MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. selects relevant literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-1)
2. cites related literature using standard style (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2)
3. synthesizes information from relevant literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3)
4. writes coherent review of literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-4)
5. follows ethical standards in writing related literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-5); and
6. presents written review of literature (CS_RS11-IIIf-j-6)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

What is a literature review?

• A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, sometimes within
a certain time period.
• A literature review combines both summary and synthesis.
• A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-
organization or a reshuffling of that information.

Roles of Literature Reviews:

Sources of new ideas It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations.

Sources of criticism It may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant.
Use literature reviews:
a. to describe the counter-argument
b. to provide evidence to why the prevailing argument is unsatisfactory
c. to discuss how your own view is more appropriate based upon your interpretation of the
evidenceof historical
Sources It might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates.
context
•It can help
•to demonstrate familiarity with developments in relevant scholarship about a topic
•provide a means of comparing historical versus contemporary issues and events
•identifying key people, places, and events that had an important role related to the research
problem

Sources of To formulate how to study the topic is to look at it from different disciplinary perspectives.
interdisciplinary insight
•A goal in reviewing related literature is to provide a means of approaching a topic from multiple
perspectives rather than the perspective offered from just one discipline.

What is the value of related literature?

• A good research is designed to build on and use existing knowledge.
• Once a research topic is already determined and well-thought of, the researcher must look for
academic and research journals, books, and other similar documents that contain reports of
previous research studies about a topic related to the present research.
• Conducting a literature review is essential because it presents duplication of studies and helps
avoid problems that others have encountered.
• It also provides valuable information about how to measure the research variables involved and
what research designs will be most useful.

Tips for researching strategically

✓ Research and read with a purpose. Seek out information that answers a specific question you
have. This means skimming rather than reading entire journal articles or chapters.
✓ Look for evidence in the readings that you think may support your position. Engage with
evidence that you think contradicts your position.
✓ Have a systematic approach to your notetaking.
✓ Don’t try to write the history of everything about your topic. Instead, find one small intriguing
aspect of your topic and focus on that. A good research paper is not a big, general history or
 overview of everything that covers a great deal of information in a very superficial manner. It’s
narrowed and focused and goes deep into a limited area of a topic.
✓ You may also do the following for searching in the web:
• Forward Search – using a search engine, type your topic and start with the most recent
article
• Backward Search – get a literature review or research article on your topic, go to the
Reference page and search for the cited references

GUIDELINES IN CITING AUTHOR(S) OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

In citing the source of the related literature and studies in the body of the research paper (or in-
text citation), we will be following the APA Format 7 th edition.

APA Format
American Psychological Association or APA Style is the most common way to cite sources.

Citing in APA Format

References
Include the complete citation at the end of your paper in a references section. References are
organized by the author's last name in alphabetic (A-Z) order. Use a hanging indent to separate each
list item.
Basic Format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of the work. Source where you can retrieve the work. URL or
DOI if available
Journal Article

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initial as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author,
C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name. Read more from the APA Style
website if there are 21 or more authors.
2. (Year).
3. Title of the article. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use
sentence case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. Title of the Journal, Note: Italicize and capitalize each word in the journal.
5. Volume Note: Italicize the journal volume. If there is no issue, include a comma before the page
range.
6. (Issue), Note: If there is a issue number in addition to a volume number, include it in parentheses.
7. Page range.
8. DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

Ashing‐Giwa, K. T., Padilla, G., Tejero, J., Kraemer, J., Wright, K., Coscarelli, A., Clayton, S., Williams, I., &
Hills, D. (2004). Understanding the breast cancer experience of women: A qualitative study of
African American, Asian American, Latina and Caucasian cancer survivors. Psycho‐
Oncology, 13(6), 408-428. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.750

News/Magazine Article

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author,
C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: You do not need to abbreviate the month.
3. Title of the article. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use
sentence case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. Title of the Newspaper or Publication. Note: Italicize and capitalize each word in the publication.
5. URL

Kennedy, M. (2018, October 15). To prevent wildfires, PG&E pre-emptively cuts power to thousands in
California. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2018/10/15/657468903/to-prevent-wildfires-pg-e-
preemptively-cuts-power-to-thousands-in-california

Book

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author,
C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
 2. (Year).
3. Title of the book. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, reports), italicize the title. Only
capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
4. (Edition). Note: If there is an edition or volume, include it in parentheses and use abbreviations
of ed. or vol.
5. Publisher. Note: You do not need to include the publisher location or databases where you
retrieved it.

Schmidt, N. A., & Brown, J. M. (2017). Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of
research (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.

Book Chapter with Editor(s)

1. Author(s). Note: List each chapter author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., &
Author, C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year).
3. Title of the chapter. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use
sentence case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. In Editor(s), Note: List each editor's last name and initials as A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editors,
include (Ed.) or (Eds.) in parentheses, and end with a comma.
5. Title of the book Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, reports), italicize the title. Only
capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
6. (pp.xx-xx).
7. Publisher. Note: You do not need to include the publisher location or databases where you
retrieved it.

