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Java Basics Exercises - Java

Programming Tutorial

You need to do these exercises by yourself. Please don't ask me for

solutions!

Writing Good Programs

The only way to learn programming is program, program and

program. Learning programming is like learning cycling, swimming
or any other sports. You can't learn by watching or reading books.
Start to program immediately. (On the other hands, to improve your
programming, you need to read many books and study how the
masters program.)

It is easy to write programs that work. It is much harder to write

programs that not only work but also easy to maintain and
understood by others – I call these good programs. In the real
world, writing program is not meaningful. You have to write good
programs, so that others can understand and maintain your
programs.

Pay particular attention to:

1. Coding Style:
Read "Java Code Convention" (@ http://www.oracle.com
/technetwork/java/codeconvtoc-136057.html or google "Java
Code Convention").

Follow the Java Naming Conventions for variables, methods, and

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classes STRICTLY. Use camel-case for names. Variable and

method names begin with lowercase, while class names begin
with uppercase. Use nouns for variables (e.g., radius) and
class names (e.g., Circle). Use verbs for methods (e.g.,
getArea(), isEmpty()).

Use Meaningful Names: Do not use names like a, b, c, d, x,

x1, x2, and x1688. Avoid single-alphabet names like i, j, k.
They are easy to type, but usually meaningless. Use single-
alphabet names only when their meaning is clear, e.g., x, y, z for
co-ordinates and i for array index. Use meaningful names like
row and col (instead of x and y, i and j, x1 and x2),
numStudents, maxGrade, size, and upperbound.
Differentiate between singular and plural nouns (e.g., use
books for an array of books, and book for each item).

Use consistent indentation and coding style. Many IDEs (such as

Eclipse/NetBeans) can re-format your source codes with a click.

2. Program Documentation: Comment! Comment! and more

Comment!

Exercises on Flow Controls

Exercises on Conditional (Decision)

Exercise CheckPassFail (if-else): Write a program called

CheckPassFail which prints "PASS" if the int variable "mark" is
more than or equal to 50; or prints "FAIL" otherwise. The program
shall always print “DONE” before exiting.

Hints:

public class CheckPassFail {

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public static void main(String[] args) {

int mark = 49;
System.out.println("The mark is " + mark);

if ( ...... ) {
System.out.println( ...... );
} else {
System.out.println( ...... );
}
System.out.println( ...... );
}
}

Take note of the source-code indentation!!! Whenever you open a

block with '{', indent all the statements inside the block by 3 or 4
spaces. When the block ends, un-indent the closing '}' to align
with the opening statement.

Exercise CheckOddEven (if-else): Write a program called

CheckOddEven which prints "Odd Number" if the int variable
“number” is odd, or “Even Number” otherwise. The program shall
always print “BYE!” before exiting.

Hints: n is an even number if (n % 2) is 0; otherwise, it is an odd

number.

public class CheckOddEven {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 49;
System.out.println("The number is " +
number);
if ( ...... ) {
System.out.println( ...... );
} else {

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System.out.println( ...... );
}
System.out.println( ...... );
}
}

Exercise PrintNumberInWord (nested-if, switch-case): Write a

program called PrintNumberInWord which prints "ONE", "TWO",...
, "NINE", "OTHER" if the int variable "number" is 1, 2,... , 9, or
other, respectively. Use (a) a "nested-if" statement; (b) a
"switch-case" statement.

Hints:

public class PrintNumberInWord {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 5;

if (number == 1) {
System.out.println( ...... );
} else if ( ...... ) {
......
} else if ( ...... ) {
......
......
} else {
......
}

switch(number) {
case 1: System.out.println( ...... );
break;

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case 2: System.out.println( ...... );

break;
......
......
default: System.out.println( ...... );
}
}
}

Exercise PrintDayInWord (nested-if, switch-case): Write a program

called PrintDayInWord which prints “Sunday”, “Monday”, ...
“Saturday” if the int variable "day" is 0, 1, ..., 6, respectively. 
Otherwise, it shall print “Not a valid day”. Use (a) a "nested-if"
statement; (b) a "switch-case" statement.

Exercises on Loop (Iteration)

Exercise SumAndAverage (Loop): Write a program called

SumAndAverage to produce the sum of 1, 2, 3, ..., to 100. Also
compute and display the average. The output shall look like:

The sum is 5050

The average is 50.5

Hints:

public class SumAndAverage {

public static void main (String[] args) {
int sum = 0;
double average;
int lowerbound = 1;
int upperbound = 100;

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for (int number = lowerbound; number <=

upperbound; ++number) {
sum += number;
}

......

......
}
}

Try:

1. Modify the program to use a "while-do" loop instead of "for" loop.

int number = lowerbound;
int sum = 0;
while (number <= upperbound) {
sum += number;
++number;
}

2. Modify the program to use a "do-while" loop.

int number = lowerbound;
int sum = 0;
do {
sum += number;
++number;
} while (number <= upperbound);

3. What is the difference between "for" and "while-do" loops? What is

the difference between "while-do" and "do-while" loops?

4. Modify the program to sum from 111 to 8899, and compute the

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average. Introduce an int variable called count to count the

numbers in the specified range.
int count = 0;
for ( ...; ...; ... ) {
......
++count;
}

5. Modify the program to sum only the odd numbers from 1 to 100,
and compute the average. (HINTS: n is an odd number if n % 2 is
not 0.)

6. Modify the program to sum those numbers from 1 to 100 that is

divisible by 7, and compute the average.

7. Modify the program to find the "sum of the squares" of all the
numbers from 1 to 100, i.e. 1*1 + 2*2 + 3*3 + ... + 100*100.

Exercise Product1ToN (Loop): Write a program called

Product1ToN to compute the product of integers 1 to 10 (i.e.,
1×2×3×...×10). Try computing the product from 1 to 11, 1 to 12, 1 to
13 and 1 to 14. Write down the product obtained and explain the
results.

Hints: Declare an int variable called product (to accumulate the

product) and initialize to 1.

Try: Compute the product from 1 to 11, 1 to 12, 1 to 13 and 1 to 14.

Write down the product obtained and decide if the results are
correct.

Try: Repeat the above, but use long to store the product. 
Compare the products obtained.

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Hints: Product of 1 to 13 (=6227020800) is outside the range of int

[-2147483648, 2147483647], but within the range of long. Take
note that computer programs may not produce the correct answer
even though everything seems correct!

Exercise HarmonicSum (Loop): Write a program called

HarmonicSum to compute the sum of a harmonic series, as shown
below, where n=50000. The program shall compute the sum from
left-to-right as well as from the right-to-left. Obtain the difference
between these two sums and explain the difference. Which sum is
more accurate?

Hints:

public class HarmonicSum {

public static void main (String[] args) {
int maxDenominator = 50000;
double sumL2R = 0.0;
double sumR2L = 0.0;

for (int denominator = 1; denominator <=

maxDenominator; ++denominator) {
......

}
      System.out.println("The sum from
left-to-right is: " + sumL2R);

......

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......
}
}

Exercise ComputePI (Loop & Condition): Write a program called

ComputePI to compute the value of π, using the following series
expansion. You have to decide on the termination criterion used in
the computation (such as the number of terms used or the
magnitude of an additional term). Is this series suitable for
computing π?

JDK maintains the value of π in a double constant called

Math.PI. Compare the values obtained and the Math.PI, in
percents of Math.PI.

Hints: Add to sum if the denominator modulus 4 is 1, and subtract

from sum if it is 3.

double sum = 0.0;

int maxDenominator = 10000000;
for (int denominator = 1; denominator <=
maxDenominator; denominator += 2) {
if (denominator % 4 == 1) {
sum += ......;
} else if (denominator % 4 == 3) {
sum -= ......;
} else {
System.out.println("The computer has gone
crazy?!");

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}
}

Try maxDenominator of 100000, 1000000 and comment on the

value of PI computed.

