ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS

Contents

Definition of Analytical Function

Cauchy Riemann Equations

Properties of analytical functions

Determination of Harmonic Conjugate

Milne-Thomson’s method

Conformal mappings : 1/z , az , az+b .

Bilinear Transformation
Analytical functions :- ( Regular functions or Holomorphic functions)

Definition:-

A Single valued function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point z0 ,if

it has a derivative at z0 and at every point in some neighbourhood of z0 .

Note :

If it is analytical at every point in a region R, then it is said to be

analytic in the region R.
 Necessary condition for a complex function
f(z) to be analytic:-
Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

Statement:-
If f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) is analytic in a region R
of the z-plane then
i) ux , uy, vx , vy exist and
ii) ux = vy and uy = -vx at every point in that region.
Necessary condition for a complex function
f(z) to be analytic:-
Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-
Proof:-
Let f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y)

We first assume f(z) is analytic in a region R. Then by the

definition, f(z) has a derivative f’(z) everywhere in R.

Now
 Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

Let z = x+iy
Δz = Δx + i Δy
∴ ( z+Δz) = (x+Δx) + i (y+Δy)

∴ f ( z + ∆z=
) u ( x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) + i v ( x + ∆x, y + ∆y )
We know that, f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y)

Now
 Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-
Case (i) :- If Δz→0 , first we assume that Δy=0 and Δx→0
∴

∂u ∂v
= +i
∂x ∂x

∴ f’(z) = ux+ i vx -------→(1)

 Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-
Case (ii) :- If Δz→0 , now we assume Δx=0 and Δy→0
∴

1 ∂u ∂v
= +
i ∂y ∂y

∴ f’(z) = -i uy+ vy -------→(2) (since 1/i = -i)

 Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

from (1) & (2) , we get

ux + i vx = -i uy+ vy

Equating real and imaginary parts weget,

ux = vy and uy = - vx

The above equations are called Cauchy-Riemann equations (or)

C-R Equations .

Therefore the function f(z) to be analytic at the point z, it is

necessary that the four partial derivatives ux , uy, vx, vy should exist
and satisfy the C-R equations.
 Sufficient condition for f(z) to be analytic

Statement:- The singled valued continuous function f(z) = u + i v

is analytic in a region R of the z-plane, if the four partial derivatives
ux , uy , vx , vy , (i) exist , (ii) continuous , (iii) they satisfy the C-R
equations ux = vy and uy = - vx at every point of R.

Note:- All polynomials, trigonometric, exponential functions are

continuous.
 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar form
Statement:- If f(z) = u(r,θ) + i v(r,θ) is differential ar z = reiθ , then

∂u  1  ∂v  1
=   ⇒
= u  v
∂r  r  ∂θ r 
r θ

∂v  1  ∂u  1 
=−  ⇒v =− u
∂r  r  ∂θ r 
r θ

Proof:- Let z = reiθ

and f(z) = u+iv

i.e., u+iv = f( reiθ ) (1)

 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar form
Differentiating partially w.r.t. ̀r ́ weget,

∂u ∂v
+i f ′ ( re θ ) e θ
= i i
(2)
∂r ∂r

Differentiating partially w.r.t. ̀θ ́ weget,

∂u ∂v
+i = f ′ ( re )( re )( i )
iθ iθ

∂θ ∂θ
= ( ri ) f ′ ( re )( e )
iθ iθ

 ∂u ∂v 
= ( ri )  + i  ( from eqn. (2))
 ∂r ∂r 
 ∂u   ∂v 
=ir   − r   → (3)
 ∂r   ∂r 
 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar form

Equating real and imaginary parts in eqn. (3) , weget,

∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
=
−r and =
r
∂θ ∂r ∂θ ∂r

i.e., u =
θ
− r v and v =
r
ru θ r

=−1   1
(or ) v   u and u  v
 r  r 
r θ r θ
 EXAMPLES
1) Show that f(z) = z3 is analytic.

Proof:- Given f(z) = z3 =(x+iy)3 = x 3 + 3 x 2(iy) + 3x(iy)2 + (iy)3

= (x 3 - 3xy2) + i ( 3x2y – y3 )
We know that f(z) = u+iv

So ,
u= x − 3 xy
3
, v=
2
3x y − y 2 3

∂u ∂v
=3x − 3 y ,
2 2
=6 xy
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v
= − 6 xy , =3x − 3 y 2 2

∂y ∂y
 EXAMPLES

from the above equations weget ,

u = v and u = − v
x y y x

∴ C − R equations are satisfied .

