This document discusses molecular geometry, the valence bond theory, hybrid orbitals, and molecular polarity. It explains that molecular geometry is the shape of a molecule determined by the arrangement of its atoms, which can be predicted using VSEPR theory. VSEPR theory states that electron groups around an atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsion. The document also describes how the valence bond theory explains bond formation via the overlap of atomic orbitals. It provides the example of hybridization for a carbon atom in methane to allow it to form four bonds using sp3 hybrid orbitals. Finally, it states that molecular polarity depends on both the polarity of individual bonds and the overall molecular geometry.
This document discusses molecular geometry, the valence bond theory, hybrid orbitals, and molecular polarity. It explains that molecular geometry is the shape of a molecule determined by the arrangement of its atoms, which can be predicted using VSEPR theory. VSEPR theory states that electron groups around an atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsion. The document also describes how the valence bond theory explains bond formation via the overlap of atomic orbitals. It provides the example of hybridization for a carbon atom in methane to allow it to form four bonds using sp3 hybrid orbitals. Finally, it states that molecular polarity depends on both the polarity of individual bonds and the overall molecular geometry.
This document discusses molecular geometry, the valence bond theory, hybrid orbitals, and molecular polarity. It explains that molecular geometry is the shape of a molecule determined by the arrangement of its atoms, which can be predicted using VSEPR theory. VSEPR theory states that electron groups around an atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsion. The document also describes how the valence bond theory explains bond formation via the overlap of atomic orbitals. It provides the example of hybridization for a carbon atom in methane to allow it to form four bonds using sp3 hybrid orbitals. Finally, it states that molecular polarity depends on both the polarity of individual bonds and the overall molecular geometry.
This document discusses molecular geometry, the valence bond theory, hybrid orbitals, and molecular polarity. It explains that molecular geometry is the shape of a molecule determined by the arrangement of its atoms, which can be predicted using VSEPR theory. VSEPR theory states that electron groups around an atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsion. The document also describes how the valence bond theory explains bond formation via the overlap of atomic orbitals. It provides the example of hybridization for a carbon atom in methane to allow it to form four bonds using sp3 hybrid orbitals. Finally, it states that molecular polarity depends on both the polarity of individual bonds and the overall molecular geometry.
MAED – Science Course Facilitator: Mrs. Adelia D. Calimlim
Topic: Forces Between Atoms
I. Molecular Geometry Molecular geometry: the particular shape of a molecule resulting from the arrangement of its atoms in space influences the observed properties of a molecule described in terms of bond length and bond angle bond length: the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms bond angle: the angle made by the lines joining the nuclei of the atoms in a molecule established by experiment and can be predicted through calculations can also be predicted using the valence – shell electron – pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory VSEPR theory: states that the best arrangement of a given number of shared (also called bonding pairs) and unshared (also called nonbonding or lone pairs) electrons is the one that minimizes the repulsion among them electron groups : bonding pairs (electrons in chemical bonds), lone pairs and single unpaired electrons around the central atom; repel each other (since all of them are negatively charged) and tend to get as far apart from each other as possible electron group geometry: the three – dimensional arrangement of the electron groups in space, brought about by their repulsion of each other; results in a particular geometric shape in a molecule order of repulsion (from strongest to weakest) between electron groups: lone pair to lone pair > lone pair to bonding pair > bonding pair to bonding pair Single unpaired electrons can be likened to a lone pair in terms of strength of repulsion. How to Predict the Molecular Geometry of a Given Molecule Sample Problem: Predict the molecular geometry of xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4 ). Step 1: Draw the appropriate Lewis electron dot structure (LEDS) of the molecule. Step 2: Determine the number of electron groups around the central atom. Identify each electron group as a bonding pair or a lone pair For XeF4 , there are 6 electron groups equal to 2 lone pairs and 4 bonding pairs. Step 3: Determine the molecular geometry from the attached tables (Tables 15.2 and 15.3). The molecular geometry of XeF 4 is square planar.
II. The Valence Bond Theory
Valence bond theory: states that a covalent bond is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals; further states that bonding occurs through the overlap of the two half – filled orbitals of the bonding atoms. Example: Formation of diatomic hydrogen (H2 ) Two hydrogen atoms approach each other. Each hydrogen atom has a 1s orbital containing a single valence electron (half – filled 1s orbital). Their 1s electron clouds are drawn to the space between the two atoms. The 1s orbitals overlap, resulting in the sharing of valence electrons which forms a covalent bond between the two atoms.
III. Hybrid Orbitals
Hybridization: the mixing of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals to fulfil the geometric demands of a molecule hybrid orbitals: the combination of different orbitals; have energies that are intermediate between the energies of the orbitals that combined Example: Hybrid orbitals of carbon (C) in methane (CH4 ) C has 4 valence electrons (2 electrons in the 2s orbital, 1 electron in 2px and 1 electron in 2py ; 2pz is empty), while each of the 4 hydrogen atoms has 1 (1 electron in the 1s orbital). Based on the valence bond theory, C can only make 2 covalent bonds. In CH4 , however, C forms a covalent bond with each of the 4 hydrogen atoms. This is made possible by the hybridization of the valence orbitals (one 2s and three 2p) of carbon. One of the electrons in 2s gets promoted to 2pz. This results in the formation of four sp3 orbitals (the combination of a 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals). Each sp3 orbital has an unpaired electron, so carbon can now share 4 electrons (1 with each of the 4 hydrogen atoms). The sp3 orbitals have energies that are intermediate between those of the 2s and 2p orbitals.
Other hybrid orbitals include sp orbitals (combination of an s and a p orbital), sp 2
orbitals (combination of an s and 2 p orbitals) and the like. (Please refer to Table 15.4.)
IV. Polarity of Bonds and Molecules
In polyatomic molecules with several bonds, polarity is determined by two factors: the polarity of individual bonds and the geometry of the molecule.
References: Mendoza, E. E. & Religioso, T. F. (1997). Chemistry. Quezon City: Phoeniz Publishing House, Inc. Padolina, M. C. D., Simon – Antero, E. & Alumaga, M. J. B. (2010). Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
