G b e S e m i t i c S e r i es

TH E EA R L Y H I ST O R Y O F S Y R IA

A N D PA L E ST I N E

B Y LE W I S B A Y L E S P AT O N
SER IES O F H AND BO O K S IN SEM ITICS -

EDI TED BY

I
J A M ES ALE X A ND E R CR A G
P ROF OR TC L N
E SS LT R T R OF SE M I I A G U A G E S A ND I E A U E S A ND

H LL N T C R N R TY
E CH N E IS I G EE K , U IVE SI OF M I IG A

R e c e n t s c i e n t ific r e s e ar c h h as s tim u l a t e d an i n c r e as i n gi nt e r e st

In Se m i t i c s t u di e s a m on g s c h o l a r s . s t u de n t s , a n d t h e s e r i ou s r e a d

ing p
u b li c g e n e r a l ly . I t h as p r o vi d e d us with a pi c tu r e of a

h i t he r t o u n k n ow n c i v iliz a t i o n , an d a h i s t or y of on e of t he g reat

b r a n c he s of t he h u m a n f a m ily
p
.

Th e ob e c t o f t h e
j r e se n t Se r i e s i s t o s t a te i ts r e sul ts i n p op u
l a r ly s c ie n t ific for m E ac h w o r k is c om p le t e in i t se l f, a n d t h e
ph
.

Se r ie s , t ake n as a w h ol e , ne gl e c ts n o as e o f the g e n e r al s u b e c t j
p
.

Ea c h c o n t r i b u t or is a s e c i a li s t in t he sub e c t j assi g ne d h im , an d

h as b e e n c h ose n f r om the b o dy of e m i n e n t Se m i t i c s c hol a r s b ot h in

Eu ro p e and in t his c ou n t r y .

T h e Se r i e s w ill b e c om p os e d of t h e fol l o wi n g v ol u m e s

I . H E B R E ws . H i stor y an d G ov e r n m en t . By P r o f e ss o r ] . F .

M c c u r dy ,
U n iv e r s i ty of T o r o n t o, C a n a d a .

II . H EB R E W S. E t hic s an d R e l ig on i . By P r ofe s s or A r c h ib a l d
'

D u fi, A ir e da le C ol le g e, B r a dfor d , E n lan d g .
! In Pr ess .

1 11 H EB R E W S. Th e S oc i a l L if e By th e R e v. E d wa r d D ay ,
p i g fi ld
. .

S r n e , M as s . ! N ow R e a dy .

IV . B AB YLO N N IA S A ND A SS YR N IA S. wi th i n tr od u c t o r y c ha p te r

h S
on t e u m e r ia n s . H i s t or y t o t h e F a ll f
o B a by l on .

V . BAB YLO N N IA S AN D ASS YR N IA S. R e l i g i on . By P r ofe s s or J .

A C r ai
. g U , n ve r s i t y of
i M ic h i g an .

VI B A BY L O N l A N S A ND A SS YR N IA S L if e an d C u s t om s. By
P
. .

r o fe s so r A H . . Sa y U ice , n ve r s i ty of O xf o r d, E n lan d g .

! N ow R ea dy .

VII BAB YL O N N IA S A ND Ass I ANs . E x c ava ti on s an d A c c ou n t

p pi P
.

of D e c i he r m e n t of I n sc r i t on s By r o fe s s o r A V
P
. . .

H il p r e c ht, U n i ve r s i t y of e n n s yl van ia .

V I I I SYR IA P L TN
A ND l H i By P f
A ES I E. E ar y s t or y r o e s s or

P
. .

L wi B yl
e s H f d T h l gi l S
a i es a t on , a r t or eo o ca e m n ar y .

!N w R d o ea y .

IX D EVE LO N T I L
PM E C T H O LO Y j OF S AM I E G uR I S P R U D E N C E

T H O RY ST T P f
. ,

A ND B E D B M OF A E. y r o e ss o r . . ac

don al d, H ar t for d g
T h e ol o i c a l Se m i na ry .

T h e fol l ow i n g v ol u m e s ar e to b e i n c l u de d i n t he Se r i e s, an d

o t he r s m ay be a dde d
X . P H CE N IC I A . H i s tor y a nd Gov e r n m e n t, i nc l u di n g C olon i e s ,
Tr ade , and R e l i i on g .

XI A . R A B IA , D i s c ove r i e s i n , a nd H i s tor y and gi on

R e l zz u n ti l

M o/za m m ed .

XI I . A R ABI TRT RC SC N C
LI E A U E A ND IE E SI NC E M OH AM M ED .

XIII TH E I NFL NC S TC A UE E OF EM I I RT A ND M Y TH O L O Y O N G
W T RN N T ON
.

ES E A I S.
 (t he S em i t i c fier i es

TH E EAR LY H ISTORY OF

SYRIA AND P ALESTINE ‘

L EW I S B A Y L E S PA TO N , PH D . .

P R O F E SS O R OF O LD
p
T E ST A M E N T X E G E SI S A N D C R I T I C I S M
E IN

H A R T F O R D T H EO LO G I CA L S E M I N A R Y

WI TH M APS

NEW Y OR K
C H A R L E S SC R I B N ER S S O N S
’

1 90 1
 C O YR HT
P IG ,
1 90 1 , BY

E S SC R I B N E R S SO NS ’

C H AR L

P L H
UB IS ED SE P T E M BE R ,
1 90 1
 C ON TE N TS

I N TR OD U CTI ON
SCO P E OF TH E H T
I S OR Y
CHR ON OL OG I CAL TAB L E S

B I B LI OG R AP H Y

C H APTER I

TE E E A R L IE ST I NH AB IT N TS A

C H AP TE R II
TH E OLD B A B Y L ON I A N S UP R E M C Y
A

C H AP TER II I
TH E AM OR ITI C M I G R A T I ON

C H AP TE R IV

TH E R ULE OF TH E CI T Y OF B AB Y L ON

CH AP TER V

TH E CAN AANITI O M I G R ATI ON

CH AP TE R VI

EG YP TI AN SUP R EM A C Y

41 3 1 8 9 7
vi CO N TE N TS

C H AP TE R VI I

H ITTITE AND TH E AR AM E AN M I G R ATI ON

CH APTER VI I I

TH E R ISE OF TH E AR AM ZEAN NATI ONS

C H AP TE R IX

TH E PER IOD OF TH E H EB R EW J UD G ES

CH AP TE R X

PER I OD OF TH E E AR L Y H E BR E W K IN G S

CH AP TE R XI

TE: AD VANCE OF ASS YR IA

CH AP TE R XI I

ASS YR IA N SUPR EM AOY

C H AP TER XI II
TH E NEW B AB YL ON I AN SUP R E M A OY

I ND E X

M AP S
FA I CN G

AND P AL E STIN E B EF OR E 2 000

AN D P ALE STIN E IN TH E EG YP TI AN I NSOR IP TI ON S

AND P AL ESTI NE IN TH E TEL L -

EL - AM AR N A L ETTER S

AND P A L E STI NE IN TH E OL D TE STAM E N T

AND P A LE STI NE DI TH E ASSYR I AN I NSCR I PTI ONS

'
TH E EA R L Y H IST O R Y O F S Y R I A
A N D PA L E ST I N E
 INTRODUCTIO N

IN an ci e n t Babylo n ian u s ag e Su ri from which ou r

,

n am e Syria i s d e riv e d m e an t N orth e rn M e s opot a m ia

,

an d t h e adjac e n t di strict s of th e A rm e n ian an d

Tau ru s mo u n tai n chai n s I n Gr e e k an d Roma n
.

tim e s it was limit e d e a s tward an d n orthward an d wa s

e x t e n d e d s o u thward s o that it cam e to d e n ot e t h e
,

r e gion b e tw e e n th e Tau ru s th e E u phrat e s th e Syr

, ,

i an D e s e rt E gypt an d t h e M e dit e rran ea n

, ,
. Thi s ap
plication of t h e n a m e h as b e com e tra ditio n al b u t ,

it do e s n ot comm e n d it s e lf to t h e hi s torian of t h e
a n ci e n t Ori e n t F rom tim e imm e morial t h e n orth e rn
.

half of thi s r e gion h as b e e n p e opl e d by di ffe re n t

rac e s fro m th e s o u th e rn half an d politically t h e two
,

divi s ion s h ave b e e n i n d e p e n d e n t u n til comparativ e ly

r e c e n tly F or th e s e r e as on s it i s advi s abl e to limit
.

t h e n am e Syria to t h e t e rritory b e tw e e n t h e Tau r u s

an d Mo u n t H e r m o n an d to apply to t h e r e mai n i n g
,

portio n of t h e E a s t M e dit e rran e an coas t t h e n am e of

Pal e s ti n e Thi s n am e i s du e to a lat e Gr e e k e x t e n
.

s io n of t h e m e an i n g of Phili s tia
. we hav e how e v e r
, ,

n o a n ci e n t d e s ig n atio n that cov e r s t h e r e gion s o

pr e ci s e ly.

Ori e n tal hi s tory divid e s n at u rally i n to thr e e mai n

ix
 I N TR OD U CTI ON

p e riod s : th e fir s t that of th e d e v e lop m e n t of t h e

,

Se mitic n atio n aliti e s ; t h e s e co n d of t h e s u pr e macy

,

of th e I n do G e rman ic Pe r s ian s Gre e k s an d Roman s ;

-
, ,

t h e third of t h e ri s e of I s lam
,
Th e p u rpo s e of thi s
.

vol u m e i s to t e ll t h e s tory of t h e W e s t Se mitic

p e opl e s d u ri n g t h e fir s t of th e s e p e riod s that i s from, ,

th e e arli e s t tim e s dow n to t h e e s tabli s hm e n t of th e

P e r s ian e mpir e Withi n t h e la s t fe w y e ar s impor
.

tan t arch ae ological fin d s ha ve b e e n m ad e i n Syria

an d P al e s ti n e On acco u n t of th e ir c e n tral po s itio n
.

th e y w e re i n con s tan t co n tact with Babylon ia A s ,

s yria E gypt an d A rabia

, ,
an d co n s e q u e n tly all di s ,

c ove r i e s i n t h e Ori e n t throw l ight u po n th e ir e arly

hi s tory I n thi s book I have e n d e avou re d to gath e r

.

up t h e r e s ult s of t h e mo s t r e c e n t e x ploration s an d ,

combi n i n g th e m with t h e fact s alre ady k n ow n from

t h e Bibl e an d from oth e r an ci e n t s o u rc e s to pre s e n t ,

th e m i n a c l e ar an d pop u lar form Ne w di s cov e ri e s

.

ar e co n s ta n tly b e i n g mad e s o that b e for e thi s work

,

l e ave s the pr e ss s om e of i ts con clu s io n s will pe r

hap s b e alre ady an tiquat e d ; n e v e rth e l e s s I tru s t
that i n th e m ai n it will b e fou n d to r e pre s e n t fairly
t h e pr e s e n t s tag e of arch ae ological an d hi s torical
s ci e n c e
.

Th e l e n gth of t h e p e riod cov e r e d an d t h e limita

,

tio n impo se d upon th e Siz e of th e vol u m e hav e Oft e n

’

made it n e c e s s ary m e re ly to s tat e co n clu s ion s with

o u t givi n g t h e r e a s o n s on which th e y ar e ba s e d F ul l .

citatio n of th e au thoriti e s to whom I am u n d e r Ob l i

 I N T R OD U C TI ON x i

a ti on al s o b e e n impo s s ibl e
h as O n pag e s xx xxx vi
g
-
.

I have giv e n a li s t of t h e m ore importan t ge n e r al

di s cu ss io n s an d i n t he foot n ot e s I hav e i n dicat e d
,
-

t he chi e f tr e ati s e s u po n partic u lar poi n t s Th e h i s .

tori e s Of I s rae l an d of t h e P h oe n ician s a r e t o b e tr e at

e d i n oth e r vol u m e s of t h e Se m i ti c Se r i e s ; I hav e ,

th e re fore to u ch e d u po n th e m on ly s o far a s was n e c

,

e s s ary to giv e compl e t e n e s s an d co n n e ctio n to the

hi s tory as a whol e .

F or t h e chro n ology of Babylo n ian an d A s syrian

hi s tory I hav e follow e d th e co n cl u s ion s of L e hman n 1
,

who s e di s cu ss io n i s th e m o s t thorou gh goi n g an d s e lf -

con s i s t e n t that h as ye t app e are d For t h e E gyptia n .

ki n g s from th e XVI I I th dyn as ty on ward I have

2
adopt e d t h e dat e s of L e hma n n an d of St e i n dorff .

l
Z we i H a up tp r obl e m e der a l tor i e n ta i i s ch en Chr on ol og i e , L e i p
'

z ig, 1 89 8 . L e h m an n
’
s r e su lts h av e f ou n d t he ac c e pt an c e of

Edu ar d M e y e r , L i t t er a r i s ch e s Ce n t r a l bl a tt , 1 89 9 , N o 4 ; B os c h , .

J a hr es ber i cht f ii r G esch i ch ts wi s s en s ch afi, 1 898, i 1 7 ; P r aé e k , B e r

f
.

l i n er p ki l ol og i s ch e Woch en s chr i fl f
,
1 89 8, No . 42 ; F os sy , R ev u e
A r ché ol og i q u e , 1 89 9 , p 3 6 3 fi ; . . T
i e l e , Z ei t s chr if t f ii r A s s y r i ol o f f

g i e , 1 9 00, p 39 0 if . Ot h e r h i st or i an s h ow e ve r , s u c h a s H i l pr e c h t ,
. ,

R ost , R adau , R og e r s , an d Oppe r t , di s s e n t st r on gl y r om L e h m an n s f ’

c on c l u si on s ; a n d, a c c e pt i n g t he i s ol at e d of N ab u n a id
’
st at e m e n t

t h at N ar am -
Si n r e i gn e d (l ) f
ye ar s b e or e hi s t i m e , p l a c e t h e
fir st B ab yl on i an k i n g s ye ar s e ar li e r t h an t he dat e s adopt e d i n
t hi s w or k . E g R adau , E a r l y B a bylon i a n H i s tor y , p 30, . as

s i gn s E n s h agk u s h ann a t o b e or e 45 00 B C , U r fi n a t o 4300 B . .

-
N . C. ,

an d Sar gon I . t o 3 800 (i n st e ad of 3400, 32 00, an d 2 770, t h e d at e s

t h at I f
h a ve pr e e r r e d i n t h i s b o ok ) . Th e q u e st i on of t h e e b r o
n ol og
y i s b y n o m e an s s e t t l e d , an d i s n ot l i k e l
y t o b e u n t i l m or e de
c i s i ve f
ac t s ar e di s c o ve r e d .

”
D i e B lii t e z ei t d es P h a r a on en r ei chs , L e i pz i g, 1 9 00 .
xii I N T R OD U CTI ON

F or th e p e riod b e for e t he Hyk s o s occ u pation I hav e

follow e d Borchardt i n h i s con cl u s i o n t h at th e
1

h e liacal ri s i n g of Siri u s re cord e d i n th e P ap yr us

R ei n ha r dt as occ u rri n g i n t h e s e ve n th y e ar of U s e r
t e s e u III fe ll b e twe e n t h e y e ars 1 876 — 72 B C an d
. . .
,

from thi s fi xe d poi n t I hav e calc ul at e d t h e dat e s of

t h e e arli e r dy n a s ti e s I n t h e Chro n ology of I s ra e l
.

i ti s h hi s tory I am mo s t i n d e bt e d to t h e i n v e s tigatio n s
2
of R ii hl . A f u ll e r di s c u ss ion of t h e probl e m s of
‘

t h e chron ology wi ll b e fo u n d i n my articl e on Re

”
c e n t I n v e s tigation s i n An ci e n t Ori e n tal Chro n ology ,

B i bl i ca l IVor ld J u ly 1 901
, , On pp x iii —x i x I hav e
. .

e mbodi e d my co n cl u s io n s i n a chro n ological tabl e of

t h e e arly Or i e n t al k i n gs I n t h e fir s t col u m n s ta n d s
.

t h e n ation that d u ri n g th e p e riod i n qu e s tion h e ld

th e s u pr e macy .

