STS Notes

1) Ancient Wheel
Science and Technology in Society a) Ancient civilization used animals for
transportation long before the
 Science and technology does not invention of the wheel
only affect the way man sees himself b) It was agreed that this invention
but also has affected the way he lives grew out of a mechanical device
 Different interventions and called POTTER’S WHEEL – a
innovations have come through the heavy flat disk made of hardened
years to improve man’s daily clay which was spun horizontally on
activities an axis
i) Electricity lighted many homes c) It was believed that the potter’s
ii) Transportation becomes faster wheel was invented by the
with coming of trains, planes and Sumerians shortly after 3500 BC
cars d) The invention of the ancent wheels
iii) Communication was eased by the was credited to the Sumerians
invention of telegraphs and because no other civilization used
telephones similar device at the time
iv) Farming becomes easier with 2) Paper
farm tractors and different ways a) Ancient Egyptians began writing on
of plant propagation PAPYRUS, a maternal similar to a
v) Machineries replaced human thick paper
labor b) Papyrus was made from the pith of
vi) Treatment of seemingly the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus –
untreatable diseases a lightweight, strong, durable, and
 Accumulation of knowledge and portable material
passing it from generation has begun c) Before the invention of papyrus,
when the modern human evolved writing was done on stones
from their hominid ancestors. 3) Shadoof
a) It was an early tool invented by the
ancient Egyptians to irrigate lands
ANCIENT PERIOD b) Also spelled as Shaduf – a hand
operated device used for lifting water
 The rise of ancient civilization paved c) Its invention introduced the idea of
the way for advances in science and lifting things using counterweights
technology d) This invention made irrigation and
 Advancements during this time farming more efficient
allowed civilizations to flourish by e) It was also believed that this
finding better ways of invention is the precursor of more
communication, transportation, self- sophisticated irrigation tools
organization, and of living in general 4) Antikythera Mechanism
 a) The Greeks had already invented the introduction of innovations in
ancient’s analog computer orrery traditional production, and
b) Discovered in 1902 and retrieved emergence of scientific thinking
from the waters of Antikythera, and method
Greece, the Antikythera wood seen  CHARLEMAGNE a medieval
on its fragments suggest that it must emperor established a scholastic
have been housed is a wooden case tradition in Western Europe
c) It is akin to a clock in the way that  Greater advancement in
the case has a circular face and technology and adaptation of
rotating hands Eastern technologies like the
d) A knob on the side makes it possible invention of VERTICAL
for it to be wound forward or WINDMILLS, SPECTACLES,
backward MECHANICAL CLOCKS
e) It was believed that the Antikythera greatly improved water mills,
mechanism was used to predict building technique like the
astronomical positions and eclipsed Gothic style, and three-field crop
for calendar and astrological rotation
purposes  PRINTING PRESS by Johaness
5) Aeolipile Gutenberg was considered to be
a) Also known as the Hero’s engine, it one of the greatest inventions of
was widely believed to be the ancient this time, which made printing
precursor of the steam engine mechanized
b) Hero of Alexandria is credited for
the demonstration of the use of the 1) Heavy Plough
aeolipile during the 1st century AD a) It made the cultivation of clay soil
c) It is a stream powered turbine which possible
spun when the water container at its b) Its invention stirred an agricultural
center was heated, thus making it revolution in Northern Europe
practically the first rudimentary marked by higher and healthier
steam engine agricultural yields and more efficient
agricultural practices
2) Gunpowder
MIDDLE AGES a) It was suggested by many that this
might have been an unintended
 Known as “Dark Ages” and is byproduct of attempts made by
considered to be one of the Chinese to invent the elixir of life,
creative periods in the history of which is why the Chinese called it
humans and said to be the start of HOUYAO – fire position
the first industrial revolution b) This has prompted foundation for the
 Included in this time is the functionality of almost every new
steady increase of inventions,
 weapons used in war since its a) Zacharias Janssen was credited for
invention the invention of the first compound
3) Paper Money microscope in 1590
a) The first known versions of paper b) An object can be magnified far larger
money could be traced back to the than what a simple magnifying lens
Chinese in 17th century AD as an can do
offshoot of the invention of block c) This material is an important
printing, which is similar to stamping instrument in many scientific studies
b) The idea of assigning value to specially along areas of medicine,
marked piece of paper did not forensic, tissue analysis, atomic
immediately become popular studies and genetics
4) Mechanical Clock 2) Telescope
a) Although timekeeping and recording a) The single, most important
sprung from the ancient times, it was technological invention in the study
not until the middle ages that of astronomy during the modern ages
clockwork technology was b) Invented by Galileo Galilei
developed c) It was him who first used this tool
b) Its development paved the way for skyward and made astronomical
accurately keeping track of time discoveries, and identified the
5) Spinning Wheel presence of craters and mountains on
a) A machine used for transforming the moond
fiber into thread or yarns and d) Galileo’s remarkable technological
eventually woven into cloth on a contribution drastically changed the
loom study of astronomy, it became clear
that the universe is far larger than the
previously imagined and the Earth
MODERN AGES far smaller compared to the entire
universe
 People of modern ages realized the 3) Jacquard Loom
utmost importance of increasing the a) Considered as one of the most
efficiency of transportation, critical drivers of the Industrial
communication and production Revolution
 Individualization took place with b) It was built by Joseph Marie
greater risks in human health, food Jacquard
safety, and environment which had c) It simplified the textile
to be addressed a scientific and manufacturing
technological progress unfolded at an d) A draw loom was used which
unimaginable speed requires a 2 individuals – the weaver
1) Compound Microscope and the ‘draw boy’
4) Engine-Powered Airplane
 a) Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright
are credited for designing and
successfully operating the first
engine powered aircraft
b) They proved that aircraft could fly
without airfoil-shaped wings
5) Television
a) John Logie Baird is largely credited
for the invention of modern
television