Here ux , uy , vx , vy exists and continuous.
Hence the given function f(z) is analytic.

2) Examine the analyticity of the following functions and find its

derivatives.
i) f ( z) = e z

ii ) f ( z ) = cos z
iii ) f ( z ) = sinh z
 EXAMPLES

i) Solution:-
f ( z )= e= e = e e =
z x + iy x iy
e ( cos y + i sin y )
x

Here u e=
x
cos y and v e sin y x

u x
e=
x
cos y v e sin y x
x

u =
− e sin y
y
v =x
e cos y y
x

∴ u =
v and
x y
u =
y
−v x

⇒ C − R equations are satisfied .

⇒ f ( z ) is analytic everywhere in the complex plane.
 EXAMPLES

Now f ′( z=
) u x + i vx

= e x cos y + i e x sin y

= e x ( cos y + i sin y )

= e x eiy

= e x+iy

= ez
 EXAMPLES

ii) Solution:-

f ( z ) = cos z
= cos( x + iy )
= cos x cos(iy ) − sin x sin(iy )
=
cos x cosh y − i sin x sinh y (Q cos(ix) = cosh x
sin(ix) = i sinh x)
∴ u=
cos x cosh y v= − sin x sinh y
u =
− sin x cosh y
x
v=
− cos x sinh y
x

u = cos x sinh y
y
v = − sin x cosh y
y

⇒ u =
v and
x y
u =
−vy x
 EXAMPLES

∴ C − R equations satisfied
⇒ It is analytic

Also f ′( z=
) u +iv
x x

=( − sin x cosh y ) + i ( − cos x sinh y )

 1
=− sin x cos iy + i ( − cos x   sin(iy ))
i
=− sin x cos ( iy ) − cos x sin(iy )
− [sin( x + iy ) ]
=
= − sin z
 EXAMPLES

iii) Solution:-
1
= =
f ( z ) sinh z sin(iz )
i
= − i (sin i ( x + iy ))
= − i (sin(ix) cos y − cos(ix) sin y )
= − i (i sinh x cos y − cosh x sin y )
= sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
=∴ u sinh x= cos y , v cosh x sin y
= =
u cosh x cos y , v sinh x sin y
x x

u =
y
− sinh x sin y , v =
y
cosh x cos y
⇒ u =
v and
x y
u =
y
−v x
 EXAMPLES

∴ C − R equations are satisfied

⇒ f ( z ) is analytic.

Now f ′( z=
) u +iv
x x

= ( cosh x cos y ) + i ( sinh x sin y )

 1 
= ( cos(ix ) cos y )  
+ i sin(ix ) sin y 
  i  
= cos(ix − y )
cos i ( x + iy ) (Q (1/ i ) =
= −i)
= cos i z
= cosh z
 TRY IT
Examine the analyticity of the following functions and find its
derivatives.

i )=
f ( z ) e x ( cos y + i sin y )

ii=
) f ( z ) e − x ( cos y − i sin y )

=
iii ) f ( z ) sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y
 EXAMPLES

3) Show that the function f ( z ) = xy is not regular (analytic)

at the origin, although C − R equations are satisfied
at the origin.
Solution : −
Given f ( z ) = xy
Hence u =
xy and v 0

∂u u ( x + ∆x, y ) − u ( x, y )
Now, =
u x = lim
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x
 EXAMPLES

u (∆x,0) − u (0,0)
=
u x (0,0) lim 0
∆x →0
∆x

llly u y (0,0) = 0
vx (0,0) = 0
v y (0,0) = 0

⇒ ux =
v y and u y =
− vx at the origin.

∴ C − R equations are satisfied at the origin.

 EXAMPLES

f (0 + ∆z ) − f ( z )
But f ′(0) = lim
∆z →0
∆z
∆x∆y − 0
= ( ∆xlim
+ i∆y )→0
∆z
Along the curve y = mx
m ∆x
2
m
=f ′(0) ∆lim
=
∆x →0 ∆x (1 + im ) 1 + im
y = m∆x

∴ The limit is not unique, since it depends on 'm'.

