Time-Rates

Another application of the derivatives is about time-rates. Discharge which is defined as volume per
unit time can be expressed as derivative of volume with respect to time, t. Velocity can also be expressed as
the derivative of distance traveled with respect to time. Time t is the independent variable.

Example 1. Water flows into a tank/trough at the rate of 0.30 m3/minute. Find how fast the surface rises if the
tank/trough is:
a. Vertical cylindrical with a diameter of 1.60 meters.
b. With triangular cross-section 1m wide at the top, 1m high and 3m long when the water in the
trough is 0.50m deep.
c. With trapezoidal cross-section 1m at the top, 0.50m wide at the bottom, 1m high and 3m long
when the depth of water in the trough is 0.50m.

𝑑𝑉 𝑚3
Solution: a. Let V = volume of water in the tank = 0.30
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑦
y = depth of water in the tank.
𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
V= Area of base( depth) = D2y= (1.6)2y y
4 4

Finding the derivative with respect to time t,

𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 0.30
= (1.6) 2
; =𝜋 =𝜋 Diameter D = 1.6m
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 4
(1.6)2 4
(1.6)2

𝑑𝑉 𝑚
= 0.149 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( the rate of rise of water in the tank) 1.00 m
𝑑𝑡

b. V = Area of the cross-section (length) 0.50m D 0.50m E

1 𝑑𝑦
= 2xyL = xyL =xy(3) = 3xy 1.00 m x B x C Length = 3.00m
2 𝑑𝑡

By ratio and proportion of two similar triangles y Area

( Triangle ABC is similar to triangle ADE) A

𝑑𝑉
𝑥 0.5 1 1 3 𝑑𝑉 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ; x= y and V = 3( y)y; V = 𝑦 2 ; = 2y = 3y 𝑑𝑡 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 1 2 2 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 3𝑦

𝑑𝑦 0.30 𝑚
When depth of water in the tank, y = 0.50m, = = 0.20 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 3(0.50)

c. V = Area of the cross-section (length)

1
V= 2 (width at top + width at bottom)( depth)(length)

1
= (𝑥 + 0.50 + 𝑥 + 0.5)(𝑦)(3) = 3(𝑥 + 0.5)𝑦 0.25 0.50m D 0.25 E
2

By ratio and proportion of two similar triangles

𝑑𝑦
( Triangle ABC is similar to triangle ADE) 1.00m x 0.50m B x C 𝑑𝑡

𝑥 0.25
= ; x = 0.25 y y Length = 3.00m
𝑦 1
V= 3(0.25y + 0.50)y = (0.75y + 1.5)y = 0.75y2 + 1.5y 1.00m A

𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 0.75(2y ) + 1.5 = 1.5y 𝑑𝑡 + 1.5 ; =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1.5𝑦+1.5

1|P ag e – Di ff ere n tial C al cul us Engr. Alberto F. Servito

 𝑑𝑦 0.30 𝑚
When depth of water in the tank, y = 0.50m, = = 0.133 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 1.5(0.50)+1.5

Example 2. (Exercise 11/79, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition by Love and Rainville)
A train, starting at noon, travels north at 40 mi. per hr. Another train, starting from the same point at
2 PM travels east at 50 mi. per hr. Find to the nearest mile per hour how fast the two trains are separating at 3
PM.
Solution: Let t = time of travel of the train that started at noon ( in hour)
t – 2 = time of travel of the train that started at 2 P. M. ( in hour)
Distance = Velocity (time) North
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
y= (t); x = ( t-2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑆2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 ① W E
Finding the derivative with respect to time t,
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2S = 2x + 2y ; y S
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 x +y 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= = 40 mph S
𝑑𝑡 𝑆 𝑑𝑡
At 3 PM, time t = 3 hours started at 12:00 Noon x
y = 40(3) = 120 miles
𝑑𝑥
x = 50 ( 3 – 2 ) = 50 miles started at 3:00 P. M = 50 mph
𝑑𝑡
In Equation ①, 𝑆 2 = 502 + 1202 ; S = 130 miles

𝒅𝑺 𝟓𝟎 ( 𝟓𝟎 )+𝟏𝟐𝟎 ( 𝟒𝟎 )
= = 56.15 mph ( The speed at which the two trains are separating at PM
𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟑𝟎

