdin the dssigoof YMny typesof struct~s. This

problemhas been the subjectof many papra In th6”tdbnioal I.lt.ereture,

!.
and this seetionof the reportwill very brie~ describethe ecopeof the

more importantpaprs. While this reviewof the ticbiicalliteraturehas

been rqt,herextensive,it dtis not presumeto hsve foutidall the avail-

able Informationof significance.A bibliographyof tie ‘rs’fersnces

18

given at the end of this appbndiit.

1. MathematicalAnabaes of StressesIn Plateswith knf~.

The analysisof the elasticstressssIn plateswith openingsby

the methodsof the theoryof elasticityhas been alinost

entirelylimited

to the solutionsfor platesof infinitadimensionsend uniformthicknese

acted upon by uniformdlstributione

of appliedstressat the boundariesof

the plats. These limlthtiooe’

have been Imposedby the mathematicalcom-

plexityof the procedurerequiredto developsuitableetressfunctions

for the problem.

The simpleetcase of an openingin a plate from the atandpcint

of mathematicalcomplexityla that of the Inflnitiplate of uniform

thicknesswith a centralolrcularopening,the plate being subjectedto

uniformuniexialtension. Kirsch (3) publishedan approximatesolution

for this problemin 1898. The complete~themetical solutionwas given

 -2a-

later by F6ppl (L),!desneger

(5),d Wyss (6). These aoalyaes lead to

the well-knownatreee-concentration
,.:!, factor of three for the tension etreee

at the edge of t.tm circular ope~ at the pointe on the centerline trena-

varee to the direction of the appliedbtreee. The faotor of three ie

,.
;elati& “*o‘tb uniformtenatiestress,which is E@ied ta the ,plata

along a eectionremotefrom the opening.

,..
Inglie (7),!?o~”(8),&relli and Murray(9, 10),,exte@@ these
,.,
eolutioneto the“caseof en elliptical npaning located ,$11an infinite

piate of uniform thickness. For a uuifo~, ?~ied, vn@xlal tensile

. ‘.,
etrem on the plate, they found that the rt,reee-concen,tratlon
feotmr at,,
,. ..,.
the’ “eke of the op&ing lying on the trensvareecenterlinevariedfrom

one to three,if the MSjor axis of the ellipticalopeningwere parallel

to the appliedstressend from three to infinity,if the minor SXIS were

. ...,.
parallelto tb”“&ppli’ed
stress.

Many of theee solutionsalso treatthe caseswhere pure sheer

,,
.,,
or combinationsof pure ehaarand directstreseare,appliedto the @u@-

ariee of the plate” ,., ,

,.,
.!..
The solutionsfor the case of a equsre~ning in en ir@nl$e
,.
plate of dform thicknessare much more dii’ficult.
,. No ,nexactn
solutions
were foundto have been made,[email protected] the &f ficu3ty.of

expressingthe shape of a squareopeningmat@atically. Ey approdmting

a equere’
openingby an ovaloidwith a vary small cornerradius,Greenspan
,..
(n) founi the pointsof maximumst~ss concentration
in q idinite plate

under uniformlyapplieduni-exlal,streas.If,the two sidesof the sqwre

openingwere Perallelto the appliedetress,the four pointeOf m%xi.mom

 -3a-

stressconcentration
fell vary c106E ~ the cornersof the opad.ngand on

the etdeecd’the openingparallel to the applied etraas. If w dia-

gonal of the equareopeningwere parallelto the appliedetrees,the two

pointsof maximumatreeaconcentration
were locatedat tha cornereof ‘

the equareopeninglying on the trenevereecentmline.

The problemof the triaxielstreaeconcentration

on tlw edge of

a circularepeningIn en f.nfinite
plate of uniformthicknesswas fnwstiga-

ted by Sternbargand Sedowaky(32),who found that triaxlaletressesneed

to be consideredonly when the ratio of the diameterof the circular

openingto the thicknessof the plate ia leas than 30.

A very comprehensive
coverageof the verioie theoratioalanalyeee

was publishedby Neuber (13).

The effect of strains in the plasticrange of the materialwas

investigatedby Stowel (1.4).He found the atreesend strainconcentration

factorsto be a functionof the aec.ant

modulusof the material.

