Submitted By: Adnan

Roll #: 113
Class: BBA 6th
Section: C
Subject: MIS
Submitted to: Sir Kaleem Ullah
 Types of databases
 
A database is a collection of data or records. Database management systems are designed to
manage databases. A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that uses a
standard method to store and organize data. The data can be added, updated, deleted, or traversed
using various standard algorithms and queries.
 
 
Types of Database Management Systems
 
There are several types of database management systems. Here is a list of seven common
database management systems:

1. Hierarchical databases
2. Network databases
3. Relational databases
4. Object-oriented databases
5. Graph databases
6. ER model databases
7. Document databases
8. NoSQL databases

Hierarchical Databases
 
In a hierarchical database management system (hierarchical DBMSs) model, data is stored in a
parent-children relationship node. In a hierarchical database, besides actual data, records also
contain information about their groups of parent/child relationships.
 
In a hierarchical database model, data is organized into a tree-like structure. The data is stored in
the form of a collection of fields where each field contains only one value. The records are linked
to each other via links into a parent-children relationship. In a hierarchical database model, each
child record has only one parent. A parent can have multiple children.
 
To retrieve a field’s data, we need to traverse through each tree until the record is found.
 
The hierarchical database system structure was developed by IBM in the early 1960s. While the
hierarchical structure is simple, it is inflexible due to the parent-child one-to-many relationship.
Hierarchical databases are widely used to build high performance and availability applications
usually in the banking and telecommunications industries.
 
The IBM Information Management System (IMS) and Windows Registry are two popular
examples of hierarchical databases.
 
 

 
Advantage 
 
A hierarchical database can be accessed and updated rapidly. As shown in the figure above, its
model structure is like a tree and the relationships between records are defined in advance. This
feature is a double-edged sword.
 
Disadvantage 

This type of database structure is that each child in the tree may have only one parent.
Relationships or linkages between children are not permitted, even if they make sense from a
logical standpoint. Hierarchical databases are like this in their design. Adding a new field or
record requires that the entire database be redefined. 
 
 
Network Databases
 
Network database management systems (Network DBMSs) use a network structure to create a
relationship between entities. Network databases are mainly used on large digital computers.
Network databases are hierarchical databases, but unlike hierarchical databases where one node
can have a single parent only, a network node can have a relationship with multiple entities. A
network database looks more like a cobweb or interconnected network of records.
 
In network databases, children are called members and parents are called occupiers. The
difference between each child or member is that it can have more than one parent.
 

 
The approval of the network data model is similar to a hierarchical data model. Data in a network
database is organized in many-to-many relationships.
The network database structure was invented by Charles Bachman. Some of the popular network
databases are Integrated Data Store (IDS), IDMS (Integrated Database Management System),
Raima Database Manager, TurboIMAGE, and Univac DMS-1100. 
 
Relational Databases
 
In a relational database management systems (RDBMS), the relationship between data is
relational and data is stored in tabular form of columns and rows. Each column if a table
represents an attribute and each row in a table represents a record. Each field in a table represents
a data value.
 
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the language used to query RDBMS, including inserting,
updating, deleting, and searching records. Relational databases work on each table that has a key
field that uniquely indicates each row. These key fields can be used to connect one table of data
to another.
 
 
Relational databases are the most popular and widely used databases. Some of the popular
DDBMS are Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL, SQLite, and IBM DB2.
 
The relational database has two major advantages:

1. Relational databases can be used with little or no training.

2. Database entries can be modified without specifying the entire body.

Properties of Relational Tables

 
In a relational database, we have to follow the properties given below:

 Values are Atomic

 Each Row is alone.
 Column Values are the same thing.
 Columns are undistinguished.
 Sequence of Rows is Insignificant.
 Each Column has a common name.

 
Object-Oriented Model
 
In this Model, we have to discuss the functionality of object oriented Programming. It takes more
than the storage of programming language objects. Object DBMS's increase the semantics of C+
+ and Java. It provides full-featured database programming capabilities while containing native
language compatibility. It adds the database functionality to object programming languages. This
approach is the analogical of the application and database development into a constant data
model and language environment. Applications require less code, use more natural data
modeling, and code bases are easier to maintain. Object developers can write complete database
applications with a decent amount of additional effort.
 
The object-oriented database derivation is the integrity of object-oriented programming language
systems and consistent systems. The power of object-oriented databases comes from the cyclical
treatment of both consistent data, as found in databases, and transient data, as found in executing
programs.
 

