Tutorial 3

Hydrostatic force on submerged bodies

1. A vertical rectangular gate, 1.4m high and 2 m wide, contains water on one side. Determine the total
resultant force acting on the gate and the location of c.p.

3m

Water
Gate

Solution:
Area (A) = 2x1.4 = 2.8 m2
Location of CG ( ý ) = (3+1.4/2) = 3.7m
Resultant force on gate (F) = ?
Cp ( y p) = ?

F=γA ý = 9810x2.8x3.7 = 101631 N = 101.631 KN

1
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 2 x 1.4 3 ¿ = 0.457 m4
12
IG 0.457
y p= ý+ =3.7+ =3.74m
A ý 2.8 x 3.7

2. An inclined rectangular gate (1.5m wide) contains water on one side. Determine the total resultant
force acting on the gate and the location of c.p.

300
600
2.4m

Water
1.2m

Gate
Solution:
Area (A) = 1.5x1.2 = 1.8 m2
Location of CG ( ý ) = (2.4+1.2Sin30/2) = 2.7m
Resultant force on gate (F) = ?
Cp ( y p) = ?

F=γA ý = 9810x1.8x 2.7 = 47676N = 47.676 KN

1
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 1.5 x 1.23 ¿ = 0.216 m4
12
I G sin2 θ 0.216 sin2 30 = 2.71m
y p= ý+ =2.7+
A ý 1.8 x 2.7

3. An inclined circular with water on one side is shown in the fig. Determine the total resultant force
acting on the gate and the location of c.p.

600

Water 1.8m

1m

Gate

Solution:
12
Area (A) = πx = 0.785 m2
4
Location of CG ( ý ) = (1.8+1.0Sin60/2) = 2.23m
Resultant force on gate (F) = ?
Cp ( y p) = ?

F=γA ý = 9810x0.785x2.23 = 17173N = 17.173 KN

π
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 1 4 ¿ = 0.049 m4
64
2
I G sin θ 0.049 sin 2 60 = 2.25m
y p= ý+ =2.23+
A ý 0.785 x 2.23
4. Gate AB in the fig. is 1m long and 0.7m wide. Calculate force F on the gate and position X of c.p.

3m

Oil (sp gr = 0.81)

1m

7m 1m

500

Solution:
Sp. wt of oil (γ ) =0.81x9810 = 7946 N/m3
Area (A) = 0.7x1 = 0.7 m2
Location of CG ( ý ) = (3+1Sin50+1Sin50/2) = 4.15m
Resultant force on gate (F) = ?
x=?

F=γA ý = 7946x0.7x4.15 = 23083 N = 23.08 KN

1
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 0.7 x 13 ¿ = 0.058 m4
12
Vertical distance of CP from free surface
I G sin 2 θ 0.058 sin 2 50 = 4.161m
y p= ý+ =4.15+
A ý 0.7 x 4.15
Vertical distance between CP from CG = 4.161-(3+1Sin50)= 0.395m
x = 0.395/sin50= 0.515m

5. The gate in the fig. is 1.2m wide, is hinged at point B, and rests against a smooth wall at A. Compute
(a) the force on the gate due to sea water pressure, (b) the horizontal force exerted by the wall at point
A, and (c) the reaction at hinge B.
 Patm

Wall
Sea water
Density = 1025kg/m3 A
P

5.1m F
CG

A P
B CP
θ
Bx 3.6m
Gate 2.2m

B θ
By
Hinge

2.85m

Solution:
Sp wt of sea water (γ ) = 1025x9.81 = 10055 N/m 3
Area (A) = 1.2x3.6 = 4.32 m2
Location of CG ( ý ) = (5.1-2.2)+2.2/2 = 4.0m
a) Resultant force on gate (F) = ?
F=γA ý = 10055x4.32x4.0 = 173750 N = 173.75 KN

b) Force P = ?
1
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 1.2 x 3.63 ¿ = 4.665 m4
12
Vertical distance of CP from free surface
I G sin2 θ 2
4.665 x ( 2.2/3.6 )
y p= ý+ =4.0+ = 4.1m
A ý 4.32 x 4
Vertical distance between B and CP = 5.1-4.1 = 1m
Location of F from B = 1/sinθ = 1.636m
Taking moment about B,
Px2.2-173.75x1.636 = 0
P = 129.2KN
c) Reactions at hinge, Bx and By = ?
∑ F x=0
Bx – 129.2 + 173.75x2.2/3.6 = 0
Bx = 23.02 KN
∑ F y =0
By - 173.75x2.85/3.6 = 0
By = 137.55 KN

6. Gate AB in fig. is 4.8m long and 2.4m wide. Neglecting the weight of the gate, compute the water level
h for which the gate will start to fall.