Alternatively, you can use the term number as the loop index:

int maxTerm = 25000;

int sum = 0.0;
for (int term = 1; term <= maxTerm; term++) {
if (term % 2 == 1) {
sum += 1.0/(term*2-1);
} else {
......
}
}

Exercise CozaLozaWoza (Loop & Condition): Write a program

called CozaLozaWoza which prints the numbers 1 to 110, 11
numbers per line. The program shall print "Coza" in place of the
numbers which are multiples of 3, "Loza" for multiples of 5, "Woza"
for multiples of 7, "CozaLoza" for multiples of 3 and 5, and so on.
The output shall look like:

1 2 Coza 4 Loza Coza Woza 8 Coza Loza 11

Coza 13 Woza CozaLoza 16 17 Coza 19 Loza CozaWoza
22
23 Coza Loza 26 Coza Woza 29 CozaLoza 31 32 Coza
......

Hints:

public class CozaLozaWoza {

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public static void main(String[] args) {

int lowerbound = 1, upperbound = 110;
for (int number = lowerbound; number <=
upperbound; ++number) {

if ( ...... ) {
System.out.print("Coza");
}

if ( ...... ) {
System.out.print(.....);
}

......

if ( ...... ) {
......
}

if ( ...... ) {
System.out.println();
} else {
System.out.print( ...... );
}
}
}
}

A better solution is to use a boolean flag to keep track of whether

the number has been processed, as follows:

int lowerbound = 1, upperbound = 110;

boolean printed;
for (int number = lowerbound; number <=
upperbound; ++number) {

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printed = false;

if ( ...... ) {
System.out.print( ...... );
printed = true;
}

if ( ...... ) {
System.out.print( ..... );
printed = true; !
}

......

if (!printed) {
......
}

......
}

Exercise Fibonacci (Loop): Write a program called Fibonacci to

display the first 20 Fibonacci numbers F(n), where F(n)=F(n–
1)+F(n–2) and F(1)=F(2)=1. Also compute their average. The
output shall look like:

The first 20 Fibonacci numbers are:

1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987
1597 2584 4181 6765
The average is 885.5

Hints:

public class Fibonacci {

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public static void main (String args[]) {

int n = 3;
int fn;
int fnMinus1 = 1;
int fnMinus2 = 1;
int nMax = 20;
int sum = fnMinus1 + fnMinus2;
double average;

System.out.println("The first " + nMax + "

Fibonacci numbers are:");
......

while (n <= nMax) {

......

++n;
fnMinus2 = fnMinus1;
fnMinus1 = fn;
}

......
}
}

Exercise Tribonacci (Loop): Tribonacci numbers are a sequence of

numbers T(n) similar to Fibonacci numbers, except that a number
is formed by adding the three previous numbers, i.e., T(n)=T(n-
1)+T(n-2)+T(n-3), T(1)=T(2)=1, and T(3)=2. Write a
program called Tribonacci to produce the first twenty Tribonacci
numbers.

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Exercise ExtractDigits (Loop): Write a program called

ExtractDigits to extract each digit from an int, in the reverse
order. For example, if the int is 15423, the output shall be "3 2 4 5
1", with a space separating the digits.

Hints: Use n % 10 to extract the least-significant digit; and n =

n / 10 to discard the least-significant digit.

int n = .......;
while (n > 0) {
int digit = n % 10;
......
......
n = n / 10;
}

Exercises on Nested-Loop

Exercise SquareBoard (nested-loop): Write a program called

SquareBoard that displays the following n×n (n=5) pattern using
two nested for-loops.

# # # # #
# # # # #
# # # # #
# # # # #
# # # # #

Your program should use only two output statements, one EACH of
the followings:

System.out.print("# ");
System.out.println();

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Hints:

public class SquareBoard {

public static void main (String[] args) {
int size = 5;
for (int row = 1; row <= size; ++row) {
for (int col = 1; ......; ......) {
......
}
......
}
}
}

Notes: The code pattern for printing 2D patterns using nested loop
is:

for (int row = 1; row <= size; row++) {

for (int col = 1; col <= size; col++) {

System.out.print( ...... )
......
}

System.out.println();
}

Exercise CheckerBoard (nested-loop): Write a program called

CheckerBoard that displays the following n×n (n=7)
checkerboard pattern using two nested for-loops.

# # # # # # #
# # # # # # #

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# # # # # # #
# # # # # # #
# # # # # # #
# # # # # # #
# # # # # # #

Your program should use only three output statements, one EACH
of the followings:

System.out.print("# ");
System.out.print(" ");
System.out.println();

Hints:

public class CheckerBoard {

public static void main (String[] args) {
int size = 7;

for (int row = 1; ......; ......) {

if ((row % 2) == 0) {
......
}
for (int col = 1; ......; ......) {
......
}
......
}
}
}

Exercise TimeTable (nested-loop): Write a program called

TimeTable to produce the multiplication table of 1 to 9 as shown

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using two nested for-loops:

* | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-------------------------------
1 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 | 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
3 | 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
4 | 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
5 | 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6 | 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
7 | 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63
8 | 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72
9 | 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81

Modify the program to print the multiplication table of 1 to 12. (Hints:

use printf() to format the numbers.)

Exercise PrintPattern (nested-loop): Print each of the followings

patterns using nested loops.

# # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# #
# # # # # # # #

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# # # # # # #
# # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # #
# # # #
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # #
# # # # # # #
# # #
# # # # # # #
# # #
# # # # #
# # #
# # # # # # #
# # #
# # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
(e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)

Hints: On the main diagonal, row = col. On the opposite

diagonal, row + col = size + 1, where row and col begin
from 1.

Debugging/Tracing Programs using a Graphic Debugger

Exercise (Using a graphic debugger): The following program

computes and prints the factorial of n (=1*2*3*...*n). The
program, however, has a logical error and produce a wrong answer

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for n=20 ("The Factorial of 20 is -2102132736" – negative?!). Use

the graphic debugger of Eclipse/NetBeans to debug the program by
single-step through the program and tabulating the values of i and
factorial at the statement marked by (*).

You should try out debugging features such as "Breakpoint", "Step

Over", "Watch variables", "Run-to-Line", "Resume", "Terminate",
among others. (Read "Eclipse for Java" or "NetBeans for Java" for
details).

public class Factorial {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int n = 20;
int factorial = 1;

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

factorial = factorial * i;
}
System.out.println("The Factorial of " + n
+ " is " + factorial);
}
}

Exercises on Keyboard and File Input

Exercise KeyboardScanner (Keyboard Input): Write a program

called KeyboardScanner to prompt user for an int, a double,
and a String. The output shall look like (the inputs are shown in
bold):

Enter an integer: 12
Enter a floating point number: 33.44
Enter your name: Peter

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Hi! Peter, the sum of 12 and 33.44 is 45.44

Hints:

import java.util.Scanner;
public class KeyboardScanner {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num1;
double num2;
String name;
double sum;

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter an integer: ");
num1 = in.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter a floating point
number: ");
num2 = in.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter your name: ");
name = in.next();

......

in.close();
}
}

Exercise FileScanner (File Input): Write a program called

FileScanner to read an int, a double, and a String form a
text file called "in.txt", and produce the following output:

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The integer read is 12

The floating point number read is 33.44
The String read is "Peter"
Hi! Peter, the sum of 12 and 33.44 is 45.44

You need to create a text file called "in.txt" (in Eclipse, right-click
on the "project" "New" "File") with the following contents:

12
33.44
Peter

import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;

public class FileScanner {

public static void main(String[] args)
throws FileNotFoundException {
int num1;
double num2;
String name;
double sum;

Scanner in = new Scanner(new

File("in.txt"));
num1 = in.nextInt();
num2 = in.nextDouble();
name = in.next();

......

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in.close();
}
}

Ignore the Exception Handling codes for the time being. They will
be covered in due course.

Exercise CircleComputation (User Input): Write a program called

CircleComputation, which prompts user for a radius (in
double) and compute the area and circumference of the circle
rounded to 2 decimal places. The output shall look like:

Enter the radius: 1.2

The area is: 4.52
The circumference is: 7.53

Hints: π is kept in a constant called Math.PI.