Th e tra n s criptio n of prop e r n am e s h as b e e n at

t e n d e d with m an y diffic u l t i e s With con s id e rabl e .

r e lucta n c e I hav e fi n ally d e cid e d i n V i e w of t h e pop ,

ular charact e r of thi s book n ot to follow th e mod e rn,

s ci e n tific m e thod of tra n s cribi n g Se mitic n am e s b u t ,

to r e pr e se n t 11 a n d i ts e qu ival e n t s by kh 125 by s h an d , ,

n o t to try to di s ti n g u i s h b e tw e e n an d n or b e tw e e n D

a n d it) . I n t h e tran s criptio n of E gyptian n am e s for ,

t h e s t u d e n t s con v e n i e n c e I hav e follow e d th e sy s t e m

’

of P e tri e i n hi s H i s tor y of E gyp t .

Z e i t s chr if t f u r agyp t i sch e Sp r a ch e , 1 899 2

’

.
,

9 “
C h r on ol ogi e d e r K On i ge v on I
s r ae l u nd J u da ,
D eu tsche
Z e i t s ch r if t f ur G es chi chts wi s s en schafl , x ii 44—76 , 1 71 .
 EA R L Y OR E I N TA L K I N G S

N
C H R O OL OG CA L I T AB L E— I .

KI SII GIS H -
UK H L AG A S H EG Y PT
E n sh agk u s h a n n a
L or d of K e n gi
”

U r u k agi n a

E n kh e gal

L u g a l s h u ggu r
32 2 0
3200 L u galdaak
G u n am m i d e

Al z uz ua

E n ne -
Ugun

2 9 40 U r z agu dd u
L u gal an da
L u g al t ar s i

M an i sh t u s u E z n ab

A l u sh ar shi d

A GAD E D adk ar a
2 770 Sh ar gan i s h ar al i L u gal u sh u m gal U n as

2 75 0 ar am —
N Si n L u galki gu b n idudu U r e VI . T
e ta
L u ga lki sal si At y
Ur Ba u M e r yr a
’
-

N am m ak h n i M e r e nr a
Ne f e r k ar a

U r N i n su n
-
x iv EA R L Y OR E I N TA L K I N G S

N
C H R O OL OG CAL I T A B L E—II .

B C
. . B A B YL O N ER EC H E LA M EG Y PT
Si n gashid V II . dyn asty

Si n gam i l

V III . dyn ast y

I . IX .

2 341 Su m u ab i A b m e r yr a
2 3 2 7 Su m u l ai l u K am e r y r a
BI aab r a
2 2 9 1 Z ab u K u du r Sk h an r a
N an k h u n di K h au s e r r a
2 2 77 A pi l Si n
-
Si ni di n n am A ah ot e pr a
2 2 5 9 Si n m u b al li t Aa
2 2 39 K
h am m u r ab i E r i A ku
-
Ch e d or l aom e r X K .hy an (3) e t c .

2 1 9 6 Sa m s u i l u n a XI A nt e f
. I .

M e n t u h ot e p I .

Antef II .

2 158 E b i sh u m A n te f III .

2 1 33 A m m i sat an a M e n t u h ot e p II .

2 1 08 A m m i s a d u gg a Ante f IV .

2 087 Sa m s u s at an a Ante f V .

II . M e n t u h ot e p III .

A n m aan An t e f V I .

l i i an n i bi X IIA m e n e m h at
.

D am ki l u sh u U se r t e se n I .

I s h ki b al Am e n e m h t II a .

Sh u s h s h i U se r t e se n II
G u l ki U se r t e s e n III .

K i r galdar ab e r Am e n e a m h t III .

A i a dar ak al am m a A m e n e m h at I V .

E k u r u l an n a Se b e k n e f e r u r a
M e l am m ak u r k u r r a X III .

B aga
 EA R L Y OR E I NTA L K INGS

C H R O NO I O G I C A L . T A B LE III .

B C
. . EG Y PT B AB Y LON A SS YR IA M I TA NN

III .

Hy k s os R ul e , G an da s h S h a m s hi R am m a n
-
I .

Dy n as t i e s A g u m s hi K h al l u
XI V XV.
,
. I
B i t i li a s h u . I r i s hu m
K YL, V X II . D U SIII I gu r k a pk a pi
A d u m e t as h Sh am s hi R a m m an I I
-
.

X V III . Aah m e s T as h z i g u r m a s h
A m e n h ot e p I . A g u m k ak r i m e
T a hu t i m e s I . K ar ai n das h A sh u r b e l n i s h e s h u
T ah u t i m e s III . K adas h m an B e l -
I .

A m e n h ot e p II . B u r n ab u r i a s h I . P u z u r A s hu r
-
A r t at a
T a hu t i m e s I V . K u r i g al z u I . A s h u r n adi n ak h e S h u t ar r
A m e n h ot e p III . K adas h m a n B e l -
II .

A m e n h ot e p I V
‘

. B u r n ab u r i as h II . A s h u r u b all i t B u shr a
T u t an kh at e n K ar ak h ar das h
Ar K adas h m an k h ar b e I .

H or e m h e b K u r i g al z u II . B e l n i r ar i
X IX R am e s s u I
.
. N az i m a r u tt as h P u dil u
S c ty I . K ada s h m an T u r ga
-
R am m an n i r ar i I . M au r as
K udu r B e l
-

R a m e s su II . Sh aga r akt ib u r i as h Sh al m an e s e r I K h at e se
II
B i t i l i as h u . T u kl at i nib
-
N I .

R am m a n sh u m u t s u r I . A s h u r n at s i r p al I .

M e r e n pt ah Si b i r T u k l at A s h u r B e l
- -

Se t y II .

Ar isu K ada s h m an b u r i a sh I SR A F

XX . Se t n e kh t G i s h am m e t i
R am e s s u III . Sh ag ar ak t i s h u r i ash M ose s
R am e s s u IV III
B i t i l i as h u .

R am e s s u V . B e l s h u m iddi n
R am e ssu VI . K adas h m an k h ar b e II .

R am e s su VII . R am m a n sh u m iddi n A h s u r n i r ar i I .

R am e s s u V III . R am m an s h u m u t s u r II B . e l k u du r u t s u r

R am e s s u IX . M e l i s hi kh u N i n i b ap al e k u r r a
R am e s su X . M e r oda c h b al adan I .

R am e s s u XI . Z am am a s h u m i ddi n A sh u r dan I . G i de on
R a m e ss u X II . B e l n adi n akh e
X VI EAR L Y I N TA L K I NGS
OR E

CH R O OL OG CA L N I TA B L E — I V .

B . C . A SS Y R IA B AB YL O N EG YP T Z OB A H

M u t akk i l N u sk u o

A s h u r r e s hi s hi N e b u c h adr e z z ar I . P su k ha ‘ m n e
B e l n ad i n ab li Pi n oz e m
Ti gl at h pi l e s e r I . M ar d u k n adi n akh e A m e n e m apti
M ar du k akh e i r b a
A s h u r b e lk al a M ar du k s h apik z e r m at e
Sham s hi R am m an -
N ab u n ad i n
V .

Sh i m m a sh shik h u Saam e n
A sh u r n at s i r p al II . E am u ki n z e r
K as h s h u n adi n akh e D A M A SC US
VI . R e z on I .

A sh u r i r b i E u lb ar s h a ki n s h u m P s u kh ‘
a m ne

T i gl at hpi l e se r II . N i n i b k u d u r u t su r X X II XX III )
( .
(H e z i on ? )
Si l an i m s hu q am u n a Shi sh ak I .

VI I .

A sh u r dan II . Th e E l am i t e T ab r i m m o
V III N. a b u ki n ab l i O s or k on I .

II
R am m an n i r ar i . Sh am ash m u dam m i q Tak e l ot I . B e n h adad
N ab u s hu m i shk u n
T k l t N i i b II
u a -
n . N ab u b al iddi n Os or k on II .

A hs t i p l III
ur n a s r a . B e n hadad
Sh l m a II M
an e s e r . ar d uk n adi n sh u m Shi sh a k II .

II az a e l
M ar du kb al at su ikb i
82 5 Sh am s hi R am m -
an B au akh i ddi n
81 2 R am m an n i r ar i III . B e n h adad
783 Sh al m an e s e r II .

A s h u r da n III . P i m ai (T ab e e l

75 5 A s h u r ni r ar i II N . ab u sh u m i s h k u n Shi sh ak I V .

745 Ti gl at h pi l e s e r III N . ab u n at si r (747)

R e z on II .
XV III EAR L Y OR E I N TAL K I NGS

N
C H R O OL OG C A L I TAB L E V .

B .C . A SS Y R IA B AB YL ON EG Y PT E L AM

N ab u sh u m i ddi n

732 N ab u s li u m u ki n
732 X .U ki n z e r
72 9 T i g l at h pi l e s e r III .

72 7 Sh al m an e s e r IV . Sh al m an e s e r I V .

72 2 Sar gon II . M e r od ac h b al adan II .

709 Sar g on Sb a b ak o
705 Se n n ac h e r i b M ar du k z ak i r s h u m
704 M e r oda c hb al ad an l l . Sh ab at ak o
702 B elibni
6 99 A s h u r n adi n s h u m
6 93 N e r g al u s h e z i b

M u sh e z i b M ar du k
-
Ti r h aq a

Se n n ac h e r i b

6 81 E sar h addon E sar h addon E s ar h addon

6 6 8 A sh u r b a ni pal Sh am a sh s hu m u ki n
6 47 A s h u r b an i pal

6 2 5 A s h u r e t il i l an i XI N . ab op ol as sar

Si n s h ar i sk u n N e c h o II .

N e b u c h adr e z z ar II .

E vi l M e r odac h
-

N e r i gl i s s ar
L ab a s h i M ar d u k
-

N ab on i du s
 EA R LY OR E I NTAL K INGS

CH R O N OL OG I CAL T A B L E V .
(Con ti n u ed )

B C.
. J U H
DA T YR E M O AB A M M ON ED OM

71 9 H e z e k i ah

Ch e m oshn adab P u dui l u M al ik r am

6 9 1 M an as se h

M ut s u r i Q au sh gab r

A m m i n adab
6 37 A m on Ch e m osh
A s h t ar t
6 36 Jos i ah
6 06 Je h oahaz
6 06 Je h oi aki m E t l i b aal II .

5 96 J
e h oi ac hi n
5 9 6 Z e d e ki a h B aal i s
 BI B LI OG R AP H Y 1

Th e f ol l wi g ab b re viat i o
o n n s ar e u s e d

A OF . W i n c k l e Al t ori n t l i
r, e a sc he F or s c h u n g e n .

BA . B e i trag e z ur Assyri ol ogi e u . se m i ti s c h e Sprac hwi ss e n

s c ha ft .

B OB . B ab yl on i an an d Ori e n t al R e c ord .

B IV . B i b l i c al W or l d .

EB . E n c yc l op ae d i a B r i t an n i c a (n i n t h e di t i on ) .

EBi . E n c yc l op ae di a B i b li c a, ed it e d b y C h e yn e an d B l ac k .

ET . E xp o s i t ory Ti m e s .

G GA . G Otti n g i s c h e g e l e hr t e An z e i g e n .

H DB . H as t i n g s, D i c t i on ar y of t h e B ib l e .

J A OS . J ourn al of t h e Am e ri c an Ori e n tal Soc i e ty .

JA . J ourn al Asi at i q u e .

J EL . J ou rn al of B i b l i c al L i t e ratur e .

J QR . J e wi s h Qu ar t e r l y R e vi e w .

M DP V . M i tth e i l u n g e n und N ac hri c h t e n de s de u t sc h e n P a

l es tin a Ve re in s -
.

M VG . i i
M i tth e i l u n g e n de r G e s e ll s c h af t vor de r as at sc h e n .

OL Z Ori e n t ali s t i sc h e L i t t e r at u r Z e i t u n g
.
-
.

P A OS P roc e e di n g s o f t h e Am e r i c an Ori e n t al Soc i e t y

. .

PE F Q P al e s t i n e E xp l or at i on F u n d Q u ar t e r l y St at e m e n t
.
, .

P SB A P roc e e di n g s o f t h e Soc i e ty of B i b li c al Ar c h ae ol og y
. .

R e vu e d Assyr i ol og i e e t d Ar c h é ol og i e Or i e n t al e
’
R A
’
. .

RS R e vu e Se m i t i q u e
. . .

SB A W Si t z u n g s b e ri c h t de r B e rlin i sc h e n Ak ade m i e de r
W i s se n sc h af t e n .

‘
F or addi t i on al t i tl e s c on su l t t h e Or i e n t a l i s t i s oh e B i bl i og r ap hi c
of Sc h e r m an an d t h e B i bl i og r h y of M u s s A r n ol t a p pe n de d t o t h e
ap -

A m e r i c an J ou r n al of T h e ol ogy a n d A m e r i c a n J ou r n a l of Se m i t i c
L an gu a ge s .
 I
B B L OG R A P H I Y m i

S WA W . Si t z u n g sb e ri c h t de r Wie ner A k ad e m ie de r Wi s s e n
sc h at t e n .

TS B A . Tr an s ac ti o n s of t h e So c i e ty o f B i b l i c al Ar c h ae o l ogy .

WZ K M . W i e n e r Z e i t s c h r i f t f ii r d i e K u n d e d e s M or g e n l an d e s .

DA G . Wi n c k l e r , U n te r s u c h u n g e n z ur a l tor i e n tali sc h e n Ge
sc h c hte . i
ZA . Z e i ts hri f t f A y i ol og i u n d ve wan d te G b i e te
c ur . ss r e r e .

ZA . Z e i t c h i f t f agyp ti s c h e Sp a h e u Al t t m ku d
s r ur r c . er u s n e .

Z A T IV Z e i tsc hri f t f u di e l t te s t m e n tli c h e W i sse n c h aft

/
.
'

r a a s .

ZDM G Z e i tsc hri ft de r d e u t c h e n m or g l a di s c h e n G e l l

. s en n es

sc h af t .

ZD P V Z e i ts c hri f t de s de u ts c h e n P al s t i a v re i s
. a n -
e n .

Z WT Z e i t sc hri f t f ii r W i s se s c h af t l i c h e Th e ol og i e
. n .

CH R ON OL OG Y

K AM P H AU SEN Ch ,
r on ol og i e der H e br . K on i gs, 1 883 .

KBE Y , Z i tr c h“
e e nun g d . B ii c h e r d . K On i g e ,
”
Z WT . 1 887,
p 404. .

LE H M ANN , Z we i H
‘

p r oble m e d a ltor i e n t Chr on ologi e , 1 89 8

a up t . . .

M AH LER , B i bi . Chr on ol og i e u . Z
e i tr e c hn u ng d H e br aer , 1 887 . .

M OOR , E ss a i e n cha i n e m e n ts dc l hi stoi r e, 1 89 3

’
DE sur l es e tc .
, .

M AR Q UAR T , Chr on ol og i sclze Un te r s n c h un g e n , 1 900 .

NETE LE R , Z u s am m en ha n g d . a ltte s ta m e n t. Z e i tr ec hn u n g m it d .

Pr of a n g escbi c kte , 1 879—86 .

NI EB UH R , Die Chr on olog i e de r Ge sc ki ckte I sr aels , A egyp ten s ,

B a bylon i e n s, an d A s syr i en s, 1 89 6 .

R OST , B e r ossu s 11 . di e b ab yl on i s c h e K on i g sl i s t e , M VG .

1 897, 2 .

B UR L , D i e t yr i sc h e K o n i g sl i s t e de s M e n an de r , R ke i n M u s .

f ar P hi l 1 893, p 5 6 5 . C h ron ol og i e d e r K On i g e von sr ae l

. I
11 . J u da, D e u tsc h Z e i tsc kr f it r G escki c b ts wi ssen schafl , 1 89 5 ,
. .

p p 44, 1 71. .

WI NCKLE R , Z u r b ab yl on i sc h -
as s y ri sc h e n Chron ol og i e , UA G .

1 898, p 1 . .
xx ii S YR IA AND P A LES TI N E

I
H STOR Y OF TH E A N C E NT O R E N T I I
AR C HI NAR D ,
I sr a e l e t s e s voi s i n s as i a ti q u e s , 1 89 0 .