5000N
A
A
5000N

600

4.8m
CG
F
h
Water Zcp CP

Solution:
Area (A) = 2.4xh/Sin60 = 2.77h m2
Location of CG ( ý ) = h/2 m
Resultant force on gate (F) is
F=γA ý = 9810x2.77hxh/2 = 13587h2 N

1 h 3
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 2.4 x ( ) ¿ = 0.308h3 m4
12 sin 60
Vertical distance of CP from free surface
I G sin2 θ 0.308 h3 sin 2 60 = 0.667h
y p= ý+ =h/2+
A ý 2.77 hxh/2
Distance of F from B = (h-0.667h)/Sin60=0.384h

Taking moment about B,

5000x4.8-13587h2x0.384h = 0
h = 1.66m

7. Find the net hydrostatic force per unit width on rectangular panel AB in the fig. and determine its line
of action.

2m

1m A
Water
2m Glycerin
Sp. wt. = 12.36 KN/m3
B
1m

Solution:
Area (A) = 2x1 = 2 m2
Location of CG ( ý ) = 2+1+2/2 = 4 m for water side A
Location of CG ( y´1) = 1+2/2 = 2 m for glycerin side
CG
F
Resultant force on gate (F) = ? y
FWater Fglycr
F=γA ý
B
Force due to water (Fwater) = γA ý = 9.81x2x4 = 78.49KN
Force due to glycerin (Fglyc) = γA y´1 =12.36x2x2 = 49.44KN
Net force (F) = 78.49-49.44 = 29.04KN

1
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 1 x 23 ¿ = 0.666 m4
12

IG 0.666
Distance of Fwater from CG ( y cp 1) = ý + =4+ = 4.083m
A ý 2x 4
IG 0.666
Distance of Fglyc from CG ( y cp 2) = ý + =2+ = 2.166m
A y´1 2x 2
Taking moment about B,
29.04y = 78.49x(5-4.083)-49.44x(3-2.166)
y = 0.945m

8. Circular gate ABC in the fig. is 4m in diameter and is hinged at B. Compute the force P just sufficient to
keep the gate from opening when h is 8m.

Water

h
A
2m

B
2m

C P

Solution:
42
Area (A) = πx = 12.56 m2
4
Location of CG ( ý ) = 8m
P=?
Resultant force on gate (F) ycp
F
F=γA ý = 9810x12.56x8 = 985708 N = 985.708KN
P
π
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 4 4 ¿ = 12.56 m4
64
Position of CP from free surface
IG 12.56
y cp = ý + =8+ = 8.125 m
A ý 12.56 x 8
Taking moment about B,
985.7x0.125-Px2=0
P = 61.6KN
9. The tank in the fig. contains oil (sp gr = 0.8) and water as shown. Find the resultant force on side ABC
and its point of application. ABC is 1.2m wide.

A
Oil IWS
3m 2.4m
B

1.8m Water
C

Solution:
Sp wt of oil (γ oil) = 0.8*9810 N/m3 = 7848 N/m3
Area (A1) = 1.2x3 = 3.6 m2
Area (A2) = 1.2x1.8 = 2.16 m2
Location of CG for AB ( y´1) = 3/2 =1.5m
Resultant force on ABC = ?

Force on AB
F AB=γ oil A 1 y´1 =7848x3.6x1.5 = 42379N
Pt. of application of FAB = (2/3)x3 = 2m below A

Force on BC
Water is acting on BC and any superimposed liquid can be converted to an equivalent depth of water.
γ oil hoil 7848 x 3 A
Equivalent depth of water for 3m of oil = = = 2.4m
γ 9810
Employ an imaginary water surface of 2.4m.
2m
Location of CG for IWS ( y´2) = 2.4+1.8/2 = 3.3m FAB
B 3.38m
F BC =γA 2 y´2 = 9810x2.16x3.3 = 69925N
Point of application of FBC from A is
FBC
C
1
x 1.2 x 1.83
I 12 =3.38 m
h́= y´2+ G =3.3+
A y´2 2.16 x 3.3
i.e. 3.38+0.6 = 3.98m from A

Total force on side ABC (F) = 42379+69925 = 112304N = 112.304 KN

Taking moment about A,
112304 y = 42379x2+69925x3.98
y = 3.23m
F acts at 3.23m below A.

