Name ……………………….

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Chapter – (14)
Organic Chemistry
1. Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds
in which there is at least one carbon to carbon bond or carbon to
hydrogen bond.

2. Structural isomerism
Compounds having the same molecular formula but
different structural formulae have different physical and
chemical properties and are said to be structural isomers. The
phenomenon is known as structural isomerism.

3. Homologous Series
A series of compounds like the alkanes in which each
member differs from the preceding or succeeding one by a CH2
group is known as a homologous series.

4. Markownikoff’s rule
When an unsymmetrical addendum (HX) adds on to an
unsymmetrical alkene, two products are possible; but that
product where the negative part of the addendum adds on to the
carbon with the least number of hydrogen atoms is the major
product.
CH3-CH=CH2 + HBr CH3-CHBr-CH2 + CH3-CH2-CH2Br
Propene (unsymmetrical iso-propyl n-propyl bromide
(unsymmetrical addendum) bromide
alkene) (major product)

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Petroleum Industry and Petrochemicals
Crude Oil and Other Fossil Fuels
1. What is a fuel? What are the three major fossil fuels? Are
these fuels renewable or non-renewable resources?
A fuel is a substance which can be conveniently used as
a source of energy.
Three major fossil fuels are – coal, crude oil and natural
gas.
These fuels are non-renewable resources and finite
resources.
2. How are the fossil fuels formed?
Fossil fuels were formed in the Earth’s crust from
material that was once living. Coal is formed from fossil plant
materials. Crude oil and natural gas are formed from the dead
bodies of marine microorganisms. The formation of fossil fuels
took place over geological period of time (many millions of
years).
3. Name the sources from which crude oil and natural gas are
formed?
Crude oil and natural gas are formed from the dead
bodies of marine microorganisms.
4. What are the sources of coal and crude oil?
Coal is formed from fossil plant materials. Crude oil is
formed from the dead bodies of marine microorganisms.
5. How did the formation of fossil fuels take place?
The formation of fossil fuels took place over geological
period of time (many millions of years).
6. What is crude oil? Explain uses of crude oil.
Crude oil is one of the Earth’s major natural resources.
Crude oil is a mixture of many different hydrocarbon molecules.
Crude oil is used to make fuel. Around 10 % of crude oil
is used as a feedstock, or raw material in the chemical industry.
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7. How was the change into crude oil and natural gas brought
about?
The change into crude oil and natural gas was brought
about by high pressure, high temperature and bacterial acting
over millions of years.
8. Define the term “Fractional distillation”.
Fractional distillation is the separation of a liquid
mixture into fractions differing in boiling points by means of
distillation using a fractionating column.

9. How do you separate the crude oil? Which type of apparatus

is used in this separation?
At a refinery, crude oil is separated into different
fractions consisting of groups of hydrocarbons that have
different boiling points.
Fractional distillation column or fractionating tower is
used in this separation.

10. Describe the various crude oil fractions obtained by fractional

distillation of crude oil and their uses. (or)
What are the various crude oil fractions?
(i). Refinery gas - used as a fuel
(ii). Petrol (gasoline) - used as a fuel in cars
(iii). Naphtha - used to make chemicals
(iv). Paraffin (Kerosene)- used as a fuel in jet engines
(v). Diesel oil - used as a fuel in diesel engines
(vi). Fuel oil - used as a fuel for ships and for
home heating systems
(vii). Lubricating oil - used as engines oil, waxes and
polishes
(viii). Residue (bitumen) - used for surfacing roads
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11. Arrange kerosene, petrol and diesel oil in the decreasing order
of their boiling point ranges. Give one example of use for each
of them.
Decreasing order of their boiling points
Diesel oil, Kerosene, Petrol
Diesel oil - used as a fuel in diesel engines
Kerosene - used as a fuel in jet engines
Petrol - used as a fuel in cars

12. Arrange kerosene, petrol and diesel oil in the increasing order
of their boiling point ranges.
Increasing order of their boiling points
Petrol, Kerosene, Diesel oil

13. Arrange lubricating oil, paraffin oil and gasoline in the

increasing order of their boiling points and viscosities.
Increasing order of their boiling points and viscosties
Gasoline, Paraffin oil, Lubricating oil
14. Give the different terms used in UK of the following names
“gasoline”, “kerosene” and “petroleum”.
USA UK
Gasoline Petrol
Kerosene Paraffin
Petroleum Crude oil
15. Describe how petrol is obtained from crude oil.
Petrol is obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation at
approximate boiling point range 40-100 ℃ .

