Water Distribution System

Pressure in Pipe
Pressure in a pipe is given by,

P=ϒh
=9800x100
=980000 Pa
=980 Kpa
Pressure in open channel is the atmospheric pressure as open channel flow is characterized by
the open surface exposed to atmosphere.

Main forces of resistance to water flow in pipes

1. Pipe friction

2. Viscosity

Effects of water temperature on these forces

Viscosity- Increase in temperature affects viscosity of water by impacting on its molecular
structure. The heated water excites the molecules and they start moving rapidly. The tiny
atoms forming the molecules of the liquid start moving faster than normal with the increase in
the water temperature. The molecules moving at a faster rate overcome the bonds or the
binding forces causing decrease in the viscosity of water.
Pipe friction

In higher temperature, the boundary layer is smooth and there is no enough roughness which
causes the resistance of flow of water.

Differences between laminar and turbulent flow:

S.N Laminar flow Turbulent flow

1. It is the regular flow of liquid where It is the irregular flow of liquid.
particles follow a smooth path.
2. It occurs in the fluid flowing with low It occurs in fluid flowing with high velocity.
velocity.
3. It generally occurs in small diameter It generally occurs in large diameter pipes.
pipes.
4. Reynolds no should be less than 2000. Reynolds number should be more than
4000.
5. Shear stress depends only on viscosity of Shear stress is dependent of density of the
the fluid. fluid.
6 There is no mixing of adjacent layers of There is mixing of adjacent layers fluid with
the fluid. each other.

Reynolds number
It is the dimensionless quantity used to determine the pattern of fluid's behavior.Reynolds
number comprises both static and kinematic properties of fluid, it is specified as a flow property
since dynamic conditions are investigated. Mathematically Reynolds number is given as the
ratio of inertial forces and viscous forces.The Reynolds number quantifies the relative
importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions, and is a guide to when
turbulent flow will occur in a particular situation.

When the inertial forces dominate over the viscous forces i.e. when the fluid is flowing faster
and Re is larger, then the flow is turbulent.For turbulent flow, Re should be greater than 4000.

Boundary layer
A boundary layer is a thin layer of viscous fluid close to the solid surface of a wall in contact
with a moving stream in which the flow velocity varies from zero at the wall up to U e at the
 boundary, which approximately corresponds to the free stream velocity.Thus, the region in
which flow adjusts from zero velocity at the wall to a maximum in the main stream of the flow
is termed the boundary layer.

Source: https://thermal-engineering.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Boundary-layer-on-flat-
plate.png

Roughness And Boundary Layer

Resistance to water
Resistance to water flow depends on various factors such as

1. Area and length of pipe

2. Type of fluid

3. inside finish of pipe.

Thus, resistance to water flow can be reduced by following methods:

1. Area of pipe should be increased whereas length of pipe should be decreased as pipe with large
area and shorter length have less resistance as compared with pipe of smaller area and longer
length.
2. Viscosity of fluid should be decreased. Fluid with lower viscosity has less resistance than fluid
with higher viscosity.
3. Smoother and clean pipe should be used as they offer less resistance to fluid flow.
Expansion of water supply in town
There are various ways of lay outing the distribution pipe in community. After the increase on
demand of water supply in the town various methods can be used.

With increase of population, the demand forecasting shall be done and according to demand, the
reservoir shall be built in optimum places. Grid iron layout of distribution pipe shall be done. With extra
reservoirs and proper lay outing of distribution pipes , head losses in existing pipes can be minimized.

Canal System
Solution:
Width (b) =2m
Discharge (Q) =30m3s-1
Manning (n) =0.02
Depth of flow (d) =?
We know,
Flow of discharge is given by, Q=Area*Velocity
Now
1
Velocity (v) = n R2/3 s1/2
Area ( A)
Where hydraulic radius (R)= Perimeter (P)
Assume slope (s)=1 in 2000
Then,
Assuming rectangular channel,
Area=b*d
=2*d
1 2∗d 1
Velocity= 0.02 *( (2 d +2) )2/3*( 2000 )1/2
Again,
1 2∗d 1
30=2*d*[ 0.02 *( (2 d +2) )2/3*( 2000 )1/2]
Solving this equation, we get,
d=14.04m
Thus, Depth of flow (d)=14.04m
Solution:
Pipe flow rate (Q) =10m3/s
Length of pipe (l) =2km=2000m
Friction factor (f) = 0.006
Diameter of pipe (d) =1.5m
Head loss through pipe (h) =?
Now,
We know,
Darcy Weisbach equation for laminar flow is given as:
8 fl Q 2
h=
ᴨ 2∗g∗D 5
8∗0.006∗2000∗102
=
ᴨ 2∗9.81∗1.55
=13.06m
Thus, head loss through pipe is 13.06m

Solution
Reservoir is at 50 m below the source.

Using Bernoulli’s equation and Darcy Weisbach equation,

Head loss and elevation difference = 50 + 13.06m = 63.06m

Now,
8 fl Q 2
h=
ᴨ 2∗g∗D 5
On solving we get Q = 21.976m/s3
But the desirable output was 10m/s3
Due to pressure difference and elevation difference the rate of flow of
water is increased and the desired flow can’t be achieved.

