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Vector and Tensor Analysis 2

The document discusses vector and tensor analysis. It defines the relationship between alternating unit tensors and the Kronecker delta. It also defines how vectors can be represented and the mathematical operations that can be performed on vectors, including addition, subtraction, dyadic product, dot product, and cross product. It describes how unit vectors relate to the dot and cross product and how the Kronecker delta and alternating unit tensor can be used to write these compactly.

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Meetu Kaur
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61 views6 pages

Vector and Tensor Analysis 2

The document discusses vector and tensor analysis. It defines the relationship between alternating unit tensors and the Kronecker delta. It also defines how vectors can be represented and the mathematical operations that can be performed on vectors, including addition, subtraction, dyadic product, dot product, and cross product. It describes how unit vectors relate to the dot and cross product and how the Kronecker delta and alternating unit tensor can be used to write these compactly.

Uploaded by

Meetu Kaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vector and tensor analysis 2

Relation between alternating unit tensor and Kronecker delta


 
When two indices are common between the two alternating unit tensors,
that the following can be shown easily
 

....................................................
.....................(2.1)
 
When one index is common between the two alternating unit tensors,
there product may be written as
 

....................................
......................(2.2)
 
Example: A three by three determinant may be written in terms of
the εijk  as follows
 

........................
....................... (2.3)
 
Representation of a vector quantity
 

A vector   which has three components   ,   and   may be


written as
 

 
Therefore, vector   may be represented as   or   or   
and so on.
 
Mathematical operations on vectors
 
Addition of two vectors
 

........................
.........................(2.4)
 
In the same way, subtraction of vectors may be carried out as follows
 

.......................
.........................(2.5)
 
Multiplication of two vectors
 
Any two vectors may be multiplied in three different ways: (a) dyadic
product, (b) dot product, and (c) cross product.
 
(a) Dyadic Product of two vectors
 
The dyadic product is a mathematical operation on two vectors, which
changes the order of the resultant quantity by one. Since the order of the
two vectors is one each, the order of the resulting term is 1+1=2. Thus,
the dyadic product of two vectors gives a second order tensor. To
mathematically denote the dyadic product, we simply write the two
vectors next to each other without any sign in between.
 
Example:
 

.........................................................
........................(2.6)
 
Here  is a vector quantity and  is the gradient
operator, also a vector quantity. Hence, the resultant

quantity   is a second order tensor.

Note that here we have collected scalar quantities together while unit
vectors are also collected but written at the end of the expression.
 
(b) Scalar product or dot product of two vectors
 
The dot product is a mathematical operation on two vectors, which
reduces the order of tensor of the resultant quantity by two. Hence, the
dot product of two vectors results a tensor of zero order, i.e. a scalar
quantity. Mathematically, the dot product is defined as

where v and w denote the respective magnitudes of the two vectors,


and Φvw denotes the angle formed between the two vectors.
 
(c) Vector product or cross product of two vectors
 
The cross product is a mathematical operation on two vectors, which
reduces the order of tensor of the resultant quantity by one. Hence, cross
product of two vectors results a first order tensor i.e., a vector quantity.
Mathematically, the cross product is defined as

.......................(2.7)
 

Figure 2.1: Cross product of vector   and 


 
Here, v and w denote the respective magnitudes of the two
vectors, Φvw denotes the angle formed between the two vectors, and 
is a unit vector which is normal to the plane containing vectors   
and  .
 
Vector operations with unit vectors
 
Dot product of two unit vectors
 

If  , ,  are the three unit vectors along the axes in a cartesian
coordinate system, then the dot product of these vectors
has 9 possibilities

and

 
Hence, all the nine terms may be written in concise form by using the
Kronecker delta. If i and j are the free indices, then

 because   then  , and if   

then 
   
 
Compaction Operations

Whenever a Kronecker delta   is present in an operation, it may be


removed by replacing either i by j or j by iin the expression. For

example,   or  .
 
Cross product of two unit vectors
 

If  , , are the three unit vectors, then the cross product of these
vectors has 9 possibilities as shown below

 
and
 

 
and finally
 

 
Hence, all nine possible combinations may be written in concise form by
using the alternating unit tensor.
 

 
Here, i and j are free indices (hence, 9 equations) and k is a dummy
index (In each term on left and right had side three terms are added
together ).
 
Proof:
 

Sinc

e,
 

Similarly, all other possible combination may also be shown to follow


Equation (2.10).
 
Example
 

, where
 

In the above equation, k is the free index, whereas i and j are the dummy


indices. If k = 1,
 
(all other terms are zero)
 
Similarly, if k=2,
 

 
and for k=3,
 

 
Hence,
 

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