The one eolutionfor a plati”of finitewidth end uniformthick-

ness is thet by Howland(15)for e centrally-locatid

circularopeningand

a uniformuni-exialstreseappliedin the Infinitedirectionof the plate.

If r is the radiusof the openingend b the hal.f-idthof the plate,the

etress-concentration
factorat the two pnlnteof the op&ing on the trans-

verse centerlinevariesfrom 3 to k.32 es the r“atiorib changesfrom zero

(plateof infinitewidth) to 0.5. The stressat the outer edgea of the

plate on the transvereecenterlinevariesfrom”0.99 to 0.73 ae r/b changes

from 0.1 to 0.5.

 .-. La-

in all these analyses,tbe authorefoond zonesof compressive

strae@adjacentto ti edgas of the openingwhich lay on each aide of the

,!::<j. .,::..,,,
tradzk~e een?%rtie, when the strass””~6”
ap@ied in “t~ longltwlinal

&actIon of k“ pl+.e, ad +ok a stress lo these reglone almet ez

...
@eat as In the regione of +,emelle
etreea. Ho ~ntlon wae foundof the

Posafbilltyof lateral-
- of the plate in A8 regloneof oomprasa-

iva atree~lf thi tihi~ai of the plata bicemi itifioiently pall.

The affect of s eiiaple type of reinforc&nataroundn c~cular

,,
opanirig
in .9plate of inftite extentand of uniformthlckneeaexcept
.. . . .... . ..
for the reinforcement
was in&etigated by Gurney (16),Beskln”(17),

Reissnerand Morduchov(18). The appliedetreseon the plate couldbe

uniformuniaxialor bizxialatreesor uniformehaer. Gurneyanalyzed

r ,.;
.
the caae of a ring aroundtb opening,while Basklnaolvadtha caaeeof

Yelkorcemen’tby a ring, by a him end by the ring and the rim eombtned.
,-, .,:
,.
‘“”
Both”authors“suppliedteblesof valuesto & used for strasacomputation.
.,,
,, ...., ,,
The mathematicalanalysesof the effectof reinforcement opon
.,, ,., ..
the”e~stic stressesin thk region;f the‘openi~“~int to ievwraiim-
...
, .....
. ....
portit fiote~
,, .:. ,.
l.. An incree6eb the cmountok N“inforcement
de~aaees

the circumferentialstress,but this decreazeis not

,,’
proportionalto the increaseIn the amountof reinforcement.
,.

2. An inczeeaein the amountof reinfOroerE

nt incraazesthe

shearetressat the outerbow of the reinforce-

,.

mant. Thus, it ie not poeslblefor relnforoezmnt

to de-”

velop in the platewith en openingthe etrengthof a eolld

plat%.
 -5a-

3. ‘Z* qmqe+octlnn am+a ef tba reinfo=e-nt on * trane-

,.,
wares man&Jine la more effectlm upon the values of the

+resaea then the beding eti.ffnasfi .M ~ reinforcement

..
at ths asm cross 8eetion*

2. b er i’men‘tel~ eta ru&net.ion afS~eeln Ple te s wit h@e mlnm .

Some ,expeniment.el Investigation of the strasees in plebe uith

open.inge has keen c+rrl?d. out. Most of tble work was concerned with the

verification of fnformaM,on obtained from the theoreticalsolutione.

platesof f inlta
Kirsch (3) end Prauas(19) I,nyaetigetad width

end unlfmm tnlcknesawith a eantrally-locatid

circularopening. For

uniformlyapplieduni-axialBtress,the~ found good oorraletlonbatwesn

the veluesderivedfrom .,e,xperiment

epd thosefrom theory. Preueadeter-

mined the effectof,vary+g the ratio of the dlemeterof the openingto

the width of the plate end found valuesof the stresseswhich were In good

agreementwith those [email protected]

,.. at a later date by Howland

(15). Sitilarres~ts were publishedby Hill @ Serker (20) for plates

of variousaluminumalloys.. ,..
Analysisof the stressesaroundopeningsby the photo-elastic

methodwas made by Durelliand ldurray(9, 10), and Frocht (21) for the

ceses of tha circuler~d the ellipticalopanlngean~.by Coker,apdKimball

(22) and Heymns (23)“for,

the case of the‘sqmre openingwith rounded

corners,the two eides of the equareopeningbeing parallelto.the applled

tenaio~ Unl-~al stresswas used ib these investigations. .”