∴ f ′(0) does not exist.
Hence f(z) is not regular at the origin.
 C-R equations in polar form
EXAMPLES

1) Check for analyticity of logz

(or) Show that f(z) = logz is analytic everywhere except at the origin
and find its derivatives.
Solution:-
f ( z ) = log z
= log(
= r eiθ ) (Q z r eiθ )
= log r + log eiθ
= log r + iθ

w.k .t. f ( z ) = u + iv
= =
Here u log r and v θ
 EXAMPLES

1
∴ ==
urvr 0
r
=uθ 0= vθ 1

∴ ur , uθ , vr , vθ exist, are continuous and satisfy C-R equations


ur =
1  1
0 ( i.e.) z =
  vθ and v r =
−   u θ everywhere except at r = 0.
r  r 

∴ f ( z ) is analytic everywhere except at z =

0.
 EXAMPLES
2) Prove that f(z) = zn is analytic function and find its derivatives.

Proof:-
f ( z=
) z=n (reiθ ) n
= r n einθ
= r n [ cos nθ + i sin nθ ]
= nθ
∴ u r n cos= ; v r n cos nθ
ur =
nr n −1
cos nθ ; vr nr n−1 sin nθ
uθ =
− nr n sin nθ ; vθ =
nr n cos nθ
 1  1
⇒ ur =
  vθ and vr =
−   uθ
r r
 EXAMPLES

Thus ur , uθ , vr , vθ exist , are continuous and

satisfy C − R equations everywhere.
∴ f ( z ) is analytic.

′  ur + i vr 
Also f ( z ) =  iθ 
 e 

=
( nr n−1 cos nθ ) + i ( nr n−1 sin nθ )
eiθ
nr n−1 [ cos nθ + i sin nθ ]
=
eiθ
nr n−1einθ
= = n (
= re )
iθ n −1
nz n −1

eiθ
 Laplace Equations

In Cartesian form :
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
+ =
0
∂x 2
∂y 2

i.e., ∇ 2φ =
0

In Polar form :
∂ 2φ 1 ∂φ 1 ∂ 2φ
+ + 2 =
0
∂r 2
r ∂r r ∂θ 2
 HARMONIC FUNCTIONS

A real valued function of two real variables x and y is

said to be harmonic, if
i) The second order partial derivatives uxx , uxy , uyx , uyy exist
and they are continuous.
and
ii) The Laplace equation ∂ 2
u ∂ 2
u
+ 0 satisfies.
=
∂x 2
∂y 2

Conjugate Harmonic functions:-

If u+iv is an analytic function of z then v is called a conjugate
harmonic function of u; (or) u is called a conjugate harmonic
function of v; (or) u and v are called conjugate harmonic functions.
 Properties of Analytic functions

Property (1) :- The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function

f(z) = u+iv satisfy the Laplace equation (or) real part “u” and
imaginary part “v” of an analytic function f(z) = u+iv are harmonic
functions.

Proof:-

Given f(z) = u+i v is an analytic function.

i.e., u and v are continuous, ux , uy , vx , vy are exist and they

satisfy the C-R equations ux = vy and uy = - vx
(1) (2)
 Properties of Analytic functions

Diff . eqn.(1) partially w.r.t. x, weget ,

u=
xx
v yx → (3)

Diff . eqn.(2) partially w.r.t. y, weget ,

u yy =− vxy → (4)

Adding (3) & (4) weget ,

u xx + u yy = v yx − vxy = 0
Q v yx = vxy 
∴ u satisfies Laplace equation.
Hence u is a Harmonic function.
 Properties of Analytic functions

Now ,
Diff . eqn.(1) partially w.r.t. y, weget ,
u=
xy
v yy → (5)
Diff . eqn.(2) partially w.r.t. x, weget ,
u yx =− vxx → (6)
subracting (5) & (6) weget ,
v yy + vxx = u xy − u yx = 0
Q u xy = u yx 
∴ v satisfies Laplace equation.
Hence v is a Harmonic function.
Thus u and v are harmonic functions.
Note:- The converse of the above result need not be true.
 Properties of Analytic functions

Try it
Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic
function f(z) = u(r,θ) + i v(r, θ) satisfy the Laplace equation in polar
coordinates.
i.e., To prove that

+
1  + 1 
u rr  ur  2  uθθ
r  r 
and

+
1  + 1 
vrr  vr  2  vθθ
r  r 
 Properties of Analytic functions

Orthogonal Curves:-
Two curves are said to be orthogonal to each other then they
intersect at right angles. [ product of slopes m1 m2 = -1]
Property (2) :-
If f(z) = u+ iv is an analytic function then the family of curves
u(x,y) = a and v(x,y) = b (where a&b are constants) cut each
other orthogonally.
Proof:-
=
Given : u ( x, y ) a=
and v( x, y ) b
Taking differentials on both sides, weget ,
du = 0
 Properties of Analytic functions