(Alternative method: Solve by drawing pressure diagram. Force = Area of pressure diagram x width. Take
moment to find position of resultant force.)
10. Gate AB in the fig. is 1.25m wide and hinged at A. Gage G reads -12.5KN/m 2, while oil (sp gr = 0.75) is
in the right tank. What horizontal force must be applied at B for equilibrium of gate AB?

G
Air

1.27m

2.33m
5.4m
A
Water
Oil
1.8m
B

Solution:
Sp wt of oil (γ oil) = 0.75*9810 N/m3 = 7357.5 N/m3
Area (A) = 1.25x1.8 = 2.25 m2
Location of CG for right side ( y´1) = 1.8/2 =0.9m

Force on AB at the right side

F oil=γ oil A y´1 =7357.5x2.25x0.9 = 14899N
Pt. of application of Foil = (2/3)x1.8 = 1.2m from A

Left side
For the left side, convert the negative pressure due to air to equivalent head in water.
P −12.5
Equivalent depth of water for -12.5KN/m2 pressure = = = -1.27m
γ 9.81
This negative pressure head is equivalent to having 1.27m less water above A.
Location of CG from imaginary water surface ( y´2) = 2.33 + 1.8/2 = 3.23m
A

F water=γA y´2 = 9810x2.25x3.23 = 71294N

Fwater Foil
Point of application of Fwater from A is
B P
1
x 1.25 x 1.83
IG 12 =3.31m from IWS
h́= ý + =3.23+
A ý 2.25 x 3.23
i.e. 3.31-2.33 = 0.98m from A

Taking moment about A

Px1.8 + 14899x1.2-71294x0.98 = 0
P = 28883 N = 28.883 KN

11. The gate AB shown is hinged at A and is in the form of quarter-circle wall of radius 12m. If the width
of the gate is 30m, calculate the force required P to hold the gate in position.
 FV
O B
P

Water

FH

A
Solution:
Horizontal force ( F ¿¿ H )=γA ý ¿ = 9810x(30x12)x12/2 = 21189600 N = 21189.6 KN (right)
FH acts at a distance of 12x1/3 =4m above the hinge A.
Vertical force (Fv) = Weight of volume of water vertically above AB = γ Volume AOB
πx 122
[
¿ 9810 x
4 ]
x 30 = 33284546 N = 33284.546 KN (downward)

FV acts at a distance of 4 r /3 π = 4x12/3x3.1416 = 5.1m from the vertical AO.

Taking moment about A,
Px12= 21189.6x4+33284.546x5.1
P = 21209 KN
12. The water is on the right side of the curved surface AB, which is one quarter of a circle of radius
1.3m. The tank’s length is 2.1m. Find the horizontal and vertical component of the hydrostatic acting on
the curved surface.

C D

2.5m

A Water
O

1.3m

Solution:
Horizontal force ( F ¿¿ H )=γA ý ¿ = 9810x(1.3x2.1)x(2.5+1.3/2) = 84361 N = 84.361 KN (right)

Vertical force (Fv) = Weight of imaginary volume of water vertically above AB

= γ [Volume AOB +Volume AOCD ]
 πx 1.32
¿ 9810 x [ 4 ]
x 2.1+ 2.5 x 1.3 x 2.1 = 94297 N = 94.297KN (downward)

13. The 1.8m diameter cylinder in the fig. weighs 100000N and 1.5m long. Determine the reactions at A
and B, neglecting friction.