16. Define the term “cracking”.

Larger molecules from heavier fractions of crude oil can be
broken into smaller, more valuable molecules. This process is
called cracking.
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17. What is meant by catalytic cracking?
Larger molecules can be broken into smaller, more
valuable , molecules by using suitable catalyst (silica, alumina
and zeolite) at temperature around 500 ℃ . This process is called
catalytic cracking.

18. What two types of products are given by all cracking

reactions? (or)
What products do you get all cracking reactions and mention
their uses?
All cracking reactions give to types of products:
(i). an alkane with a shorter chain than the original,
and
(ii). a short-chain alkene molecule.
Both these products are useful.
The shortened alkanes can be blended with the gasoline
fraction to enrich the petrol. The alkense are useful as raw materials
for making several important products.

19. Complete the following equations and name the organic

compounds. (or)
What happen when decane is cracking? Write equation in
words and symbols.?
When decane is cracked, shorter alkane (octane) and
short-chain alkene (ethene) are formed.
Decane heat, catalyst octane + ethene
C10H22 C8H18 + C2H4

20. Write equation to indicate how ethene can be made from petrol.
C8H18 heat, catalyst 4C2H4 + H2
octane ethene hydrogen
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21. Petrol (octane) can be made into ethene. Give two conditions
need for this reaction.
C8H18 heat, catalyst 4C2H4 + H2
octane ethene hydrogen
Two conditions are heat and catalyst.

22. Write down the four uses of ethene from octane cracking.
The four uses of ethene from octane cracking are –
(i). Ethanol
(ii). Polyethene
(iii). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and
(iv). Polyphenyl ethene (polystyrene).

23. Write an equation to indicate how petrol (octane) can be made

into ethane.
C8H18 heat, catalyst C6H14 + C2H4 (or) CH2 = CH2
octane (petrol) hexane ethene

CH2 = CH2 + H2 Ni, 300 ℃ CH3 – CH3

ethene ethane

24. Define flash point and ignition temperature.

The flash point is the temperature at which the vapour will
ignite in air in the presence of a flame. This temperature is usually
low for a fuel.
The ignition temperature is the temperature at which a fuel:
air mixture ignites without a flame – for petrol it is 550 ℃ .

25. What are car exhaust fumes composed of?

Car exhaust are composed of very little sulphur dioxide,
carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen.
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26. What is zeolite? Explain the terms ZSM-5 catalyst.
A zeolite is one of a large group of alumino-silicates of
sodium, potassium, calcium and barium.
ZSM-5 catalyst is an artificial zeolite composed of
aluminium, silicon and oxygen.

27. Convert methanol to gasoline (hydrocarbon) using zeolite.

(or)
Write down equation for using ZSM-5 catalyst.
(or)
Illustrate the preparation of gasoline from methanol.
(or)
How would you prepare the hydrocarbon from methanol?
methanol ZSM-5 hydrocarbons (gasoline) + water
nCH3OH (CH2)n + H2O

28. How do you understand by the term “diesel”?

Diesel is a heavy liquid fuel containing hydrocarbon
molecules (consisting of between 9 to 22 carbon atoms) which can
power the diesel engines.

29. State the advantage and disadvantage of diesel engines.

Advantage of diesel engines
(i). Diesel engines are compression ignition engines , the
fuel ignites spontaneously without a spark.
(ii). Diesel engines are more efficient than petrol engines and
produce much less carbon monoxide.
Disadvantage of diesel engines
(i). Diesel engines are produced more oxides of nitrogen
because their working temperature is higher.
(ii). The major problems in diesel engines are smoke and
odour.
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30. How do you understand the high-speed engines and slower-
speed diesel engines engine? Mention their use.
High-speed diesel engines in cars, buses and trucks use fuel
containing hydrocarbon molecules consisting of between 9 to 22
carbon atoms.
Slower-speed diesel engines for ships, etc., use a slightly
heavier fuel.

31. Diesel engines are more efficient petrol engines and produce
much less carbon monoxide. Why?
Diesel engines are more efficient petrol engines and produce
much less carbon monoxide because their working temperature is
higher; they produced more oxides of nitrogen.

32. What is meant by the term “biodiesel”? (or) What is biodiesel?

Biodiesel is produced from plant and animals oil which can
be used as a substitute for diesel fuel.
33. What are the sources of biodiesel?
Plant and animals oil may serve as the source of biodiesel.

34. Define the term “transesterification”.

The plant and animals oil has to be converted to biodiesel by
the chemical process known as transesterfication.

35. Give the name of the process which is used for conversion of
biodiesel from seed oil.
This process is “transesterification”.