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
  It is the phenomenal process in the He also invented the Opthalmoscope in
transfer of doing work by human 1851
hands and feet to the use of machines
Great progress in Physics:
 It began in Great Britain and spread
across Europe, America and Asia 1) James Clerk Maxwell showed that light
from 1760-1840 is an electromagnetic wave in 1873 and
 Manual/physical labor was changed was later on proved by Heinrich Hertz in
into machine-operated devices, trade 1888
person replaced the craftsmen and 2) Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity
the applied scientists replaced the in 1896
amateur inventors 3) Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered
radium in 1898
1) Steam Engine – has been around but 4) Joseph Thompson discovered the
later on improved by Scottish James electron in 1897
Watt and other investors
a) Used to run machines People mastered electricity:
b) Development and refinement of the 1) Hans Christian Oersted discovered
machine was made by Henry electric current in a wire caused a nearby
Maudslay and Joseph Whitworth compass needle to move in 1819
which enabled standardized 2) Michael Faraday showed that a magnet
manufacturing machines to be can produce electricity and in 1831 he
fabricated invented the Dynamo
2) Iron Production 3) Samuel F.B. Morse invented the electric
3) Textiles telegraph in 1837
4) Steamboat – by Robert Fulton who used
on of Watt’s engines At the end of this century, steam-operated
5) Light Bulb – invented by Thomas machineries were replaced by electricity
Edison
6) Telephone – by Alexander Graham Bell  In the mid 19th century, railways
7) Steam-Powered Locomotive – by revolutionized travelling and made
George Stephenson travel much faster
 Steam locomotive pulled the
Great progress in Chemistry: carriages
 Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler
1) John Dalton published the atomic theory
made the first cars in 1885 and 1886
in 1803. He also studied color blindness
2) Dmitri Mendeleev formulated the
periodic table
3) Hermann von Helmholtz formulated the
Law of Conservation of Energy in 1847.
INVENTIONS BY FILIPINO SCIENTIST
  The country boasts of its own history d) A makeshift hood over the baskets
and tradition of scientific and allows oxygen to circulate inside the
technological innovations incubator
 As with all other inventions, 4) Mole Remover’
necessity has always been a mother a) Rolando dela Cruz is credited for the
of Philippine inventions inventions of mole and wart remover
 Throughout the Philippine history, that made use of extracts of cashew
Filipinos are responsible for nuts
developing many scientific and b) The formula was easily caught on for
technological innovations focused on its accessibility, affordability, and
navigation, traditional shipbuilding, painless and scar less procedure
textiles, food processing, indigenous 5) Banana Ketchup
arts, and techniques, and cultural a) Maria Orosa is credited for the
inventions invention of banana ketchup, a
variety ketchup different from the
1) Electronic Jeepney (E-Jeepney) commonly known tomato ketchup
a) Jeepneys were designed and b) This condiment was a mixture of
improvised from scratch out of mashed banana, sugar, vinegar, and
military jeeps that the Americans left spices
in the country after World War II c) Its natural color was brownish-
b) E-jeepneys are more economical for yellow
electricity is far cheaper than
ordinary diesel
2) Erythromycin SOME INDIGENOUS INVENTIONS BY
a) Abelardo Aguilar created this FILIPINOS
medical invention out of a strain of
bacterium called Streptomyces 1) Aerogas Catalytic Combuster (ACC) – is
erythreus an anti-pollution, eco-friendly invention
3) Medical Incubator made by Engr. MARINTO C.
a) Invented by Fe del Mundo, a world- MARTINEZ. It is a fuel saver and power
renowned paediatrician and National booster engine devices which can be
Scientist practically used on all types of internal
b) Her original improvised incubator combust on engines of Jeeps, Cars,
consisted of two native laundry Trucks, Ships and Motorcycles and even
baskets of different sizes that are Gas Fired Power Plants
placed one inside the other 2) Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALT)
c) Warmth is generated by bottles with – created by Filipina scientist AISA
hot water placed around the baskets MIJENO. It is an environment-friendly
lamp that runs with just two tablespoon
of salt and one glass of tap water
3) SALAMANDER Amphibous Tricycle –
ATOY LLAVE, who’s engaged in car
customization and desired to address the
problems of many commuters in flood-
prone country. It can travel both in and
in water. The tricycle has two power
plan options a.) electric and b) internal
combustion.
NATION S&T in the Philippines during the Spanish
Colonial Period:
 A group or race of people who
shared history, traditions, and  S&T developed through the
culture, sometimes religion and establishment of formal education
usually language institutions and the launching of
 Generally, people of a specific nation scientific organizations
share a common national identity  Schools were MANDATED to teach
 It may include identity based on race religion, mathematics, reading and
or ethnicity, loyalty to a set of writing, music and arts, and health
political ideas, and institutions, and and sanitation
the linkage of citizenship to  Medicine and biology were taught in
nationality different educational and training
institutions