Exercise CircleComputation (User Input & Sentinel Value): Modify

the above exercise. The program shall repeatedly prompt for the
radius, until the user enters -1. For example,

Enter the radius: 1.2

The area is: 4.52
The circumference is: 7.53

Enter the radius: 2.1

The area is: 13.85
The circumference is: 13.19

Enter the radius: -1

Hints: To repeat until input is -1 (called sentinel value), use the

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following pattern:

int number;

System.out.print("Enter a positive integer or -1

to exit: ");
number = in.nextInt();

while (number != -1) {

......
......

System.out.print("Enter a positive integer or

-1 to exit: ");
number = in.nextInt();
}

Exercises on String and char Operations

Exercise ReverseString: Write a program called ReverseString,

which prompts user for a String, and prints the reverse of the
String. The output shall look like:

Enter a String: abcdef

The reverse of the String "abcdef" is "fedcba".

Hints:

import java.util.Scanner;
public class ReverseString {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String inStr;

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int inStrLen;

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a String: ");
inStr = in.next();
inStrLen = inStr.length();

for (int i = inStrLen - 1; i >= 0; --i) {

......
}
}
}

For a String called inStr, you can use inStr.length() to get

the length of the String; and inStr.charAt(index) to retrieve
the char at the index position, where index begins with 0.

Exercise CheckVowelsDigits: Write a program called

CheckVowelsDigits, which prompts the user for a String,
counts the number of vowels (a, e, i, o, u, A, E, I, O, U) and digits
(0-9) contained in the string, and prints the counts and the
percentages (with 2 decimal digits).  For example,

Enter a String: testing12345

Number of vowels: 2 (16.67%)
Number of digits: 5 (41.67%)

Hints:

To check if a char c is a digit, you can use boolean expression

(c >= '0' && c <= '9'); or use built-in boolean function
Character.isDigit(c).

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You could use in.next().toLowerCase() to convert the input

String to lowercase reduce the number of cases.

To print a % using printf(), you need to use %%. This is because

% has a special meaning in printf(), e.g., %d and %f.

Exercise PhoneKeyPad: On your phone keypad, the alphabets are

mapped to digits as follows: ABC(2), DEF(3), GHI(4), JKL(5),
MNO(6), PQRS(7), TUV(8), WXYZ(9). Write a program called
PhoneKeyPad, which prompts user for a String (case
insensitive), and converts to a sequence of keypad digits. Use a
nested-if (or switch-case) in this exercise.

Hints:

You can use in.next().toLowerCase() to read a String

and convert it to lowercase to reduce your cases.

In switch, you can handle multiple cases, e.g.,

switch (inChar) {
case 'a': case 'b': case 'c':
System.out.print(2); break;
case 'd': case 'e': case 'f':
......
default:
......
}

Exercise TestPalindromicWord: A word that reads the same

backward as forward is called a palindrome, e.g., "mom", "dad",
"racecar", "madam", and "Radar" (case-insensitive). Write a

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program called TestPalindromicWord, that prompts user for a

word and prints ""xxx" is|is not a palindrome".

A phrase that reads the same backward as forward is also called a

palindrome, e.g., "Madam, I'm Adam", "A man, a plan, a canal -
Panama!" (ignoring punctuation and capitalization). Modify your
program (called TestPalindromicPhrase) to test palindromic
phrase.

Hints: Maintain two indexes, forwardIndex and

backwardIndex, used to scan the phrase forward and backward.
You can check if a char c is a letter either using built-in boolean
function Character.isLetter(c); or boolean expression
(c >= 'a' && c <= 'z'). Skip the index if it does not contain
a letter.

int fIdx = 0, bIdx = strLen -1;

while (fIdx < bIdx) {
......
}

Exercise Bin2Dec: Write a program called Bin2Dec to convert an

input binary string into its equivalent decimal number. Your output
shall look like:

Enter a Binary string: 1011

The equivalent decimal number for binary "1011"
is: 11

Enter a Binary string: 1234

error: invalid binary string "1234"

Hints: For a n-bit binary number bn-1bn-2...b1b0, bi {0,1},

the equivalent decimal number is bn-1×2n-1+bn-2×2n-2+

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...+b1×21+b0×20.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class Bin2Dec {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String binStr;
int binStrLen;
int dec = 0;
......

......

for (int pos = 0; pos < binStrLen; ++pos) {

int order = binStrLen - 1 - pos;
char binChar = binStr.charAt(pos);

if (binChar == '1') {
......
} else if (binChar != '0') {
System.out.println("error: invalid
binary string \"" + binStr + "\"");
System.exit(1);
}
}

......
}
}

binStr : 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
charAt(pos) : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (pos from
the left)

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Math.pow(2, order) : 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 (order from

the right)

binStr.length() = 8
pos + order = binStr.length() - 1

You can use JDK method Math.pow(x, y) to compute the x

raises to the power of y. This method takes two doubles as
argument and returns a double. You have to cast the result back
to int.

To convert a char c (of digit '0' to '9') to int (0 to 9), simply

subtract by char '0', e.g., '5'-'0' gives int 5.

NOTES: You can use Scanner's nextInt(int radix) to read

an int in the desired radix. Try reading a binary number (radix of
2) and print its decimal equivalent.

Exercise Hex2Dec: Write a program called Hex2Dec to convert an

input hexadecimal string into its equivalent decimal number. Your
output shall look like:

Enter a Hexadecimal string: 1a

The equivalent decimal number for hexadecimal
"1a" is: 26

Enter a Hexadecimal string: 1y3

error: invalid hexadecimal string "1y3"

Hints:

For a n-digit hexadecimal number hn-1hn-2...h1h0,

hi {0,…,9,A,…,F}, the equivalent decimal number is
hn-1×16n-1+hn-2×16n-2+ ...+h1×161+h0×160.

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You need to transform char '0' to '9' to int 0-9; and char
'a' to 'f' (or 'A' to 'F') to int 10-15. However, you do not
need a big nested-if statement of 16 cases (or 22 considering the
upper and lower letters).  Extract the individual character from the
hexadecimal string, says c. If char c is between '0' to '9', you
can get the integer offset via c-'0'.  If c is between 'a' to 'f' or
'A' to 'F', the integer offset is c-'a'+10 or c-'A'+10.

String hexStr;
char hexChar;
......
hexChar = hexStr.charAt(pos);
......

if (hexChar >= '0' && hexChar <= '9') {

... (hexChar-'0') ...
...
} else if (hexChar >= 'a' && hexChar <= 'f') {
... (hexChar-'a'+10) ...
...
} else if (hexChar >= 'A' && hexChar <= 'F') {
... (hexChar-'A'+10) ...
...
} else {
System.out.println("error: invalid hexadecimal
string");
System.exit(1);
}

Exercise Oct2Dec: Write a program called Oct2Dec to convert an

input Octal string into its equivalent decimal number.

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Exercise Radix2Dec: Write a program called Radix2Dec to convert

an input string of any radix into its equivalent decimal number.

Enter the radix: 16

Enter the string: 1a
The equivalent decimal number "1a" is: 26

Exercises on Array

Exercise GradesAverage (Array): Write a program called

GradesAverage, which prompts user for the number of students,
reads it from the keyboard, and saves it in an int variable called
numStudents. It then prompts user for the grades of each of the
students and saves them in an int array called grades.  Your
program shall check that the grade is between 0 and 100. A
sample session is as follow:

Enter the number of students: 3

Enter the grade for student 1: 55
Enter the grade for student 2: 108
Invalid grade, try again...
Enter the grade for student 2: 56
Enter the grade for student 3: 57
The average is: 56.0

Exercise Hex2Bin (Array for Table Lookup): Write a program called

Hex2Bin to convert a hexadecimal string into its equivalent binary
string. The output shall look like:

Enter a Hexadecimal string: 1abc

The equivalent binary for hexadecimal "1abc" is:
0001 1010 1011 1100

Hints: Use an array of 16 binary Strings corresponding to

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hexadecimal number '0' to 'F' (or 'f'), as follows:

String[] hexBits = {"0000", "0001", "0010",

"0011",
"0100", "0101", "0110",
"0111",
"1000", "1001", "1010",
"1011",
"1100", "1101", "1110",
"1111"};

Exercises on Method

Exercise (Method): Write a boolean method called isOdd() in a

class called OddTest, which takes an int as input and returns
true if the it is odd. The signature of the method is as follows:

public static boolean isOdd(int number)

Also write the main() method that prompts user for a number, and
prints "ODD" or "EVEN". You should test for negative input.