Example 3. One city B is 75 km ( kilometers) north and 60 km west of another city A. At noon, a car starts west
from A at 50 KPH (kilometers per hour). At 12:10 PM, another car starts east from B at 60 KPH. Determine the
following:
a. The time when the two cars will be nearest together.
b. The time rate of change of the distance between the two cars at 12:20 PM.
c. The time rate of change of the distance between the two cars at 12:45 PM.
Solution: a. Let t = time of travel of car A in hour
10 1 𝑑𝑦
t– = t - = time of travel of car A in hour. =60 kph
60 6 𝑑𝑡
X = the distance traveled by car A in kilometer = 50t y 60 – x = y
Y = the distance traveled by car B in kilometer B C D
1
Y = 60( t - ) = 60t – 10 (started 12:10 PM)
6
𝟐 2 2
In the right triangle CDE: 𝑆 = ( 60 – x – y ) + 75
Finding the derivative with respect to time t,
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2S 𝑑𝑡 = 2(60 – x – y)( − − ) ① S 75 km
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆
Since S is the minimum, then =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
And 60 – x – y = 0 = 60 – 50t – ( 60t – 10 ) = 50 kph
𝑑𝑡
60 – 50t – 60t + 10 = 0; 110t = 70 E x A (started
7
t= hour = 38 minutes and 10.91 second 60 km noon)
11
The time when the two cars will be nearest
together is 12:38:10.91PM

b. In equation ①,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑆 (60 – 𝑥 – 𝑦)( − 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡 ) ( 𝑥+ 𝑦−60)( + )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑆 𝑆

20 1 1 50 1
At 12:20 PM, t = = hour, x = 50 ( )= = 16.6667 km, y = 60 ( ) – 10 = 10 km
60 3 3 3 3

S = √(60 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)2 + 752 = √(60 − 16.6667 − 10)2 + 752 = 82.074 km

2|P ag e – Di ff ere n tial C al cul us Engr. Alberto F. Servito

 𝒅𝑺 ( 𝟏𝟔.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟕+ 𝟏𝟎 −𝟔𝟎)( 𝟓𝟎+𝟔𝟎)
= = − 44.675 kph
𝒅𝒕 𝟖𝟐.𝟎𝟕𝟒

( Negative sign indicates that the distance S is shortening)

45
c. At 12:45 PM, t = = 0.75 hour, x = 50 (0.75 ) = 37.5km, y = 60 (0.75 ) – 10 = 35 km
60

S = √(60 − 37.5 − 35)2 + 752 = 76.035 km

𝒅𝑺 ( 𝟑𝟕.𝟓+ 𝟑𝟓 −𝟔𝟎)( 𝟓𝟎+𝟔𝟎)

= = 18.084 kph ( The distance S is lengthening)
𝒅𝒕 𝟕𝟔.𝟎𝟑𝟓

Assignment: (To be submitted upon the resumption of classes)

1. Water flows into a tank/trough at the rate of 0.45 m3/minute. Find how fast the surface rises if the
tank/trough is:
a. Vertical cylindrical with a radius of 1.2 meters.
b. With triangular cross-section 1.2m wide at the top, 1.4m high and 3.6m long when the water in the
trough is 0.75m deep.
c. With trapezoidal cross-section 1.4m at the top, 0.60m wide at the bottom, 1.25m high and 3m
long when the depth of water in the trough is 0.60m.

2. A train, starting at noon, travels north at 40 mi. per hr. Another train, starting from the same point at 2 PM
travels east at 50 mi. per hr. Find to the nearest mile per hour how fast the two trains are separating at 3 PM.