∂u ∂u
⇒ dx + dy =
0
∂x ∂y
dy −u x
∴ = =m1
dx uy

llly v ( x, y ) = b
∂v ∂v dy
⇒ + =
0
∂x ∂y dx
dy −vx
∴ = =m2
dx vy
 Properties of Analytic functions

 −u x  −vx 
Pr oduct of slopes, m1 m2 =   
 y  y 
u v

(−u x ) (u y ) Q u x = v y 
=  
(u y ) (u x )  and u y
= − v x 

= −1
Hence the two curves in eqns. (3) & (4) are orthogonal curves.
 Properties of Analytic functions

Result :- (1) An analytic function with constant modulus is

constant.
Proof:-
Let f(z) = u + i v be an analytic function
∴ f ( z) = u 2 + v2

Given : f ( z) = c
i.e., u 2 + v2 =
c
⇒ u 2 + v 2 = c 2 → (1)
 Properties of Analytic functions

Diff . eqn.(1) partially w.r.t. x, weget ,

2uu x + 2vvx =0 ⇒ uu x + vvx =0 → (2)

Diff . eqn.(1) partially w.r.t. y, weget ,

2uu y + 2vv y =0 ⇒ uu y + vv y =0 → (3)

Since f ( z ) is analytic, it satisfies C − R equations

i.e., u x = v y and u y = − vx
∴ (2) ⇒ uu x + v(−u y ) = 0 ⇒ uu x − vu y =
0
(3) ⇒ uu y + v(u x ) = 0 ⇒ uu y + vu x = 0
 Properties of Analytic functions
Squaring and adding the above equations, weget,
( uu − vu y ) + ( uu y + vu x ) =
2 2

x
0

⇒ u 2u x2 + v 2u y2 − 2uvu x u y + u 2u y2 + v 2u x2 + 2uvu y u x =
0

⇒ u 2 u x2 + u y2  + v 2 u x2 + u y2  =
0

⇒ ( u 2 + v 2 ) ( u x2 + u y2 ) =
0

But u 2 + v 2 = c 2 ≠ 0 ( from eqn. (1))

∴ u x2 + u y2 = 0 → (4)
 Properties of Analytic functions
Since
f ( z )= u + i v
f ′( z=) u x + i vx
=
u x − i u y ( by C − R eqns.)
∴ f ′( z ) =u x2 + u y2
⇒ f ′( z ) =
u x2 + u y2
2

=0 ( from (4) )
⇒ f ′( z ) = 0
⇒ f ( z ) is a constant
∴ An analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
 Properties of Analytic functions
Result :- (2) If f(z) = u+iv is a regular function of z = x+iy then
∇ [ f ( z) ] 4 f ′( z )
=
2 2 2

Pr oof : −
 ∂2 ∂2 
To prove that  2 + 2  f ( z ) =4 f ′( z )
2 2

 ∂x ∂y 
Let f ( z )= u + iv
f ( z )= u − iv

∴ f ( z ) f ( z ) =( u + iv )( u − iv ) = u 2 + v 2
∴ f ( z) =
u 2 + v2
2
 Properties of Analytic functions

Now,
 ∂2 ∂2   ∂2 ∂2  2
+ = + ( + )
2 2
 ∂x 2 ∂y 2  f ( z )  ∂x 2 ∂y 2  u v
   
∂2 2 ∂2 2 ∂2 2 ∂2 2
= 2 (u ) + 2 (v ) + 2 (u ) + 2 (v )
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
→ (1)
∂ 2
Now, consider , ( u ) = 2uux
∂x
∂2 2 ∂
∴ ( u ) = ( 2 uu ) = 2uu + 2u 2

∂x 2 ∂x
x xx x

∂2 2
llly (
= u ) 2uu + 2u 2

∂y 2
yy y
 Properties of Analytic functions

∂ 2u 2 ∂ 2u 2
∴
∂x 2
+
∂y 2
= 2u ( u xx
+ u yy ) + 2 ( u 2
x
+ u y )
2

Q f ( z ) is analytic 
= 2 u (0) + u x + u y  
2 2

 u is harmonic 
Q f ( z ) is analytic, 
= 2 [ u x + ( −vx ) ] 
2 2

 ⇒ C − R eqns . satisfied 
= 2 [u x2 + vx2 ]
Q f ′( z=
) u x + i vx 
= 2 f ′( z )
2
 