Exercise (Method): Write a boolean method called hasEight(),

which takes an int as input and returns true if the number
contains the digit 8 (e.g., 18, 808). The signature of the method is
as follows:

public static boolean hasEight(int number)

Write a program called MagicSum, which prompts user for

numbers, and produce the sum of numbers containing the digit 8.
Your program should use the above methods. A sample output of
the program is as follows:

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Enter a positive integer or -1 to exit: 1

Enter a positive integer or -1 to exit: 2
Enter a positive integer or -1 to exit: 3
Enter a positive integer or -1 to exit: 8
Enter a positive integer or -1 to exit: 88
Enter a positive integer or -1 to exit: -1
The magic sum is: 96

Hints: To repeat until input is -1 (called sentinel value):

int number;
int sentinel = -1;

System.out.print("Enter a positive integer or -1

to exit: ");
number = in.nextInt();

while (number != sentinel) {

......

System.out.print("Enter a positive integer or

-1 to exit: ");
number = in.nextInt();
}

Hints: You can either convert the int to String and use the
String's charAt() to inspect each char; or repeatably use
n%10 and n=n/10 to extract each digit (in int).

Exercise (Array and Method): Write a method called

printArray(), which takes an int array and print its contents in

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the form of {a1, a2, ..., an}. Take note that there is no
comma after the last element. The method's signature is as follows:

public static void printArray(int[] array)

Also write a test driver to test this method (you should test on empty
array, one-element array, and n-element array).

How to handle double[] or float[]? You need to write another

version for double[], e.g.,

public static void printArray(double[] array)

public static void printArray(float[] array)

The above is known as method overloading, where the same

method name can have many versions, differentiated by its
parameter list.

Exercise (Array and Method): Write a method called

arrayToString(), which takes an int array and return a
String in the form of {a1, a2, ..., an}. Take note that there
is no comma after the last element. The method's signature is as
follows:

public static String arrayToString(int[] array)

Also write a test driver to test this method (you should test on empty
array, one-element array, and n-element array).

Notes: This is similar to the built-in function

Arrays.toString(). You could study its source code.

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Exercise (Array and Method): Write a boolean method called

contains(), which takes an array of int and an int; and returns
true if the array contains the given int. The method's signature is
as follows:

public static boolean contains(int[] array, int

key)

Also write a test driver to test this method.

Exercise (Array and Method): Write a method called search(),

which takes an array of int and an int; and returns the array
index if the array contains the given int; or -1 otherwise. The
method's signature is as follows:

public static int search(int[] array, int key)

Also write a test driver to test this method.

Exercise (Array and Method): Write a boolean method called

equals(), which takes two arrays of int and returns true if the
two arrays are exactly the same (i.e., same length and same
contents). The method's signature is as follows:

public static boolean equals(int[] array1, int[]

array2)

Also write a test driver to test this method.

Exercise (Array and Method): Write a boolean method called

copyOf(), which an int Array and returns a copy of the given

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array. The method's signature is as follows:

public static int[] copyOf(int[] array)

Also write a test driver to test this method.

Write another version for copyOf() which takes a second

parameter to specify the length of the new array. You should
truncate or pad with zero so that the new array has the required
length.

public static int[] copyOf(int[] array, int

newLength)

NOTES: This is similar to the built-in function Arrays.copyOf().

Exercise (Array and Method): Write a method called reverse(),

which takes an array of int and reverse its contents. For example,
the reverse of {1,2,3,4} is {4,3,2,1}. The method's signature
is as follows:

public static void reverse(int[] array)

Take note that the array passed into the method can be modified by
the method (this is called "pass by reference"). On the other hand,
primitives passed into a method cannot be modified. This is
because a clone is created and passed into the method instead of
the original copy (this is called "pass by value").

Also write a test driver to test this method.

Hint: You need to use a temp location (an int) to swap the first
element with the last element, and so on.

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Exercise (Array and Method): Write a method called swap(), which

takes two arrays of int and swap their contents if they have the
same length. It shall return true if the contents are successfully
swapped. The method's signature is as follows:

public static boolean swap(int[] array1, int[]

array2)

Also write a test driver to test this method.

Hint: You need to use a temp location (an int) to swap the
corresponding elements of the two arrays.

Exercise GradesStatistics (Method): Write a program called

GradesStatistics, which reads in n grades (of int between 0
and 100, inclusive) and displays the average, minimum, maximum,
median and standard deviation. Display the floating-point values
upto 2 decimal places.  Your output shall look like:

Enter the number of students: 4

Enter the grade for student 1: 50
Enter the grade for student 2: 51
Enter the grade for student 3: 56
Enter the grade for student 4: 53
{50,51,56,53}
The average is: 52.50
The median is: 52.00
The minimum is: 50
The maximum is: 56
The standard deviation is: 2.29

The formula for calculating standard deviation is:

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Hints:

public class GradesStatistics {

public static int[] grades;

public static void main(String[] args) {

readGrades();
printArray(grades);
System.out.println("The average is " +
average(grades));
System.out.println("The median is " +
median(grades));
System.out.println("The minimum is " +
min(grades));
System.out.println("The maximum is " +
max(grades));
System.out.println("The standard deviation
is " + stdDev(grades));
}

public static void readGrades() { ....... }

public static void printArray(int[] array) {

....... }

public static double average(int[] array) {

...... }

public static double median(int[] array) {

...... }

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public static int max(int[] array) {

int max = array[0];

......
}

public static int min(int[] array) { ....... }

public static double stdDev(int[] array) {

....... }
}

Take note that besides readGrade() that relies on global variable

grades, all the methods are self-contained general utilities that
operate on any given array.

Exercise GradesHistogram (Method): Write a program called

GradesHistogram, which reads in n grades (as in the previous
exercise), and displays the horizontal and vertical histograms. For
example:

0 - 9: ***
10 - 19: ***
20 - 29:
30 - 39:
40 - 49: *
50 - 59: *****
60 - 69:
70 - 79:
80 - 89: *

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90 -100: **

*
* *
*
* *
* *
* * * *
* *
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79
80-89 90-100

Hints:

Declare a 10-element int arrays called bins, to maintain the

counts for [0,9], [10,19], ..., [90,100]. Take note that the
bins's index is mark/10, except mark of 100.

Write the codes to print the star first. Test it. Then print the labels.