3. One city B is 55 km ( kilometers) north and 65 km east of another city A. At noon, a car starts north from A
at 50 KPH (kilometers per hour). At 12:15 P. M., another car starts south from B at 60 KPH. Determine the
following:
a. The time when the two cars will be nearest together.
b. The time rate of change of the distance between the two cars at 12:20 PM.
c. The time rate of change of the distance between the two cars at 12:45 PM.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions:

𝐝𝒚
If y = Sin x, = y’ = Cos x
𝐝𝐱
If u = f(x), and
𝐝𝒚 𝐝𝐮 𝐝𝒚 𝐝𝐮
If y = Sin u, then = ( Cos u ) ; If y = Cos u, then = ( − Sin u )
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝒚 𝐝𝐮 𝐝𝒚 𝐝𝐮
If y = Tan u, then = ( 𝐒𝐞𝐜 𝟐 u ) ; If y = Cot u, then = ( − 𝐂𝐬𝐜 𝟐 u )
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

𝐝𝒚 𝐝𝐮 𝐝𝒚 𝐝𝐮
If y = Sec u, then = ( Sec u Tan u ) ; If y = Csc u, then = ( − Csc u Cot u )
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

Examples: Find the first derivative of y with respect to x.

1. y = Sin 𝑥 2 ; Solution: y’ = (Cos 𝑥 2 ) 2x = 2x Cos 𝑥 2

3
2. y = Sin ( 2𝑥 +3𝑥 -6x)
3 2 2

3 1
3
Solution: y’ = Cos ( 2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 -6x)2 ( 2 )( 2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 -6x)2 (6𝑥 2 +6x -6)

1 3
y’ = 9 (𝑥 2 +x -1) )( 2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 -6x)2 Cos ( 2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 -6x)2

3. y = Sin3 (3𝑥 2 ) = [ Sin (3𝑥 2 ) ]3

3|P ag e – Di ff ere n tial C al cul us Engr. Alberto F. Servito

 Solution: y’ = 3[ Sin (3𝑥 2 ) ]2 [Cos(3𝑥 2 )](6x) = 18x Sin2 (3𝑥 2 ) Cos(3𝑥 2 )

4. y = Cos (3𝑥 2 + 6x – 6)

Solution: y’ = [− Sin (3𝑥 2 + 6x – 6)] (6x +6) = − (6x +6) Sin (3𝑥 2 + 6x – 6)

5. y = Co𝑠 2 ( 5𝑥 2 )

Solution: y’ = 2 Cos ( 5𝑥 2 )[ − Sin ( 5𝑥 2 )](10x) = −20x Sin ( 5𝑥 2 ) Cos ( 5𝑥 2 )

6. y = Tan (3𝑥 2 + 6x)

Solution: y’ =[ Sec 2 (3𝑥 2 + 6x)](6x + 6) = (6x + 6) Sec 2 (3𝑥 2 + 6x)

7. y = Tan2 (3𝑥 2 + 6x)

Solution: y’ = 2Tan(3𝑥 2 + 6x) [ Sec 2 (3𝑥 2 + 6x)](6x + 6)

Y’ = 2(6x + 6)Tan(3𝑥 2 + 6x)Sec 2 (3𝑥 2 + 6x)

1
8. y = Sec 2 √3𝑥 2 + 6x = Sec 2 (3𝑥 2 + 6x )2

1 1 1 1
1 −2
y’ = 2 Sec (3𝑥 2 + 6x )2 Sec (3𝑥 2 + 6x )2 Tan (3𝑥 2 + 6x )2 ( )(3𝑥 2 + 6x ) (6x + 6)
2
1 1
(6x + 6)
y’ = Sec 2 (3𝑥 2 + 6x )2 Tan (3𝑥 2 + 6x )2
√3𝑥 2 + 6x

9. (Exercise 35/121, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition by Love and Rainville)

y = Sin (Cos x) ; Solution: y’ = [Cos (Cos x)](− Sin x )= − Sinx Cos (Cos x)

10. (Exercise 29/121, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition by Love and Rainville)

y = Co𝑠 4 x −Sin4 x

Solution: y’ = 4Co𝑠 3 x (− Sin x) −4Sin3 x (Cos x) = − 4Sinx Co𝑠 3 x −4Sin3 x Cos x

Y’ = −4Sinx Cos x (Co𝑠 2 x + Sin2 x)

Identity: Sin 2x = 2Sin x Cos x ; − 2 Sin 2x = −4Sinx Cos x; Co𝑠 2 x + Sin2 x = 1

Therefore, Y’ = − 2 Sin 2x

Solve the following problems by the use of trigonometri c functions.