 
Object-oriented databases use small, recyclable separated from software called objects. The
objects themselves are stored in the object-oriented database.
 
Each object contains two elements:

1. A piece of data (e.g., sound, video, text, or graphics).

2. Instructions, or software programs called methods, for what to do with the data.

Object-oriented database management systems (OODBMs) were created in the early 1980s.
Some OODBMs were designed to work with OOP languages such as Delphi, Ruby, C++, Java,
and Python. Some popular OODBMs are TORNADO, Gemstone, ObjectStore, GBase, VBase,
InterSystems Cache, Versant Object Database, ODABA, ZODB, Poet. JADE, and Informix.
 
Disadvantages of Object-oriented databases

1. Object-oriented databases are more expensive to develop.

2. Most organizations are unwilling to abandon and convert from those databases.

Benefits of Object-oriented databases

 
The benefits of object-oriented databases are compelling. The ability to mix and match reusable
objects provides incredible multimedia capability.
 
Graph Databases
 
Graph Databases are NoSQL databases and use a graph structure for semantic queries. The data
is stored in the form of nodes, edges, and properties. In a graph database, a Node represents an
entity or instance such as a customer, person, or car. A node is equivalent to a record in a
relational database system. An Edge in a graph database represents a relationship that connects
nodes. Properties are additional information added to the nodes.
 
The Neo4j, Azure Cosmos DB, SAP HANA, Sparksee, Oracle Spatial and Graph, OrientDB,
ArrangoDB, and MarkLogic are some of the popular graph databases. Graph database structure
is also supported by some RDBMs including Oracle and SQL Server 2017 and later versions. 
 
 
ER Model Databases 
 
An ER model is typically implemented as a database. In a simple relational database
implementation, each row of a table represents one instance of an entity type, and each field in a
table represents an attribute type. In a relational database, a relationship between entities is
implemented by storing the primary key of one entity as a pointer or "foreign key" in the table of
another entity.
 
The entity-relationship model was developed by Peter Chen 1976. 
 
Document Databases 
 
Document databases (Document DB) are also NoSQL database that store data in the form of
documents. Each document represents the data, its relationship between other data elements, and
attributes of data. Document database store data in a key value form.
 
Document DB has become popular recently due to their document storage and NoSQL
properties. NoSQL data storage provide faster mechanism to store and search documents.
 
Popular NoSQL databases are Hadoop/Hbase, Cassandra, Hypertable, MapR, Hortonworks,
Cloudera, Amazon SimpleDB, Apache Flink, IBM Informix, Elastic, MongoDB, and Azure
DocumentDB.
 
 
NoSQL Databases
 
NoSQL databases are the databases that do not use SQL as their primary data access language.
Graph database, network database, object database, and document databases are common
NoSQL databases. This article answers the question, what is a NoSQL database.
 
NoSQL database does not have predefined schemas, which makes NoSQL databases a perfect
candidate for rapidly changing development environments.
 
NoSQL allows developers to make changes on the fly without affecting applications.
 
NoSQL databases can be categorized in the following five major categories, Column, Document,
Graph, Key-value, and Object databases.
 
Here is a list of 10 popular NoSQL databases:

1. Cosmos DB
2. ArangoDB
3. Couchbase Server
4. CouchDB
5. Amazon DocumentDB
6. MongoDB, CouchBase
7. Elasticsearch
8. Informix
9. SAP HANA
10. Neo4j

 
 Components of Database System Environment

The database system consists of many components. It defines and regulates the collection,

storage, management and use of data within a database environment. The components of

database system are hardware, software, procedures, people and data. The hardware includes the

following:

 Computers
 Input/output devices
 Networking components

The software includes:

 Operating system
 Database management system
 Application programs
 Support utility program

The people includes:

 System administrator
 Database administrator
 Database designer
 Programmer
 Analyst
 End -users

The data includes:

 Databases
 Business rules
 Controls
The database provides the information to meet the operational need as well as future planning for

any organization. This should all be done within the framework of organizational procedures and

policies. Procedures are the business rules and instructions that govern the design and use of the

database systems, enforce the standards, monitor and audit the data that reside in the databases

and regulate the information that is generated from the stored data. Finally, the data, which is

vital to the health of the organization, plays critical role in the design of the database.

The existence of the database system depends on organizational structure and requirements at

each level. The complexity depends on the size of the organization and its functions and

corporate culture.