To print the horizontal histogram, use a nested loop:

for (int binNum = 0; binNum < bins.length;
binNum++) {

.......
for (int starNum = 0; starNum < bins[binNum];
starNum++) {
.......
}
......
}

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To print the vertical histogram, you need to find the maximum bin
count (called maxBinCount) and use a nested loop:
for (int level = maxBinCount; level >= 1;
level--) {
for (int binNum = 0; binNum < bins.length;
binNum++) {

}
......
}

Exercise (Array and Method): Write a program called

PrintChart that prompts the user to input n non-negative
integers and draws the corresponding horizontal bar chart. Your
program shall use an int array of length n; and comprise methods
readInput() and printChart(). A sample session is as
follows:

Enter number of bars: 4

Enter bar 1 value: 4
Enter bar 2 value: 3
Enter bar 3 value: 5
Enter bar 4 value: 7

**** (4)
*** (3)
***** (5)
******* (7)

Exercises on Command-line Arguments

Exercise Arithmetic (Command-line arguments): Write a program

called Arithmetic that takes three command-line arguments: two

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integers followed by an arithmetic operator (+, -, * or /). The

program shall perform the corresponding operation on the two
integers and print the result. For example:

java Arithmetic 3 2 +
3+2=5

java Arithmetic 3 2 -
3-2=1

java Arithmetic 3 2 /
3/2=1

Hints:

The method main(String[] args) takes an argument: "an

array of String", which is often (but not necessary) named args.
This parameter captures the command-line arguments supplied by
the user when the program is invoked. For example, if a user
invokes:

java Arithmetic 12345 4567 +

The three command-line arguments "12345", "4567" and "+"

will be captured in a String array {"12345", "4567", "+"}
and passed into the main() method as the argument args. That
is,

args is: {"12345", "4567", "+"}

args.length is: 3
args[0] is: "12345"
args[1] is: "4567"
args[2] is: "+"
args[0].length() is: 5
args[1].length() is: 4

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args[2].length() is: 1

public class Arithmetic {

public static void main (String[] args) {
int operand1, operand2;
char theOperator;

if (args.length != 3) {
System.err.println("Usage: java Arithmetic
int1 int2 op");
return;
}

operand1 = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
operand2 = ......

theOperator = args[2].charAt(0);
System.out.print(args[0] + args[2] + args[1]
+ "=");

switch(theOperator) {
case ('-'): System.out.println(operand1 -
operand2); break;
case ('+'): ......
case ('*'): ......
case ('/'): ......
default:
System.err.println("Error: invalid
operator!");
}
}
}

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Notes:

To provide command-line arguments, use the "cmd" or "terminal"

to run your program in the form "java ClassName arg1
arg2 ....".

To provide command-line arguments in Eclipse, right click the

source code "Run As" "Run Configurations..." Select
"Main" and choose the proper main class Select "Arguments"
Enter the command-line arguments, e.g., "3 2 +" in "Program
Arguments".

To provide command-line arguments in NetBeans, right click the

"Project" name "Set Configuration" "Customize..." Select
categories "Run" Enter the command-line arguments, e.g., "3 2
+" in the "Arguments" box (but make sure you select the proper
Main class).

Question: Try "java Arithmetic 2 4 *" (in CMD shell and

Eclipse/NetBeans) and explain the result obtained. How to resolve
this problem?

In Windows' CMD shell, * is known as a wildcard character, that

expands to give the list of file in the directory (called Shell
Expansion). For example, "dir *.java" lists all the file with
extension of ".java". You could double-quote the * to prevent shell
expansion. Eclipse has a bug in handling this, even * is double-
quoted. NetBeans??

Exercise SumDigits (Command-line arguments): Write a program

called SumDigits to sum up the individual digits of a positive
integer, given in the command line. The output shall look like:

java SumDigits 12345

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The sum of digits = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15

More (Difficult) Exercises

Exercise (JDK Source Code): Extract the source code of the class
Math from the JDK source code ("$JAVA_HOME" "src.zip"
"Math.java" under folder "java.lang"). Study how constants
such as E and PI are defined. Also study how methods such as
abs(), max(), min(), toDegree(), etc, are written.

Exercise Matrix: Similar to Math class, write a Matrix library that

supports matrix operations (such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication) via 2D arrays. The operations shall support both
doubles and ints. Also write a test class to exercise all the
operations programmed.

Hints:

public class Matrix {

public static void printMatrix(int[][] m) {
...... }
public static void printMatrix(double[][] m) {
...... }
public static boolean
haveSameDimension(int[][] m1, int[][] m2) {
...... }
public static boolean
haveSameDimension(double[][] m1, double[][] m2) {
...... }
public static int[][] add(int[][] m1, int[][]
m2) { ...... }
public static double[][] add(double[][] m1,
double[][] m2) { ...... }
......

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Exercise PrintAnimalPattern (Special Characters and Escape

Sequences): Write a program called PrintAnimalPattern,
which uses println() to produce this pattern:

'__'
(©©)
/========\/
/ || %% ||
* ||----||
¥¥ ¥¥
"" ""

Hints:

Use escape sequence \uhhhh where hhhh are four hex digits to
display Unicode characters such as ¥ and ©. ¥ is 165 (00A5H)
and © is 169 (00A9H) in both ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) and Unicode
character sets.

Double-quote (") and black-slash (\) require escape sign inside a

String. Single quote (') does not require escape sign.

Try: Print the same pattern using printf(). (Hints: Need to use
%% to print a % in printf() because % is the suffix for format
specifier.)

Exercise PrintPatterns: Write a method to print each of the

followings patterns using nested loops in a class called
PrintPatterns. The program shall prompt user for the sizde of
the pattern. The signatures of the methods are:

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public static void printPatternX(int size)

# # # # # # # # # # #
# #
# # # # # # # # # # #
# # # #
# # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # # #
(a)
(b) # # # # # # # # #

# # # # # # #

# # # # #

# # #

(c)

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5
6 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5

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4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 6 5
4 3 2 1 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 7 6 5
4 3 2 1 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 8 7 6 5
4 3 2 1 1
(d) (e)
(f) (g)

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2
3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1
2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1
(h)
(i)

1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5

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6 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
5 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3
4 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2
3 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1
2 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 1
(j)
(k)

1
2 3 2
3 4 5 4 3
4 5 6 7 6 5 4
5 6 7 8 9 8 7 6 5
6 7 8 9 0 1 0 9 8 7 6
7 8 9 0 1 2 3 2 1 0 9 8 7
8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8
(l)

Exercise PrintTriangles: Write a method to print each of the

following patterns using nested-loops in a class called
PrintTriangles. The program shall prompt user for the
numRows. The signatures of the methods are:

public static void printXxxTriangle(int numRows)

1
1 2 1
1 2 4 2 1

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1 2 4 8 4 2 1
1 2 4 8 16 8 4 2 1
1 2 4 8 16 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 32 16 8 4
2 1
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 64 32 16 8
4 2 1
(a) PowerOf2Triangle

1 1
1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1 1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1 1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1 1 6 15 20 15
6 1
(b) PascalTriangle1 (c) PascalTriangle2

Exercise TrigonometricSeries: Write a method to compute sin(x)

and cos(x) using the following series expansion, in a class called
TrigonometricSeries. The signatures of the methods are:

public static double sin(double x, int

numTerms)
public static double cos(double x, int numTerms)

Compare the values computed using the series with the JDK
methods Math.sin(), Math.cos() at x=0, π/6, π/4, π/3, π/2
using various numbers of terms.

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Hints: Do not use int to compute the factorial; as factorial of 13 is

outside the int range. Avoid generating large numerator and
denominator. Use double to compute the terms as:

Exercise Exponential Series: Write a method to compute e and

exp(x) using the following series expansion, in a class called
TrigonometricSeries. The signatures of the methods are:

public static double exp(int numTerms)

public static double exp(double x, int numTerms)

Exercise SpecialSeries: Write a method to compute the sum of the

series in a class called SpecialSeries. The signature of the
method is:

public static double sumOfSeries(double x, int

numTerms)

Exercise FibonacciInt (Overflow) : Write a program called

FibonacciInt to list all the Fibonacci numbers, which can be
expressed as an int (i.e., 32-bit signed integer in the range of
[-2147483648, 2147483647]). The output shall look like:

F(0) = 1

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F(1) = 1
F(2) = 2
...
F(45) = 1836311903
F(46) is out of the range of int

Hints: The maximum and minimum values of a 32-bit int are kept in
constants Integer.MAX_VALUE and Integer.MIN_VALUE,
respectively. Try these statements:

System.out.println(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
System.out.println(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
System.out.println(Integer.MAX_VALUE + 1);

Take note that in the third statement, Java Runtime does not flag
out an overflow error, but silently wraps the number around. Hence,
you cannot use F(n-1) + F(n-2) > Integer.MAX_VALUE to
check for overflow. Instead, overflow occurs for F(n) if
(Integer.MAX_VALUE – F(n-1)) < F(n-2) (i.e., no room for
the next Fibonacci number).

