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Production Optimization Using Nodal Analysis - by H. Dale Beggs (Chapter 2) 2nd Edition

This document discusses production optimization in stratified formations with multiple producing zones. It describes: 1) How to construct a composite or total inflow performance relationship (IPR) when multiple zones with different characteristics are producing into a common wellbore. This involves calculating the inflow from each zone and adding them together. 2) How to calculate the total water cut and gas-liquid ratio for the commingled streams based on the inflow rates from each zone. 3) Methods for constructing future IPRs as reservoir pressure declines, including using the Fetkovich method to adjust the flow coefficient or combining the Vogel and Fetkovich methods.

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Grant Hosie
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365 views48 pages

Production Optimization Using Nodal Analysis - by H. Dale Beggs (Chapter 2) 2nd Edition

This document discusses production optimization in stratified formations with multiple producing zones. It describes: 1) How to construct a composite or total inflow performance relationship (IPR) when multiple zones with different characteristics are producing into a common wellbore. This involves calculating the inflow from each zone and adding them together. 2) How to calculate the total water cut and gas-liquid ratio for the commingled streams based on the inflow rates from each zone. 3) Methods for constructing future IPRs as reservoir pressure declines, including using the Fetkovich method to adjust the flow coefficient or combining the Vogel and Fetkovich methods.

Uploaded by

Grant Hosie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Production Optimization Using Nodal Analysis -

by H. Dale Beggs (chapter 2)


2nd Edition
38 Production Optimization Using ~ o d a~ln a b s i s

will increase. The sum of k, and k,, will first decrease Consider the case where pR2 is greater than &,. If
and then increase. Therefore, J will follow the same pwfis greater than FR1,liquid will flow into Zone 1 from
trend, and even thoughjjRmay remain constant, both Zone 2. There will be no net production until the wellbore
producing water fractionJw and J will change with time. pressure is low enough so that flow from the higher zone
Waterflood theory can be used to predict the change in is more than the rate that will flow into the lower pressure
water saturation and, therefore,fw with time. zone. This value of wellbore pressure at which net pro-
duction begins must be determined to construct a com-
3. Strat$ed Formations posite or total IPR. It can be calculated by setting q2 = ql,
All the previous discussion on constructing Inflow and assuming that the productivity index is linear at small
Performance Relationships for producing wells has been drawdowns.
concerned with wells that are producing from a single * -
42 = J7.(I)~2-pLf) = q l = J1(~wf-PR 3
formation. In many cases the produced liquid will contain
water, and the water fraction may increase during the life
of the well. This is true especially of water-drive reser-
voirs or reservoirs undergoing pressure maintenance by
water injection. Also, some wells are perforated into two * - 2~1+
P ~ 2 ( /~J1)2
Pwf - 1+J2/Jl
or more zones, and the production from all zones is com-
mingled in the wellbore. This can cause both the produc- When pwfis lower than p,,,,*, net production will occur.
ing water cut and gaslliquid ratio (GLR) to change with pWf*will correspond to the condition of zero inflow on
drawdown if the commingled zones have different char- the total IPR. Construction of the total IPR requires cal-
acteristics. As will be shown in Chapter 3, calculation of culation of the inflow from each zone at various pwf val-
the outflow or piping system performance requires accu- ues. The inflow from each zone is added for the total q ~ ;
rate values for f, and GLR. corresponding to each pwf.The characteristics of each
Analyzing the performance of a commingled well can zone would have to be known from core and log data or
be illustrated by considering the case where two zones from production logging. The individual and total IPR's
having different values of FR,fw, GLR, and q,, or J are are illustrated in Figure 2-38. d

producing into a common wellbore. This is illustrated in Values for total f, and GLR applying at any value ofpwf
Figure 2-37. can be calculated from:
Reservoir Performance 39 *

Fig. 2-38.Composite IPR.

qL/qL(max)where qL= q, + qw. Field experience has shown


that this method of handling water production is valid in
wells producing at 97% water cut.

4. Static Reservoir Pressure Unknown


Cases frequently arise in which an analysis must be
made on a well at is producing from a reservoir in which
GLR = '=I f i is not accurately known. jTR can be obtained by
9~ measuring pressure in a well that has been shut in for a
All of the previously discussed IPR methods for oil long period of time or from a pressure buildup test. Ob-
wells can be applied to wells that are producing consider- taining an accurate value for jTR may be expensive
able amounts of water along with the oil. This can be and time consuming. If it is unknown, IPR's may be con-
accomplished by replacing the oil rate q, used in the structed for a possible range of static pressures, and the
graphs and equations with total liquid rate qL. This is maximum and minimum production rates can then be
valid because the change in J is caused mostly from the determined through Nodal AnalysisTM.However, if sever-
reduction of relative permeability to liquid as gas satura- al stabilized production tests are available, the value of
tion forms in the reservoir. The gas will reduce the per- iS, required to force one of the IPR equations to repro-
meability to water in the same way that it reduces the per- duce the test data may be calculated.
meability to oil. If the simple form of Vogel's equation, Equation 2-33
If Vogel's method is used, his graph or equation can be is used, there are only two unknowns, that is q(,,,) and
considered to be a relationship between pwf IFR a n d jTR . Therefore, if two tests are available, both may be cal-
Production Optimization Using Nodal Analysis
. 1

Both the present time and future IPR's are plotted in


Figure 2-40.

C. Combining Vogel and Fetkovich


The method proposed by Fetkovich for adjusting C can
also be used to adjust q0(,,,) if a value for the exponent n
is assumed. The expressions for and qo(max)Fcan
be expressed using the Fetkovich equation as:
-2 n
qo(max)~
= C ~ ( ~ ~ ) (2-75)

90 Combining Equations 2-75 and 2-76 and solving for


qo(max)Fgives
Fig. 2-39. Example 2-9 solution.

B. Fetkovich Method If a value of n equal to one is assumed, then:


The method proposed by Fetkovich8 to construct future qo(max)F = qo(max)p(PRF PRP f (2-78)
IPR's consists of adjusting the flow coefficient C in
Use of this method is analogous to using the Fetkovich
Equation 2-54 for changes inAFR). He assumed that
method for both present and future IPR construction if it
f (PR)was a linear function of ir, and, therefore, the value
is assumed that n = 1.
of C can be adjusted as
Adjustment of q0(,,) for declining pR using this method
is illustrated in the following example:
A value of Cp is obtained from present time production
tests, that is, tests conducted when& = p,.Fetkovich Example 2-17:
assumed that the value of the exponent n would not change. In Example 2 - 2, it was found that qo(max)
was e qua1 to
Future IPR's can thus be generated from 1097 STBlday for p, = 2085 psig. Using this data and
Equation 2 -78, calculate :
1 . q0(,,,) when p, = 1900 psig = 1915 psia
The Fetkovich method for generating future IPR's is 2. qo when pR= 1900 psig and p, = 1485 psig
illustrated in the following example.

Example 2-10: Solution:


Using the data from Example 2-7A, construct an IPR = 1097 ( I 91 51210 0 ) =~832 STBlday
1 . qo(max,,
for the time when p, has declined to & = 2000 psia.
The
- following data were obtained in Example 2-7A:
pRP= 3600 psia, n = 0.854, Cp = 0.00079.

Solution:
q0(Fj = 0.00079 (200013600) (20002 -pJ)O.*54
q0(F)= 0.00044 (20002 -pJ)O.*54

Fig. 2-40. IPR for Example 2-10.

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