S&T in the Philippines during the American

ASPECT IN ACHIEVING A STRONG Colonial Period:
NATION (Gambari, 2008)
 Institutions for S&T were
 Building political entity (territory, reorganized
rules, norms, principles, and
 The former Laboratorio Municipal
common citizenship)
was replaced by the Bureau of
 Building institutions Govenrment Laboratories which was
 Building common sense of purpose, established for the purpose of
a sense of shared destiny, a collective studying tropical diseases and
imagination of belonging pursuing other related research
projects
 Developments during this time were
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND focused on agriculture, medicine and
PHILIPPINE NATION BUILDING pharmacy, food processing, and
forestry
 Science and technology in the
Philippines had its beginning during S&T in the Philippines during the Ferdinand
the pre-colonial times Marcos Regime:
 Filipinos used herbal medicine to
treat illnesses, made use of writing,  The role of S&T in national
numerical measurements, and development was emphasized
calendar systems to facilitate trading  Marcos mandated the Department of
 Farming, fishing, mining and Education Culture, now known as
weaving were the first livelihood the DepEd, to promote science
skills developed by the Filipinos courses in publich high schools
RELATED AGENCIE DURING MARCOS R&D and monitors and evaluates
ERA these programs for effectiveness.
5) PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC,
1) PHILIPPINE TEXTILE RESEARCH GEOPHYSICAL AND
a) The premier textile research and ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES
development arm of the DOST. It is ADMINISTRATION
mandated by the Executive Order a) National Meteorological and
No. 128 dated January 30, 1987 Hydrological Services (NMHS) of
2) PHILIPPINE NUCLEAR RESEARCH the Republic of the Philippines
INSTITUTE mandated to provide protection
a) Government agency under the DOST against natural calamities and to
mandated to undertake research and ensure the safety, well-being and
development activities in the economic security of all the people,
peaceful of nuclear energy, institute and for the promotion of national
regulations on the said uses, and progress by undertaking scientific
carry out the enforcement of said and technological services in
regulations to protect the health and meteorology, hydrology,
safety of radiation workers and the climatology, astronomy and other
general public geophysical sciences
3) NATIONAL FOOD AUTHORITY 6) PHILIPPINE NATIONAL OIL
a) An agency of the Philippine COMPANY
government under the Department of a) Was created on November 9, 1973,
Agriculture responsible for ensuring to provide and maintain and adequate
the food security of the Philippines and stable supply of oil.
and the stability of supply and price 7) INSTITUTE OF PLANT BREEDING
of rice, the Philippines’ staple grain. (IPB)
4) PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR a) By virtue of Presidential Decree 729,
AGRICULTURE, AQUATIC, AND IPB is mandated to:
NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH i) Develop new and improved
AND DEVELOPMENT varieties of important agricultural
a) The council aims to help national crops:
research and development efforts in ii) Undertake investigation in plant
agriculture, forestry, and natural breeding and allied disciplines
resources of the Philippines. It does related to crop improvements
so by assisting with planning 8) INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH
strategies, formulating policies, and INSTITUTE
programs for development. It is the a) An international agricultural research
body responsible nationally for and training organization with
programming and allocating headquarters in Los Banos, Laguna
government and external funds for b) IRRI is known for its work in
developing rice varities that
 contributed to the Green Revolution 10-13) acknowledges the significant
in the 1960s which pre-empted the role of S&T
famine in Asia  This mandate necessitates the
c) Aims to reduce poverty and hunger, assurance of implementing efforts in
improve the health of rice farmers utilizing science and technology of a
and consumers, and ensure tool for advancing the capability and
environmental sustainability of rice capacity of the nation for the welfare
farming and condition of the Filipino people
9) BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY
a) An agency of the Philippine
government under the Department of S&T in the Philippines during Fidel Ramos’
Agriculture responsible for serving Presidency:
and supporting the Philippine plant
industry sector  The country had approximately