1. The stiffness of a rectangular beam is proportional to the width and the cube of its depth. Find the
width, depth (in meter) and the volume (in 𝑚 3 ) of the stiffest rectangular beam that can be cut from a log of
30 centimeters diameter and 5 meters long.

Solution: Let x = width ; y = length C

Stiffness, S α x𝑦 3 = k x𝑦 3

Where k = proportionality constant

In triangle ABC, AC = diameter = 30 cm y

𝑦
Sin ϴ = ; y = 30Sinϴ
30
𝑥
Cos ϴ = ; x = 30Cos ϴ A B
30

4|P ag e – Di ff ere n tial C al cul us Engr. Alberto F. Servito

 ϴ
3 4 3
S = k (30Cos ϴ)( 30Sinϴ) = 30 kSin ϴ Cos ϴ x

𝐝𝒔
= S’ = 304 k[Sin3 ϴ (−Sinϴ) + Cosϴ(3Sin2 ϴ) Cosϴ = 0
𝐝𝚹

−Sin4 ϴ + 3Sin2 ϴ Cos2 ϴ = 0 ; Sin2 ϴ ( −Sin2 ϴ +3 Cos2 ϴ ) = 0

Sin2 ϴ = 0 ; ϴ = 0 (disregard)

Sin2 ϴ
−Sin2 ϴ +3 Cos2 ϴ = 0 ; = 3 ; Tan2 ϴ = 3 ; Tanϴ = √3 ; ϴ = 600
Cos2 ϴ

x = 30Cos 600 = 15 cm = 0.15 m ( width) ; y = 30Sin600 = 25.981 cm = 0.2598 m (depth)

Volume = ( width) (depth) (length) = xyL = 0.2598(0.15)(5) = 0.195 m3

2. A trapezoidal gutter is to be made from a strip of tin 16 inches wide by bending up the edges. If the
base is 4 inches wide, find the width at the top and the height of the gutter of maximum carrying capacity.

Solution: Let w = width across the top; y = height

w
For maximum carrying capacity, the area x 4” 4”
Should be maximum.

1 1
Area, A = ( b + w) y = ( 4 +x + 4 + x ) y
2 2

A=(4+x)y 6” 6” y
ϴ ϴ
𝑥
In Triangle ABC, Sin ϴ = ; x = 6 Sinϴ
6
𝑦
Cos ϴ = ; y = 6 Cos ϴ
6
4“
Therefore, A = ( 4 + 6 Sinϴ) 6 Cos ϴ
𝐝𝑨
= 6[(4 + 6Sinϴ)(− Sinϴ) + Cos ϴ( 6 Cos ϴ)] = 0
𝐝𝚹
−4 Sinϴ −6 Sin2 ϴ + 6 Cos2 ϴ = −4 Sinϴ −6 Sin2 ϴ + 6 ( 1 − Sin2 ϴ ) = −4 Sinϴ −6 Sin2 ϴ + 6 − 6 Sin2 ϴ = 0
−12 Sin2 ϴ −4 Sinϴ + 6 = 0 ; 6 Sin2 ϴ + 2 Sinϴ − 3 = 0
ϴ = 34.0430
X = 6 Sin 34.0430= 3.359 inches,
W = 4 + 2x = 4 + 2(3.359) = 10.718 inches (width at the top)and the height
Y = 6 Cos 34.0430 = 4.972 inches ( height )

3. (Exercise 14/125, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition by Love and Rainville)
A wall, 10 feet high is 8 feet from the house. Find the length of the shortest ladder that will reach the
house when one end rests on the ground outside the wall.