E C

Oil
D O A
Sp gr = 0.8

Solution:
Horizontal force ( F ¿¿ H )=γA ý ¿ = 0.8x9810x(1.8x1.5)x(1.8/2) = 19071 N (right)

Vertical force (Fv) = Weight of volume of water vertically above BDC

Vertical force (Fv) =(Fv)DB - (Fv)DC = γ [ VolumeBDECO −Volume DECD ]
¿ γ Volume BCD
πx 0.92
=0.8 x 9810 x
[ 2 ]
x 1.5 = 14978 N (up)

Reaction at A = FH = 19071 N (left)

Reaction at B = Weight of cylinder – FV = 100000-14978 = 85022N (up)

14. In the fig., a 2.4m diameter cylinder plugs a rectangular hole in a tank that is 1.4m long. With what
force is the cylinder pressed against the bottom of the tank due to the 2.7m depth of water?

N P Q M

2.1m
D
O
R S
C E
300 0.6m
A
B
 1.2cos30 = 1.04m

0.16m

Solution:
Water is above the curve portion CDE, whereas it is below the curve portion AC and BE. For AC and BE,
imaginary weight of water vertically above them is considered and the vertical force on theses part acts
upwards.
Net vertical force= (FV)CDE (down) – (FV)AC (up) – (FV)BE (up)
= Weight of volume of water vertically above CDE- imaginary Weight of volume above arc
AC- imaginary weight of volume above arc BE
=γ [ Volumeabove CDE −Volume above AC −Volumeabove BB ]
¿ 9810 x [ ( volume rectangle CEMN −volume semicircle CDE )−( volume rectangleCRPN +volume sectorCOA−volu
=

πx 1.22
[(
9810 x 2.4 x 2.1 x 1.4−
2 )(
x 1.4 − 0.16 x 2.1 x 1.4+
30
360
1
)(
xπx 1.22 x 1.4− 1.04 x .6 x 1.4 − 0.16 x 2.1 x 1.4+
2 3
3

= 27139N (down)

15. A dam has a parabolic profile as shown in the fig. Compute the horizontal and vertical components
of the force on the dam due to the water. The width of dam is 15m. (Parabolic area = 2/3(b*d)

Water 6.9m

3m

Solution:
Horizontal force ( F ¿¿ H )=γA ý ¿ = 9810x(15x6.9)x6.9/2 = 3502906 N = 3502.906 KN (right)

Vertical force (Fv) = Weight of volume of water vertically above AB = γ Volumeabove AB

2
¿ 9810 x x 3 x 6.9 x 15 = 2030670 N = 2030.67 KN (down)
3
16. The bottled liquid (sp gr = 0.9) in the fig. is under pressure, as shown by the manometer reading.
Compute the net force on the 50mm radius concavity in the bottom of the bottle.

A A 12cm

7cm
16cm
Hg

50mm radius
Solution:
From symmetry, FH = 0
Manometeric equation for pressure,
P AA + γx 0.07=γ Hg x 0.12
PAA + 0.9x9810x0.07 = 13.6x9810x0.12
PAA = 15392 N/m2

FV = PAA Abottom+ Weight of liquid below AA = PAA Abottom+ γ Volumebelow AA

= PAA Abottom+ γ [ Volumecylinder of height 16 cm−Volume hemisphere of radius 50mm ]
2 2 1 4
= 15392 xπx 0.05 +0.9 x 9810[πx 0.05 x 0.16− x xπx 0.053 ]
2 3
= 129.7N (down)

17. The cylinder in the fig. is 1.5m long and its radius is 1.25m. Compute the horizontal and vertical
components of the pressure force on the cylinder.

A
1 2
1.25m
3
C
4
0.88m

Water B

450

Solution:
AB = 1.25+1.25Sin45 = 1.25+0.88 = 2.13m
Horizontal force ( F ¿¿ H )=γA ý ¿ = 9810x(2.13x1.5)x(2.13/2) = 33380 N = 33.38 KN (right)
Vertical force (Fv) = Weight of volume of water vertically above ABC
= γ [Volume 1+Volume 2+Volume 3+Volume 4 ]
2 2
1 1
[
¿ 9810 x xπx 1.25 x 1.5+0.88 x 1.25 x 1.5+0.5 x 0.88 x 0.88 x 1.5+ xπx 1.25 x 1.5
2 8 ]
= 67029N = 670.29 KN (up)

18. The 1m diameter log (sp gr = 0.82) divides two shallow ponds as shown in the fig. Compute the net
horizontal and vertical reactions at point C, if the log is 3.7m.