 ⇒ f ′( z ) = u x + vx 
2 2
 Properties of Analytic functions

∂ 2v2 ∂ 2v2
+ = ′
2
llly 2 f ( z )
∂x 2 ∂y 2

 ∂2 ∂2 
∴ (1) ⇒  2 + 2  f ( z= 2 f ′( z ) + 2 f ′( z )
2 2 2
)
 ∂x ∂y 

= 4 f ′( z )
2

Thus proved
 EXAMPLES

=
1) If f ( z ) e x (cos y + i sin y ) is analytic function
prove that u , v are harmonic functions.
Solutions : −
To prove that u and v are Harmonic functions
i.e., T .P.T . u xx=
+ u yy 0 and vxx=
+ v yy 0

=
Here u e=
x
cos y v e x sin y
=u x e=
x
cos y vx e x sin y
u xx = e x cos y vxx = e x sin y
uy =
− e x sin y vy =
e x cos y
u yy =
− e x cos y v yy =
− e x sin y
 EXAMPLES

∴ u xx + u=
yy
e x cos y − e x cos=
y 0

and vxx + v=
yy
e x
sin y − e x
sin=
y 0

∴ Both u & v satisfies Laplace equation

Hence u & v are Harmonic functions.

 CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Milne-Thomson method :-

To find the analytic function f(z):

i) when u(x , y) is given ( i.e., real part is given)

=f ( z ) ∫ u x ( z , 0) dz − i ∫ u y ( z , 0) dz

ii) when v(x ,y ) is given ( i.e., Imaginary part is given)

f ( z ) = ∫ v y ( z , 0) dz + i ∫ vx ( z , 0) dz
 CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Method to find out the Harmonic conjugate:

Let f(z) = u + i v be an analytic function.

Given: u(x ,y )

∴ v =∫ −u y dx + ∫ u x dy
⇓ ⇓
 treating y   Integrating the terms 
   
 as constant   independent of x 
 EXAMPLES
1) If u(x ,y ) = x2 + y2 , find v(x ,y ) and Hence find f(z).
Solution : −

Given : =
u x2 − y 2
⇒ ux =
2x , uy =
− 2y
we know that ,
v=
∫ −u y dx + ∫ u x dy
⇓ ⇓
 treating y   Integrating the terms 
   
 as constant   independent of x 
 EXAMPLES

∴ v = ∫ −(−2 y ) dx + ∫ 2 x dy
 IInd integral is zero since 
= 2 xy + 0  
 there is no term indep. of "x " 
⇒ v = 2 xy

∴ f ( z) =
u +iv
⇒ f ( z ) =( x 2 − y 2 ) + i ( 2 xy )
=x 2 + i 2 y 2 + 2 x(iy )
= ( x +i y)
2

∴ f ( z) =
z2
 EXAMPLES
1) Find f(z), when u(x ,y ) = x2 + y2 .
(same example, using Milne-Thomson method, finding f(z) )

Solution : −
Given : =
u x2 − y 2
⇒ ux =
2x , uy =
− 2y
∴ u x ( z ,0) = 2 z , u y ( z ,0) = 0

By Milne-Thomson method ,
=f ( z ) ∫ u x ( z , 0) dz − i ∫ u y ( z , 0) dz
= ∫ 2 z dz − i ∫ 0 dz
∴ f ( z) =
z2
 EXAMPLES

2) Show that the function u(x ,y ) = sinx coshy is harmonic.

Find its harmonic conjugate v( x , y ) and the analytic function

f(z) =u + i v .

Solution : −
Given : u = sin x cosh y
u x cos=x cosh y u y sin x sinh y
u xx =
− sin x cosh y u yy =
sin x cosh y
∴ u xx + u yy =
0
⇒ u is harmonic.
 EXAMPLES
To find v( x, y ) : −
we know that , v =
∫ −u y dx + ∫ u x dy
⇓ ⇓
 treating y   Integrating the terms 
   
 as constant   independent of x 

∴ V = ∫ −( sin x sinh y ) dx + ∫ ( cos x cosh y ) dy

since no term is 
=
− sinh y ∫ sin x dx + 0  
independent of x 
=
− sinh y (− cos x)
∴ V =
cos x sinh y
 EXAMPLES

Now,
f ( z ) =u + i v = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y

 sin(iy ) 
= sin x cos(iy ) + i cos x  
 i 

= sin x cos(iy ) + cos x sin(iy )