Solution: L = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = length of the ladder

10 10
Sinϴ = ; L1 = L2
L1 Sinϴ
L ϴ
8 8
Cos ϴ = ; L2 =
L2 Cosϴ
L1 Wall House
10 8
L= + 10’
Sinϴ Cosϴ
ϴ
−1 −1
L = 10(Sinϴ) + 8(Cos ϴ)
8’
𝐝𝑳
= 10 ( − 1)( Sinϴ)− 2 Cos ϴ + 8 ( −1) (Cos ϴ)− 2 (−Sinϴ) = 0
𝐝𝚹

5|P ag e – Di ff ere n tial C al cul us Engr. Alberto F. Servito

 − 10 Sinϴ 8Sinϴ 10 Sinϴ 8Sinϴ
+ =0;
Sin2ϴ
= ; 10 Cos3 ϴ = 8 Sin3 ϴ
Sin2 ϴ Cos2 ϴ Cos2 ϴ

Sin3 ϴ 10 10 3
= ; Tan3 ϴ = ; Tanϴ = √1.25 ; ϴ = 47.12890
Cos3 ϴ 8 8
𝟏𝟎 𝟖
L= + = 25.40 3 ft (Length of ladder)
𝐒𝐢𝐧𝟒𝟕.𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟒𝟕.𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟗

Assignment: (To be submitted upon the resumption of classes)

I. Find the first derivative of y with respect to x.

1. y = − Cos𝑥 2
1
2. y = Sin ( 2𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 -6x)2

3. y = Tan2 (3𝑥 2 )

4. y = Cot (3𝑥 2 + 6x – 6)

5. y = −Co𝑠 3 ( 5𝑥 2 )

6. y = −Csc (3𝑥 2 + 6x)

7. y = − Cot 2 (3𝑥 2 + 6x)

8. y = Sin2 √3𝑥 2 + 6x

II. Solve the following problems by the use of trigonometric functions.

1. The strenght of a rectangular beam is proportional to the width and the square of its depth. Find the
width, depth (in meter) and the volume (in 𝑚 3 ) of the stiffest rectangular beam that can be cut from a log
of 30 centimeters diameter and 5 meters long.

2. A trapezoidal gutter is to be made from a strip of tin 18 inches wide by bending up the edges. If the
base is 5 inches wide, find the width at the top and the height of the gutter of maximum carrying capacity.

3. A wall, 12 feet high is 10 feet from the house. Find the length of the shortest ladder that will reach the
house when one end rests on the ground outside the wall.

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:

If Sin y = x is the trigonometric function, then y = Arcsin x is its inverse trigonometric function.

Examples: Establish the formulas: ( page 133, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition by Love and
Rainville)

1
10. Arc Cos = Arc Sec x
𝑥
𝟏 1
Solution: Let y = . ArcCos ; Cos y = x
𝒙 𝑥
x
From the triangle, Sec y = ; y= Arc Sec x y
1
1
𝟏
y = y, Therefore, Arc Cos = Arc Sec x
𝒙
x
12. Arc Tan = Arc Sin x
√1− x2
x
Solution: Let y = Arc Tan c=1 x
√1− x2
From the triangle, c = x + ( √1 − x 2 )2
2 2

c 2 = x 2 + 1 − x 2 = 1; c = 1 ( hypotenuse of triangle ) y
x
Sin y = = x ; y = Arc Sin x √𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐
1
6|P ag e – Di ff ere n tial C al cul us Engr. Alberto F. Servito
 𝐱
y = y , Therefore, Arc Tan = Arc Sin x
√𝟏− 𝐱 𝟐
𝟏
14. Cos(Arc Tan x) =
√𝟏− 𝐱 𝟐

x
Solution: Let y = Arc Tan x; Tan y = =x
1
𝟏
From the triangle, Cos y = √𝟏 + 𝐱 𝟐 x
√𝟏+ 𝐱 𝟐
𝟏
Therefore, Cos(Arc Tan x) = y
√𝟏+ 𝐱 𝟐
1
16. Sin ( 2 Arc Cos x) = 2x √1 − x2

x
Solution: Let y = Arc Cos x; Cos y = =x
1
√1− x2
From the triangle, Sin y = 1 = √1 − x 2 1 √𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐

