Fedora (operating system)

Fedora is a Linux distribution developed by the

community-supported Fedora Project which is sponsored Fedora
primarily by Red Hat, a subsidiary of IBM, with additional
support from other companies.[11] Fedora contains
software distributed under various free and open-source
licenses and aims to be on the leading edge of free
technologies.[12][13][14] Fedora is the upstream source of
the commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux distribution, and
subsequently CentOS as well.[15]

Since the release of Fedora 30, five different editions are

currently available: Workstation, focused on the personal
computer, Server for servers, CoreOS, focused on cloud
computing, Silverblue, focused on an immutable desktop
specialized to container-based workflows and IoT, focused
on IoT devices.[16] Fedora 32 Workstation with its default desktop
(vanilla GNOME version 3.36)
As of February 2016, Fedora has an estimated 1.2 million
users,[17] including Linus Torvalds (as of 2015), creator of Developer Fedora Project
the Linux kernel.[18][19] (sponsored by Red
Hat Inc.)
OS family Unix-like
Contents Working state Current

Features Source model Open source

Package management Initial release 6 November 2003[1]
Security Latest release 32[2] / April 28, 2020[2]
Software
Latest preview 32[3] / March 17,
Editions
2020[3]
Labs
Marketing target Desktop, server, cloud
Spins and Remixes
Architectures Update method
6 months per
Alternatives stable release
History Rolling release per
Development and community Fedora Rawhide

Releases Package manager

RPM (package
Rawhide
system)
See also
DNF
References
Flatpak
External links OSTree
Features GNOME Software,
dnfdragora and
Fedora has a reputation for focusing on innovation, KDE Discover
integrating new technologies early on and working closely (graphical front-
with upstream Linux communities.[14][20] Making ends)
changes upstream instead of specifically for Fedora Platforms
ensures that the changes are available to all Linux Primary: x86-64,
distributions. armhf, aarch64[4]
Alternative or
Fedora has a relatively short life cycle: each version is
usually supported for at least 13 months, where version X secondary:
is supported only until 1 month after version X+2 is ppc64le, mips64el,
released and with approximately 6 months between most mipsel, s390x,
versions.[21] Fedora users can upgrade from version to RISC-V[5][6]
version without reinstalling.[22][23] discontinued: IA-
32[7][8] and
The default desktop environment in Fedora is GNOME
ppc64[9]
and the default user interface is the GNOME Shell. Other
desktop environments, including KDE Plasma, Xfce, Kernel type Monolithic (Linux)
LXDE, MATE, Deepin and Cinnamon, are available and Userland GNU
can be installed.[24][25]
Default user interface GNOME Shell
License Various free software
Package management licenses, plus
proprietary firmware
Most Fedora editions use the RPM package management
files[10]
system, using DNF as a tool to manage the RPM
packages.[26] DNF uses libsolv, an external dependency Official website getfedora.org (https://
resolver.[26] Flatpak is also included by default, and getfedora.org/)
support for Ubuntu's snaps can be added. Fedora uses
Delta RPM when updating installed packages to provide delta updates. A Delta RPM contains the difference
between an old and new version of a package. This means that only the changes between the installed package
and the new one are downloaded, reducing network traffic and bandwidth consumption.

The Fedora CoreOS and Silverblue editions use rpm-ostree,[27] a hybrid transactional image/package system
to manage the host. Traditional DNF (or other systems) should be used in containers.

Security

Fedora uses Security-Enhanced Linux by default, which implements a variety of security policies, including
mandatory access controls, which Fedora adopted early on.[28] Fedora provides a hardening wrapper, and
does hardening for all of its packages by using compiler features such as position-independent executable
(PIE).[29]

Software

Fedora comes preinstalled with a wide range of software such as LibreOffice and Firefox. Additional software
is available from the software repositories and can be installed using the DNF package manager or GNOME
Software.
Additionally, extra repositories can be added to the system, so that software not available in Fedora can be
installed easily.[30] Software that is not available via official Fedora repositories, either because it doesn't meet
Fedora's definition of free software or because its distribution may violate US law, can be installed using third-
party repositories. Popular third-party repositories include RPM Fusion free and non-free repositories. Fedora
also provides users with an easy-to-use build system for creating their own repositories called Copr.[31]

Since the release of Fedora 25, the operating system defaults to the Wayland display server protocol, which
replaced the X Window System.[32]

Editions

Beginning with Fedora version 30, it is available in five

editions:[16]

Fedora Workstation – It targets users who want a

reliable, user-friendly, and powerful operating
system for their laptop or desktop computer. It
comes with GNOME by default but other
desktops can be installed or can be directly
installed as Spins.
Fedora Server – Its target usage is for servers. It
Fedora Workstation 22 installation summary
includes the latest data center technologies. This
edition doesn't come with a desktop
environment, but one can be installed. From
Fedora 28, Server Edition will deliver Fedora Modularity,[33] adding support for alternative
update streams for popular software such as Node.js and Go.
Fedora CoreOS – It provides a minimal image of Fedora which includes just the bare
essentials. It is meant for deployment in cloud computing. It provides Fedora CoreOS images
which are optimized minimal images for deploying containers.
Fedora IoT – Images of Fedora tailored to running on Internet of Things devices.
Fedora Silverblue – It targets users who want an immutable desktop and developers who use
container based workflows.