= sin( x + iy )
= sin z
∴ f ( z) =
sin z
 EXAMPLES

3) Construct analytic function f(z) of which imaginary part

v(x,y) = - 2 sinx (ey - e-y ).
Solution : −
Given : − 2 sin x ( e − e
v ( x, y ) = y −y
)
i.e., v =
− 4 sin x sinh y [Q e y
2sinh y ]
−e = −y

v =
x
− 4 cos x sinh y , v =
− 4 sin x cosh y
y

∴ v ( z ,0) =
x
0 , v ( z ,0) =
− 4sin z
y

∴ f=
( z ) ∫ v ( z ,0) dz + i ∫ v ( z ,0) dz
y x

= ∫ −4 sin z dz
⇒ f ( z) =
4cos z + c
 EXAMPLES
4) Find the analytic function f(z) = u+iv such that,
u+v = x3 + 3x2 y - 3xy2 - y2 + 4x + 5 and f(0) = 2+3i .

Solution : −
we knowthat , f ( z )= u + i v
i f ( z=
) iu − v
∴ f ( z ) + i f ( z ) =u + i v + iu − v
⇒ f ( z ) (1 + i ) = ( u − v ) + i ( u + v )
F (= z) U + iV
where=
F ( z ) f ( z ) (1 + i )
U = ( u − v ) , V = u + v = x + 3 x y − 3 xy − y + 4 x + 5
3 2 2 2
 EXAMPLES

By Milne-thomson method,
F(z) = ∫ v ( z ,0) dz + i ∫ v ( z ,0) dz
y x

Now, v = 3 x + 6 xy − 3 y + 4
x
2 2

v = 3 x − 6 xy − 2 y
y
2

= 3z + 4
v ( z ,0)
x
2

v ( z ,0) = 3 z
y
2

∴ F ( z ) = ∫ 3 z dz + i ∫ ( 3 z + 4 ) dz
2 2

 3z 
3 3
3z
= +i + 4z 
3  3 
 EXAMPLES

∴ F ( z ) = z + i ( z + 4) + c
3 3

∴ (1 + i ) f ( z )= z (1 + i ) + i 4 z + c
3

i4z c
∴ f ( z ) =+ 3
z +
(1 + i ) (1 + i )
i 4 z (1 − i )
= 3
z + +c
(1 + i ) (1 − i )
1

4 z (i + 1)
= 3
z + 1
+c
2
∴ f ( z ) = z + 2 z (1 + i ) + c → (1)
3
1
 EXAMPLES

Given : f (0)= 2 + 3i

=put z 0=
in (1), weget , f (0) c 1

∴ c=2 + 3i
1

∴ f ( z ) = z + 2 z (1 + i ) + ( 2 + 3i )
3

∴ f ( z) = ( z + 2 z + 2 ) + i(2 z + 3)
3
 CONFORMAL MAPPING
Intro.: Suppose two curves c1 , c2 in the y c1 c2
z-plane intersect at z0 and the corresponding θ v ϒ1 ϒ2
curves ϒ1 , ϒ2 in the w-plane intersect at w0 by z0 w0 θ’
the transformation w= f(z). x u
If the angle between the two curves in the z-plane is same as
the angle between the curves in the w-planes both in magnitude and
in direction, then the transformation w = f(z) is said to be conformal
mapping.
Definition:-
A transformation that preserves angles between every pair of
curves through a point both in magnitude and sense of rotation is
said to be conformal at that point.
 CONFORMAL MAPPING

Isogonal Transformation:-
The transformation which preserves angle between every

pair of curves in magnitude and not in direction(sense) is called an

isogonal transformation.

Theorem:-
If f(z) is analytic and f'(z)≠ 0 in a region R of the z-plane then
the mapping performed by w=f(z) is conformal at all points of R.
 CONFORMAL MAPPING

Critical points:-
The point at which the mapping w=f(z) is not conformal, i.e.,
f ‘(z) = 0 is called a critical point of the mapping.

Eg .: Consider =w f=
( z ) sin z
∴ f ′( z ) =
cos z
π 3π
⇒ ′
f (0) = 0 , when z = ± , ± ,.........
2 2
i.e., z =
( 2n − 1) π
, where n is an int eger ,
2
which are the critical points of the given transformation.
 Standard Transformations

 Translation

Maps of the form z → z + k, where k є C

 Magnification and rotation

Maps of the form z → k z , where k є C

 Inversion

Maps of the form z → 1 / z

 EXAMPLE FOR TRANSLATION

1) Find the region of the w-plane into which the rectangular

region in the z-plane bounded by the lines x=0, y=0, x=1, y=2
is mapped under the transformation w=z+2-i .
Solution:- Given : w = z + 2 - i
→ (u+iv) = (x+iy) + (2-i)
= (x+2) + i (y-1)
Equating real and imaginary parts, weget,
u = x + 2 and v = y-1
 EXAMPLE FOR TRANSLATION
Given boundary lines are: Transformal boundary lines are:
x=0 u=2
y=0 v = -1
x=1 u=3
y=2 v=1
v
y v=1
y=2 u=2 u=3
0 u
x=0 x=1
v = -1
0 y=0 x
 MAGNIFICATION AND ROTATION