Sin ( 2 Arc Cos x) = Sin 2y = 2Sin y Cos y = 2√1 − x 2 ( x ) y

Therefore, Sin ( 2 Arc Cos x) = 2x √1 − x 2 x

1 −x2
18. Cos ( 2Arc Tan x ) =
1+ x2
√𝟏 + 𝐱 𝟐
x
Solution: Let y = Arc Tan x; Tan y = =x x
1
x 1
From the triangle, Sin y = ; Cos y = y
√𝟏+ 𝐱 𝟐 √𝟏+ 𝐱 𝟐
1
1 x 1 x2
Cos ( 2Arc Tan x ) = Cos 2y = Cos2 y − Sin2 y =( )2 − ( )2 = −
√𝟏+ 𝐱 𝟐 √𝟏+ 𝐱𝟐 𝟏+ 𝐱 𝟐 𝟏+ 𝐱 𝟐
𝟏 −𝐱 𝟐
Therefore, Cos ( 2Arc Tan x ) =
𝟏+ 𝐱 𝟐
2x√1 − x2
22. Tan (2 Arc Cos x) =
2x2 −1
x
Solution: Let y = Arc Cos x; Cos y =
1
√1 − x2
From the triangle, Tan y =
x

√ 1 − x2 √ 1 − x2 √ 1 − x2
2Tan y 2 x
2 x
2 x
Tan (2 Arc Cos x) = Tan 2y = = = 1 − x2
= x2 −1+ x2
1− Tan2 y √ 1 − x2
1− 2
1 −( x
)2 x x2
√1 − x2 𝑥2 2x√1 − x2
Tan (2 Arc Cos x) = 2 ( )( )=
x 2𝑥 2 −1 2x2 −1

Examples: Change the equation to algebraic form. : ( page 134, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th
Edition by Love and Rainville)
1
54. Arc Sin x + Arc Sin y = ∏ 1
2
x
Solution: Let A = Arc Sin x; Sin A = = x ; Cos A =√1 − x 2 x
1
y
Let B = Arc Sin y; Sin B = = y ; Cos B =√1 − y 2 A
1
Take Cosine of both sides of the equation: √𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐
1
Cos (Arc Sin x + Arc Sin y) =Cos ( A + B ) = Cos ( ∏)
2
1
Cos ( A + B ) = CosA CosB – SinA SinB = Cos ( ∏) 1
2
√1 − x 2 √1 − y 2 – xy = 0 ; √1 − x 2 √1 − y 2 = xy y
Squaring both sides of the equation:
(1 − x 2 ) (1 − y 2) = x 2 y 2 B

7|P ag e – Di ff ere n tial C al cul us Engr. Alberto F. Servito

 1 −y 2 − x 2 + x 2 y 2 = x 2 y 2
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 1 ( Algebraic form of the given equation) √𝟏 − 𝐲 𝟐

1
56. Arc Cos x + Arc Sin y = 6 ∏
x
Solution: Let A = Arc Cos x; Cos A = = x ; Sin A =√1 − x 2 1
1
y
Let B = Arc Sin y; Sin B = = y ; Cos B =√1 − y 2 √𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐
1
Take Sine of both sides of the equation: A
1
Sin (Arc Cos x + Arc Sin y)= Sin ( A + B ) = Sin ( 6 ∏) x
1
Sin ( A + B ) = SinA CosB + SinB CosA = Sin ( 6 ∏)
2 2
1
√1 − x √1 − y + xy = 1
2
1
√1 − x 2 √1 − y 2 = – xy y
2
Squaring both sides of the equation B
1
(1 − x 2 )( 1 − y 2 ) = – xy + x 2 y 2 √𝟏 − 𝐲 𝟐
4
1
1 − y2 − x2 + x2 y2 = – xy + x 2 y 2
4
1 3
1 − x 2 + xy − y 2 = ; x2 − xy + y 2 = ; 𝟒𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱𝐲 + 𝟒𝐲 𝟐 = 3 ( Answer )
4 4

Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

If u is a function of x:

𝐝 𝐝𝐮/𝐝𝐱 𝐝 𝐝𝐮/𝐝𝐱
Arc Sin u = Arc Cos u = −
𝐝𝐱 √𝟏 −𝐮𝟐 𝐝𝐱 √𝟏 −𝐮𝟐

𝐝 𝐝𝐮/𝐝𝐱 𝐝 𝐝𝐮/𝐝𝐱
Arc Tan u = Arc Cot u = − ,u>1
𝐝𝐱 𝟏+ 𝐮𝟐 𝐝𝐱 𝟏+ 𝐮𝟐

𝐝 𝐝𝐮/𝐝𝐱 𝐝 𝐝𝐮/𝐝𝐱
Arc Sec u = Arc Csc u =− ,u>1
𝐝𝐱 𝐮 √𝐮𝟐 −𝟏 𝐝𝐱 𝐮 √𝐮𝟐 −𝟏
Examples: Find the first derivative of y with respect to x.