A Live USB drive can be created using Fedora Media

Writer or the dd command.[34] It allows users to try Fedora
without making changes to the hard disk.

Labs

Similar to Debian blends, the Fedora Project also

distributes custom variations of Fedora called Fedora
Labs.[35] These are built with specific sets of software
packages, targeting specific interests such as gaming,
security, design,[36] robotics,[37][38] and scientific GNOME Software, Fedora's default package
manager front-end
computing[39] (that includes SciPy, Octave, Kile, Xfig and
Inkscape).

The Fedora AOS (Appliance Operating System) was a specialized spin of Fedora with reduced memory
footprint for use in software appliances. Appliances are pre-installed, pre-configured, system images. This spin
was intended to make it easier for anyone (developers, independent software vendors (ISV), original
equipment manufacturers (OEM), etc.) to create and deploy virtual appliances.
Spins and Remixes

The Fedora project officially distributes different variations called "Fedora Spins"[40] which are Fedora with
different desktop environments (GNOME is the default desktop environment). The current official spins, as of
Fedora 32, are KDE, XFCE, LXQT, Mate-Compiz, Cinnamon, LXDE, and SOAS.

In addition to Spins, which are official variants of the Fedora system, the project allows unofficial variants to
use the term "Fedora Remix" without asking for further permission, although a different logo (provided) is
required.[41]

Architectures

x86-64 and ARM-hfp are the primary architectures supported by Fedora.[5] Pidora[42] and FedBerry[43] are
specialized Fedora distributions for the Raspberry Pi, which support the Raspberry Pi as well as other ARM
and SBC devices.[44] As of release 26, Fedora also supports ARM AArch64, IBM Power64, IBM Power64le,
IBM Z ("s390x"), MIPS-64el, MIPS-el, RISC-V as secondary architectures.

Fedora 28 was the last release that supported ppc64 and users are advised to move to the little endian ppc64le
variant.[9]

Alternatives

The Fedora Project also distributes several other versions[45] with less use cases than mentioned above, like
network installers and minimal installation images. They are intended for special cases or expert users that
want to have custom installations or configuring Fedora from scratch.

In addition, all acceptable licenses for Fedora (including copyright, trademark, and patent licenses) must be
applicable not only to Red Hat or Fedora, but also to all recipients downstream. This means that any "Fedora-
only" licenses, or licenses with specific terms that Red Hat or Fedora meets but that other recipients would not
are not acceptable (and almost certainly non-free, as a result).

History
The name of Fedora derives from Fedora Linux, a volunteer project that provided extra software for the Red
Hat Linux distribution, and from the characteristic fedora hat used in Red Hat's "Shadowman" logo. Warren
Togami began Fedora Linux in 2002 as an undergraduate project at the University of Hawaii,[46] intended to
provide a single repository for well-tested third-party software packages so that non-Red Hat software would
be easier to find, develop, and use. The key difference between Fedora Linux and Red Hat Linux was that
Fedora's repository development would be collaborative with the global volunteer community.[47] Fedora
Linux was eventually absorbed into the Fedora Project, carrying with it this collaborative approach.[48]

Fedora Linux was launched in 2003, when Red Hat Linux was discontinued.[49] Red Hat Enterprise Linux
was to be Red Hat's only officially supported Linux distribution, while Fedora was to be a community
distribution.[49] Red Hat Enterprise Linux branches its releases from versions of Fedora.[50]

Before Fedora 7, Fedora was called Fedora Core after the name of one of the two main software repositories -
Core and Extras. Fedora Core contained all the base packages that were required by the operating system, as
well as other packages that were distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs, and was maintained only
by Red Hat developers. Fedora Extras, the secondary repository that had been included since Fedora Core 3,
was community-maintained and not distributed along with the installation CD/DVDs. Upon the release of
Fedora 7, the distinction between Fedora Core and Fedora Extras was eliminated.[51]

Since the release of Fedora 21, as an effort to modularize the Fedora distribution and make development more
agile,[52][53] three different versions are available: Workstation, focused on the personal computer, Server and
Atomic for servers, Atomic being the version meant for cloud computing.[16]

Fedora is a trademark of Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat's application for trademark status for the name "Fedora" was
disputed by Cornell University and the University of Virginia Library, creators of the unrelated Fedora
Commons digital repository management software.[54] The issue was resolved and the parties settled on a co-
existence agreement that stated that the Cornell-UVA project could use the name when clearly associated with
open source software for digital object repository systems and that Red Hat could use the name when it was
clearly associated with open source computer operating systems.[55]

In April 2020, project leader Matthew Miller announced that Fedora Workstation would be shipping on select
new ThinkPad laptops, thanks to a new partnership with Lenovo.[56]