B A L L , L i ght f r om the E a s t 1 899 , .

B OSC AW E N , L a B i ble c l l es m on u m e n ts , 1 9 00 .

BO VE T , Egyp t P a lesti n e ,
,
an d P hoe n i c i a , 1 882 .

B B AND E S , A bha n dl u n g e n z . Ge sc hi chte d e s Or i e n ts, 1 874 .

BR U G SC H , Ste i n s c hr if t un d B i be lwor t , 1 891 .

B R U STON , L e s i n scr ip t i on s A ssyr i e n n es l A n ci e n Testa m en t,

’
et

1 873 .

B UD I N G E R , D i e Un i oer s a lhi s tor i e i m A lter thu m e, 1 895 .

D E L A TTR E , L A s i e occ i de n ta le da n s les i n sc r ipti on s A ssy r i en n es,

’

1 885 .

D E LI TZ SCH , W0 lag d as P a r a di es 1 881 .

Ex or i e n te tu x , 1 898 .

D UNCKE R G hi ht , esc c e d es A lte r thu m s , 1 878 f .

E V E TTS N w L ig ht
,
e on the B i ble an d the
H oly L a n d , 1 89 1 .

EL OI G L , G es c hi chte d . se m i t i s che n A lter thu m s i n Ta be ll e n , 1 882 .

G A G N OL , H i stoi r e d es p e up le s de l Or i en t, 1 89 8
’
a nc i e n n e .

VON G U TS CH M I D , N e u e B e i tr tig e z u r K u n de d es a lten Or i en ts .

K te i n e Schr if ten , her a u sg eg e be n von R u hl .

H AR P ER , The B i ble an d JII oder n D i scover y , 1 89 0 .

H E I L P R I N, H i stor i ca l R f
e e r e n ce B ook, 1 89 8 .

H I LP R E C EIT, R ec e n t R e sea r c h i n B i bl e L a n ds , 1 89 7 .

A t r ic l e s on R e cent A rc h ae ol og ic al D i s c ove ry i n th e
S u n d ay Sc hool Ti m es, 1 89 8 f .

H OG AR T H (e di t or ) ,
A u thor i ty an d A r c haeol ogy 1 899 , .

H OM M E L , A uf sa l z e un d A b han dlu n ge n , 1 89 2 .

H OM M E L , Die sem i ti sche n Volker un d Sp r a c he n , 1 883 .

A br i ss der Gesc hi c hte d e s a lte n Or i e n ts , 1 895 .

K EN YON ,
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K B AL L , Gr u n dr i s s der a ltor i e n ta li sc hen Ges c hi chte , i .

,
1 899 .

LA UR I E , A ssy r i a n E c hoes of t he Wor d, 1 89 4 .

L Y ON , k
S e t c h Of B ab yl on i an an d As s yr i an H is t or y ,
wi th
Sp e c i al R ef er enc e t o P al e s t in e ,
”
B W . J u n e , 1 896 .

f t he E ast , 1 871
L E NOR M AN T , A n ci en t H i stor y o .
 B I B L I OG R A P H Y xxiii
L ETR ON N E , Oe u v r e s c ho i s i es .

M CC U Y
RD ,
H i s tor y , P r op he cy an d the M on u m e n ts, 3 vol s .
,

1 89 4—1 9 01 .

M AS P ER O , H i s toi r e A n c i en n e de s P e up les d Or i en t, 3
’
vol s .
,

1 895 —99 ; t r an s l at e d , The D a wn o

f Ci vi li z a t i on , 1 89 5 ;
The Str ugg l e of the N a ti on s , 1 89 7 ; The P a ss i n g f t he
o

E m p i r es , 1 900 .

ME YE R ,
G es chi c hte des A lter t hu m s, B an d i .
,
1 884 .

M UL L E R A , .
, D a s A lt e Te s ta m en t i m L i chte der n e u e s te n a ss
y r i sc h
ba by lon i sc he n E n tdeclc u n g en , 1 896 .

M ii L LE R , W . M .
,
A si en u . E ur op a n ac h a l ta
gyp ti s chen D en ic
m f i ler n , 1 893
‘

. Se e t h e re vi e w b y J e n s e n i n Z A x p 32 0 . . . .

N I E B UH R G esc hi cht des e br d i he Z i ta lter s

,
e sc n e ,
1 89 4 .

N I KE L H e odot u d d i K e i ls h if tf sch g
, r n e c r or un .

NOW A CK D i e assy i sch ba bylo i sc h

,
K e i li r -
n en n sc hr if t e n u . da s
A T , 1 878
. . .

O PPE N H E IM , Vom M tt e lm eer

'

z um P er s i sc he n G olf , 1 899 .

P L OETz , A u sz ug a us d er G esc hi chte , 1 89 8 .

P R ASE K , F or sc hu n g e n z ur G esc hi c hte d es A lter thu m s , 1 89 7—98 .

P R I CE , The Won am e n ts
J -
an d t he Old Te sta m en tg, 1 9 00 .

B A SS A M , B i bl i c a l L a n ds , 1 89 8 .

R A W L IN SON , The Se ve n G r e a t M on ar c hi es‘ 1 879 , .

Egyp t an d B a by lon , 1 885 .

SA YC E, F r es h L ig ht f r om the A n c i en t M on u m e n ts .

E ar ly I sr a e l a n d the S ur r ou n d i n g N a ti on s, 1 89 8 .

SCH R AD E R , D i e K e i l i n schr if te n d i e G esc hi c htsf or sc hu n g , 1 878

’

u . .

D i e K ei l i n sc hr if te n u . da s A lte Tes ta m en t
”
, 1 883 t ran s
l at e d , The Cu n e if or m I nscr ip ti on s an d the Old Te sta m e n t,

1 885 —88 .

SCH KF E R , D i e E n tde clcu ng en i n A ssyr i en u . A egyp te n i n i hr e r

B ez i e hu n g z u r he i li g e n Sc hr if t, 1 89 6 .

TOL M AN an d STE V E N SO N , H er odotu s an d the E m p i r es of the E a st .

UR Q UHAR T ,
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VI G OR OU X , L a B i b le et l a d éc ou ve r tes m ode r n es, 1 881 .

WA C HSM UTH ,
E i n le i t un g i n da s St u di u m d er a lten G esc hi c hte,
1 89 5 .

WEI SS We ltg esc hi c hte

, ,
B an d i .
,
1 89 8 .
XX IV S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E
WI NC KL ER , Un te r s u c hu n g e n z u r a ltor i en ta li s c hen G es c hi c hte , 1 889 .

A ltor i en ta li sc he F or schu n g en , i .
—i i i .
, 1 893—1 9 00 .

D i e Volke r Vor d er as i e n s, 1 899 .

D as a lte Wes tas i e n ,

i n H elm ol t , We ltg e sc hi c hte ,
1 899 .

I
H STOR Y OF CIV L I IZ ATI ON
BA UM G AR TNE R '

,
G esch i c hte der Weltli ter a tu r , Bd i . .
,
1 89 7 f .

B E R G E R , H i stoi r e de l
’ ’
e cr i t u r e da n s l a n ti q u i te
2
,
1 892 .

B IL LER B E CK , D er F e st un gs ba u i m a lten Or i en t , 1 900 .

B IR C H , H i s tor y f A n c i en t P otte r y
o ,
1 873 .

B OND I , “
G e g e n s e i t i g e K u l t u r e i n flii sse de r Ae gy p t e r 11 . Se
m i te n , i n F es tsc hr if t f il r E ber s, p p 1 —7 . .

B R OWN, R ese a r ches i n to the P r i m i ti ve Con ste lla ti on s f

o t he

Gr eeks , P hoe n i ci an s, an d B a bylon i a n s , 1 9 00

‘

CA N I NA , L A r c hi te ctu r a
’
a n ti c a des c r i tta e d i m on s tr a ta c oi m on u
m e n ti , 6 vol s .

C H OI SY ,
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’
vol s .
,
1 899 .

C ON W A Y ,
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D fiR ST, D i e R i n de r von B a by lon , A ssyr i en , u . A egyp te n u . i hr

Z u sam m e n ha n g m i t de n R i n d er n der a lten We lt ,
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F E R G USSON , H i s tor y o f A r c hi t ect u r e , 3 vol s .

The Te m p les of the J e ws a n d other B u i ldi ng s f

o the
H ar a m A r e a , 1 878 .

H OM M EL , D i e Se m i ten u. i hr e B edeu tu ng f ur di e Cu lt u r g esc hi chte,

1 881 .

L E H NE R T , M or g en lan di sche r F r a u en sc hm u cl c, 1 89 7 9 8 .

L fiB K E , Gr u n dr i ss der K u n s tg es c hi c ht e z ,
l
1 899 t ran s l at e d7 ,

Outl i n es f
o the H i s t or y of Ar t .

G esc hi c hte der A r c hi t ec t ur 1 875 .

G eschi c hte der Sc u lp tur t ran s l at e d , H i stor y f Sc u lp

o

t u r e , 1 878 .

M IT CH EL L , A n H i s tor y o f A n c i e nt Sc u lp t ur e, 1 883 .

M fiL L ER , “
Z u r al t e s t e n G e s c h i c h t e d e s H an d e s ve r l k ehrs im
”
R ot h e n M eer, M VG
1 898, p 1 48 . . .

“
Z ur i
G e s c h c h t e d e r M e ta e i n V o de ll r rasi e n , M VG .

1 898, 3 , p . 1 33 .
 S YR IA A ND PA LES TI N E

H I STOR Y OF E G YP T
BR U G SC H , A egyp te n u n te r de n P h a r a on e n , 1 877 ; t r an s l at e d ,
A H i s tor y f E gyp t
o un de r t he P h ar a ohs , 1 881 .

CR UM , Ar t ic l e “
E gyp t
”
i n H DB .

E R M AN , A egyp te n u agyp t i sc hes L e be n , 1 885 —87 ; t ran s l at e d ,

.

L if e i n A n c i e n t E gyp t, 1 894 .

K R AL L , St u d z e
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M EY ER , G esc h ic hte de s a lt e n A egyp te n s , 18 87 .

M UL L E R ,
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P O O L E , Ar t ic l e “
E g yp t in EB .

P E TR I E , H i stor y of E gyp t , i .1 899 ; i i , 1 896

, . .

SE T HE , Un ter s uc h u n g e n z . Ge s c h u A lter t u m sku n de A egyp te n s, i

. . .

W I E D E M ANN ,
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G e schi c hte von A lt A egyp te n , 1 89 1

-
.

AR AB I A

'

B E R G ER , L A r a bi e M a hom et d ap r é s le s In scr ip t i on s, 1 885

’ ’
a va n t .

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1 83 1 .

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,
1 888 .

G L ASE R , Slei z z e d er G esc hi c hte u . G eog r ap hi c A r a bi e n s , i i .

, 1 89 0 .

D as A te r l de r M i n éi i sc h e n I n sc h r i f te n ,
”
M VG .

1 89 7 3 .

Pun t 11 . di e s u d ar ab i sc h e n R i
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J A COB , A ltar a bi s c hes B ed u i n en le ben , 1 897 .

SM I T H , W . R .
,
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WE L L H AU SE N , R e s te a r a bi s c he n H e i de n t hu m s .

WI N CKL E R ,
M u sr i , M e l u hba M a i n , ,
‘
M V G 1 898, 1 , 4 . .

D as n or dar ab sc h e i L an d M i A OF i
u sr ,
”
. . 1 .

Z u r G e sc h i c h t e d e s lte n
a Ar ab i e n ”
A OF , . i 5 . .
 I
B B L OG R A P H I Y Xxvii

H I STOR Y O F SY R A AND P AL E ST I I NE
”
B A ED E C K E R ,
P a la s ti n a und Sy r i e n ,
1 900 ; t r an s l at e d , P a les
ti ne an d S yr i a , 1 894 .

U
B HL , G e og r ap hi c de s a lte n P a la s ti n a , 1 89 6 .

Cor p u s I n s c r ip ti on u m Se m i t i c a r um ,
1 881 if .

G OOD S P E ED , S k e tc h of C an aan i ti s h H i sto r

y , B W J un e ,

1 89 6 .

L ID Z B AR SK I , H a n dbu c h d e r n ordsem i t i s c hen Ep i gr ap hi k , 1 89 8 .

(Con t ai n s an e xha u s t ve i i i r
b b l og ap h y on o t h Se m t c i n N r -
ii
s c r i p t i on s .
)
OOR T , A tl a s
'

b y be l zs che h e r lc e l ig ke G esc hi e den i s , 1 884

’

voor en .

SA YC E, The R ac es o f the Ol d Te s ta m e n t, 1 89 1 .

SC H W AL L Y , U eb er e n i i ge p al as t i n i s c h e V ol k e r n a m e n ,
V
Z ATV . x viii .
, p . 1 26 .

SM I T H , G A . .
,
H i s tor i c a l G e og r ap hy o
f the H oly L a n d
‘
,
1 898 .

SOCI N , A r t i c l e Syr i a in EB .

SOD E N , P a l a st i n a u n d s ei n e G es c h i c hte, 1 89 9 .

WAR D E ar l y P al e s t i n e
,
“
B lV ,
”
. J u n e , 1 896 .

WI NCKL ER D i e s e m i ti s c h e n
,
W an d e r u n g e n , D as R e chi
D am asc u s , i n G es c h i c hte I s r a e ls , i .
, pp . 1 33 1 3 5 .

H I STOR Y OF I SR AEL
C OR N I L L ,
H i s tor y f the P e op le of I sr a el
o , 1 89 8 .

“
E W A LD , G e sc hi c hte des Vollces I sr a e ls ,
B de . vi i .
,
1 86 4 68
t r an s l at e d , H i s tor y of the P e op le of I s r a e l, 1 869 .

G R AE Tz , G esc hi c hte der J u de n , B de i v , 1 85 3—76 ; t ran s l at e d ,

. .

H i s tor y f
o the J e ws , vol s . V . 1 89 1 —92 .

O U T HE , G esc hi c hte des Vollees I sr a e ls , 1 899 .

H OM M E L , A n c i en t H e br e w Tr a d i ti on as I ll ustr a ted by the Ill on u

m e n ts , 1 897 .

K E NT , H i s tor y of the H e br e w P e ople ,

1 898 .

K I TT E L , G esc hi c hte der H e br a e r , 1 888, 1 89 2 ; t ran sl at e d, H i s

‘

t or y of the H e br e ws , 1 895 —96 .

K L OST E R M AN N , G es c hi chte des Vol/fies I sr a e ls 1 896 , .

X x vi ii S Y R IA AND PA LES TI N E
K H
O L ER , L e hr bu c h de r bi bli schen Ge sc hi c hte A li en Te sta m e n tes ,
1 875 93 -
.

M AR Q UA R T ,
F u n da m e n te i s r a el i t . u .
j udi scher G eschi c hte , 1 89 7 .

P IE P E NB R IN G , H i stoi r e d a P e up le I sr a el, 1 89 8 .

R E NA N , H i s toi r e d a P e up le I sr a e l, 1 887—93 ; t ran sl ate d ,

H i stor y
f the P e op l e of I sr a e l 1 896
o , .

SA Y CE , The E ar ly H i stor y of the H ebr e ws 1 897 , .

H ig he r Cr i t i c i sm a n d the Ver di c t of the M on u m e n ts!

,

1 895 .

STAD E , G esc hi chte d es Vollces I sr a e l , 1 1 889 ; i i

2
1 888 .
,
.

W E L L H AU SE N D e g en ti bu s , et f a m i li i s J u da e i s, 1 870 .

Ar t i c l e I rae l
s ,
”
in EB . re pri n t , Sketch o f the H i s tor y
of I s r a el an dJ u d a h, 1 891 .

“
I sr ae li ti sc he u .
j udi sc he Geschi c hte , 1 897 .

W I N CK L E R , G e schi c hte I sr a els i n E i n z e ln da r s tel l un g, 1 895 —1 900 .

A lttestam e n tli c he Un te r s u ch un ge n , 1 892 .

TH E H TTI TES I
CAM P B E LL , The H i tti te s , the i r I n s cr ip ti on s an d the i r H i stor y .

C OND E R , B e th an d M oa b, 1 889 .