1. y = Arc Sinx 2 ;

du/dx 2x 𝟐𝐱
Solution: y’ = = =
√1 −u2 √1 −(x2 ) 2 √𝟏 −𝐱 𝟒

2. y = Arc Cos (5x 2 + 10x)

du/dx 10𝑥+10 10𝑥+10 𝟏𝟎𝒙+𝟏𝟎

Solution: y’ = − = = =
√1 −u2 √1 −(5𝑥 2 +10𝑥)2 √1 −(25𝑥 4 +100𝑥3 +100𝑥 2 ) √𝟏 −𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟒 −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟑 −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐

3. y = = Arc Cos2 6x

6 𝟏𝟐𝐀𝐫𝐜 𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝐱
Solution: ( Use chain rule) y’ = (2 Arc Cos 6x) (− ) =−
√1 −(6x)2 √𝟏 −𝟑𝟔𝐱𝟐

4. y = Arc Tan 5x

du/dx 5 𝟓
Solution: y’= = =
1+ u2 1+ (5x)2 𝟏+ 𝟐𝟓𝐱 𝟐

5. y = Arc Tan2 3x 2

6𝑥 𝟏𝟐𝐱𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐓𝐚𝐧𝟑𝐱 𝟐
Solution: ( Use chain rule) y’ = (2Arc Tan3x 2 )( )=
1+ (3x 2) 2 √𝟏+𝟗𝐱 𝟒

8|P ag e – Di ff ere n tial C al cul us Engr. Alberto F. Servito

 6. (Problem 25/134, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition by Love and Rainville)
y = ( x – 1 )√2x − x 2 + = Arc Sin (x-1)

1
1 1
Solution: y’ = (x-1)( )(2x - x 2 )2 (2-2x) + √2x − x 2 (1) +
2 √1 −(x−1)2

(x −1)(1−x) 1 x −x2 −1+x 1

= + √2x − x2 + = + √2x − x2 +
√2x −x2 √1 −x2 +2x−1 √2x −x2 √2x −x2

2x −x2 −1 1 2x −x2
= + √2x − x2 + = + √2x − x 2 = √2x − x 2 +√2x − x 2
√2x −x2 √2x −x 2 √2x −x2

Y’ = 2 √𝟐𝐱 − 𝐱𝟐

(Problem 27/137, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition by Love and Rainville)
A ladder 15 ft. long leans against a vertical wall. If the top slides down at 2 ft. per sec, how fast is
the angle of elevation of the ladder decreasing when the lower end is 12 ft. from the wall?

Solution: From the figure, ladder

dy dx
x( )− y( )
dt dt
𝑦 𝑦 dϴ x2 dy
Tanϴ = ; ϴ = Arc Tan ; = y ① 15 ft. =−2 ft/ sec
𝑥 𝑥 dt 1+ (x )2 dt
dx dy
Also: x 2 + y 2 = 152 ; 2x + 2y =0 ② wall y
dt dt
When the lower end is 12 ft. from the wall, or x = 12 ft. ϴ
x
dx 𝐝𝐲
y 2 = 152 − x 2 = 152 −122 = 81 ; y = 9 ft. (Not𝐞: has – sign because
dt 𝐝𝐭
y is shortening)
dx dx rad
In equation ②, 2 (12) + 2 (9)(-2) = 0; = 1.5
dt dt s𝐞c
𝟏𝟐(−𝟐)− 𝟗(𝟐.𝟓)
𝐝𝚹 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝐫𝐚𝐝
In equation ①, = 𝟗 = −0.1667
𝐝𝐭 𝟏+ (𝟏𝟐)𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜

(Problem 38/137, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition by Love and Rainville)
A ship moving 8 mi. per hr. sails north for 30 min. then turns east. If a search light at the point of
departure follows the ship, how fast is the light rotating 2 hrs. after the start?