36. Explain the uses of biodiesel in Myanmar.

In Myanmar, biodiesel is used to power tractor engines, petro-
diesel engines and electricity generating engines. It is the potential
substitute for petrol-diesel.
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37. Explain the first, second, third and fourth stages in the
conversion of fats or oils to biodiesel.
First stage is the preparation of nearly 100 % pure methanol
or ethanol.
Second stage is the addition of potassium hydroxide or sodium
hydroxide basic catalyst to the prepared pure methanol or ethanol.
Third stage is the treatment of the seed oil with the prepared
basic catalytic solution and the solution heated to 60 ℃ which is
the transesterfication process producing methyl or ethyl ester as the
product (biodiesel) of the reaction.
Fourth stage is the removal of glycerine and sodium or
potassium salt of fatty acids (soap) from the reaction mixture by
washing with water and pure biodiesel is separated out by using the
biodiesel processor.

38. What are the long forms of LPG and CNG? And write their
composition.
LPG is “Liquid Petroleum Gas”. It is composed of propane
and butane.
CNG is “Compressed Natural Gas”. It is composed of 90 %
methane.

39. What are the uses of LPG and CNG in Myanmar?

In Myanmar, LPG has been used in households, restaurants,
hotels and motels for cooking and frying and for other heating
systems. CNG is used as taxis, buses and vehicles.

40. How do you understand the term “coal”?

Coal is our most abundant fossil fuel. Coal is not a single
substance. It is a complex mixture of compounds that occur
naturally in varying grades. Its formula is C135H96O9NS.
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41. What are the different types of coal?
The different types of coal are –
(i). Peat (not a coal)
(ii). Lignite (brown coal)
(iii). Bituminous (soft coal), and
(iv). anthracite (hard coal).

42. Name the chemicals which can be obtained from coal and
mention their uses. (Any Two Factors)
The chemicals which can be obtained from coal are -
(i). Ammonia - for fertilizers
(ii). Coal gas (H2 and CO) - for industrial heating
(iii). Coal tar - for paints, dyes, creosote and pitch
(iv). Coke - for iron and steel-making and for home and industrial
heating

43. Give types of four steps in the coal-foaming process.

Peat heat Lignite heat Bituminous heat Anthracite
(not a coal) (brown coal) (soft coal) (hard coal)

44. What is biogas? (or) What is biogas composed of? (or) How is
biogas produced?
Give the name of this reaction process.
Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. It is
produced from cow dung and organic waste (biomass) when it
decays in the absence of air by the help of anaerobic bacteria.
The reaction is anaerobic fermentation process.

45. Explain the uses of biogas in Myanmar.

In Myanmar, biogas is used as a fuel for local industry and
powers the electricity generating engines.
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46. What is biomass and marsh gas?
Biomass is the organic waste. Marsh gas is methane.

47. How is marsh gas (methane) produced?

Marsh gas (methane) is produced from organic waste when
it decays in the absence of air.

48. What is the use of producing organic waste (biomass)?

Methane is useful for heating and cooking, and the solid
residue is used as a fertilizer.

49. In the combustion of petrol (octane), 1 mole of octane produces

5500 kJ. If the density of octane is 0.7 gcm-3. Calculate the
energy produced by one litre (1000 cm3) of petrol. (Molar mass
of octane = 114 g)
Combustion of 1 mole of octane = 5500 kJ
0.7 𝑔
Density of octane = 0.7 gcm-3 = 1 𝑐𝑚3
1 cm3 of octane = 0.7g
3
1000 cm of octane = ?
1000
= 0.7 g × 1
= 700 g
25
C8H8 (g) + O2 (g) 8CO2 (g) + 9H2O (l)
2
∆HΘ = -5500 kJmol-1
114 g of octane = 5500 kJmol-1
700 g of octane = ?
700 𝑔
= 5500 kJmol-1 × 114 𝑔
-1
= 33771.9 kJmol of the energy is produced

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Short Form to Long Form

1. STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure

2. e.m.f - Electromotive Force
3. IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry
4. LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas
5. CNG - Compressed Natural Gas
6. NPK - Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium
7. BHC - Benzene hexachloride, C6H6Cl6 (or)
Gammexane
8. IAA - Indole Acetic Acid
9. NAA - Naphthalene Acetic Acid
10. POP - Plaster of Paris, 2CaSO4.H2O
11. PE - Polyethene (Poly ethylene)
12. PP - Polypropene (Poly propylene)
13. PVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride (Poly chloroethene)
14. PTFE - Poly tetrafluoroethene
15. PS - Poly styrene (Poly phenylethene)
16. DERV - Diesel Engine Road Vehicle
17. ICI - Imperial Chemical Industries

Summited By:

U Kyaw Ye Htut

D.T.Ed (Q), Mawlamyine Education Collage

B.Ed (Q), Yangon University of Education