The stressesin stlffenadsteelcompressionmemberstier unl-

axial t?tress
were determinedfor squarsand”rectangularopanfngsbv.Stang
!,
and Greenspan(a, 25). Similarexperimentson etiffenedelumln~loy

pnels in tensionand in kandingwith circularand rectangularopenings

 v.waw mk$a by Farb (26)and.Kuhn,Duherg,~“ .Oiakin(27).
..... . ::?.
.’,...
GOOU com.elation~th thaordtloelanalyees..
.waefound in exprl-

: mental “dnwt3tigations of i%~et,~~ circti. openings in eJ.um-

‘/
lnum-alloy specimens w Kroll ad McFhsnnon (28), la~, Woolley, and Kroll

(29), ‘@ Cr$fflW .(30),j; .C~&ff&th showed .$&it the data f~ fl.ati platee
ceuldbe qplied to curb6& pht,as if tbe ratio ..& t@ radliae of curvetura

of the latterto tb, rediwimf the openingwaa’.nut

leas tkSO “~i The

other imastigatorsreportd the loner limit of:%kiis. ratio &a’am,. while

,,,
~‘T.~‘limoehenko
(31) givesa.valueof fIve.

., Becauseof the-.difflculty
of measuringaceiariitklg
thh etraine

in the ~ry smallregiobeof &gh straincOn&en*i.ationy!

the taxiti
., maeurd etrainain the e~erlmantd:xe@rts ~wele“of
ten:.
no+,60”large ss

..those predictedbyt,he:biy.
~.
Moreoberj the plaeticI’1oTthat oocurredin
..... these regionsat low &oadsimdestitidactb~ ebservaticim’
cliff
tctllt.

waB f ovnd on the effecti

One reference- veneaaOf am-welded re-

lMorc@ment; an investigation
of the”strengthdevelopedby different;
types

of reinforcement around circular end equare O@lnRB & the David ‘1’ti~lor

~.
,.Model
-Swin (32). ,,
;..

. .. . . .

3. Bibliograr@.
‘“
.,
1. Wileok,W. h!.,Hechtmn, R. A., Bruckner,W. H., CleavageFractureof
~“,[email protected]
ae Influenced%y”Size Effdot;WeldingJourki.”,’
1948, Vol.
27, p. 200-e.
,..,- ,,
;,-..,:,. ..
2. Thomas~ “H.R., Widenburg,D. F., A Study of SlottedTeneileSpacimene
for E~ting the Toughneee‘ofStructuralSteel,Wsldihg,Joti.,
1948, Vol.27, p. 209-e.

“”3. Kl&,chg~., Die Theoriedee Elastizitaetund die Seduerfnieseder

.j.- Fes%$gkeitcZieit.
V.D.X.~.1898, Vol.11, p.:797. ~~

.. . .. . ... . . ..
,. ,.:,,,.,,!- ., .,: -::’. ..” .,
 ..,, .,.
-7a-
. .4 -..
Foeppl, A., Vorlesungan uabar technischenM&anlkI 1%’7, ~L 5,
p. 352. : . .. ,’~,.

5. Mamager, A.; Dete-tlon ~kri~e’ de; effki.aintarieure dam

t les eolides, Uem. den Sciences P&aiquae, F.x. g 192%. cbP. %. ‘
.:. .
6. WySs, T., Die Kraft.&lder in feet& elaatiechan K08~rn, 1%6,
Springer, Berlin, p. 191.
.-
7. Inglia, C., StrasE In Plate due to the Presenceof “~=cks and S&~
Corners,Proc. Inst. Nav. Amh., 1913.

8. wolf, R., Baitreege su ebanan Elastizitaetetheorle, ZaIt. Techn.

Phys. , 1921, 1922.

9. Duralll,A.J., m, W. M., StraseDiatributlon~ound e Circ&ar

DiacontlnultyIn any Two-DimensionalSystem of CombinedStrees,
EasternPhotoel. Conference,pSOC. ~, 19~, P. 21.

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