𝑥 dx
Solution: From the figure, Tanϴ = = 8 mph
𝑦 dt
dy
Where y = ( ) (time of travel from A to B) B x C
dt
mi
y=8 ( 0.50 hr) = 4 miles
hr
𝑥 x
Therefore, Tanϴ = ; ϴ = Arc Tan y
4 4
dx
dt
dϴ 4 dy dx
= x ① = ϴ
dt 1+( 4 )2 dt dt
After 2 hours of travel, A
dx
y+x= 2 = 2(8) = 16 miles
dt
x = 16 – y = 16 – 4 = 12 miles
𝟖
𝐝𝚹𝟒 𝐫𝐚𝐝
In equation ①, = 𝟏𝟐 = 0.20
𝐝𝐭 𝟏+( 𝟒 )𝟐 𝐡𝐫.
(Problem 46/138, Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition by Love and Rainville)
A ship, moving at 8 mi. per hr. sails E. for 2 hrs. then turns N 300 W. A searchlight, placed at the
starting point, follows the ship. Find how fast the ship is rotating a) 3 hrs. after the start. b) just after the
turn.

9|P ag e – Di ff ere n tial C al cul us Engr. Alberto F. Servito

Solution: a) In triangle ACD,
y y
Tanϴ = ; ϴ = Arc Tan ①
16−x 16−x
y
In triangle BCD, Tan 600 = ; y = 1.732x
x
1.732x
In equation ①, ϴ = Arc Tan C
16−x
dx dx
( 16−𝑥)(1.732 )−1.732𝑥(− )
dt dt
dϴ (16−𝑥)2
= 1.732𝑥 ② 8mph
dt 1+( 16−𝑥 )2
dx/dt dx
In triangle BCD, Cos 600 = ; = 4mph y
8 mph dt
• mph = miles per hour 300
After 3 hours of travel, time of travel from
B to C = 1 hour because travel from A to B = 2 hours. ϴ 600
mi
BC = (8 hr )( 1 hr) = 8 mi. A D B
𝑥 dx
Again, in triangle BCD, Cos 600 =8 ; x = 4 mi.
dt
Substituting in equation ②, 16 – x x
16 miles
( 𝟏𝟔−𝟒)(𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐)(𝟒)−𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐(𝟒)(−𝟒 )
𝐝𝚹 (𝟏𝟔−𝟒)𝟐
= 𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐(𝟒) = 0.5773 mph
𝐝𝐭 𝟏+[ 𝟏𝟔−𝟒 ]𝟐
b) Just after the turn, x = 0

( 𝟏𝟔)(𝟏.𝟕𝟑𝟐)(𝟒)
𝐝𝚹 (𝟏𝟔)𝟐
= = 0.433 mph
𝐝𝐭 𝟏

Assignment: (To be submitted upon the resumption of classes)

I. Establish the formulas.

a. Sin (Arc Cos x) = √1 − x 2

2𝑥√1− x2
b. Tan (2 Arc Sin x) =
2x2 −1

II. Change the equation to algebraic form.

a. 2 Arc Sin x + Arc Sin y = 𝜋

III. Find the first derivative of y with respect to x.

a. y = Arc Sin3x 2 ;

b. y = − Arc Cos √x 2 + 1

c. y = = Arc Cos3 6x

d. y = Arc Tan 5x 2

e. y = Arc Tan2 5x 2

IV. Use inverse trigonometric functions to solve the following problems.

a. A ladder 18 ft. long leans against a vertical wall. If the top slides down at 2.5 ft. per sec, how
fast is the angle of elevation of the ladder decreasing when the lower end is 12 ft. from the wall?

b. A ship moving 10 mi. per hr. sails north for 45 min. then turns west. If a search light at the point
of departure follows the ship, how fast is the light rotating 150 minutes after the start?
10 | P a g e – D i f f e r e n t i a l C a l c u l u s Engr. Alberto F.
Servito
 c. A ship, moving at 10 mi. per hr. sails E. for 3 hrs. then turns N 350 W. A searchlight, placed at
the starting point, follows the ship. Find how fast the ship is rotating a) 4.5 hrs. after the start. b) just
after the turn.

11 | P a g e – D i f f e r e n t i a l C a l c u l u s Engr. Alberto F.
Servito