A lta i c H i er og lyp hs a n d H i tt i te I nscr ip t i on s , 1 889 .

The H i tt i tes a n d thei r L a n g u ag e , 1 898 .

H I R SC HF E LD , F e ls enr e l i ef s i n K le i n asi en u . das Volk d er H i t

ti te r , 1 887 .

“
Th e H it t i t e I n sc rip t i on s
”
H OM M EL , , E T M ay , J u n e , J u l y,
.

1 899
H i t t i te r u . k
S yt h e n , RS . vi . 384 .

N ot e s on th e H tt t e i i I n sc r ip t i on s ,
P SB A . xx i . 99 .

“
G ru n dl ag e n f ii r i '

J E N SE N , e ne E n t z i fie r u n g de r (h at i s c h e n
O de r ) I n s c h ift r e n,
”
ZDM G . lviii pp 2 35 429
x .
, .
, .

H i tt i te r un d A r m e n i er , 1 89 8 se e t h e re vi e ws of B r oc k
e l m an n , 1 899 ; H i l p r e c h t , B i bl i a , Au g 1 898 ; L e h
G GA . .

m an n , Z D M G 1 900, p 5 41 . M e s s e rs c h m i dt , OL Z D e c
. . .

1 89 8 k
R e c e n dor , Z A x i , p 1 f ; f im m e r n, Z D M G l i i
. . . . Z . .

p . 1 68 .

R e lig i on of i i
t h e H tt t e s , S S Ti m es ,
. . X L, p . 299 .
 I
B B L OG R A P H I Y xx i x
J E NSE N , “
Th e H i tti te I n sc rip ti o n s, ET . Ap r . J un e ,
Au g .

Se p t .
,
1 89 9 .

K AR OLID E S, D i e s og en a n n ten A s syr o Cha lda er -

u. H i tt i te n von

K le i n a s i en , 1 898 .

L A UT SH EE R ES, D e l a r a sse e t da la l a n g ue de s H i tti te s , 1 89 1 .

M E SSER SC HM I D T , Corp u s I n sc r i pti on u m H etti ti ca r u m , M VG .

1 900 4, 5 .

H e th t i isc he s , OLZ . F eb . J u ly O c t 1 899

, . .

B e rn e r k u n g e n z . de n h e t h i ti sc h e n I n sc hri f te n,

Ill V G . 1 898, 5 .

M ULL E R , M VG 1 89 6 , 4 ; D e r G ott Su t e c h , OLZ J u l 1 898

. . . .

R AM SA , “
Y
H i t ti t e D e c i p h e rm e n t , E T M ay, Au g 1 899
”
. . .

Y
R L A N D S, H i t ti t e n s c ri p t i on s , PSB A x x 2 33
”
I . . .

S YCA E, The H i tt i tes, 1 89 0 .

Th e M on u m e n t s o f the H t t te s , i i TSE A . 1 881 .

H i tt it e N ot e s P SB A x xi 1 94 ”
. . .
,

Th e H i tti t e I n s c ri p t i on s E T Se p t 1 89 9
”
SE L B IE , , . . .

WAR D , H i t ti t e G od s i n H i t t i t e Ar t A m er J ou r A r cha ol , . n .

i ii . 1 —3 7 .

WR I G H T , The E m p i r e f
o the H i tti tes .

M I N OR R AC E S OF PAL E ST I NE
NOL D E KE , D i e A m a le lci ter , 1 86 4 ; ar t ic l e Am al e k in EBi .

WD I OKL E R ,
“
M i di an u . Am al e k ,
”
i n G eschi chte I s r ae ls, i .
, p .

210 .

CH Y E Am m o n
NE , in EB i “
,
.

M AC P H E R SON A m m on in H D B , , .

WI NC KL ER ,
Am m on ,
”
i n G esc hi chte I s r ae ls, i .
, p . 213 .

B E R N STE I N, Ue be r den Ve i f as ser der R eg e nten taf e l von E dom ,

1 880 .

B UH L , G eschi c hte d e r E d om i ter , 1 893 .

M AR Q U AR T ,
“
Z u r L i s t e d e r E d o m i t e r k on i g e , in F u n d a m e n te

i sr a e li ti sc her u .
j ud i sc her G es ch i c hte , 1 897 .

N ODD ER E , Art i c l e E d om ,
”
i n EB i .

SA YC E, Ar ti c l e E d om ,
”
i n H DB .

TOR R E Y , Th e E d om i te s i n Sou t h e rn J u dah , J B L 1 898, p 1 6 . . .

XXX S YR IA AND P ALES TI N E
WI N CKL E R ,
“
E d om , i n G es c hi c hte I s r a els , i .
, p . 1 89 .

B E NN E TT , A r t i c l e
”
M oab , in H DB .

B R ENN OW , “
R e i s e b e r ic h t ub e r Os t j ord l an an d, M oab , 11 . Am
”
In on , M D P V 1 89 8, p p 49 , 81 . . .

M ER R I L L , E a s t of the J or dan , 1 881 .

SC HUM AC HE R ,
A c r oss t he J or da n , 1 886 .

TR I ST R AM , T he L a n d o f M oa b, 1 874 .

W I NC K LE R ,
M oab , i n G es c h i c hte I sr a e ls , i .
, p 203
. .

B EE C HER ,
Art i c l e P hil is tin e s ,
”
in H DB .

H A N N E CK E R ,
D i e P hi l i s ta er ,
1 872 .

M ti L L ER , W . M C hron ol og i e , U rh e i m at , usw . d e r P h ili s

”
te r , M VG . 1 9 00, 1 .

SCH W A L L Y , D i e R ass e de r P h ili s t e r , Z WT . 1 89 1 , 1 .

STAR K , G a z a d i e P hi li s tai s c he K i l s te, 1 85 2

'

u. .

W I N CK L E R ,
D i e P h i l i s t e r,
”
i n G esc hi c hte I s r a els , i .
, p 21 6
. .

G U TSCH M I D , A r t i c l e P h oe n i c i an s ,
”
V ON in EB .

J B R E M I A S, Ty r u s bi s z u r e i t Ne bu lca dn e z z a r s , 1 89 1 Z . .

U
V O N L A N D A , D i e P hon i z i e r , D a s a l te Or i e n t, i i 4, 1 901 . .

M O V E R S, P h dni z ie n,
”
i n E r sc h u . G r u b e r s E n cyc l op ad i e .

D i e P hon i z i e r , 1 841 —56 .

P I ETS CH M ANN , G esc hi c hte d e r P hon i z i e r , 1 889 .

R AW LI NSON , H i stor y f P hoen i ci a

o , 1 889 .

R EN A N , M i ss i on de P hén i ci e, 1 864 .

W I N CKL E R ,
“
Z ur p h on i c i s c h
-
k ar t h ag sc h e n i G e s c h ic h t e ,
A GE i . . 5 .

OL D B AB Y L ON AN P ER OD I I
H I LP R E CH T , The B a by lon i a n E xp e di ti on o f the Un i ve r si ty f
o

P e n n s y l va n i a : Te x ts , Ser i es A , vol . i
p ar t 1 , 1 893
.
,
.

DE SAR Z E C H -
E U Z E Y, D écou ve r tes en Cha l d ee , 1 887 f .

TH U R E AU D AN G I N , D u n gi, r oi d Ur
’
-
et se s s u c c e s se u r s ,

OL Z J u n e , 1 898
. .

WI N C KL E R ,
“
Die s u db ab yl on i sc h e n D yn as t ie n ,
”
OLZ . i .
, p .

238 .

Su m er u A lcka d , 1 887 .

Di e al t m e SOp ot arn i s c h e n R i
e c he ,
”
UA G .
, p . 65 .
 I
B B L OG R A P H I Y

A M OR T C P ER OD I I I
B OS CA W E N , M i g r a ti on of Ab r ah am , P r oc . Vi c tor i a I n s t i t u te ,
1 89 6
Th e L e tt e r s of K h am m u r ab i , B OR . v iii .

J E NSEN , D i e G e tt e r A m u r r u (fi) u . ASr atu ,

”
ZA . Xi . 302 .

K IN G , The L e tte r s a nd I n scr ip ti on s of H am m u r a bi , 3 vo s l .

,

1 898 f .

M E I SSN E R , B e i tr age z um a lt ba by l on i s c he n P r i va tr ec ht, 1 893 .

N I EB UHR ,
“
Die e r s te D yn as t i e vo n B ab e l ,
”
M V G 1 89 7, 3 . .

SA YC E, P a tr i a r cha l P a l es ti n e , 1 89 5 .

TOM KI N S, A b r a ham hi s Ag e 1 897

an d , .

W IN CKL E R Die K an aan iz e r von L ag ash , A OF ii 2

’

. . .
,

U r K as d i m -
al s H e i m at Ab r ah am s,
”
A OP . i . 1 .

O N G E N E S S XI V I
Dr ive r , ET . Oc t . D ec . 1 89 6 ; G r av
E r p os i tor , M ay, 1 89 8 ;
H om m el, E T N o v 1 896
. . J as t r ow, J QR O c t 1 9 00 ; J oh n s , . .

P e i s e r , JII V G
'
E T Au g 1 89 9
. C fior d , P S B A Xx i p 25 6
. . .
, . .

1 89 7, 4 ; W e l l h au s e n , L i t Ce n tr a l bl a tt, 1 89 8, C O ] 1 6 92 . .

Win c kl e r , A OP . i . 1 ; an d t h e C om m e n t ar e s i on G e n e si s
of D e li tz sc h , D i l l m an n , Gun k l e ,
an d H i
ol z n g e r .

I
P E R OD OF TH E XV I I I TH E G YP T A I N D Y N ASTY

M AR Q UA R T ,
Die XV I II . u . XIX . D yn as t i e n ac h M an e t h o, in
Chr on ol og i sc he Un te r s u chu n g e n , 4 .

M fiL L E R , “
L an d e r d e s au s e r s t e n N or dos te n s in ag y p ti s c h e n
I n sc h r i ft e n ,
”
OLZ
1 899 , p 1 76
. . .

NIE B UH R ,
Zu N ap c h u r i as r e l i g i Os e r R e orf m ,
”
OLZ Oc t 1 9 00 . . .

STEI ND OR F F , D i e B li i te z e i t des P ha r a on en r e i c hs , 1 900 .

TOR R , M e m p hi s an d JV
l y ce n ce , 1 896 .

W I ED EM ANN G e s c hi chte de r , X VI I I te n agyp t i s c he n Dy n a s t i e .

WIN CKL E R “
B ab yl on i e n s ,
H e r r sc ha ft in M e s op ot am ie n u .

se nei E r ob e ru n g e n i n P a l as t i n a i m z we i t e n J ah r t au s e n d ,
”

A OR . i . 2 .

Di e b ab yl on i s c h e K ass i te n dyn as t i e , A OF . i . 2 .
X xx ii S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

TH E TE LL —E L —AM AR NA L E TTE R S

B E Z OL D , Or i e n ta l D ip l om acy , 1 892 .

U
B D G E an d B E Z O L D , The Te l l e l A m ar n a Ta bl e ts, 1 892 - -
.

COND ER , The Te ll A m ar n a Ta ble ts, 1 89 3 .

D E L ATTR E , L e p ay s de Cha n a a n , p r ovi n ce de l

’
a n c i en e mp i r e

Egyp ti e n , 1 896 .

H AL E VY ,
La c or r e sp on da n c e d A m é n op hi s I I I
’
. ci
’
d A m é n op h i s
IV .
,
1 899 .

K L OSTE R M ANN , E i n d ip lom a t i sche r B r i ef wechsel usw .

, 1 898 .

L E H M ANN , D e r F u n d von Te ll — cl A m ar n a -
.

N I E B UH R ,
D i e A m ar n a -
Z e i t, D er a lte Or i e n t , i 2 , 1 899 . .

P ETR I E , Syr i a a n d Egyp t f r om the Te ll e l A m a r n a L e tte r s , 1 898 - -

.

TI E LE , West A z i e i n he t l i c ht der j ong s te n on tde c ki n g , 1 893

-
.

TR AM P E, Sy r i en dem E i n dr i n g e n d er I sr a e l i te n , 1 898
vor .

V OG E L , D er F un d von Te ll A m a r n a u d i e B i be l, 1 898 -
. .

W I NC KL ER ,
D e r Thon taf e lf u n d von E l A m a r n a , 1 889—9 0
-
.

Te l l e l—
'
D ie Thon taf e ln von A m ar n a,
-
e i l i n s chr i f tli che
B i bl i othe lc , V . t r an s l at e d , The Te ll -
c l- A m ar n a Le tte r s 1 896 , .

Se e al s o the f oll owi n g ar t ic l e s in re vi ews : B i l l e b , D e u tsc h .

e va ng . B l atte r , 1 89 8, 6 ; B oe h m e r , Theolog i s ches L i tter a t u r bl a tt,

Se p t . 2 1 , 1 900 ; C h e yn e , N i n e te e n th Ce n t u r y , D e c 1 891 ; .

E r m an -
Zim m e rn, ZA
p 2 5 0; H a e y , R S
. vi .
, . lv . Oc t . 1 89 7 ;
J A 1 89 1
. J as t r o w, J B L 1 892 ; J oh n s on , J A OS . . XX .
, p . 244 ;
M e ye r, F estsc hr if t f il r E ber s, 1 897,
'
K n u d tz on , B A i v , p 1 01 . . .

p 62. W M M ul l e r, OL Z D e c 1 898, Apr 1 899, M ar 1 899 ;

. . . . . .

ZA . Vii .
, . i l
p 6 4 ; N c h o s on , Qu ee n s Qu a r ter ly , Oc t 1 89 7 ;
’
, .

Ni e b u h r ,
M V G 1 89 6 , 4 ; Offo d , P S B A 1 897, p 7 ; P e s e ,
. r . . i r
OLZ M ay, J u l y , Se p t Oc t 1 898, J an 1 89 9 ; Sayc e , A ca dem y ,
. . . .

F e b 7, 1 89 1 ; H om i le t i c R e vi e w, M ay, 1 897 R ecor ds of the

.

P a st, N e w S e r i es , i i . Vi .
; W i e de m an n -
D e l att re , PSB A . XV .

1 89 7, 3 OLZ i i . . c ol . 54; Z im m e rn,

ZDP V . Xvi . 1 46 ZA . Vi . 1 54 .
XXX IV S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

H OM M E L , Th e P h ar aoh of the E x odu s, E T M ar 1 899

. . .

L E WI S, Th e P l ac e of th e E x od u s i n th e H is t or y of E gyp t ,
1 894
’
S cr i bn e r s 111 0 J an . . .

L IE B L EI N , L E x od e d e s H é b re u
’
x ,
P SB A . XX .
, p 2 77 ;. X xi .
,

p . 53 .

MA HL E R , D er P ha r a oh d es E x od u s , 1 89 6 .

NA VIL L E , The Stor e Ci ty of P i thom an d the R ou te of t he E x odu s ,

1 885 .

G os hen an d the Shr i n e o f Saf t e l H en ek 1 887 , .

N OW A C K ,
D i e E n tste hu n g d e r i sr a eli ti sc he n R e l ig i on , 1 896 .

OR R , x
On t h e E o du s , E T Ap r 1 89 7 . . .

P AL M E R ,
Th e D ese r t f the E x od us
o .

P R ASE K, On t h e Qu e s t i on of t h e E x odu s , ET M . ar . Ap r .

J u n e , Au g 1 900 . .

Y
SA CE , “
W h o was t h e Ph ar aoh of t h e E x odu s ? ”
H om i l e ti c
R ev D e c 1 899 . .

Th e P h ar aoh of the E x odu s , E T Ap r . . 1 899 .

SCH MI D T, M ose s , H i s Ag e an d H is Wor , B

”
k W . J an F e b . .

1 896 .

STAD E , D i e E n tste hu ng de s Vollees I sr a e l, 1 89 7 .

I
P E R OD OF TH E J U D G E S

B LAI K IE , “
Th e P art of J u dah i n t h e C on q u e s t of Can aan ,
E T Au g 1 894
. . .

U
B D D E , K u r z er H a n d Com m en ta r ,
R i c hter , 1 89 7 .