Let w = a z, where a ≠ 0

If a = │a│ e(i α) and, z = │z │ e(i θ) , then

w = │a│ │z│ e(i θ+ α)

The image of z is obtained by rotating the vector z through the angle

α and magnifying or contracting the length of z by the factor │a│.

Thus the transformation w = a z is referred to as a rotation or

magnification.
 EXAMPLE FOR MAGNIFICATION
2) Determine the region R of the w plane into which the triangular
region D enclosed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 3 is transformed
under the transformation w = 2z.
Solution:
Let w = u +i v ; z = x + i y
Given: w=2z
i.e., u +i v = 2 (x + i y)
i.e., u = 2 x ; v = 2 y and u+v = 2(x+y)
 EXAMPLE FOR MAGNIFICATION

When x = 0 , u=0
y=0 , v=0
x+y=3 , u+v=6
Thus the transformation w = 2z maps a triangle in the z-plane into
a 2-times magnified triangle in the w-plane.
 EXAMPLE FOR ROTATION
3) Consider the transformation w = eiπ/4 z and determine the
region in the w-plane corresponding to triangle region bounded
by the lines x=0 , y=0 , x+y=1.
Solution : −
Given : w = e z
iπ /4

∴ ( u + iv=) e ( x + iy )
iπ /4

  π  + i sin  π   x + iy
= cos    ( )
 4  4 
 1 1 
= +i  ( x + iy )
 2 2
x− y x+ y
=   +i 
 2   2 
 EXAMPLE FOR ROTATION
y
x− y x+ y
∴ =u and=v
2 2 x=0 x+y=1
−y y
=
when x 0,=u =
and v
2 2 0 y=0 x
⇒ y=
− 2 u and y =2 v
⇒ − 2u = 2v v

⇒ u=
−v
x x
=
when y 0,=u =
and v v = 1/ 2
2 2 u=-v u=v
⇒ u=
v π/4 u
1 0
when x + y= 1 ⇒ v=
2
 EXAMPLE FOR ROTATION

The region in the z-plane is mapped on to the region

1
bounded by u = -v, u = v, v = in the w-plane.
2

∴ The mapping w = zei π /4 performs a rotation

of R through an angle π / 4.
 INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

The Reciprocal Transformation w = 1/z

The mapping is called the reciprocal transformation

and maps the z-plane one-to-one and onto the w-plane except for

the point z=0, which has no image, and the point w=0, which has no

preimage or inverse image. Use the exponential notation

in the w-plane. If , we have .

.
 INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

The geometric description of the reciprocal transformation

is now evident. It is an inversion (that is, the modulus of ( is
the reciprocal of the modulus of z) followed by a reflection through
the x axis. The ray , is mapped one-to-one and
onto the ray . Points that lie inside the unit
circle are mapped onto points that lie outside
the unit circle and vice versa. The situation is illustrated in Figure.
INVERSE TRANSFORMATION
 EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

1) Show that the image of the right half plane

under the mapping is the closed disk

in the w-plane.

Solution:-

Then,
EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION
 EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

which describes the disk. As the reciprocal transformation

is one-to-one, preimages of the points in the disk will lie
in the right half-plane . Figure illustrates this result.
 EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION
2) Find the images of the finite strips,
1 1 1
≤ y≤ under the transformation w = .
4 2 z
1
Solution : − Given : w =
z
1
⇒ z=
w
1 u − iv
i.e., x + iy
= =
u + iv u + v
2 2

u −v
= ∴ x = and y
u +v
2 2
u +v
2 2

↓→ (1) ↓→ (2)
 EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION

1 1
Given : < y<
4 2
1
when y = eqnuation (2) becomes,
4
1 −v
=
4 u +v
2 2

⇒ u 2
+v =2
− 4v
⇒ u 2
+ v + 4v + 4 − 4 =
2
0
⇒ u + ( v + 2) =
2 2
4
which is a circle whose centre at (0, −2) and
radius is 2 in w − plane.
 EXAMPLE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION
1
when y = , equation (2) becomes,
2
1 −v
=
2 u +v 2 2

