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Lec 4

The document provides information and examples about different types of graphs used to organize and display quantitative data, including histograms, frequency polygons, and cumulative frequency polygons. It discusses how to determine the number of classes, class intervals, and class frequencies for different data sets. It also gives an example of using a cumulative frequency polygon to determine what percentage of observations fall below a given value.

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Md. Abdulla-Al-Sabby
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58 views6 pages

Lec 4

The document provides information and examples about different types of graphs used to organize and display quantitative data, including histograms, frequency polygons, and cumulative frequency polygons. It discusses how to determine the number of classes, class intervals, and class frequencies for different data sets. It also gives an example of using a cumulative frequency polygon to determine what percentage of observations fall below a given value.

Uploaded by

Md. Abdulla-Al-Sabby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercise:

1. A set of data consists of 38 observations. How many classes would you


recommend for the frequency distribution?
2. A set of data consists of 45 observations between $0 and $29. What size
would you recommend for the class interval?
3. A set of data consists of 230 observations between $235 and $567. What
class interval would you recommend?
4. A set of data contains 53 observations. The lowest value is 42 and the
largest is 129. The data are to be organized into a frequency distribution.
a. How many classes would you suggest?
b. What would you suggest as the lower limit of the first class?
• Some Interpretation:

Class Frequency Cumulative frequency


interval no. of (C.F.)
devices(fi)
6-8 3 3
8-10 6 9
10-12 7 16
12-14 5 21
14-16 4 25

From frequency:
The number of devices which produces bits between 8 and 10 = 6.
From cumulative frequency:
The number of devices which produces bits are less than 10 = 9.

Graphic Presentation (Quantitative Data):


1. Histogram
2. The Frequency Polygon/ Polygon
3. Cumulative frequency Polygon.

• HISTOGRAM

A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and
the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are
represented by the heights of the bars, and the bars are drawn adjacent to
each other.
Take frequency on the Y-axis, the variable on the X-axis and construct
adjacent rectangle.

Example1: Consider the exam scores of a group of students.

Group Frequency
0-10 1
10-20 2
20-30 3
30-40 4
40-50 5
50-60 4
60-70 3
70-80 2
80-90 2
90-100 1

To construct the histogram, groups are plotted on the x axis and their
frequencies on the y axis. The following is a histogram of the data in the
above frequency table.
Example 2:
The following data are the number of bits produced by 25 students
using different devices: No. of bits:
8,9,7,10,12,6,10,15,14,13,11,10,9,6,8,10,13,15,16,11,12,12,10,9,8.
Organizing and Displaying Data using Histogram:

Frequency Polygon

It consists of line segments connecting the points formed by the intersections


of the class midpoints and the class frequencies. The midpoint of each class
is scaled on the X-axis and the class frequencies on the Y-axis.

Example:
The profit earned on the computer sold last month is below. Organizing and
Displaying Data using Histogram and Polygon.

Profit ($) Frequency


(No. of
computer)
200-600 8
600-1000 11
1000-1400 23
1400-1800 38
1800- 2200 45
2200- 2600 32
2600- 3000 19
3000- 3400 4

As noted previously, the 200 up to $600 class is represented by the midpoint


$400. To construct a frequency polygon, move horizontally on the graph to the
midpoint, $400, and then vertically to 8, the class frequency, and place a dot.
The X and the Y values of this point are called the coordinates. The coordinates
of the next point are X = 800 and Y = 11. The process is continued for all
classes. Then the points are connected in order. That is, the point representing
the lowest class is joined to the one representing the second class and so on.
Cumulative Frequency Polygon:

Consider once again the distribution of the profits on computer sold. Suppose
we were interested in the number of computer that sold for a profit of less
than $1,400 or the profit earned on the lowest selling 40 percent of the
vehicles. These values can be approximated by developing a cumulative
frequency distribution and portraying it graphically in a cumulative
frequency polygon.

Example:
The profit earned on the computer sold last month is below. Organizing and
Displaying Data using Cumulative frequency Polygon. Seventy-five percent of
the computer sold earned a profit of less than what amount?

Profit ($) Frequency


200-600 8
600-1000 11
1000-1400 23
1400-1800 38
1800- 2200 45
2200- 2600 32
2600- 3000 19
3000- 3400 4
To plot a cumulative frequency distribution, scale the upper limit of each class
along the X-axis and the corresponding cumulative frequencies along the Y-
axis. To provide additional information, you can label the vertical axis on the
left in units and the vertical axis on the right in percent. In this example, the
vertical axis on the left is labeled from 0 to 180 and on the right from 0 to 100
percent. The value of 50 percent corresponds to 90 vehicles.
To begin, the first plot is at X = 200 and Y = 0. None of the vehicles sold for
a profit of less than $200. The profit on 8 vehicles was less than $600, so the
next plot is at X = 600 and Y = 8. Continuing, the next plot is X = 1,000 and Y =
19. There were 19 vehicles that sold for a profit of less than $1,000. The rest of
the points are plotted and then the dots connected to form the chart below.

freq %

To find the amount of profit earned on 75 percent of the computer sold, draw
a horizontal line from the 75 percent mark on the right-hand vertical axis over
to the polygon, then drop down to the X-axis and read the amount of profit.
The value on the X-axis is about $2,300, so we estimate that 75 percent of the
computer sold earned a profit is $2300.
Exercise:

Molly’s candle shop has several retail stores in the coastal areas of North
and South Carolina. Many of the Molly’s customers ask her to ship their
purchases. The following chart shows the number of packages shipped per
day for the last 100 days.

a. What is this chart called?


b. What is the total number of frequencies?
c. What is the class interval?
d. What is the class frequency for the 10 up to 15 class?
e. What is the relative frequency of the 10 up to 15 class?
f. What is the midpoint of the 10 up to 15 class?
g. On how many days were there 25 or more packages shipped?

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