Write a similar program for Tribonacci numbers.

Exercise FactorialInt (Overflow): Write a program called

Factorial1to10, to compute the factorial of n, for 1≤n≤10. Your
output shall look like:

The factorial of 1 is 1
The factorial of 2 is 2
...
The factorial of 10 is 3628800

Modify your program (called FactorialInt), to list all the

factorials, that can be expressed as an int (i.e., 32-bit signed

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integer in the range of [-2147483648, 2147483647]). Your

output shall look like:

The factorial of 1 is 1
The factorial of 2 is 2
...
The factorial of 12 is 479001600
The factorial of 13 is out of range

Hints: The maximum and minimum values of a 32-bit int are kept
in constants Integer.MAX_VALUE and Integer.MIN_VALUE,
respectively. Try these statements:

System.out.println(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
System.out.println(Integer.MIN_VALUE);
System.out.println(Integer.MAX_VALUE + 1);

Take note that in the third statement, Java Runtime does not flag
out an overflow error, but silently wraps the number around.

Hence, you cannot use F(n) * (n+1) >

Integer.MAX_VALUE to check for overflow. Instead, overflow
occurs for F(n+1) if (Integer.MAX_VALUE /
Factorial(n)) < (n+1), i.e., no room for the next number.

Try: Modify your program again (called FactorialLong) to list all

the factorial that can be expressed as a long (64-bit signed
integer). The maximum value for long is kept in a constant called
Long.MAX_VALUE.

Exercise Fibonacci (Overflow): Write a program called

FibonacciInt to list all the Fibonacci numbers, which can be
expressed as an int (i.e., 32-bit signed integer in the range of
[-2147483648, 2147483647]).  The output shall look like:

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F(0) = 1
F(1) = 1
F(2) = 2
...
F(45) = 1836311903
F(46) is out of the range of int

Hints: The maximum 32-bit int is kept in constant

Integer.MAX_VALUE. You cannot use F(n-1) + F(n-2) >
Integer.MAX_VALUE to check for overflow. Instead, overflow
occurs for F(n) if (Integer.MAX_VALUE – F(n-1)) <
F(n-2), i.e., no room for the next number.

Try: Write a similar program for Tribonacci numbers.

Exercise NumberConversion: Write a method call toRadix()

which converts a positive integer from one radix into another. The
method has the following header:

public static String toRadix(String in, int

inRadix, int outRadix)

Write a program called NumberConversion, which prompts the

user for an input number, an input radix, and an output radix, and
display the converted number. The output shall look like:

Enter a number and radix: A1B2

Enter the input radix: 16
Enter the output radix: 2
"A1B2" in radix 16 is "1010000110110010" in radix
2.

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Exercise NumberGuess: Write a program called NumberGuess to

play the number guessing game. The program shall generate a
random number between 0 and 99. The player inputs his/her
guess, and the program shall response with "Try higher", "Try
lower" or "You got it in n trials" accordingly. For example:

java NumberGuess
Key in your guess:
50
Try higher
70
Try lower
65
Try lower
61
You got it in 4 trials!

Hints: Use Math.random() to produce a random number in

double between 0.0 and (less than) 1.0. To produce an int
between 0 and 99, use:

int secretNumber = (int)(Math.random()*100);

Exercise WordGuess: Write a program called WordGuess to guess

a word by trying to guess the individual characters. The word to be
guessed shall be provided using the command-line argument. Your
program shall look like:

java WordGuess testing

Key in one character or your guess word: t
Trial 1: t__t___
Key in one character or your guess word: g
Trial 2: t__t__g
Key in one character or your guess word: e

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Trial 3: te_t__g
Key in one character or your guess word: testing
Congratulation!
You got in 4 trials

Hints:

Set up a boolean array to indicate the positions of the word that

have been guessed correctly.

Check the length of the input String to determine whether the

player enters a single character or a guessed word. If the player
enters a single character, check it against the word to be guessed,
and update the boolean array that keeping the result so far.

Try retrieving the word to be guessed from a text file (or a

dictionary) randomly.

Exercise DateUtil: Complete the following methods in a class called

DateUtil:

boolean isLeapYear(int year): returns true if the given

year is a leap year. A year is a leap year if it is divisible by 4 but
not by 100, or it is divisible by 400.

boolean isValidDate(int year, int month, int

day): returns true if the given year, month and day constitute
a given date. Assume that year is between 1 and 9999, month is
between 1 (Jan) to 12 (Dec) and day shall be between 1 and
28|29|30|31 depending on the month and whether it is a leap year.

int getDayOfWeek(int year, int month, int day):

returns the day of the week, where 0 for SUN, 1 for MON, ..., 6 for
SAT, for the given date. Assume that the date is valid.

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String toString(int year, int month, int day):

prints the given date in the format "xxxday d mmm yyyy", e.g.,
"Tuesday 14 Feb 2012". Assume that the given date is valid.

To find the day of the week (Reference: Wiki "Determination of the

day of the week"):

1. Based on the first two digit of the year, get the number from the
following "century" table.
1700- 1800- 1900- 2000- 2100- 2200- 2300- 2400-
4 2 0 6 4 2 0 6
Take note that the entries 4, 2, 0, 6 repeat.

2. Add to the last two digit of the year.

3. Add to "the last two digit of the year divide by 4, truncate the
fractional part".

4. Add to the number obtained from the following month table:

  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Non-Leap
0 3 3 6 1 4 6 2 5 0 3 5
Year
Leap Year 6 2 same as above

5. Add to the day.

6. The sum modulus 7 gives the day of the week, where 0 for SUN, 1
for MON, ..., 6 for SAT.

For example: 2012, Feb, 17

(6 + 12 + 12/4 + 2 + 17) % 7 = 5 (Fri)

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The skeleton of the program is as follows:

public class DateUtil {

public static String strMonths[]

= {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
"Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov",
"Dec"};

public static int daysInMonths[]

= {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31,
30, 31};

public static boolean isLeapYear(int year) {

...... }

public static boolean isValidDate(int year,

int month, int day) { ...... }

public static int getDayOfWeek(int year, int

month, int day) { ...... }

public static String printDate(int year, int

month, int day) { ...... }

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public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println(isLeapYear(1900));
System.out.println(isLeapYear(2000));
System.out.println(isLeapYear(2011));
System.out.println(isLeapYear(2012));

System.out.println(isValidDate(2012, 2,
29));
System.out.println(isValidDate(2011, 2,
29));
System.out.println(isValidDate(2099, 12,
31));
System.out.println(isValidDate(2099, 12,
32));

System.out.println(getDayOfWeek(1982, 4,
24));
System.out.println(getDayOfWeek(2000, 1,
1));
System.out.println(getDayOfWeek(2054, 6,
19));
System.out.println(getDayOfWeek(2012, 2,
17));

System.out.println(toString(2012, 2, 14));
}
}

You can compare the day obtained with the Java's Calendar class
as follows:

Calendar cal = new GregorianCalendar(year, month

- 1, day);

int dayNumber = cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK);

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String[] calendarDays = { "Sunday", "Monday",

"Tuesday", "Wednesday",
"Thursday", "Friday",
"Saturday" };

System.out.println("It is " +
calendarDays[dayNumber - 1]);

The calendar we used today is known as Gregorian calendar, which

came into effect in October 15, 1582 in some countries and later in
other countries. It replaces the Julian calendar. 10 days were
removed from the calendar, i.e., October 4, 1582 (Julian) was
followed by October 15, 1582 (Gregorian). The only difference
between the Gregorian and the Julian calendar is the "leap-year
rule". In Julian calendar, every four years is a leap year. In
Gregorian calendar, a leap year is a year that is divisible by 4 but
not divisible by 100, or it is divisible by 400, i.e., the Gregorian
calendar omits century years which are not divisible by 400.
Furthermore, Julian calendar considers the first day of the year as
march 25th, instead of January 1st.