N M

0.7m
A

O B
1m D
Water
Water 0.5m

Solution:
Horizontal force on ADC ( F ¿¿ H 1)=γA 1 y´1 ¿ = 9810x3.7x1x1.2= 43556 N (right)
Horizontal force on BC ( F ¿¿ H 2)=γA 2 y´2 ¿ = 9810x3.7x0.5x0.5/2= 4537 N (left)

Vertical force on ADC (FV1) = Weight of volume of water vertically above ADC
Vertical force (Fv1) =(Fv)MNDCOAM (up)- (Fv)MNDAM (down)
¿ γ Volume AOCD
2
1
¿ 9810 x xπx 0.5 x 3.7 = 14254N (up)
2
Vertical force on BC (FV2) = Weight of volume of water (imaginary) vertically above BC
= γ VolumeBOC
2 W
1
¿ 9810 xxπx 0.5 x 3.7 = 7127N (up)
4 FH1
Weight of log (W) = γ log Volume log
FH2
¿ 0.82 x 9810 x πx 0.52 x 3.7 = 23376N (down)
Horizontal reaction at C (Rx) Rx

-RX +FH1- FH2 = 0 Fv1 Ry Fv2

Rx = FH1- FH2 = 43556 – 4537 = 39019N (left)
Vertical reaction at C (Ry)
Ry + FV1 + FV2 – W = 0
Ry = 23376-14254-7127 = 1995N (up)
19. The 0.9m diameter cylinder in the fig. is 7m long and rests in static equilibrium against a frictionless
wall at point B. Compute the specific gravity of the cylinder.

B
Water
Wall

Solution:
A D

O
C B

Water
E Wall

Vertical force (FV) = Weight of volume of water vertically above ADBECA

= (Fv) on semi-circle ACE + (Fv) on quadrant BE
For BE, imaginary weight of fluid vertically above it is considered
= γ [ Volume AOEC +Volume BOE +Volume ADBO ]
2 2
1 1
[ ]
¿ 9810 πx 0.45 x 7+ πx 0.45 x 7 +0.45 x 0.45 x 7 = 46670N (up)
2 4
The reaction at B is purely horizontal.

Weight of cylinder (W) = FV

W = 46670N
γ cyl Volume cyl =46670
γ cyl πx 0.45 2 x 7=46670
γ cyl = 10480 N/m3
γ 10480
Sp gr of cylinder = cyl = = 1.07
γ 9810
20. Find the horizontal and vertical forces per m of width on the tainter gate shown in the fig.

A
7.5m radius
Water

300 O
7.5m C
300

Solution:
Horizontal force ( F ¿¿ H )=γA ý ¿ = 9810x(7.5x1)x7.5/2 = 275906 N = 275.906 KN (right)
FH acts at a distance of 7.5x2/3 = 5m from water surface.

Vertical force (Fv) = Weight of imaginary volume of water vertically above ABCA
= γ [Volume sectorAOBC −VolumetriangleAOB ]
60
¿ 9810 x [ 360
xπx 7.52 x 1−0.5 x 7.5 x ( 7.5cos 30 ) x 1 ]
= 49986N = 49.986KN (up)
FV acts through the centroid of the segment ABCA.

21. The tank whose cross section is shown in fig. is 1.2m long and full of water under pressure. Find the
components of the force required to keep the cylinder in position, neglecting the weight of the cylinder.

M A B

14Kpa 1.43m

E F
O 0.3m
D
0.9m 0.6m
0.6m radius
C
Water
Solution:
Pressure =14KPa
P 14000
Equivalent head of water = = = 1.43m
γ 9810
Apply 1.43m water above the cylinder.
Horizontal force ( F ¿¿ H )=γA ý ¿ = 9810x(0.9x1.2)x(1.43+0.9/2) = 19918 N = 19.918 KN (right)
Sin(OEF) = 0.3/0.6
<OEF = 300 = <EOD
EF = 0.6Cos30 = 0.52m
Vertical force (Fv) = (Fv)MABFOCDEM -(Fv)MAED
= Weight of volume of water vertically above ABFOCDEA
= γ [Volume ABFE +VolumetriangleEOF +Volumesector EOD +Volumequadrant COD ]
30 1
[
¿ 9810 x 0.52 x 1.43 x 1.2+ 0.5 x 0.3 x 0.52 x 1.2+
360
xπx 0.62 x 1.2+ xπx 0.62 x 1.2
4 ]
= 14110 N = 14.11 KN (up)
Forces required to keep the cylinder in positions are: 19.918KN to the right and 14.11KN to the up.