C OND ER , “
N ot e s t h e An t q u t
on i i ie s of t h e B oo k s of J os h u a
”
an d J u dg e s , P EP O Ap r 1 899 . . .

ME YE R , E .
,
K ri t i k de r B e ri c h t e ub e r di e E r ob e r u n g P al as
t i nas ,
”
ZA TV V 1 881 , p 1 1 7 . . .

M OOR E , I n ter n a ti on a l Cr i ti c a l Com m e n ta r y , J u dg es 1 89 5, .

P E TR IE , Th e P e ri od
”
of t h e J u dg e s , BSB A 1 896 , p . . 243 .
 I
B B L OG R A P H I Y xxx v

P E R OD O F TH E H E B R E W K
I ING S
B EN Z I NG E R , D i e B u c he r de r K on ig e , 1 89 9 .

D IE U L AF O Y ,
L e R oi Da vi d 1 897 , .

E I SENL O H R ,
D as Vollc I s r a e l u n ter de r H e r r sc ha f t der H on i g e,
1 85 5 .

G O OD S P E ED ,
“
Ass yr i an H i st ory wi th re fe r e n c e t o P al e s t in e ,

B W . J une ,
1 89 7 .

K I TTE L , D i e B uc h e r d e r K on i g e , 1 9 00 .

OP P E R T, S a l om on e t s es s u c c ess e ur s , 1 877 .

SOE R E N SEN , J u da u . di e a ssy r i sc he We ltm a cht ,

1 885 .

Se e wor k s of C or n i l l D a m s t e t e r K u e n e n an d W
al s o th e ,
r , .

R Sm i t h on t h e P rop h e t s ; an d t h e c om m e n t ar i e s of G A
.
,
. .

Sm i t h on t h e M i n or P r op h e t s ; D r i ve r an d M i t c h e l l on
, ,

A m os ; C h e yn e on H o s e a a d M i c ah ; C h e yn e D e l i t z s c h
,
n , ,

D i l l m an n D u h m K e l l n e r M ar t i M i t c h e ll Sk in n e r G A
, , , , , , . .

S m i t h St r ac h e y an d O r e l l i on I sai ah ; D avi d s on on N ah u m
, , , , ,

H ab akk u k Z e p h an i ah ; B all B e n n e tt G i e s e b r e c h t a n d
, , , ,

S tr e an e on J e r e m i ah ; B e r t h ol e t D avi ds on Sk in n e r an d
, , ,

Sm e n d on E z e k i e l
,
.

I
TH E D SCOVE R E S AT Z E NJI R L I I
Cl e rm on t C an n e au , R a r c héolog i e
’
-
e ce u i l d or i e n ta te , 1 896 9 7 ;
H al evy, R S 1 899 , p 333 ; J as t r ow, B W J un e , 1 894 ; L n
. . .

s c h an , A u sg r a b u n g e n i n Se n ds c hi r l i , 1 893 ; M ii l l e r , WZ K I‘I .

1 896 , p 1 9 3 ; vol V i i pp 33, 1 1 3 ; Con te m p or a r y R e v A p r

. . .
, . . .

1 894 ; Ni e b u h r , OLZ . N ov . Dec . 1 898 ; d e P e ral t a, A u sg r a

b u ng e n in Sen dsc hi r li , 1 898 ; Sac h au , M i tt he i l u n g e n a us den
o r i e n ta li s c he n Sa m m lu n g e n z u B e r li n , ix ; . SB A W
. 1 89 6 ;
Wi n c k le r ,
A OF . i . 1 ; M V G 1 896 , 4, p 22 . . .

TH E NE W B AB Y L O N AN P E R OD I I
B IL LE R B E CK J ER EM I A S, -
“
D e r U n t e r g an g Ni n e ve s , BA .

ii .
, p . 87 .
XXXV I S Y R IA A ND P A LE S TI N E
B U D I N G E R , D e r A u sg ang des M edi sche n R e i ches, e tc.

F R I ED R I C H ,
“
Ni n e ve s E n de u . d e r Au sg an g d e s as s y ri s c h e n
R e iche s, i n F estg a be n z . E hr en M . B u d i n g e r s, p . 15,
1 898 .

L IN GKE , A ssy r i en u. N i n e veh i n G esc hi c hte u . Sag e n ac h 6 07,

1 89 4 .

M ESSE R SCH M ID T, Die I n sc h ri f t d e s St e l e Nab u n a i ds ,

’
M VG .

1 89 6 , 1 .

T HOM AS ,
“
Ni n e ve h s E n de 11 . d i e A u s g an g e de s as s y ri s c h e n
R i
e c h e s,
”
i n F estg a be n z . E hr e n M . B u di ng er s , 1 898, p 1 3 . .

OP P E B T, Ec l ai r c i s s e m e n t s su r q u e l q u e s p oi n t s re l at i s a l a f
d e r n i ere p é ri ode d e I ’
e mp ire A ssy ri e n , Com p tes R en du s ,

1 897 .

W I NC KL E R ,
“
D i e M e de r u . d e r F al l Ni n e ve s, A OP i 2 . . .
 SYR IA AND PALESTINE

CH AP TE R I o

TH E I
E AR L E S T I N H AB IT A N T S

F OR t h e arli e s t p e riod of th e hi s tory of Syria an d

e

P al e s ti n e as for man y of t h e lat e r p e riod s th e r e ar e

, ,

n o n ativ e s o u rc e s of i n formatio n Ve n e rabl e as ar e

.

t h e traditio n s pr e s e rve d i n t h e Old T e s tam e n t Script

ur e s th e y do n ot r e ach back farth e r than th e tim e of
,

t h e P atriarch s ; an d i n t h e light of r e c e n t ar c hae o

,

logical re s e arch thi s i s comparativ e ly m od e rn h i s

,

tory Sy s t e matic e x cavatio n s su ch as h av e b e e n

.
,

carri e d on for y e ar s i n E gypt an d i n As syria hav e ,

n e v e r b e e n u n d e rtak e n i n Syria or i n Pal e s ti n e an d ,

t he fe w e x ploratio n s that hav e b e e n m ad e hav e

yi e ld e d n o i n s cription s that thro w light on th e ir e arly
hi s tory Th e y ar e divid e d by g e ographical c on fig
.

u r a t i on i n to s mall i s olat e d di s trict s i n which p e tty ,

i n d e p e n d e n t s tat e s have ari s e n b u t n o gre at n atio n s

,

with s tabl e civilizatio n s W h e r e s u ch n atio n s do n ot

.

e x i s t th e r e i s n o motiv e for th e e re ction of hi s torical

,

mo n um e n t s .

B u t altho u gh th e s e lan d s hav e had n o i n d e p e n de n t

,

p olitical d e ve lopm e n t the y hav e b e e n the chann el

,
2 YR IA
S AND P A LE S TI N E

through which th e trad e of t h e an ci e n t world h as

pas s e d an d h av e b e e n t h e p r i z e ove r which t he an
'

ci e n t e m p ire s hav e fou ght Con s e qu e n tly t h e lack of

.
,

n ativ e r e cord s i s m ad e good to s om e e x t e n t by s t at e

me n t s i n th e mon um e n t s of E gypt an d of Babylon ia .

H e re u n fortu n at e ly our s o u rc e s ar e e x tr e m e ly s can ty

, , .

Th e E gyptian s of th e old e mpir e had a Chi n e s e lik e -

s corn of all t hat w as f o r e ig n which n ot o n ly imp e ll e d

,

th e m to av oi d r e lation s with oth e r n atio n s but al s o ,

“

t ignor e i n th ei i n s cription s s uch r e l atio n s as act u

o r
.

ally e x i s ted The B abylo n ian s ourc e s ar e s om e wh at

.

full e r s till e v e n h e r e we h av e to b e con t e n t with

,

cha n ce r e fe r e n c e s i n doc u m e n t s that tr e at i n t h e m ai n

of wholly di ff e re n t s ubj e ct s Th e b e s t that the hi s .

torian c an do i s to gath e r th e s e s catt e r e d it e m s ; an d

th e n with t h e aid of hypoth e s i s an d i n f e r e n c e from
,

lat e r con dition s e n d e avou r to con s truct a pictur e of

,

the mo s t an ci e n t p e riod Such a pict ur e m u s t of .

n e c e s s ity b e i n compl e t e an d may at an m om e t b e

y , n

S how n to be in correct by furth e r arch ae ological di s

c ove r i e s .

Atthe e arli e s t p e riod di s clo s e d to u s by t h e

E gyptian an d t h e Babylo n ian r e cord s Syri a an d P al
e s ti me w e r e alr e ady i n habit e d by Se mit e s that i s by , ,

a rac e e th n ologically an d li n gu i s tically alli e d to the

H e bre w s Thi s i s prov e d by t he Se mitic n am e s for
.

Syrian plac e s an d Syrian articl e s of comm e rc e i n

E gypti a n an d al s o by r e pr e s e n tatio n s of A s iatic s
,

up o n th e mo n um e n t s A s e arl y a s t h e tim e of
.

Sn e fe r u t h e fir s t ki n g of th e I Vt h E gyptian dy
,

n a s ty ( c 32 1 6 . t h e n ativ e s of t h e Si n aitic P e n
i n su l a ar e d e pict e d with an u n mi s takabl y Se mitic
 TH E EAR L E S I T I N II A B I TA N T S 3

ca s t of co u n t e n an c e an d on th e tomb of P tahh ot e p ,

which b e lo n g s to t h e s am e p e riod th e s am e i s tr u e o f ,

a n u mb e r of E gyptia n m e rc e n ary troop s F rom th e s e

1
.

fact s we may i n fe r that the Se m it e s w e r e i n po s s e s s io n

of t h e lan d s bord e ri n g on t h e e as t e rn e n d of the M e di
t e rran e an as e arly as t he fou rth m ill e n n i u m B C but . .
,

it i s n ot s afe to co n cl u d e that th e y w e r e th e primitiv e

i n habita n t s Th e old e s t E gyptia n an d Babylo n ian
.

r e cord s do n ot r e ach back farth e r than 3500 B C an d . .

,

i n e arli e r u n k n ow n an tiqu ity man y rac e s may hav e

pr e c e d e d th e Se mite s .

T hat th e y w e r e n ot aborigi n al i s probabl e from a

vari e ty of co n s id e ratio n s Th e fact that all t h e .

bran ch e s of thi s rac e A s syr o Babylon ian Ca n aan itic

,
-

, ,

A ram ae an Sab ae a n E thiopic an d A rabian ar e clo s e ly

, , , ,

S im ilar to on e a n oth e r both i n phy s iological s truct u r e

,

an d i n lan gu age poi n t s to th e ir b e i n g d e s c e n dan t s of

,

a s i n gl e prim itive s tock an d the origi n al hom e of thi s

s tock was probably A rabia
2
.

That A rabia s ho u ld hav e s e n t forth man y s ucc e s

s iv e wav e s of migratio n i s n at u ral wh e n on e c on
‘

s id e r s t h e phy s ical charact e ri s tic s of thi s r e gio n It .

h as a vas t ar e a larg e r than t h e wh ol e of t h e f e rtil e

,

t e rritory occ u pi e d by t h e Se mit e s It i s capabl e of .

prod u ci n g i m m e n s e bodi e s of pop u lation but for ,

th e s e it yi e ld s o n ly a s can ty su s t e n an c e Th e bulk .

of i t s i n habitan t s ar e n omad s an d wh e n pas t u r e b e ,

Se e M u ll e r , A s i e n und E u r op a , p 2 93 f ; M . . asp e r o, Str u gg l e

of t h e N a t i on s , p . 1 49 .

3
‘

T hi s t he or y of t h e or i gi n of t h e Se m i t e s i s n ow c om m on l y ao

c e pt e d ; t he r e ar e , h owe ve r , s c h ol ar s wh o s t i ll m ai n t ai n t h at t h e

pr i m i t i ve h om e of t h e Se m i t e s was Ce n t r al A si a, or e ve n A f r ica .
4 Y I
S R A A ND P ALE S TI N E

come s s carc e th e s tron g e r trib e s crowd the we ak e r to

t h e wall an d comp e l th e m to s e e k n e w abod e s Th e r e .

i s th u s a con s tan t te n d e n cy to ove rflow i n to the adj a

c e n t fe rtil e r e gio n s Wh e n t h e n omad s com e p e ac e
.

fully th e y ar e s p e e dily ab s orb e d i n to th e s e ttl e d

,

populat ion Wh e n th e y co m e i n war th e y ar e b e at e n

.
,

back for a tim e by th e s up e rior arm s of th e civiliz e d

commun iti e s un til t he p e n t u p fl oo d of hum an ity b e
,
-

come s s o gr e at that n o pow e r c an r e s trai n it Th e n .

i t bur s t s i t s dam s an d pou r s ov e r all th e n e ighbouri n g

,

r egio n s T hi s proc e s s h as r e p e at e d it s e lf fre qu e n tly

.

withi n hi s toric tim e s n otably i n t h e gre at A ram ae an

,

migration which abou t 1 5 00 B C ove r flowe d W e s t e rn

,
. .

A s ia an d i n th e A rabian migration of t h e s e v e n th
,

c e n tury AD s o that it i s o n ly n atural to s u ppo s e

,

that it w e n t on al s o i n pr e h i s toric tim e s .

Th e e arli e s t arch ae ological r e mai n s i n Syria an d

Pal e s ti n e b e lo n g to t h e s ton e age but t h e Se mit e s ,

as comparativ e philol ogy Show s mu s t hav e r e ach e d ,

a high e r s tage of civilizatio n than thi s b e for e their

s e paratio n from on e an oth e r Th e s e an tiqu iti e s ac
.
,

c or di n gl y will hav e to b e a s s ig n e d to a p r e Se m itic

,
-

race Mor e ov e r a n umb e r of an ci e n t n am e s of plac e s

.
,

admit of n o Se mitic e tym ology Th e s e may n aturally .

b e regard e d as s u rvival s of p r e Se mitic n om e n clature

-
.

An e th n ological typ e s triki n gly diffe r e n t from t h e

Semitic h as b e e n foun d i n Syria an d P al e s ti n e from
t he e arli e s t tim e s Th e Se m it e as we s e e him on t h e
.
,

E gy p tian an d the A s s yri an mo n um e n t s an d i n mod

e r n Arabia h as a dark oliv e compl e x io n an d thick
, ,

black curly hair ; b u t alo n gs id e of thi s typ e t he

,

E g yptian mon ume n t s Sh o w al s o a fair s ki nn e d r e d -

,
 6 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

Pal e s ti n e b e lo n g e d to a blon d rac e of E urop e an

origi n th e s o call e d K e l t o Libyan rac e which o n c e
,
- -
,

occu pi e d th e e n tir e coas t of t h e M e dit e rran e an P e .

’
tri s di s cove ri e s i n E gypt h av e prov e d that th e
e 1

dyn as tic E gyptian s w e re pre c e d e d by a fair haire d -

p e ople that was e thn ologically alli e d to t he an ci e n t

Libyan s an d to th e mod e rn K abyl e s of t h e m o u n
tai n s of A lge ria T hi s p e opl e form s th e co n n e cti n g
.

li n k b e tw e e n th e Sy rian ab origi n e s an d th e ir we s tern

ki n dre d .

Fr e qu e n t att e mpt s have bee n m ad e to i d e n tify t h e

primitiv e population of Syria an d Pal e s t i n e with th e
Hittite s th e A morit e s or s om e oth e r rac e lat e r oc
, ,

c u pyi n th e s e r e gio n s ; n o n e of th e s e th e ori e s how

g ,

eve r r e s t s upon a s oun d s ci e n tific ba s i s The p rimi

, .

tive rac e of Syria what e v e r it was did n ot s urvive i n

, ,

a n y of t h e lat e r hi s toric p e opl e s Wh e r e it wa s n ot .

e x t e rmi n at e d it was ab s orb e d i n th e wav e s of Se

,

mitic migratio n l e avi n g n o trac e e x c e pt i n i ts impr e s

,

s i o n upo n t h e racial typ e of i t s s ucc e s s or s .