This above algorithm work for Gregorian dates only. It is difficult to

modify the above algorithm to handle pre-Gregorian dates. A better
algorithm is to find the number of days from a known date.

Exercises on Recursion

In programming, a recursive function calls itself. The classical

example is factorial(n), which can be defined recursively as
n*factorial(n-1). Nonethessless, it is important to take note
that a recursive function should have a terminating condition (or
base case), in the case of factorial, factorial(0)=1. Hence, the
full definition is:

factorial(n) = 1, for n = 0

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factorial(n) = n * factorial(n-1), for all n > 1

For example, suppose n = 5:

factorial(5) = 5 * factorial(4)
factorial(4) = 4 * factorial(3)
factorial(3) = 3 * factorial(2)
factorial(2) = 2 * factorial(1)
factorial(1) = 1 * factorial(0)
factorial(0) = 1

factorial(1) = 1 * 1 = 1
factorial(2) = 2 * 1 = 2
factorial(3) = 3 * 2 = 6
factorial(4) = 4 * 6 = 24
factorial(5) = 5 * 24 = 120 (DONE)

Exercise (Factorial) (Recursive): Write a recursive method called

factorial() to compute the factorial of the given integer.

public static int factorial(int n)

The recursive algorithm is:

factorial(n) = 1, if n = 0
factorial(n) = n * factorial(n-1), if n > 0

Compare your code with the iteractive version of the

factorial():

factorial(n) = 1*2*3*...*n

Hints:

public static int factorial(int n) {

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if (n == 0) {
return 1;
} else {
return n * factorial(n-1);
}
r
// return (n == 0) ? 1 : n*factorial(n-1);
}

Notes:

Recursive version is often much shorter.

The recursive version uses much more computation and storage

resources, and it need to save its states before each successive
recursive call.

Exercise (Fibonacci) (Recursive): Write a recursive method to

compute the Fibonacci sequence of n, defined as follows:

F(0) = 0
F(1) = 1
F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2) for n >= 2

Compare the recursive version with the iteractive version written

earlier.

Exercise (A Running Number Sequence) (Recursive): A special

number sequence is defined as follows:

S(1) = 1
S(2) = 12
S(3) = 123
S(4) = 1234
......

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S(9) = 123456789
S(10) = 12345678910
S(11) = 1234567891011
......

Write a recursive method to compute the length of S(n). Also write

an iteractive version.

Exercise (GCD) (Recursive): Write a recursive method called

gcd() to compute the greatest common divisor of two given
integers.

public static void int gcd(int a, int b)

gcd(a,b) = a, if b = 0
gcd(a,b) = gcd(b, remainder(a,b)), if b > 0

Exercise (Tower of Hanoi Recursive) (Recursive): [TODO]

Exercises on Algorithms - Sorting and Searching

Efficient sorting and searching are big topics, typically covered in a

course called "Data Structures and Algorithms". There are many
searching and sorting algorithms available, with their respective
strengths and weaknesses. See Wikipedia "Sorting Algorithms" and
"Searching Algorithms" for the algorithms, examples and
illustrations.

JDK provides searching and sorting utilities in the Arrays class (in
package java.util), such as Arrays.sort() and
Arrays.binarySearch() - you don't have to write your
searching and sorting in your production program. These exercises
are for academic purpose and for you to gain some understandings
and practices on these algorithms.

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Exercise (Linear Search): (Reference: Wikipedia "Linear Search")

Compare each item with the search key in the linear manner. Linear
search is applicable to unsorted list.

public static int linearSearch(int[] array, int

key)

public static boolean linearSearch(int[] array,

int key)

Exercise (Recursive Binary Search): (Reference: Wikipedia "Binary

Search") Binary search is only applicable to a sorted list.

For example, suppose that we want to search for the item 18 in the
list {11 14 16 18 20 25 28 30 34 40 45}:

Create two indexes: firstIdx and lastIdx,

initially pointing at the first and last elements
{11 14 16 18 20 25 28 30 34 40 45}
F M L
Compute middleIdx = (firstIdx + lastIdx) / 2
Compare the key (K) with the middle element (M)
If K = M, return true
else if K < M, set L = M
else if K > M, set F = M
{11 14 16 18 20 25 28 30 34 40 45}
F M L
Recursively Repeat the search between the new F
and L. Terminate at F = L.
{11 14 16 18 20 25 28 30 34 40 45}
F M L

Write a recursive function called binarySearch() as follows:

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public boolean binarySearch(int[] array, int key,

int fromIdx, int toIdx)

Use the following pesudocode implementation:

If fromIdx = toIdx - 1
if key = A[fromIdx], return true
else, return false (not found)
else
middleIdx = (fromIdx + toIdx) / 2
if key = A[middleIdx], return true
else if key < A[middleIdx], toIdx = middleIdx
else firstIdx = middleIdx + 1
binarySearch(array, key, fromIdx, toIdx)

Also write an overloaded method which uses the above to search

the entire array:

public boolean binarySearch(int[] array, int key)

Exercise (Bubble Sort): (Reference: Wikipedia "Bubble Sort") The

principle is to scan the elements from left-to-right, and whenever
two adjacent elements are out-of-order, they are swapped. Repeat
the passes until no swap are needed.

For example, given the list {9 2 4 1 5}:

Pass 1:
9 2 4 1 5 -> 2 9 4 1 5
2 9 4 1 5 -> 2 4 9 1 5
2 4 9 1 5 -> 2 4 1 9 5
2 4 1 9 5 -> 2 4 1 5 9 (After Pass 1, the largest
item sorted on the right - bubble to the right)
Pass 2:

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2 4 1 5 9 -> 2 4 1 5 9
2 4 1 5 9 -> 2 1 4 5 9
2 1 4 5 9 -> 2 1 4 5 9
2 1 4 5 9 -> 2 1 4 5 9 (After Pass 2, the 2
largest items sorted on the right)
Pass 3:
2 1 4 5 9 -> 1 2 4 5 9
1 2 4 5 9 -> 1 2 4 5 9
1 2 4 5 9 -> 1 2 4 5 9
1 2 4 5 9 -> 1 2 4 5 9 (After Pass 3, the 3
largest items sorted on the right)
Pass 4:
1 2 4 5 9 -> 1 2 4 5 9
1 2 4 5 9 -> 1 2 4 5 9
1 2 4 5 9 -> 1 2 4 5 9
1 2 4 5 9 -> 1 2 4 5 9 (After Pass 4, the 4
largest items sorted on the right)
No Swap in Pass 4. Done.

See Wikipedia "Bubble Sort" for more examples and illustration.

Write a method to sort an int array (in place) with the following
signature:

public static void bubbleSort(int[] array)

Use the following pesudocode implementation:

function bubbleSort(A)
n = length(A)
boolean swapped
do
swapped = false
for i = 1 to n-1

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if A[i-1] > A[i] then

swap( A[i-1], A[i] )

swapped = true
end if
end for
n = n - 1
while (swapped)
end function

Exercise (Selection Sort): (Reference: Wikipedia "Selection Sort")

This algorithm divides the lists into two parts: the left-sublist of
items already sorted, and the right-sublist for the remaining items.
Initially, the left-sorted-sublist is empty, while the right-unsorted-
sublist is the entire list. The algorithm proceeds by finding the
smallest (or largest) items from the right-unsorted-sublist, swapping
it with the leftmost element of the right-unsorted-sublist, and
increase the left-sorted-sublist by one.

For example, given the list {9 6 4 1 5}:

{} {9 6 4 1 5} -> {} {1 6 4 9 5}
{1} {6 4 9 5} -> {1} {4 6 9 5}
{1 4} {6 9 5} -> {1 4} {5 9 6}
{1 4 5} {9 6} -> {1 4 5} {6 9}
{1 4 5 6} {9} -> DONE
{1 4 5 6 9}

Write a method to sort an int array (in place) with the following
signature:

public static void selectionSort(int[] array)

Exercise (Insertion Sort): (Reference: Wikipedia "Insertion Sort")

Similar to the selection sort, but extract the leftmost element from

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the right-unsorted-sublist, and insert into the correct location of the

left-sorted-sublist.