22. Each gate of a lock is 6m high and is supported by two hinges placed on the top and the bottom.
When the gates are closed, they make an angle of 120 0. The width of the lock is 7m. If the water levels
are 5m and 2m at upstream and downstream respectively, determine the magnitude of forces on the
hinge due to the water pressure.

A
Rt

B 1200 6m
7m 5m Water
Water
P F
3m y
θ F1 F2
F
C
Rb

R
Solution:
F = Resultant water force, P = Reaction between gates, R = total reaction at hinge
θ = 300
Width of lock = 3.5/cos30 = 4.04m
Resolving forces along gate
Pcosθ = Rcosθ i.e. P=R (a)
Resolving forces normal to gate
PSinθ +RSinθ = F (b)
From a and b
P = F/2Sinθ

Horizontal force on upstream side ( F ¿¿1)=γA 1 y´1¿ = 9810x4.04x5x5/2= 495405 N

F1 acts at 5/3m = 1.66 from bottom
Horizontal force on downstream side ( F ¿¿ 2)=γA 2 y´2¿ = 9810x4.04x3x3/2= 178346N
F2 acts at 3/3 = 1m from bottom
F = F1– F2 = 495405-178346 = 317059 N

Taking moment about the bottom to find the point of application of F,

317059y = 495405x1.66-178346x1
y = 2.03m

P = F/2Sinθ = 317059/2sin30 =317059N

R = P = 317059N

Taking moment about bottom hinge

Rt x6 =317059x2.03
Rt = 107272N = 107.272KN
Rb = R – Rt = 317059-107272 = 209787N = 209.787KN

23. Find the net horizontal and vertical forces acting on the surface ABCDEF of width 5m as shown in the
figure below. BCD is a half circle.

2m

2m

Water
C
2m

E
 D

2m 2m Oil of s.g. 2m
0.8

F
Solution:
AB = 2/Sin450 = 2.8284m
EF = 2/Sin450 = 2.8284m

Pressure force on inclined surface AB ( F 1 )=γ water A1 ý 1 = 9810x(2.8284x5)x1 = 138733N which is

perpendicular to AB
F1x = F1 Cos450 = 138733 Cos450 = 98099N (right)
F1y = F1 Sin450 = 138733 Sin450 = 98099N (up)
For curved surface BCD
F 2 x =γ water A2 ý 2 = 9810x(2x5)x3 = 294300 N (right)
1 22
F 2 y =γ water V above BCD =9810 x ( 2
πx
4)x 5 = 77048N (down)

Pressure force on EF due to water ( F 3 )=γ water A 3 ý 3 = 9810x(2.8284x5)x5 = 693665N which is

perpendicular to EF
F3x = F3 Cos450 = 693665 Cos450 = 490495N (right)
F3y = F3 Sin450 = 693665 Sin450 = 490495N (up)

Pressure force on EF due to oil ( F 4 ) =γ oil A 4 ý 4 = 0.8x9810x(2.8284x5)x1 = 110986N which is

perpendicular to EF
F4x = F4 Cos450 = 1109955 Cos450 = 78479N (left)
F4y = F4 Sin450 1109955 Sin450 =78479N (down)
Net horizontal force = 98099+294300+490495-78479N = 804415N (right)
Net vertical force = 98099-77048+490495-78479N = 433067N (up)

24. Calculate the pressure force on the curved surface ABCD as shown in the figure below. AB is a
quadrant of radius 1m and BCD is a semi-circle of radius 1m. Take width of curve = 5m.