Th e e arlie s t migration of Se mit e s kn ow n to hi s tory

i s that which p e opl e d t h e low e r vall e y s of th e E u
h r at e s an d T igri s an d which for lack of a b e tt e r
p ,

“ ”
n am e i s k n own as t h e
,
B abylon i an How early .

thi s migratio n took plac e c an o n ly b e con j e ctu r ed .

A Se mitic civilization was alr e ady i n f u ll bloom i n

Babylo n ia by 35 00 B C Thi s civilizatio n rem ai n e d .

practically un chan g e d down to t he b e gi n n in g of th e

Chri s tian e r a It m u s t th e r e fore have tak e n a c on
.
, ,

s i de r ab l e tim e for it to d e v e lop

2
.

1
P e t r i e , N a ga da a n d B a l l a s, 1 89 5 .

9
W
i n c kl e r , A l t or i e n t a l i s ch e F or s ch u n g en , i 79 . .
 TH E EAR L E S I T I N H A B IT A N T S 7

P e rhap s s om e clu e to dat e of thi s m igration i s

th e
a fford e d by ob s e rvi n g t h e i n t e rval s which hav e e lap s e d
b e tw e e n th e lat e r hi s torical migratio n s Th e Mo b am .

m e dan e xpan s io n took plac e aft e r AD 6 6 2 ; an d the .

e arli e r N abat ae a n abo u t 5 00 B C Th e A ram ae a n

,
. .

movem e n t was at i ts h e ight abou t 1 500 B C Th e . .

pre viou s migratio n which we may d e s ig n at e provi

,

s i on a l l y as th e A moritic Can aa n itic m u s t have o c

-

c u rr e d abo u t 2 5 00 B C Th u s it appears that it took

. .

a tho u s an d y e ar s e ach ti m e to fill A rabia up to th e

poi n t wh e n it co u ld n o lon ge r hold i ts i n habitan t s but
mu s t di s gorge th e m upo n t he adjac e n t lan d s T hi s .

wou ld giv e u s 35 00 B C as an appro x imat e dat e for .

th e fir s t e try of th e Se mit e s i to Babylo n ia

n n 1
.

N ow t he qu e s tio n ari s e s wh e th e r thi s Babylo n ia n

,

Se mitic migration was s o wid e S pr e ad that it affe cted -

Syria an d P al e s ti n e al s o T hat thi s was th e ca s e

.

i s probabl e from t h e a n alogy of lat e r mov e me n t s of

popul atio n Th e Mohamm e dan con qu e s t e x t e n d e d
.

from In dia to Spai n Th e e arli e r A rabian i n vas io n

.

was held mor e i n ch e ck by t h e s tro n g arm of civil iza

tio n s till it affe ct e d all th e lan d s bord e ri n g on th e
,

d e s e rt Th e A ram ae an migration chan g e d th e char

.

act e r an d t h e lan g u ag e of t h e e n tir e pop u lation of

2
We s t e r n A s ia A S we s h all s e e lat e r th e A m o
.
,

r i ti c Can aan itic ove r fio w was n o l e s s e x t e n s ive .

It i s di fficul t accordi n gly to thi n k that t h e e arli e s t

, ,

k n own Se mitic e x pan s io n did n ot i n cl u d e Syria an d

P al e s ti n e a s w e ll as B abylon ia Th e cau s e s that l e d .

t h e n omad s to s pr e ad i n on e dir e ctio n m u s t hav e l e d

th e m to s pr e ad i n all dir e ctio n s an d th e hord e s that ,

Se e Wi n c kl e r , G e s chi cht e I s r a e l s , p 1 2 8 . .
9 ’
P age s 2 6 fi .
8 S YR IA AND PA LE S TI N E

w e re abl e to ov e rcom e t h e highly civiliz e d Su m e rian s

woul d hav e n o diffic u lty i n con qu e ri n g t h e l e s s civil
i z e d i n habitan t s of t h e lan d s w e s t of th e d e s e rt 1
.

Of t h e wid e s pre ad of t h e Babylo n ian Se mit e s

th e re ar e a n u mb e r of e vid e n c e s Th e A s syrian s .
,

who d we lt far to th e n orth s pok e th e s am e lan g u age

,

a s t he dw e ll e r s o n t h e low e r E u phrat e s an d S h ar e d

t h e s am e civilizatio n Th e p e opl e of G u ti i n M e dia

.

an d of L u l u b i i n mod e rn K u rdi s tan if we m ay j u dg e ,

from t h e i n s criptio n s of th e ir ki n g s dati n g from th e

tim e of Sargo n I (c 2 75 0 . . al s o s pok e th e
Babylo n ian lan gu ag e A b o u t th e s am e tim e that th e
.

Babylon ian s e n t e re d Sum e ria n t e rritory th e dyn as t i c

E gyptian s e n t e r e d E gypt It i s di ffic u lt n ot to r e
.

gard th e s e two migration s as part of a S i n gl e gr e at

movem e n t Th e Se m it e s p u s hi n g ou t i n all di r e c
.
,

tion s crowded b e for e th e m th e p e opl e of P u n t (South

,

w e s t Ar abia or N orth e as t Af rica) an d comp e ll e d

th e m to crowd i n th e ir t u rn th e Libyan pop u lation
of t h e N il e vall e y From Syria an d P al e s ti n e we
.

u n fortun at e ly hav e as ye t n o co n t e mporary r e cord s ,

s till t h e pr e s e n c e of Babylo n ian Se mit e s i n th e s e

r e gio n s i s r e n d e re d probabl e by th e clo se political
re latio n s which as we s hal l s e e i n t h e n e x t chapt e r
, ,

t h e e arly m o n um e n t s Show to h av e e x i s t e d b e tw e e n
Babylo n ia an d th e W e s t .

I n r e gard to th e s e e arly i n habitan t s of Pal e s ti n e ,

our old e s t s o u rc e s of i n formation ar e th e E gyptian

m on um e n t s of t h e I I I d an d t h e I V th dy n as ti e s (c .

3430—2 939 Th e pr e s e n c e of A s iatic product s ,

s uch as c e dar wood C opp e r

,
l e ad an d iron an d of
, , ,

Wi nkl
c er , Vol ker Vor d er a s i en s , p . 15 .
 TH E EAR L ES I T I N H A B IT A N T S 9

E u rop e an prod u ct s s u ch as ti n an d amb e r s h ow s that

, ,

a bri s k trad e with th e o u t e r world m u s t hav e b e e n

k e pt u p e v e n u n d e r t he old e mpir e b u t thi s trad e ,

s e e m s to hav e b e e n l e ft wholly to for e ig n e r s Th e .

an ci e n t E gyptian s w e r e an u n warlike p e opl e wh o s e ,

army was compo s e d of m e rc e n ari e s an d for ce n t u ri e s ,

th e y att e mpt e d n o co n qu e s t s Charact e ri s tic of th e ir .

m e n tal attitud e i s the e r e ction of th e fre q u e n tly m e n

t i on e d Wall of t h e P ri n c e s to k e e p o u t t he B e dawi n
of t he n orth e a s t e rn d e s e rt U n d e r th e s e circ u m .

s tan c e s it i s n ot to b e e x p e ct e d that th e ir m o n u m e n t s

will yi e ld m u ch i n formation i n r e gard to trib e s or

plac e s o u t s id e of E gypt .

Th e o n ly e x c e ptio n to an a n ti e x pan s ion policy was -

t h e worki n g of m i n e s i n t h e Si n aitic p e n i n s u la F rom .

th e s e t h e e arly ki n g s d e riv e d copp e r tur qu oi s e an d , ,

oth e r pr e cio u s mi n e ral s ; an d to k e e p po s s e s s io n of

th e m th e y w e r e oblig e d to m ai n tai n garri s on s an d to
mak e fr e qu e n t military e x p e ditio n s The p e n i n s u la .

was k n own as M afk i e Malachit e lan d

,
. Th e i n
.
,
-
.

h abita n t s w e r e call e d M e n t u a n am e of which t h e

1
,

e tymology i s u n c e rtai n Th e y w e r e al s o k n own as .

I n ti , c a ve dwe ll e r s
2 —
P e dat e s u “ ”
bowm e n (bar
, ,
”
b ar i an s ) of th e d e s e rt 3
an d S op du i e ,
b e lon gi n g ,
. .
,
”
to th e god Sop d 4
.

Th e tr e a s u r e s gath e r e d from t h e mi n e s ro u s e d t h e
cupidity of t he wild Se mitic trib e s livi n g i n th e n e igh

R ock i n sc r ip ti on f Sa h u r a (c
o
9
I n s cr i p t i on o f K h uf u (c .

3
L i st f
o t h e N i n e N a t i on s .

4
P yr a m i d o f Un a s (c . Se e M ul l e r , A s i en u . E ur op a ,
pp . 1 1 —34 .
10 S Y R IA A ND P A L E S TI N E

b ou r h ood an d l e d th e m to m ak e fr e qu e n t attack s u pon

th e garri s o n s Wh e n th e se attack s b e cam e for m i d
.

abl e th e Pharaoh s e n t an e x p e dition to chas ti s e t h e

,

o ff e n d e r s an d t o re s tore orde r Th e e arli e s t r e corde d

.

e x p e ditio n of thi s s ort was that of N e t e r kh a who -

,

carv e d a bri e f i n s criptio n that s till r e mai n s n e ar the

mi n e s upo n t he rock s of t h e Wady Maghara Thi s .

ki n g i s appare n tly id e n tical with Z e s e r W h o s e n am e ,

s tan d s i n li s t s of t h e I I I d dy n a s ty an d who r e ig n e d ,

abo u t 3400 B C H i s i n s cription i s t h e old e s t k n ow n

.

E gyptian hi s torical docum e n t N o oth e r e x p e dition

.

i s m e n tio n e d u n til t h e tim e of Sn e fe r u t he fir s t ki n g ,

of t h e I V th dyn a s ty (c who al s o e r e ct e d a
.

tabl e t i n t he Wad y Maghara A h as r e li e f r e pr e s e n t s

.
-

him s e izi n g a b e ard e d Se m it e by t h e hair an d s lay i n g

hi m with a club whil e an accompan yi n g i n s criptio n
,

give s t he n am e s an d th e titl e s of th e ki n g K h u fu .

(Ch e op s ) t h e s u cc e s s or of Sn e fe r u an d build e r of t h e
,

gre at pyramid (c al s o carved a r e li e f i n t h e

.

Wad y Maghara repre s en ti n g him s layi n g B edawi n

,

captive s i n t h e p r e s e n c e of th e god s T hoth an d A n u

b is. The P haraoh s of th e V t h dyn a s ty ( c 2 939 .

S ahura R ae n u s e r an d D adk ar a e r e ct e d S imilar m e mo

, , ,

rial tabl e t s A fre s co oi thi s p e riod d e picti n g t h e

.

captur e of a city m ay i n dicat e that military O p e ration s

w e r e p u s h e d as far as P al e s ti n e but apart from thi s ,

th e re i s n o e vid e n c e that thi s dy n as ty att e mpt e d mor e

than th e s u bj u gation of t he Si n aitic p e n i n s u la .

Th e VI t h dy n a s ty ( c 2 721 — 2 540) was t h e mo s t V i g

.

or ou s dy n a s ty of th e old e mpir e I t s mon um e n t s ar e

.

m or e n u m e ro u s an d ar e mor e wid e ly di s trib u t e d than

tho s e of an y of i t s pr e d e c e s s ors M e r yr a (P cpy .
 TH E EAR L ES I T I N H A B IT A N T S 11

i ts third ki n g n ot o n ly chasti s e d t h e M e n tu of Si n ai
,

an d r e cord e d hi s triumph aft e r t h e ma n n e r of t h e

e arli e r mo n arch s b u t al s o s e n t e Xp e di t i on s i n to t h e
,

i n t e rior of P al e s ti n e T hi s i s k n o wn from the old e s t

.

con s e c u tiv e E gyptian hi s tory that h as com e dow n to

u s t h e i n s criptio n on t h e tomb of U n a (
,
c Th e .

portio n of thi s i n s criptio n which r e fe rs to th e s e e x

pe di ti on s ( li n e s 1 3 32 ) read s as follow s
Th e r e u p on H is Ma j e sty m ad e war wi th t he ‘
Am u
(As iati c s ) , th e H e r u -sh a (B e dawi n ) , an d r
g at h e e d an a m y of r
m an y tens of t h ou san d s ou t of all the Sou t h r om b e yon d f
E l e ph an t i ne an d n or t h war d, from the fork o f t h e N e , ou t il
of th e no rth l an d ou t of th e t e m pl e
-

,
-
e s t at e s , ou t of t h e f or
t re s s f r om wi th i n t h e fort r e ss e s f r om th e r l
n e g o - an ds
’
E r t ae t , M e da, E m U au at , K a au , an d Tat e am H is
’
of
’
an , .

M aje s ty de s p at c h e d m i s arm y I n i t we re
e at t h e h e ad of th .

t h e p ri n c e s ; i n i t we r e t h e c h i e f t re as u r e rs ; i n i t we r e t h e -

n e ar e s t fri e n d s of t h e p al ac e ; i n i t we r e t h e c h i e f s an d t h e

g ove r n ors of t h e c i t i e s of t h e s ou th an d of t h e n ort h t h e ,

f r i e n ds an d t h e su p e r in te n de n ts of th e gol d th e c h ie f proph e ts ,

of t h e s ou t h an d o f t h e n ort h an d t h e s u p e ri n t e n de n t s of t h e
,

t e m pl e s at t h e h e ad of a t r oop ou t of t h e s ou t h an d ou t o f

th e n ort h ou t o f t h e c i t i e s an d t h e t own s ove r wh i c h t h e y

,

ru l e d t og e t h e r wi t h t h e n e groe s of t h e s e l an ds I was t h e ir
, .

l e ade r al th ou gh m y offic e was on l y t h at of su p e ri n t e n de n t

of t h e r oyal g ar de n E ac h of t h e s e c ar r i e d wi t h hi m as
m uch ( provi s i on ) as an ot h e r E ac h of t h e m s t ol e d ou g h an d
.

s an dal s fro m t h e t r ave ll e r u on t h e wa

p y E ac h of t h e m s e i z e d .

g oat s from e ve ryb ody I l e d th e m t o t h e n or th e rn i sl an d t o

.

t h e g at e of Yh ot e p t o t h e o f H oru s t h e L or d of tru t h
, ,
.

‘
E r m an , Com m e n t ar z ur I n sc h r i ft de s U n a , Z e i ts chr if t j it r
ag
yp ti s che Sp r a ch e , 1 882 , p p 1 —2 9 ; L if e i n A n ci en t E gyp t , p
. .

5 22 ; M asp e r o, D a wn of Ci vi l i z a t i on , p 41 9 ; B i r c h , R e cor d s of .

t h e P a s t , i i , p 1 if .M as p e r o, R e cor ds of th e P a s t , N ew S er i es , i i
. .

’
pp . 11 fi .
12 S YR IA A ND P A L E ST I NE
W h il e I was i n t h i s i ty I re vi e we d t h e s e troop s al th ou gh
c ,

n o ot h e r s e rvan t
(of t h e k i n g ) h ad re vi e we d t h e m b e f ore
h an d . Th e re u p on t h i s ar m y c am e s u c c e ss f u l l y an d c u t t o ,

p i e c e s t h e l an d of t h e H e r u s h a Th e arm y c am e s u c c e ss fu l l y
-
.
,

an d d e s t roye d t h e l an d o f t h e H e ru Sh a Th e arm y c am e -
.

s u c c e ss f u lly an d c as t d own t h e i r s t r on g h ol ds
, Th e arm y
c am e s u c c e ss f u l l y an d c u t d own t h e ir fig t ree s an d t h e ir
,
-

V in e s Th e arm y c am e su c c e ss fu lly an d s e t on fir e al l
.
,

t h e ir Th e arm y c am e s u c c e s s fu lly an d sl e w m an y ,

t h ou s an ds of t h e ir t roop s Th e arm y c am e s u c c e ss fu lly an d

.
,

b rou g h t b ac k a gre at m u l t i t u de of t h e m c ap t ive F or t h i s .

H i s M aj e st y re warde d m e b e yon d m e asu re F i ve t im e s H i s .