For minimizing the discharge following steps can be taken

1. Check valves shall be installed.
 2. Materials of pipe should be selected whose roughness coefficients are
low.
3. Diameter of the pipe can be decreased to reduce the discharge.

(d) Differences between pipe flow and open channel flow

S.N Pipe flow Open channel flow
1. Flow occurs due to pressure Flow occurs due to gravity.
difference.
2. The maximum velocity occurs at the The maximum velocity occurs at a little
center of the pipe. distance below the water surface.
3. Cross section of pipe generally is Cross section of open channel can be
round. trapezoidal, triangular,rectangular
,circular etc.
4. HGL(Hydraulic Gradient Line ) do not HGL(Hydraulic Gradient Line) coincide
coincide with top surface of the with water surface line.
water

Solution:

Discharge (Q) =10m3/s

Depth (d) =2m

Width (b) =?

We know,

For rectangular channel

Assuming Manning (n) =0.02

1
Q = bxdx ∗¿R2/3 s1/2
n
1 2∗b 2/3 1 1/2
10=bx2x ∗¿( ) x( )
0.02 (2∗2+ b) 2000

Solving this equation, we get,

b=4.35m

Thus, Depth of flow=2m

 Breadth of channel= 4.35m

Task -3
Head Loss
Length of pipe (l) =10km=10000m

Diameter of pipe (d) =1.4m

Flow rate (Q) =30m3/s

Friction factor (f) =0.004

Head loss (h) =?

We know,

Head losses through a pipe is given by,

fl v 2 v 2
h= +k
2 gd 2 g

Now,

Q=Axv

ᴨ × d2
30= xv
4

ᴨ ×1.4 2
30= xv
4

Thus, velocity (v)=19.48m/s

Again,

0.004 ×10000 ×19.482 19.482

h= +10x
2 ×9.81 ×1.4 2× 9.81

h=746m

Thus, head loss through pipe=746m

Pressure Required for Pump
Difference in height between start and end of pipe =20m

We know,

From Bernoulli's equation,

P 1 V 21 P 2 V 22
+ +Z 1 +h p = + +Z 2 +h L
γ 2g γ 2g

Here, we have, P1=P2

V1=V2

Z2-Z1=20m

hp =?

Then,

hp =Z2-Z1+hl

=20+746

=766m

Additional pressure due to head loss delivered by the pump = Head × unit weight of
water

=766 × 9810

=7514460 Pascal

Alternate Design
To reduce the head loss in the pipe and not to use the pump in the system the head loss can be
reduced by using alternate big diameter pipe system.

Head loss in pipe and datum level difference = 766 m

 8 flQ 2 8 Q2
766= 2 5 +k 2 4
π gd π gd

8 ×0.004 × 10000× 302 8 ×302

766= +10× 2 4
π2 g d5 π gd

On solving we get diameter of pipe = 1.39m

Decision on Pump based system or Gravity based system

The major deciding factor on use of pump system or gravity system is the elevation difference
between the source and demand area. If source lies at the considerable height above the
demand area, gravity system can be appropriate for water supply purpose. However, in case
there is no enough elevation difference between the source and demand, pumped system is
preferred in order to maintain the required pressure head.
Basement Car Park
Pressure on walls of car park
The ground water is found at depth of 1.5m depth. Below ground a car park need to build. The
dimension of car park is 20m × 60m. The fresh water with a density of 1000kg/m 3 exerted
hydrostatic pressure on wall given by the following solution.

20m

1.5m

9m

7.5m
Car park

Taking acceleration due to gravity as 9.8m/s 2

Hydrostatic Pressure on wall = ρgh

= 9.8×1000 × 7.5 = 73500N/m2 (Triangular variation)

Hydrostatic force =Area of pressure variation × Area of wall surface normal to pressure

= 0.5×73500× 7.5 × 60

= 33075000 N

= 33075 KN
7.5m
Material and Structure Selection of Basement Wall
As in previous section, the hydrostatic force on the walls of basement is quite large. To overcome the
effect due to this large hydrostatic force the wall should be designed accordingly.

As basement also plays vital role in the stability of the building, the walls of basement should be
designed as the shear wall with adequate reinforcing bars. In the construction of the basement, the
area should be clear and water should be removed using sheet piles.

Sheet membranes like thermoplastics, vulcanized rubbers, and rubberized asphalts can be used in wall
for water proofing.

Material and Structure Selection of Basement Floor

Being at region of water table, the basement floor is subjected to the uplift force. The uplifting of floor is
caused by the seepage of water. As basement should be free from the uplift force, the basement floor
should be designed accordingly.

Damp proofing is the best way to minimize the uplift force. Damp proofing can be done using various
materials like asphalt concrete, cutback bitumen.

Under drainage system can be constructed below the basement floor to decrease the effect of the
uplifting due to seepage of water.

For overall damp proofing, cavity wall membrane can be constructed.