3m

1m
B
 Water
C 2m

D
Oil of sp
gr 0.82 2m

Solution:
Horizontal force on AB ( F 1 x ¿=γ water A1 ý 1 = 9810x(1x5)x3.5 = 171675N (right)
Vertical force on AB ¿ ¿ = 185674N (up)

Horizontal force on BCD from the left side ( F 2 x ¿=γ water A2 ý 2 = 9810x(2x5)x5 = 490500N (right)
Vertical force on BCD from the left side ¿ ¿ = 77048N (down)

Horizontal force on BCD from the right side ( F 3 x ¿=γ oil A2 ý 3 = 0.82x9810x(2x5)x1 = 80442N (left)
Vertical force on BCD from the right side ¿ ¿ = 63179N (up)

Net horizontal force = 171675+490500-80442 = 581733N = 581.733KN (right)

Net vertical force = 185674-77048+63179 = 171805N = 171.805KN (up)

25. Find the weight of the cylinder (dia. =2m) per m length if it supports water and oil (sp gr = 0.82) as
shown in the figure. Assume contact with wall as frictionless.

Oil 1m
D
E
C

Water 1m

Solution:

A F

Oil 1m
D
E
C
 Water 1m

Downward force on AC due to oil (FVAC) = Weight of oil supported above curve AC
= γ oil Volume of oil above AC
= γ oil ( Volume AFCD−Volume quadrant ACD )
1
( 2
)
=0.82 x 9810 1 x 1 x 1− πx 1 x 1 = 1726N
4

Pressure at C due to 1m oil (P) = γ oil x 1 = 0.82x9810x1 = 8044.2 Pa

P 8044.2
Equivalent head of water due to 1m oil = = = 0.82m
γ 9810
Apply 0.82m water above EC.

N M
D 0.82
E C m

Water 1m

Upward vertical force on CBE (FVCBE) = Weight of water above CBE

¿ γ ( Volume semiCBE
˚ + VolumeCMNE )

¿ 9810 ( 12 πx 1 x 1+0.82 x 2 x 1) = 31498N

2

Weight of cylinder = FVCBE - FVAC = 31498-1726 = 29772 N

26. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant pressure force on a curved face of a dam which is
shaped according to the relation y = x 2/6. The height of water retained by the dam is 12m. Assume unit
width of the dam.

B A

12m x
dy

y
 O

Solution:
The equation of the dam
y = x2/6
x=√ 6 y
Consider an element of thickness dy and length x at a distance y from the base.
Area of element = xdy
12 12
Area of OAB = ∫ xdy =¿∫ √ 6 y dy ¿
0 0
2 12
¿ √ 6 x | y 3 /2|0 = 67.882 m2
3

Horizontal force ( F x ) =γA ý = 9810x(12X1)x6 = 706320N

Vertical force (Fy) = Weight of water vertically above dam OA
= γ VolOAB =γ Area OAB L = 9810x67.882x1 = 665922N

Resultant force ( F R ) =√ F x+¿ 2 2

Fy
¿ = 970742N = 970.742KN
Fy −1 665922
= tan
−1
Direction of resultant force = tan = 43.310
Fx 706320

27. A cylinder, 2m in diameter and 3m long weighing 3KN rests on the floor of the tank. It has water to a
depth of 0.6m on one side and liquid of sp gr 0.7 to a depth of 1.25m on the other side. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the horizontal and vertical components of the force required to hold the
cylinder in position.

E
A
O
C D
1.25m
Oil
0.6m Water

Solution:
OA= OB = OC = 1m, BD = 0.6m
OD = 1-0.6 = 0.4m
1 /2
CD = ( 12−0.42 ) = 0.9165m
¿ COD=tan −1 ( 0.9165
0.4 )
= 66.4 0

OE = 1.25-1 = 0.25m

¿ AOE=cos−1 ( 0.251 )= 75.5 0

<AOB = 180-75.5 = 104.50

AE = 0.25 tan75.5 = 0.96m
Weight of cylinder = 3KN = 3000N

Net horizontal force ( F ¿¿ H )=( F¿ ¿ H ) AB−(F¿¿ H )CB =γ oil A 1 y´1−γA 2 y´2¿ ¿ ¿

= 0.7x9810x1.25x3x1.25/2-9810x0.6x3x0.6/2 = 10797N (left)

Net vertical force (FV)= Weight of volume of oil vertically above AB + Weight of volume of water
vertically above BC = FvAB (up) + FvBC (up)
= γ oil Volume AEB+ γ Volume BDC
¿ γ oil ( Volume of sector AOB +Volume of ∆ AOE)+γ ( Volume of sector BOC−Volume of ∆COD )
=

9810 x 0.7 ( 104.5

360
xπx 1 x 3+ 0.5 x 0.25 x 0.96 x 3 ) +[9810 x (
2 66.4
360
xπx 1 x 3−0.5 x 0.9165 x 0.4 x 3) ]
2

= 32917N (up)
The components to hold the cylinder in place are 10797 N to the right and 32917-3000 = 29917N down.
Additional problems on hydrostatic force

For the system shown in figure, calculate the height H of water at which the rectangular hinged gate will
just begin to rotate anticlockwise. The width of gate is 0.5m.