M aj e s t y se n t m e t o c om m an d t h e arm y t o i n vade t h e l an d of ,

t h e H e ru s h a e ac h t i m e t h a t t h e y r e vol t e d
-
Th i s I di d i n .

s u c h a w ay t h at H i s M aj e s t y p rai s e d m e b e yon d m e as u re .

Wh e n i t was re p ort e d t hat t h e re was a re vol t of t h e s e b ar

b ar i an s i n t h e l an d of th e n I s ail e d on sh i p s

wi t h th e s e tr00p s I s ail e d t o t h e farth e st

. of t h e

h i gh l an d i n t h e n ort h of t h e l an d of t h e H e ru s h a Sin c e t h i s -
.

e x p e di t i on h ad on t h e way I s m ot e t h e m al l an d s l e w
,

e ve ry re b e l am on g t h e m .

The am e A m u (As iatic) which occur s for th e

n
‘
,

fir s t time i n thi s i n s criptio n h as b e e n comp are d with ,

th e biblical Ham an d with t h e H e br e w word a m

‘
,

“ ”
p e opl e ; b u t m or e probably it i s d e rive d from an
1 ”
E gyptian root an d m e a n s b oomeran g throw e r s -
.

I n t h e e arli e s t E gyptia n mo n u m e n t s th e B e dawi n ar e

fre qu e n tly r e pr e s e n t e d arm e d with boom e ran g s Am u .
‘

i s h e r e coupl e d with th e e pith e t s H e r u s h a s an d -

,

” ”
dwe ll e r s an d Sti arch e r s barb arian s which Show s
, , , ,

that it mu s t hav e b e e n appli e d firs t to th e n omad s of

th e Si n aitic d e s e rt an d aft e rward h ave b e e n e x t e n d e d
to r e moter p e opl e s I n thi s i n s criptio n H e r u Sha
.
-

1
Se e M u ll e r , p 1 2 3 . .
 C H AP T E R II

TH E OL D B AB YL ON I AN SU PR E M ACY

3200—2500 B C. .

TH E olde s t e x tan t cun e i form re cord s Sh ow that as

early as th e fourth mill e n n ium B C th e con trolli n g i n . .

flu e n c e i n t h e civi l izatio n an d i n t h e politic s of Syri a

an d Pal e s tin e was e x e rci s e d by Babylo n ia U r N in a .
-
,

t h e fou n d e r of th e dyn a s ty of Laga s h (c re lat e s .

that h e bro u ght c e dar wood for hi s t e mpl e s fr om

’
Ma al Th e n ature of the importatio n an d the an alogy
.

of lat e r ki n g s l e ad u s to con j e cture that Ma al was ’

s i tuated i n Moun t L e ban on or Mou n t A m an u s If .

s o Babylo n ian comm e rc e with Syria was old e r than

,

h as comm o n ly b e e n su ppo s e d Th e location of thi s

.

r e gion how e ve r i s s till un c e rtai n

, ,
.

Th e firs t ki n g who i s k n ow n po s itive ly to have

mai n tai n e d r e latio n s with t h e We s t i s L ugal z aggi s i
( c
. H e h as l e ft t h e lo n g e s t an d from o ur ,

p oi n t of vi e w t h e mo s t i n t e r e s ti n g i n s criptio n of t h e
,

e arly Babylo n ian mo n arch s It was e n grav e d on on e

. .

h u n dr e d va s e s which h e d e dicat e d to t h e t e mpl e of

,

E n lil at N ipp u r an d which w e r e foun d by t h e A m e r

,

i can e x p e ditio n brok e n i n to s mall pi e c e s an d ca s t

out as rubbi s h H il pr e c h t h a s s ucce e d e d i n di s
.

1
Se e c h r on ol ogi c al t ab l e , p . vii .

14
 TII E O LD B AB Y L ON I A N S U P R E M ACY 15

crim i n ati n g e igh ty e ight i n s crib e d f r agm e n t s t h at

-

b e lon g e d to s i x ty —fo u r of th e s e va s e s an d i n r e co n ,

s tr u c t i n g from th e m alm o s t co m pl e t e ly t h e thre e

col u m n s of t h e ori gi n al t e x t F r o m thi s doc u m e n t .

we d e rive th e a s to n i s hi n g i n for m atio n that th e e m

p ir e of L u gal z aggi s i was as e x t e n s ive as th at of t h e
great A s s yrian ki n g s y e ar s lat e r H i s own .

word s are as follow s :

Wh e n E n lil , ki ng l an d s
g a e L u gal z ag g i si t h e
of th e ,
v
ki n g d om of t h e w r r f r
o l d an d g an t e d h i m s u c c e s s b e o e t h e

w l l l r wr
or d , wh e n H e p ac e d t h e an ds u n de h i s p o e an d s u b du e d

f ii i
(t h e m ) r om t h e r s n g of t h e s u n t o th e s e tt n g of t h e s u n ;
at t h at t i m e H e s t r ai gh t e n e d h i s p at h from t h e L owe r Se a o f

t h e Ti gr i s an d t h e E u p h rat e s t o t h e U pp e r Se a E n li l c au s e d .

hi s h an d s t o re c e i ve g i f t s from t h e ri si n g of th e s u n t o th e
se tt i n g of t h e su n ( an d) c au s e d t h e l an ds t o dwe ll i n p e ac e
! 1
.
,

From thi s it i s clear that L u gal z aggi s i re ign e d from

th e P e r s ian Gulf to t h e M e dit e rra n ea n Se a H e is .

t h e o n ly e arly ki n g who s tat e s e x plicitly that h e r u l e d

ov e r Syria but it i s n o t u n like l y that all th e oth e r
,

mon arch s who obtai n e d th e h e gemo n y of Babylon ia

i n th e fou rth mill e n n i u m e x e rci se d a s imilar authority .

F or th e con firmatio n of thi s th e ory h o we ve r we mus t , ,

await f urth e r mon u m e n tal di s cove ri e s .

A ft e r L u gal z aggi s i we h av e n o r e cord of B aby

l on i an r u l e i n t h e W e s t u n til the tim e of Sh ar gan i
s harali ki n g of Agad e (
,
c an i n t e rval of n e arl y
.

2 00 y e ar s A ccordi n g to t h e i n s criptio n s p u bli s h e d

.

by Thu r e au D a n gi n Shar gan i s har al i co n qu e re d n ot

2-
,

1
H i l pr e c h t , Ol d B a byl on i a n I ip t i on s , 53 ; R adau
’
ns c r p . .

E a r l y B a b H i s t , p 1 35
. . .

9
Com p t es R en d us , 1 89 6 , p 35 5 tf R e vu e d A ss yr i ol ogi e , i v 3
’

. .
, an d . .
16 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

o n ly Babylo n ia E lam an d Guti b u t al s o M art u

, , , .

Wh e th e r thi s las t n am e i s an id e ogram or i s to b e ,

r e ad pho n e tically we do n ot kn ow I n lat e r t e xt s it

,
.

“
i s e qu ival e n t to A m u rru t h e lan d of t h e A morit e s , ,

b u t th e r e i s n o e vid e n c e that thi s was th e ca s e i n

th e s e e arly tim e s or that Martu i s d e riv e d from ,

Amu r tu 1 -
If t h e n am e b e r e ad phon e tically the
.
,

“
mo s t n atural comp ari s on i s with t h e lan d of
Moriah m e n tio n e d i n G e n xx ii 2 I n an y cas e
”
. . .

Mart u d e s ign at e s t he re gion at t he ea s t e rn e n d of the

M e dit e rran e an .

Th e id e n tity of Sh ar gan i sh ar al i with Sargon (Shar

uki n ) th e fath e r of N aram Si n who s e r e cord N a
,
-
,

b u n a id di s covere d i n r e buildi n g a t e mpl e at Sippar

’

was lo n g doubt e d b u t h as b e e n e s tabli s h e d by r e ce n t

,

2
di s cov e ri e s A ccordi n gly we may s uppl e m e n t t h e
.
,

mon u m e n t s with the s tat e men t s of an om e n tabl e t -

di s cove re d a t N i n e ve h T hi s purport s to give the .

s ig n s u n d e r which S argo n a n d N aram Si n u n d ertook -

th e ir campaign s The docum e n t i s written i n A s

.

s yrian an d was d e s ig n e d to f u r n i s h pr e ced e n t s for

A s hurba n ipal s till it m u s t h av e b e e n bas e d upo n a

,

B abylon ian origi n al s i n c e it i s i n con c e ivabl e that i t s,

co n t e n t s s hould have b e e n i n v e n t e d by th e A s syrian

a s trolog e r s The om e n s ar e re cord e d u n d e r which
.

S argo n con q u e r e d E lam K at s al a an d Suri (M e s op o , ,

tamia ) Fo u r tim e s it i s s tat e d that Sargon i n vad e d

.

t h e l an d of Martu (Syria) I n co n n e ctio n with on e .

of the s e e x p e ditio n s we r e ad
1
T hi s t h e or y i s advoc at e d by P r o f e s s or s H om m e l an d Sayc e .

9
d A s s yr i ol og i e , i v R adau , E ar l y
’
H e u z e y, R e na e
f f
.
, pp . 8, 1 1 ;
on l a n H i s t or y , p 7
’
B a by f
. .
 TH E OL D B AB Y L ON I A N S U P R E M A CY 17

Sarg on we n t up to hi s t e rror b e (s p r e ad) ove r

(t h e l an d) the s e a of th e i
s e t t n g su n he c r os s e d th re e ye a r s
at t he i
s e tt n g of t he su n he c on q u e r e d (t h e l an d s ) an d m ad e

the m of o n e rd ; hi s s t a t u e at t h e s e t ti n g of t h e s u n
ac c o he
t h e ir p r i s on e rs b e t r an s p ort e d ove r l an d an d s e a
”
se t u p .

Th e s e s tat e m e n t s w e r e o n c e th o u ght to b e m e r e ly
a l e ge n dary e cho of th e e x ploit s of t h e A s s yr ian ki n g
Sargo n II ; but n ow i n vi e w of t h e r e c e n tly di s
.
,

cov e re d m o n u m e n tal e vid e n c e oi t h e wid e n e s s of the

firs t Sargo n s con qu e s t s th e y ar e ge n e rally con c e de d
’

to b e hi s torical Th e y op e n u p a won d e rful vi s ta

.

i n to the hi s tory of t h e a n ci e n t Ori e n t A t t h e b e gi n .

n i n g of t h e third mill e n n i u m all of W e s t e r n A s ia was

r u l e d by a s i n gl e mo n arch Syria m u s t hav e b e e n .

co m pl e t e ly u n d e r hi s con trol or he wou ld n ot have ,

v e n t u re d to cro s s the s e a an d att e mpt mor e di s tan t

co n qu e s ts .

N aram Si n th e s on of Sargon
-
,
e n titl e s him
“
s e lf i n hi s i n s criptio n s ki n g of Agade ki n g of the ,
”
fo u r qu art e rs of th e e arth Th e om e n tabl e t m e n .
-

t i on e d above co n tai n s two it e m s i n r e gard to hi s c on

qu e s t s ; on e that h e m arch e d to A pi r ak an d took
captiv e Ri s h Ramman i ts ki n g th e oth e r that h e
-
,

con qu e re d Magan (E as t e rn A rabia) an d took i ts ki n g

captiv e Th e hi s torical charact e r of th e latt e r e x
.

e di ti on i s s triki n gly co n firm e d by an i n s cription

p
“
re adi n g ,
N aram Si n ki n g of th e four quart e r s ; a
-
,

”
vas e t h e s poil of Magan
, Of furth e r victori e s we
.

have n o re cord s i n c e t h e om e n tabl e t bre ak s off at

,
-

thi s poi n t T h at N aram Si n m ai n tai n e d t h e e mpir e

.
-

of hi s fath e r i n the We s t i s probabl e i n vi e w of h i s

con qu e s t s i n oth e r r e gion s an d of th e magn ific e n c e of
18 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

hi s d e rtakin gs at N ipp u r An i n s cription with a

un .

portrait di s cov e r e d at D iarb e kr show s that h e r u l e d

t h e di s trict of Su ri (M e s opotam ia ) wh e r e Sargo n had ,

won tri u mph s b e for e him An i n dir e ct e vid e n c e that

.

h i s ru l e e xt e n d e d e v e n b e yo n d t he s e a i s f u rn i s h e d
by a cyli n d e r s e al di s cov e r e d by Ce sn ol a i n Cypru s
-
, ,

“
which b e ar s th e i n s cription A bil I s htar ,s on of -

I l a Ba n i s e rvan t of t h e god N aram Si n

”
-
, Th e char -
.

a c t e r s of thi s i n s criptio n ar e of a lat e r p e riod tha n

that of N aram Si n s till it in di cat e s that thi s m on arch

-
,

was d e ifi e d an d that h i s cul t lo n g p e r s i s t e d i n Cypru s .

H i s apoth e o s i s s e e m s to hav e tak e n plac e e v e n dur

i n g h i s lifetim e if we m ay j u dg e from t h e s e al on a
,

docu m e n t s e n t to L u gal u shu m gal pat e s i of Lagas h , ,

which r e ad s Th e god N aram Si n god of Agad e

,
-
, ,

Shar r u I s h dagal th e s cribe thy s e rva n t

-
,
1
N aram
,
.
”

Si n i s th e firs t B abylo n ian mo n arch to claim divi n ity .

Th e a ss umption prov e s t h e gr e at n e s s of hi s e mpire

an d may al s o i n dicat e t h e b e gi n n in g of co n tact w i th

E gyptian tho u ght .

Soo n aft e r t h e dyn a s t y of A gad e t h e s e at of author

i ty s hift e d o n c e mor e to Sou th B abylon ia an d with ,

U r Gur a s e con d dy n a s t y of Ur cam e u po n t h e s c e n e

-
.

Con t e mporary with U r Gur was Gud e a p ates i or -

, ,
”
V ic e roy of Laga s h (c
,
who s e n am e h as b e e n
.

immortaliz e d by t h e di s cov e ri e s of D e Sar z e c at T e lloh .

T hi s r u l e r d e vot e d h i s e n e rgy to th e b u ildi n g an d the

adorn m e n t of th e t e mpl e of t he god N i n gir s u I n .

h i s e ff ort to s e cu re rar e an d pr e ciou s m at e rial s h e

carri e d on an e x t e n s ive commerc e wi th th e E a s t an d
wi th the W e s t of which h e h as left ane xtraordi n ari l y
,

R evu e d A ss yr i ol og i e , i v 3 , p 76
’
. . .
 TH E OL D B AB Y L ON I A N S UP R EM ACY 19

full acco u n t i n h i s m on um e n t s . Th e chi e f pas s ag e

1
r e ad s as follow s
When he (G u de a) b u il t t h e h ou s e
Nin g irsu ; Nin g irsu of ,

h i s b e l ove d k i n g op e n e d hi s way from t h e U pp e r Se a t o t h e

,

L owe r Se a I n A m an u m t h e m ou n t ai n of c e dars h e p r o
.
, ,

c u re d c e dars wh os e l e n g th was twe n ty five c u b i t s c e dar s -

,

wh ose l e n gt h was fifty c u b i ts u r ka r i t re e s wh ose l e n g t h ,

nu -

was t we n ty five c u b i t s an d b rou gh t t h e m do wn ou t of t h e i r

-
,

m ou n t ai n s .Th e se c e dar s h e m ade i n t o d oors He .

c ove re d t h e m wi th m e t al p l at e s an d s e t t h e m u p i n t h e t e m

p l e of E n i n n u I n I m lckk i a i t s si g di (da) h e e m p l oye d as

. a

b e am s I n U rs u i n t h e m ou n t ai n of I b l a h e c u t d own z ba
.
, ,
a na

t re e s gre at c e dars tu l u bu t re e s t re e s of t h e m ou n t ai n A D K U
, ,
-
,
-
,

an d m ade of t h e m b e am s i n t h e t e m pl e of E n i n n u F ro m Sh a .

m an u t h e m ou n t ai n of t h e l an d of M i n u from Su b sal l a
,
th e ,

m ou n t ai n of M a rt u h e b r ou gh t gr e at b l oc k s of s t on e d r e s s e d
, ,

t h e m as b u i l di n g s t on e an d b u il t of t h e m t h e p l at f orm
-
,
in
t h e t e m p l e of E n i n n u F rom Ti dan u m t h e m ou n t ai n of
.
, .

