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Some Important Integrations: Degree of The Numerator Degree of The Denominator

This document discusses different methods for integrating rational functions. It presents three cases: 1) the degree of the numerator equals the degree of the denominator, 2) the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator, and 3) the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. For each case, examples are provided and solved using multiple integration methods, including partial fraction decomposition. Special cases for partial fraction decomposition with repeated and non-repeated factors in the denominator are also outlined.

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29 views6 pages

Some Important Integrations: Degree of The Numerator Degree of The Denominator

This document discusses different methods for integrating rational functions. It presents three cases: 1) the degree of the numerator equals the degree of the denominator, 2) the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator, and 3) the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. For each case, examples are provided and solved using multiple integration methods, including partial fraction decomposition. Special cases for partial fraction decomposition with repeated and non-repeated factors in the denominator are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Md. Abdulla-Al-Sabby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Some Important Integrations

Case I:

Degree of the numerator =


Degree of the denominator

Example:∫

Solution:

1st Method: ∫

( )
=∫

=∫ −∫

= − ln | + 1| +c

2nd Method:∫

Put +1= ∴ =

Now, ∫

=∫ −∫

= − ln | | +c

= + 1 − ln | + 1| +c

A. K. M. Nazimuddin, Senior Lecturer, Department of MPS


= − ln | + 1| + ′ [1 + = ′]

Case II:

Degree of the numerator >


Degree of the denominator

Example:∫

Solution:

1st Method: ∫

( )
=∫

=∫ −∫

( )
= −∫ [Using Case I]

= −∫ +∫

= − + ln | + 1| +c

2nd Method:∫

Put +1= ∴ =

A. K. M. Nazimuddin, Senior Lecturer, Department of MPS


( )
Now, ∫

=∫

=∫ − 2∫ +∫

= − 2 + ln | | +c

( )
= − 2( + 1) + ln | + 1| +c

= − − + ln | + 1| +c

= − + ln | + 1| + ′ [− + = ′]

Case III:

Degree of the numerator <


Degree of the denominator

Try to apply with the following formula:


( )
= ln| ( )|
( )

Example: ∫

Solution: ∫

∙
=∫

A. K. M. Nazimuddin, Senior Lecturer, Department of MPS


= ln( + 1)+c

If the above formula fails to apply, then you have to use partial fraction
method.

Partial Fraction Method:

Case I: Repeated factors in the denominator part.


( )
Example: ∫
( )

( )
Now, = + +
( ) ( )

 − 1 = ( + 1) + ( + 1) +
 − 1 = ( + ) + ( + 1) + --------------- (1)

Equating the coefficients of from both sides of equation (1) we get,


0= +
Equating the coefficients of from both sides of equation (1) we get,
1= +
Equating the coefficients of constant from both sides of equation from
(1) we get, −1 =

Finallywe get = 2, = −1, = −2


( − 1) 2 1 2
∴ = − −
( + 1) ( + 1)
( − 1) 2 1 2
∴ = − −
( + 1) ( + 1)

A. K. M. Nazimuddin, Senior Lecturer, Department of MPS


1
= 2 ln| | + − 2 ln| + 1| +

Case II: Non-repeated factors in the denominator part.


( )
Example: ∫
( )

( )
Now, = +
( )

 −1= ( + 1) + ( + )
 −1= ( + 1) + + --------------- (1)

Equating the coefficients of from both sides of equation (1) we get,


0= +
Equating the coefficients of from both sides of equation (1) we get,
1=
Equating the coefficients of constant from both sides of equation from
(1) we get, −1 =

Finally we get = −1, = 1, =1


( − 1) 1 +1
∴ =− +
( + 1) +1
( − 1) 1 +1
∴ = − +
( + 1) +1
1 2 +2
= − ln| | +
2 +1
1 2 1 2
= − ln| | + +
2 +1 2 +1

A. K. M. Nazimuddin, Senior Lecturer, Department of MPS


1
= − ln| | + ln( + 1) +
2 +1
1
= − ln| | + ln( + 1) + tan +
2

A. K. M. Nazimuddin, Senior Lecturer, Department of MPS

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