McCormack, B., McCance, T., & Maben, J. (2013). Outcome evaluation in the development of person-
centred practice. In B. McCormack, K. Manley, & A. Titchen (Eds.), Practice development in
nursing and healthcare (pp. 190-211). John Wiley & Sons.

Web Page

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author,
C. C. If there is no author, spell out the name of the organization or site.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: Read more about date formats from the APA Style website. Provide
as specific a date as is available. Use the date last updated, but not the date last reviewed or
copyright date. If there is no date, use (n.d.).
3. Title of page or section. Note: Italicize the title of the page.
4. Source. Note: Usually the official name of the website. If the source would be the same as the
author, you can omit the source to avoid repetition.
5. URL

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Preventing HPV-associated

cancers. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/basic_info/prevention.htm/

Online Report

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author,
C. C. If there is no author, spell out the name of the organization that published the report.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: Provide as specific a date as is available.
3. Title of the report or document. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, reports), italicize
the title. Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
4. Source. Includes the names of parent agencies or other organizations not listed in the group
author name here.
5. URL

Los Angeles County Deptartment of Public Health. (2017, January). Key indicators of health by service
planning area. http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/ha/

Dissertation or Thesis

1. Author. Note: List the author's last name and initials as Author, A. A. There is usually only one
author for a thesis or dissertation, you don't need to include any faculty advisers.
 2. (Year, Month Date). Note: Provide as specific a date as is available.
3. Title of the dissertation or thesis [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Name of
University]. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, dissertations, theses), italicize the title.
Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns. The title page will
indicate whether it's a Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis and list the name of the university
granting the degree.
4. Source. Note: Include the name of the database or institutional repository where you can
access the work (e.g. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, PQDT Open, CSU ScholarWorks)
here.
5. URL Note: If available it's available.

Valentin, E. R. (2019, Summer). Narcissism predicted by Snapchat selfie sharing, filter usage, and
editing [Master's thesis, California State University Dominguez Hills]. CSU
ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/3197xm925?locale=en

In-text Citations
When you reference another source use an in-text citation in the body of your paper.
Basic Format:
(Author's Last Name(s) or Organization, Year).
I'm using...
Direct Quotes
If you're quoting the exact words of someone else, introduce the quote with an in-text citation in
parentheses. Any sentence punctuation goes after the closing parenthesis.

• According to Brown (2019), "Direct quote" (p. 1021).

• Brown (2019) found that "Direct quote" (p. 1021).
• [Some other introduction] "Direct quote" (Brown, 2019, p. 1021).

If you're directly quoting more than 40 words, use a blockquote. Block quotes don't need quotation
marks. Instead, indent the text 1/2" as a visual cue that you are citing. The in-text citation in parentheses
goes after the punctuation of the quote.
Example:
Shavers (2007) study found the following:
While research studies have established that socioeconomic status influences disease
incidence, severity and access to healthcare, there has been relatively less study of the specific
manner in which low SES influences receipt of quality care and consequent morbidity and
mortality among patients with similar disease characteristics, particularly among those who
have gained access to the healthcare system. (p. 1021)

Use direct quotes sparingly! Focus on summarizing the findings from multiple research studies. In the
sciences and social sciences, only use the exact phrasing or argument of an individual when
necessary.
Summarizing or Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing or summarizing the main findings or takeaways from a research article is the preferred
method of citing sources in an APA paper. Always include the last name of the author(s) and the year
of the article, so your reader can find the full citation in the reference list.
Example:

According to Shavers (2007), limitations of studying socioeconomic status in research on health

disparities include difficulties in collecting data on socioeconomic status and the complications
of classifying women, children, and employment status.

In-text citations differ depending on the number of authors listed for a work, and if there is a group
author.
If you are citing a work with...
1 Author
You only need the author's last name and the year.
(Abrams, 2018)
2 Authors
Connect both authors' last names with & (ampersand) and include the year.
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
3 or More Authors
If there are 3 or more authors use et al., which means "and others."
(Harris et al., 2018)
Group Authors
First time with an abbreviation:
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019)
Then all subsequent citations: (CDC, 2019)
You may watch the following video to learn more:
Introduction to Citation Styles: APA 7th ed.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fVv2Jt0o18&feature=youtu.be
Images by: MELANIE R. FOWLER, FLORIDA SOUTHERN COLLEGE

References:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological

Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

CSUDH University Library (2019) About APA 7th ed. https://libguides.csudh.edu/citation/apa-7

Clemente, R.F., Julaton, A. B., and Orleans, A. V. (2016). Research in Daily Life 1. Sibs Publishing House,
Inc. pp. 2-25

Cristobal, A. P. and De La Cruz-Cristobal, M. C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 1. C &
E Publishing, Inc. pp. 2-37

Forlenza, S. (2020, January 21). APA Style 7th Edition: In-Text Citations, Quotations, and Plagiarism.
Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8914hv18xnU