Development and community

Development of the operating system and supporting programs is headed
by the Fedora Project, which is composed of a community of developers
and volunteers, and also Red Hat employees.[57] The Council is the top-
level community leadership and governance body. Other bodies include
the Fedora Engineering Steering Committee, responsible for the technical
decisions behind the development of Fedora, and Fedora Mindshare
Committee which coordinates outreach and non-technical activities,
including representation of Fedora Worldwide e.g.: Ambassadors
Program, CommOps team and Marketing, Design and Websites
Team.[58]
The core values of the Fedora
community Releases
Fedora has a relatively short life
cycle: version X is supported only until 1 month after version X+2 is
released and with approximately 6 months between most versions,
meaning a version of Fedora is usually supported for at least 13
months, possibly longer.[21] Fedora users can upgrade from version to
version without reinstalling.[22][23]

The current release is Fedora 32, which was released on 28 April

2020.[2]
Fedora Core 1 with GNOME version
2.4 (2003-11)
 Version (Code End-of-
Release[59] Kernel[61][a] GNOME[61]
name)[59] life[60]
2004-09-
1 (Yarrow) 2003-11-05 2.4.22 2.4
20
2005-04-
2 (Tettnang) 2004-05-18 2.6.5 2.6
11
2006-01-
3 (Heidelberg) 2004-11-08 2.6.9 2.8
16
Fedora version 15, the first release
2006-08- with GNOME 3 and GNOME Shell.
4 (Stentz) 2005-06-13 2.6.11 2.10
07 (2011-05)
2007-07-
5 (Bordeaux) 2006-03-20 2.6.15 2.14
02
2007-12-
6 (Zod) 2006-10-24 2.6.18 2.16
07
2008-06-
7 (Moonshine) 2007-05-31 2.6.21 2.18
13
2009-01-
8 (Werewolf) 2007-11-08 2.6.23 2.20
07
2009-07-
9 (Sulphur) 2008-05-13 2.6.25 2.22
10 Fedora 21, a version that brought
experimental Wayland and HiDPI
2009-12-
10 (Cambridge) 2008-11-25 2.6.27 2.24 support (2014-12).
18
2010-06-
11 (Leonidas) 2009-06-09 2.6.29 2.26
25
2010-12-
12 (Constantine) 2009-11-17 2.6.31 2.28
02
2011-06-
13 (Goddard) 2010-05-25 2.6.33 2.30
24
2011-12-
14 (Laughlin) 2010-11-02 2.6.35 2.32
08
2012-06-
15 (Lovelock) 2011-05-24 2.6.38 3.0
26
2013-02-
16 (Verne) 2011-11-08 3.1 3.2
12
17 (Beefy 2013-07-
2012-05-29 3.3 3.4
Miracle) 30
18 (Spherical 2014-01-
2013-01-15 3.6 3.6
Cow) 14
19 (Schrödinger's 2015-01-
2013-07-02 3.9 3.8
Cat) 06
2015-06-
20 (Heisenbug) 2013-12-17 3.11 3.10
23
2015-12-
21[63] 2014-12-09 3.17 3.14
01
2016-07-
22 2015-05-26 4.0 3.16
19
2016-12-
23 2015-11-03 4.2 3.18
20
24 2016-06-21 2017-08- 4.5 3.20
08
2017-12-
25 2016-11-22 4.8 3.22
12
2018-05-
26 2017-07-11 4.11 3.24
29
2018-11-
27 2017-11-14 4.13 3.26
30
2019-05-
28 2018-05-01 4.16 3.28
28
2018-10- 2019-11-
29 4.18 3.30
30[64] 26

2019-05- 2020-05-
30 5.0 3.32
07[65] 26

2019-10-
31 N/A 5.3 3.34
29[66]
2020-04-
32 N/A 5.6 3.36
28[67]
2020-10-
33 N/A N/A N/A
20[68]
2021-04-
34 N/A N/A N/A
20[69]
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained
Latest version Future release

a. At the time of release. Supported releases are often updated to the latest stable version of the
Linux kernel.[62]
Rawhide

Rawhide is the development tree for Fedora.[70] This is a copy of a complete Fedora distribution where new
software is added and tested, before inclusion in a later stable release. As such, Rawhide is often more feature
rich than the current stable release. In many cases, the software is made of CVS, Subversion or Git source
code snapshots which are often actively developed by programmers. Although Rawhide is targeted at
advanced users, testers, and package maintainers, it is capable of being a primary operating system. Users
interested in the Rawhide branch often update on a daily basis and help troubleshoot problems.[70] Rawhide
users do not have to upgrade between different versions as it follows a rolling release update model.

See also
 Anaconda, the system installer used by Fedora
Fedora Media Writer
OSTree
ABRT

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External links
Official website (https://getfedora.org/)
Fedora Magazine (https://fedoramagazine.org/)
Fedora (https://www.distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=fedora) at DistroWatch

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