Water Hinge

H
Gate F2 Air
F1 40KPa 1.2m

Solution:
Force due to water ( F 1 )=γA ý
¿ 9810 x ( 1.2 x 0.5 ) x ( H −0.6 ) =5886 ( H −0.6 )
CP of F1
1
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 0.5 x 1.23 ¿ = 0.072m4
12
Vertical distance of CP of F1 from free surface
IG 0.072 ( H −0.6 )2 +0.12
y p 1= ý + =( H−0.6 )+ =
A ý 1.2 x 0.5 ( H−0.6 ) ( H −0.6 )

Force due to air pressure (F2)= PA = 40x1000x1.2x0.5 =24000N, which acts at a distance of H-0.6 from
the free surface.
Taking moment about hinge,
F 1 [ y p 1−( H −1.2 ) ]=F 2 x 0.6
( H−0.6 )2 +0.12
5886 ( H−0.6 )
[ ( H−0.6 ) ]
−( H−1.2 ) =24000 x 0.6

( H−0.6 )2+ 0.12−( H−1.2 )( H−0.6 )=2.446

H = 1.6m
A 3m square gate provided in an oil tank is hinged at its top edge. The tank contains gasoline (sp. gr. =
0.7) up to a height of 1.6m above the top edge of the plate. The space between the oil is subjected to a
negative pressure of 8 Kpa. Determine the necessary vertical pull to be applied at the lower edge to
open the gate.

Gasoline surface

New level due to pressure

-8Kpa pressure

1.16m A
B 1.6m
h
Gasoline yp
Hinge
F
Gate
P
450

Solution:
p −8000
Head of oil equivalent to -8 Kpa pressure = = = -1.16m
γ oil 0.7 x 9810
This negative pressure will reduce the oil surface by 1.16m. Let AB = new level. Make calculation by
taking AB as free surface.
h = 1.6-1.16= 0.44m
1
ý= (1.6−1.16 ) + x 3 sin 45 = 1.5m
2
Hydrostatic force ( F )=γ oil A ý = 0.7x9810x(3x3)x1.5 = 92704.5N
CP of F
1
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 3 x 33 ¿ = 6.75m4
12
Vertical distance of CP of F1 from free surface
I G sin2 θ 6.75 sin2 45
y p= ý+ =1.5+ = 1.75m
A ý ( 3 x 3 ) x 1.5
Vertical distance between the hinge and F = 1.75-0.44 = 1.31m

Taking moment about the hinge

1.31
Px 3 sin 45=Fx
sin 45
1.31
Px 3 sin 45=92704.5 x
sin 45
P = 80962N
There is an opening in a container shown in the figure. Find the force P and the reaction at the hinge (R).

24Kpa
Hinge
Gate
(1.2mx1.2m)
2.9m
P R
300 yp
Container

oil, sp. gr.

CP CG
= 0.85 P

Solution:
p 24000
Equivalent head of oil due to 24 Kpa pressure = = = 2.9m of oil
γ oil 0.85 x 9810
Apply 2.9m of oil above the hinge.
1
ý=2.9+ x 1.2sin 30 = 3.2m
2
Hydrostatic force ( F )=γ oil A ý = 0.85x9810x(1.2x1.2)x3.2= 38424N
CP of F
1
M.I. about CG ( I ¿¿ G)= x 1.2 x 1.23 ¿ 0.1728m4
12
Vertical distance of CP of F1 from free surface
I G sin2 θ 0.1728 sin2 30
y p= ý+ =3.2+ = 3.209m
A ý ( 1.2 x 1.2 ) x 3.2
Vertical distance between the hinge and F = 3.209-2.9 = 0.309m

Taking moment about the hinge

0.309
Px 1.2=38424 x
sin30
P = 19788N

R+P=F
R = 38424-19788 = 18636N