For example, given {9 6 4 1 5 2 7}:

{} {9 6 4 1 5 2 7} -> {9} {6 4 1 5 2 7}
{9} {6 4 1 5 2 7} -> {6 9} {4 1 5 2 7}
{6 9} {4 1 5 2 7} -> {4 6 9} {1 5 2 7}
{4 6 9} {1 5 2 7} -> {1 4 6 9} {5 2 7}
{1 4 6 9} {5 2 7} -> {1 4 5 6 9} {2 7}
{1 4 5 6 9} {2 7} -> {1 2 4 5 6 9} {7}
{1 2 4 5 6 9} {7} -> {1 2 4 5 6 7 9} {}
{1 2 4 5 6 7 9} {} -> Done

Write a method to sort an int array (in place) with the following
signature:

public static void insertionSort(int[] array)

Exercise (Recursive Quick Sort): (Reference: Wikipedia "Quick

Sort") Quicksort is a recursive divide and conqueralgorithm. It
divides the list into two sublists - the low elements and the high
element, and recursively sort the sublists. The steps are:

1. Pick an element, called pivot, from the list.

2. Partitioning: reorder the list such that the samller elements come
before the pivot, and the larger elements after the pivot. After the
partitioning, the pivot is in its final position.

3. Recursively apply the above step to the sub-lists.

For example, given {20 11 18 14 15 9 32 5 26}

Select the middle element as the pivot, place the

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pivot at the end of the list, by swapping with

the last element
{20 11 18 14 15 9 32 5 26} -> {20 11 18 14 26 9
32 5} {15}
Partitioning:
Initialize a variable swapPos (underlined),
initially pointing to the leftmost element.
Compare each element (in red) with the pivot,
if the element is smaller than the pivot, swap
with the element at the swapPos and increase
swapPos by 1.
otherwise, do nothing.
{20 11 18 14 26 9 32 5} {15} -> larger, do nothing
{20 11 18 14 26 9 32 5} {15} -> smaller, swap and
increment swapPos -> {11 20 18 14 26 9 32 5} {15}
{11 20 18 14 26 9 32 5} {15} -> larger, do nothing
{11 20 18 14 26 9 32 5} {15} -> smaller, swap and
increment swapPos -> {11 14 18 20 26 9 32 5} {15}
{11 14 18 20 26 9 32 5} {15} -> larger, do nothing
{11 14 18 20 26 9 32 5} {15} -> smaller, swap and
increment swapPos -> {11 14 9 20 26 18 32 5} {15}
{11 14 9 20 26 18 32 5} {15} -> larger, do nothing
{11 14 9 20 26 18 32 5} {15} -> smaller, swap and
increment swapPos -> {11 14 9 5 26 18 32 20} {15}
Partitioning done. Swap the pivot.
{11 14 9 5 15 18 32 20 26}
All elements before the pivot are smaller; all
elements after the pivot are larger.
Pivot is sorted in the correct position.

Recursively repeat the process for sublists {11

14 9 5} and {18 32 20 26}

Write a recursive function called quickSort() as follows:

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public boolean quickSort(int[] array, int

fromIdx, int toIdx)

public boolean quickSort(int[] array)

Hints: See Binary Search.

Exercise (Merge Sort): (Reference: Wikipedia "Merge Sort")

[TODO]

Exercise (Heap Sort): (Reference: Wikipedia "Heap Sort") [TODO]

Exercises on Algorithms - Number Theory

Exercise (Perfect and Deficient Numbers): A positive integer is

called a perfect number if the sum of all its factors (excluding the
number itself, i.e., proper divisor) is equal to its value. For example,
the number 6 is perfect because its proper divisors are 1, 2, and 3,
and 6=1+2+3; but the number 10 is not perfect because its proper
divisors are 1, 2, and 5, and 10≠1+2+5.

A positive integer is called a deficient number if the sum of all its

proper divisors is less than its value. For example, 10 is a deficient
number because 1+2+5<10; while 12 is not because
1+2+3+4+6>12.

Write a method called isPerfect(int posInt) that takes a

positive integer, and return true if the number is perfect. Similarly,
write a method called isDeficient(int posInt) to check for
deficient numbers.

Using the methods, write a program called PerfectNumberList

that prompts user for an upper bound (a positive integer), and lists
all the perfect numbers less than or equal to this upper bound. It
shall also list all the numbers that are neither deficient nor perfect.

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The output shall look like:

Enter the upper bound: 1000

These numbers are perfect:
6 28 496
[3 perfect numbers found (0.30%)]

These numbers are neither deficient nor perfect:

12 18 20 24 30 36 40 42 48 54 56 60 66 70 72 78
80 ......
[246 numbers found (24.60%)]

Exercise (Primes): A positive integer is a prime if it is divisible by 1

and itself only. Write a method called isPrime(int posInt) that
takes a positive integer and returns true if the number is a prime.
Write a program called PrimeList that prompts the user for an
upper bound (a positive integer), and lists all the primes less than or
equal to it. Also display the percentage of prime (up to 2 decimal
places). The output shall look like:

Please enter the upper bound: 10000

1
2
3
......
......
9967
9973
[1230 primes found (12.30%)]

Hints: To check if a number n is a prime, the simplest way is try

dividing n by 2 to √n.

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Exercise (Prime Factors): Write a method

isProductOfPrimeFactors(int posInt) that takes a
positive integer, and return true if the product of all its prime
factors (excluding 1 and the number itself) is equal to its value. For
example, the method returns true for 30 (30=2×3×5) and false for
20 (20≠2×5). You may need to use the isPrime() method in the
previous exercise.

Write a program called PerfectPrimeFactorList that prompts

user for an upper bound. The program shall display all the numbers
(less than or equal to the upper bound) that meets the above
criteria. The output shall look like:

Enter the upper bound: 100

These numbers are equal to the product of prime
factors:
1 6 10 14 15 21 22 26 30 33 34 35 38 39 42 46 51
55 57 58 62 65 66 69 70 74 77 78 82 85 86 87 91
93 94 95
[36 numbers found (36.00%)]

Exercise (Greatest Common Divisor): One of the earlier known

algorithms is the Euclid algorithm to find the GCD of two integers
(developed by the Greek Mathematician Euclid around 300BC). By
definition, GCD(a, b) is the greatest factor that divides both a and
b. Assume that a and b are positive integers, and a≥b, the Euclid
algorithm is based on these two properties:

GCD(a, 0) = a
GCD(a, b) = GCD(b, a mod b), where (a mod b)
denotes the remainder of a divides by b.

For example,

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GCD(15, 5) = GCD(5, 0) = 5
GCD(99,88) = GCD(88,11) = GCD(11,0) = 11
GCD(3456,1233) = GCD(1233,990) = GCD(990,243) =
GCD(243,18) = GCD(18,9) = GCD(9,0) = 9

The pseudocode for the Euclid algorithm is as follows:

GCD(a, b)
while (b != 0) {

temp ← b
b ← a mod b
a ← temp
}

GCD is a

Write a method called gcd() with the following signature:

public static int gcd(int a, int b)

Your methods shall handle arbitrary values of a and b, and check

for validity.

TRY: Write a recursive version called gcdRecursive() to find the

GCD.

Final Notes

The only way to learn programming is program, program and

program on challenging problems. The problems in this tutorial are
certainly NOT challenging. There are tens of thousands of
challenging problems available – used in training for various
programming contests (such as International Collegiate
Programming Contest (ICPC), International Olympiad in Informatics

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(IOI)). Check out these sites:

Universidad de Valladolid’s online judge @

https://uva.onlinejudge.org/.

Peking University’s online judge @ http://poj.org/.

USA Computing Olympiad (USACO) Training Program @

http://train.usaco.org/usacogate.

google “icpc online judge”

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