⇒ u +v =
2
− 2v
2

⇒ u + v + 2v + 1 − 1 =0
2 2

⇒ u + ( v + 1) =
2 2
1
which is a circle whose centre is at (0, −1) and
radius is 1. v
y u
y=½
y=¼
0 x
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
Def .: −
az + b
The transformation w = , where a, b, c, d
cz + d
are complex cons tan ts and ad − bc ≠ 0 is known
as bilinear transformation.
Note : −
(i ) A bilinear transformation is also called
as Mobius transformation or a linear fractional
transformation.
az + b − wd + b
=
(ii ) The inverse mapping of w = is z
cz + d cw − a
is also called as a bilinear transformation.
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
Fixed points (or) Invariant points :-
If the image of a point z under a transformation w=f(z) is
itself, then the point is called a fixed point or an Invariant point
of the transformation.
Thus fixed point of the transformation w=f(z) is given by
z = f(z).
z
Eg .: Let w = , find the fixed po int (or )
z−2
in var ient po int.
Solution : − put w = z
z
then =
z ⇒ z − 2=
2
z z
z−2
⇒ z ( z − 3) =0
⇒ z= 0, z= 3 are two fixed po int s.
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
Definition of cross ratio:-
If z ,z ,z ,z  are four points in the z-plane then 
1 2 3 4

the ratio
( z - z )( z - z )
1 2
is called the cross ratio of these points.
3 4

( z - z )( z - z )
1 4 3 2

Cross Ratio Property of a bilinear transformation:-

The cross ratio of four points is invariant under a
bilinear transformation.
i.e., If w ,w ,w , w are the images of z ,z ,z , z
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

respectively under a bilinear transformation then

 (w - w ) (w - w )  =  (z - z ) (z - z ) 

) ( w - w )   ( z - z ) ( z - z ) 
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

 (w - w
1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION

Note:-
The bilinear transformation which transforms the points
z 1 , z2 , z3 of z-plane respectively into the points w 1,w2 ,w3 of
w-plane is given by
 (w - w ) (w - w )   (z -z ) (z -z ) 
  =  
1 2 3 1 2 3

( w 1
- w )( w
2
- w ) (
3
z -1
z ) ( )
z -
2
z 3
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLES

1) Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points

z = 0,-i,-1 into w = i,1,0.
Solution:-
Given : z = 0, z = 1
− i, z =
2
−1 1

and =
w i ,=
w 1,=
1
w 0. 2 3

The bilinear transformationion is got by using the relation

( w − w )( w − w ) = ( z − z )( z − z )
1 2 3 1 2 3

( w − w )( w − w ) ( z − z )( z − z )
1 2 3 1 2 3

⇒
( w − i )(1 − 0 ) ( z − 0 )( −i + 1)
=
( i − 1)( 0 − w ) ( 0 + i )( −1 − z )
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLES

⇒ (−i ) ( w − i ) (1 + z ) = z (1 − i ) (− w) (i − 1)

⇒ − i − iwz − 1 − z = − 2iwz

⇒ − iw + iwz = 1 + z

⇒ w ( zi − i ) = (1 + z )
1+ z
⇒ w=
zi − i
1+ z
⇒ w=
(−i ) (1 − z )
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLES

2) Find the bilinear transformation which transforms the po int s

z= ∞ , i ,0 int o the po int s w =
0, i, ∞ respectively.
Solution : −
Given : z =
∞, z =
i, z =
1
0 2 3

and w = 0, w = i , w = ∞ .
1 2 3

The bilinear transformationion is got by using the relation

( w − w ) ( w − w ) = ( z − z )( z − z )
1 2 3 1 2 3

( w − w )( w − w ) ( z − z )( z − z )
1 2 3 1 2 3
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLES

w  z 
( w − w )( w )  −1 ( z )  −1 ( z − z )
2

w  = z 
1 3 1 2 3

3 1

 w  z 
( w − w )( w ) 1 −  ( z ) 1−  ( z − z )
2

 w  z 
1 2 3 1 3

3 1

( w − 0)(0 − 1) (0 − 1) (i − 0)
⇒ =
(0 − 1)(i − 0) ( z − 0) (0 − 1)
(− w) (−i )
⇒ =
(−i ) (− z )
−1
⇒ w=
z
 BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION

TRY IT

3) Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points,

i) 1, -i , 2 onto 0, 2, i respectively.
ii) -i,0,i into -1, i, 1 respectively.
iii) 0, 1, ∞ into i, -1, -i respectively.