10) BUREAU OF FOREST PRODUCTS 3,000 competent scientist and
a) Maintain a depository of technical engineers during his time
information and research results on  The “Doctors to the Barrio” made
properties, end-users, processing and healthcare accessible even in far
protection of forest products flung areas of the country
11) NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF  A number of laws and statues were
GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES also mandated during his time:
a) A multidisciplinary forum of the i) RA 8439: Magna Carta for
study of processes that shape the Scientists, Engineers,
Earth. It is national center of Researchers, and other Science
excellence for the advancement, and Technology Personnel in the
dissemination and application of Government
geology in the Philippines. ii) RA 7687: Science and
Technology Scholarship Act of
1994
S&T in the Philippines during Corazon iii) RA 7459: Inventors and
Aquino’s Presidency: Inventions Incentives Act
iv) RA 8239: The Intellectual
 NSTA was renamed into DOST, in Property Code of the Philippines
order for science and technology
sector to be represented in the
cabinet and thus plan an integral
part/role in the country’s sustainable
economy recovery and growth S&T in the Philippines during Joseph
 The declaration in the 1987 Estrada’s Presidency:
constitution, Article XIV (sections
  His reign include the enactment of  In 2014, he recognized/named new
RA 8749: The Philippine Clean Air National Scientist
Act of 1999 and RA 8792: Electronic  A National Scientist receives and
Commerct Act of 2000 annual gratuity and other privelages
 Estrada was also responsible in i) Angel C. Alcala, Ph. D. – He
implementing cost-effective was recognized for his research
irrigation technologies and providing on ECOLOGY and DIVERSITY
basic health care services for those of Philippine Amphibians and
who could not afford them Reptiles, as well as MARINE
BIODIVERSITY and
CONSERVATION of marine
S&T in the Philippines during Gloria protected areas
Arroyo’s Presidency: ii) Ramon C. Barba, Ph. D. – he
was recognized for his
 During her administration, the achievements in the field of
science and technology sector were PLANT PHYSIOLOGY,
developed to strengthen the especially the induction of
education system and address flowering of mango and micro
poverty propagation or the rapid
 The term FILIPINNOVATION was multiplying of stock plant of
coined to refer to the Philippines as important corn species
an innovation hub of Asia iii) Edgardo D. Gomez, Ph. D – he
 She promulgated RA 9367: Biofuel was known for his research and
Act , to utilize indigenous materials conservation efforts in
as source of energy. INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY
 It was her time when farmers were and ECOLOGY. He was pivotal
encouraged to use rice that can in the world’s first national-scale
withstand environmental hazards assessment of damage to coral
 RA 10601: Agricultural and reefs
Fisheries Mechanization (AFMEch) iv) Gavino C. Trono, Ph. D. – he
was also passed to modernize was cited for his outstanding
agricultural and fisheries machinery contribution in the field of
and equipment TROPICAL MARINE
PHYCOLOGY, focus on
seaweed biodiversity

S&T in the Philippines with the present

Administration:
S&T in the Philippines Benigno Aquino
III’s Presidency:
  S&T sector is seen a priority based implementation of educational
on the budget for research and policies
development that grew nearly 6  NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND
times over the same period DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
 Formulation of programs and i) Responsible to formulate
policies that will aid in shaping the development plans and ensure
country is backed up President that plan implemenatation
Duterte achieve the goals of national
 The focus of DOST is to put the development
result of R&D into
commercialization in order to gain
new intellectual properties
 The Philipppines has the Philippine
Space Technology Program which
was launched Diwata-2 in 2018 after
the launched of Diwata-1 in 2016

AGENCIES ON S&t AND NATION

BUILDING

 CONGRESSIONAL COMMISSION
ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
AND ENGINEERING
i) Serves as the advisory committee
and the policy making body that
aims to strengthen then linkage
with all the sectors related to
S&T
 DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND
INDUSTRY
ii) Responsible for implementing
industry-focused policies u
 CHED
iii) Responsible for formulaing
policies, plans and programs fotr
the development of higher
education system in the country
iv) Has been mandated to promote
quality education and ensure the