2.

001 - MECHANICS AND MATERIALS I

Lecture #25
12/6/2006
Prof. Carol Livermore

Recall from last time:

Beam Bending Shaft Torsion

1 dθ dϕ
Deformation ρ = k = dx dx
Strain (Compatibility) xx = −ρy θx = 2r dϕ
  dx
Equilibrium Mz = A σxx ydA Mt = A σθx rdA
Stress (Constitutive) σxx = −Ey
ρ σθθ = Gr dϕdx
Moment-Deformation Mz = EI Mt = GJ dϕ
 ρ  dx
Moment of Inertia I = A y 2 dA J = A r2 dA
Stress-Loading σxx = −MI z y σθx = MJt r
dθ 1 Mz dϕ Mt
Deflections/Angle of Twist dx = ρ = EI dx = GJ

Example:

What is ϕ(3L)?
Mt = T, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2L
Mt = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3L

1
 dϕ
Mt = GJ
dx
π 4
J= R = J1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ L
2 1
π
J = R24 = J2 , L ≤ x ≤ 3L
2
dϕ T
= ,0 ≤ x ≤ L
dx GJ1
dϕ T
= , L ≤ x ≤ 2L
dx GJ2
dϕ
= 0, 2L ≤ x ≤ 3L
dx
So:

T
ϕ(x) = x + c1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ L
GJ1
T
ϕ(x) = x + c2 , L ≤ x ≤ 2L
GJ2
ϕ(x) = c3 , 2L ≤ x ≤ 3L
Boundary Conditions:
ϕ(0) = 0 ⇒ c1 = 0  
ϕ(L) is continuous TL
GJ1 = TL
GJ2 + c2 ⇒ c2 = TGL J11 − J12
   
2T L 1 1 TL 1 1
ϕ(2L) is continuous. GJ2 + G J1 − J2 = c3 ⇒ c3 = G J1 +
TL
J2
Thus:

T
ϕ(x) = ,0 ≤ x ≤ L
GJ1
 
T TL 1 1
= x+ − L ≤ x ≤ 2L
GJ2 G J1 J2
 
TL 1 1
= + , 2L ≤ x ≤ 3L
G J1 J2
So:
 
TL 1 1
ϕ(3L) = +
G J1 J2
Example: Hollow Shaft
Q: Max stress? Angle of twist?

FBD


Mx = 0
 L
Mt − tdx = 0
0
Mt = tL
FBD Cut 1


Mx = 0

tL − tx + Mz (x) = 0
Mt (z) = t(x − L)

3
 
π
Jhollowshaf t = R24 − R14 )
2

So:
Mt r −t(L − x)r
σθx = = π 4 4
J 2 (R2 − R1 )
Max shear stress

Mt (0)R2 −tLR2
σθxmax = = 4
J π
2 (R2 − R14 )
Angle of Twist
dϕ Mt
=
dx GJ
dϕ −t(L − x)
=
dx GJ
So:  
−t x2
ϕ(x) = Lx −
GJ 2
−t L2
ϕ(L) =
GJ 2
Example:

Find: σθxmax


dϕ
Mt = G(r)r2 dA
dx A
 2π  R1  2π  2R1 
dϕ 2 2
= 3G1 r rdrdθ + G1 r rdrdθ
dx 0 0 0 R1
 R  2R1 
r4 1 r4
= 2π 3G1 + G1
4 0 4 R1
  
dϕ 3 4 G1 4 4
= 2π G1 R + 16R − R
dx 4 4

dϕ
T = 9πG1 R4
dx

4

Note: Could have (GJ)ef f = i Gi Ji

So:
dϕ T
=
dx 9πG1 R4
And:
r T
θx =
2 9πG1 R4
Recall:

σθx = 2G(r)θx

r T
σθx = 2(3G1 ) ,0 < r < R
2 9πG1 R4
r T
σθx = 2(G1 ) , R < r < 2R
2 9πG1 R4

T
σθxmax = σθx (R) =
3πR3
Example: Superposition

5
Q: What are the principal stresses? Principal directions?
Linearity:

σ(Load 1 + Load 2) = σ(Load 1) + σ(Load 2)

Recall Pressure Vessels:
FBD of Cut:


Fx = 0

−P (πR2 ) + σxx (2πRt) = 0

PR
σxx =
2t

FBD of Cut:


Fy = 0

P (2R)(L) − σθθ (2t)(L) = 0

PR
σθθ =
So: t

0 0 0

[σ]p =

0 PR
t 0

0 0 PR

2t

For torsional load (1 material):

Mt r TR
σθx = =
J Jhollow
Note: Jhollow was calculated earlier.

0 0
[σ]T =

0 0 TR

0 TR
0

 
(2 + t)4 R4
J = 2π − ≈ 2πR3 t throw out higher order terms
4 4

0 0

[σ] = [σ]T + [σ]P =

0 pR TR

T J

0 TR pR

J 2T

Note: This is plane stress.

Draw Mohr’s Circle

 
3pR
C= ,0
4t
 2  2
pR TR
R= +
4t J
 2  2
3pR pR TR
σ1,2 = ± +
4T 4t J
 
TR
J
tan θ =  
pR
4T