M artu h e b rou g h t al ab as t e r
,
i n i t s K I R an d m ad e i t ,

i n t o u p adda an d e m p l oye d as b ol ts
r f or t h e h ou s e In .

K ag al ad (ki ) t h e m ou n t ain of K i m as h b e d u g c opp e r

-
,

an d m ade i t i n t o F r om t h e l an d of M e l u k h kh a h e
.

b rou gh t us hil wo od an d m ad e i t i n t o b oards

-
h e b rou gh t
r) G ol d t h e du s t o f t h e l an d h e b rou g h t f rom
( C o pp e , ,

t h e m ou n t ain of K h akh u m an d m ade i t i n t o G ol d

,
.
,

i ts du s t h e b rou gh t from th e l an d of M e l u khk h a an d m ade i t

, ,

i n t o i m ar u r u F r om G u b i n t h e l an d of t h e kh lu b
.
, a

t re e s h e b rou gh t kka l u b t re e s an d m ade t h e m i n t o

,
-

F rom t h e l an d of M adg a t h e m ou n t a in of t h e rive r G al u r u da

, ,

h e b rou gh t an d b u i l t t h e p l at f or m of t h e t e m p l e

of E n i n n u .F rom t h e m ou n t ain s of B ar s i p b e fi ll e d
gre at sh i ps wi t h n alu a s t on e t h e f ou n dat i on of t h e
-

1
G u de a B , c ol 1 , 2 1 ; K e i l i n schr i fl l i ch e B i bl i oth e k , i i i 1 p
. v . .
,
.

32 f ; . W i n c kl e r , A l t or i e n t F or s ch u n g e n, ii 2 , p 3 9 8 ; A m i a u d ,
. .
.

R ecor ds of t h e P a s t , N e w Se r i es , ii , pp 79 f ; P r i c e , Th e G r ea t . . .

Cyl i n d er I n s cr ip ti on s A and B f G ud ea
o .
20 Y I
S R A AND P A LE S TI N E
te m pl e of En innu . Th e arm s of An s h an i n E l am h e d e fe at e d
an d d e d i c at e d i t s b oot y t o Ni n gi r s u i n E n i n n u G u d e a, p at e s i
.

of L agas h , wh e n he bu il t the tem p le of Ni n g irs u , m ade i t a

t re as u re h ou se .
”

In addition to thi s Gud e a s tat e s that h e brought

,

dol e rit e for hi s s tatu e s from Magan an d s hip s l ade n ,

with all s ort s of wood from Magan M e l uk h kh a , ,

G u bi n an d D il m un
,
.

Th e location of a n umb e r of th e s e plac e s i s doubt

ful s ti l l e n ough ar e k n own to m ak e it cl e ar that t h e
,

comm e rcial op e ration s cove r e d a large ar e a Th e .

“
Upp e r Se a i s un qu e s tion ably the M e dit e rran e an ,
”
an d t h e Low e r Se a i s th e P e r s ian G u lf A m an um .

i s t h e cla ss ical A man n s t h e mod e rn T au ru s chain b e ,

tw e e n Syria an d Cilicia Mart u i s Syr ia ; M e l u khkh a

i s W e s t e rn A rabia ; Magan i s E a s t e rn A rabia ; D il
m u n i s an i s l a n d i n th e P e r s ia n G u lf an d E lam i s

t h e r e gio n to th e e as t of Babylon ia A s J e n s e n h as .

poi n t e d out a n at u ral g e ographical ord e r i s follow e d

1
,

i n t h e e n u m e ration of t h e r e gio n s who s e location i s

c e rtai n Thi s l e ad s to the con j e ct u re that th e s am e
.

ord e r i s follow e d i n t h e cas e of t h e oth e r r e gion s .

A pplyi n g thi s prin cipl e h e id e n tifi e s th e n am e s as ,

foll ow s : Ur s u i s th e m ode rn A r su s n e ar th e mou th ,

of th e G u lf of I skan de r i an ; an d Ibla i s th e cla s

s i c al Pi e ria t h e fir s t mo u n tai n chai n to t h e s o u th of
,
-

Am an u m Sh am an u i s Moun t Ca ss i u s an d Mi n u i s
.
,

the N orth Syr ia n r e gion M e n u s m e n tio n e d i n the

lat e r E gyptian r e cord s Sub sal l a i s Mou n t L e ban o n .
,

Ti dan u m i s t h e An ti L e ban on an d K agal ad the ‘

-
,

mou n tai n of K i m ash i s H e rmon ,

.

‘
Z ei tschr if t f u/r A ss yr i ol og i e , x ., p 36 1
. .
 TH E OL D B AB Y L ON I A N S U P R E M A CY 21

O n ly i n th e ca s e of An s han i n E lam do e s G u d e a
r e cord military op e ratio n s The word ag ag which .
-

”
h e u s e s ordi n arily m e a n s s imply mak e ge t an d , ,

co n tai n s n o s ugge s tio n of co n qu e s t A s p a tes i or .

,

“
vas s al ki n g h e co u ld n ot hav e l e d e xp e ditio n s
-

,
”

agai n s t th e s e r e mot e re gio n s A ccordi n gly we mu s t .

,

a s s u m e that all t h e prod u ct s u s ed i n th e e r e ctio n of

th e t e mpl e w e re acqu ir e d by p e ac e f u l traffic It .

giv e s on e a high Opi n ion of t h e civilization of W e s t

e r n A s ia i n t h e third mill e n n ium to fin d that buildi n g

mat e rial s pr e ciou s m e tal s an d m in e ral s co u ld b e

, ,

procur e d an d b e tra n s port e d s afe ly from th e r e m ot e s t

r e gion s to gratify the tas t e of a p e tty provi n cial rul e r .

Gud e a s d e ali n g s ar e m e re ly on e i n s ta n c e of a trad e

’

that m u s t hav e flow e d thro u gh all p art s of t he Baby

lo n ian world Th e po ss ibility of s uch comm e rc e i s
.

t h e b e s t proof of t h e hi s toricity of t h e co n qu e s t s of
N ara m Si n Sargo n an d th e ir pr e de c e s s or s Stron g
-
, ,
.

han d s mu s t hav e h e ld t h e r e i n s of gove rn m e n t for

man y gen e ration s b e for e th e di s tan t trib e s throu gh
who s e t e rritory G u d e a s tre a s u r e s pas s e d l e arn e d to
’

re s p e ct t h e right s of trad e r s ; an d U r G ur h i s s u -
,

z e r ai n m u s t hav e b e e n a mighti e r mon arch tha n h i s

’

s can ty i n s criptio n s wo u ld l e ad u s to i n f e r .

I n r e gard to t h e s u cc e s s or s of U r G u r i n t h e dy -

n a s ty of Ur ou r chi e f s o u rc e of i n formatio n i s a tab

,

l e t which h as b e e n r e co n s tr u ct e d s kilf u lly by Th u r e au

D a n gi n from a n umb e r of fragm e n ts of duplicat e s
1
.

It n ot on ly e s tabli s h e s th e tru e su cc e s s io n of t he
mo n arch s of thi s dyn as ty b u t al s o s e e m s to prov e that
,

th e r e was b ut on e ki n g of t h e n am e of D un gi H e .

1
Or i en t a l i s t i s ch e L i tt er a t ur Z e i t u n g ,
-
J u ne , 1 89 8 .
22 Y I
S R A AND P A L E STI N E

“
at firs t as s um e d the t i tl e s of h i s pre de c e s s or ki n g ,

of Ur ki n g of Su m e r an d A kkad ; b u t later h e
,
”
add e d ki n g of th e fou r quart e rs Thi s appar e n tly
.

corr e s pon d s with a gradual e x t e n s ion of hi s authority .

Th e tabl e t j u s t m e n tio n e d con tai n s t he s tat e m e n t ,

th e y e ar i n w hi ch h e rai s e d h i s dau ght e r to t h e ran k

”
of lady of M ar khashi M ar khas hi c an hardly b e
.

'
an ythin g el s e tha n the mod e rn Mar as h a city locat e d ,

at th e foot of th e Tau ru s ran ge wh e n c e G u d e a f e tch e d

h i s c e dar s C omm e rcial r e lation s appar e n tly we r e
.

s tr e n gth e n e d by t h e marriag e of a pri n c e s s of Ur to

t h e s ov e r e ig n of thi s r e mot e r e gion A n oth e r y e ar .

D u n gi marri e d a daught e r to th e p a tesi of An shan ,

a di s trict to th e e a s t of Babylon ia Four y e ar s w e r e .

m ark e d by victorio u s e xp e dition s agai n s t Si m u r u .

Twic e h e d e va s tat e d K arkhar K h ar shi an d K hu , ,

m u rti an d o n c e An sh an Sh ash r u L u l u b u U r b ill u

, , , , ,

an d K i m ash Si m u r u i s doubtl e ss Si m yr a the mod

.
,

e r n Su mra a city on t h e N orth Syria n coa s t

,
K ar .

khar s e e m s from i ts a s s ociatio n with Si m u r u an d

K i m a s h to hav e b e e n a r e gion of th e W e s t b u t i t s ,

e x act locatio n i s u n k n own K h ar s h i m ay b e com

.

pare d with H e r e s or K ir H e r e s (th e mod e rn K e rak)

, ,

t h e lat e r capital of Moab an d i t s chi e f s tro n ghold .

K hu m u r t i i s t h e p h o n e tic e qu ival e n t of Am or ah ‘

Gomorrah K i m as h which i s id e n tifi e d by J e n s e n

.
,

with H e rmo n h as b e e n m e n tion e d alr e ady i n c on

,

n e c t i on wi th G u d e a F rom th e s e r e fe r e n c e s it i s
.

cl e ar that D u n gi h e ld s w ay ov e r an e m pire as gr e at
as that of Sargon an d N aram Si n For t h e mo s t
-
.

part th e r e lation s throughout thi s domai n w e r e

p e ac e fu l b u t n ow an d th e n a r e volt i n s om e r e mot e
,
 TH E OL D B AB Y LON I A N S U P R E M A CY 23

di s trict n e c e s s itat e d t he ar m e d i n t e rv e n tion of th e

ki n g Th e admin i s tratio n app e ars to hav e b e e n s i m
.

i l a r to that of th e A s s yria n mon arch s y e ars

lat e r .

Bur Si n D un gi s s u cc e s s or m ai n tai n e d t h e s u
-
,
’

r e m ac of Ur a n d co n q u e re d t h e r e fractory prov
p y
i n c e s of U r b i l l u Sh as h r u an d K h u kh n u r i
, ,
.

Gimil Si n th e n e x t ki n g s u bd u e d Siman u which

-
, , ,

probably i s t h e s am e as Sh am an u of th e l a n d of
Mi n u from which Gud e a bro u ght b u ildi n g s to n e 1
,
-

a n d al s o Z ab s al i which appar e n tly i s t h e s am e a s t h e

,

Su b s al l a of G u d e a 2
On e y e ar of hi s r e ig n h as t h e
.

“
e x traordi n ary comm e n t y e ar i n which b e c on ,

s truct e d t he wall of Martu ( t h e w e s t ?) call e d Muriq

‘

Ti dn i m What e v e r thi s m ay m e an it i s e vi d e n c e of
.
,

t h e importa n c e of Syri a for e arly Babylo n ia The .

combi n ation of Martu an d Tidan u m i s t h e s am e that

3
we m e e t i n G u d e a S can ty as th e se hi s torical it e m s
.

ar e th e y ar e s u ffici e n t to s how that t h e dy n a s ty of Ur

,

wi e ld e d a pow e r as gr e at as that of an y of i ts pr e d e
c e s s or s .

Our s urv e y of th e e arli e s t mon u m e n t s of Babylon ia

m ake s it cl e ar that from at l e a s t 3000to 2 5 00 Syria ,

an d pro b ably Pal e s ti n e al s o s tood u n d e r t h e r u l e of ,

Babylo n i an mo n arch s Politically as w e ll as e th n o .

logically th e y form e d an i n t e gral part of t h e an ci e n t

Babylon ian world Which e ve r city h e ld t h e h e g e .

mo n y on th e E uphrat e s a s s um e d as a m att e r of
cours e th e gov e rn m e n t of t h e We s t With t he fall of .

t h e s eco n d dyn a s ty of Ur thi s s upr e macy cam e to an

en d For 300 y e ars Babylo n ia was wa s t e d by for e ign
.

9
1
Se e page 1 9 . Se e page 2 0 .
3
Se e pa g e 1 9 .
24 SY R IA AND P A L E STI NE

i n va s io n an d by i n t e rn al s trif e Out of thi s turmoil

.

cam e a n e w ord e r of thi n g s i n which t h e city of

,

B abylo n b e cam e t h e mi s tre s s of We s t e rn A s ia Thi s

.

tran s ition mark s th e b e gi n n i n g of a n e w p e riod of

our hi s tory .
 C H APTE R III
T H E A M OR ITI C I
M GR A TI ON
2 500 2230 -

AB OUT 2 5 00 a s e co n d wave of Semitic migration

po u r e d out of A rabia an d ove r flowe d Bab ylon ia E vi .

d e n c e of thi s i s foun d i n a n e w typ e of prop e r n am e s

1
that s udd e n ly mak e s i t s app e aran c e A mo n g th e .

ki n g s of the firs t dy n as ty of Babylo n an d i n co n tract

tabl e t s of th e s am e p e riod n am e s occur i n which th e
”
d e ity i s d e s ign at e d a s Ab i my fath e r or A mmi ’

, ,
‘
,
”
my pat e rn al u n cl e Th e s e form atio n s ar e n o t Baby
.

lon ian b u t ar e charact e ri s tic of th e Can aan itic group

,

of lan g u ag e s (H e br e w Phoen ician Moabitic A mmo , , ,

n i ti c ,
Th u s i n a con tract tabl e t of t he t i m e of
,
-

A pil Si n t h e n am e Ab i ramu occ u r s which i s id e n tical

-
2 -

with th e H e br e w A biram an d A bram E bi shu m t he .

,

e ighth ki n g of dy n a s t y I i s writt e n i n t h e con tract .

,

tabl e t s A b i e s hukh which i s t h e e tymological e q u i va

- -
,

l e n t of th e H e br e w Abi s hua Thr e e of th e ki n gs of dy .

n a s ty I h e ar n am e s compo u n d e d with A mmi — n am e

‘
.

l y Am m i s at an a Am m i sadu gga an d K hamm u rabi

,
‘
,
‘
, ,

1
P ogn on , J A s i a t i q u e , 1 888, p p 5 43—5 47 ; H om m e l , Z ei t
ou r n a l .

sch r ift d . d eu ts ch m or g e n l an d G es e ll , l i , pp 5 2 2 ff
.
'

A n ci en t
. . x x . .

H e br e w Tr a di t i on , Ch ap I I I ; Say c e , E a r l y H i s t or y of t h e H
. . e

br ews , Ch ap I ; . . W i n c kl e r , A l t or i en t F or schu n g e n , ii 396 400.

.
-
.

‘
1
M e i s s n e r B ei t r ag e a l t ba byl on i sch en P r i va tr e cht , N o 1 1 1 ,
’

z um .

p 91
. .
26 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

who s e n am e i s al s o fo u n d writt e n Am m u r ab i With ‘

.
1

th e s e we may compare th e H e b r ae o Can aan itic Am -

‘

m i e l A mmihud A mmizabad A mmi n adab an d Am

’

,
‘
,
‘
,
‘
,
‘

m i s h addai That th e B abylo n ian s th e m s e lv e s r e gard

.

e d n am e s of thi s typ e a s for e ign i s s how n by a li s t i n

which K hamm u rabi an d A m m i s adugga ar e tran s lated ‘

2
i n to th e ir Babylon ian e qu ival e n t s .

T wo ki n g s of the firs t dy n as ty Su mu abi an d Sumu ,

-

la ilu b e ar n am e s compou n de d with Su m u as i n t h e

-
, ,

H e br e w n am e Sam u e l T h e re ar e a n u mb e r of n am e s-
.

of thi s p e riod i n which t h e imp e rfe ct third p e r s on s i n

g u lar of th e v e rb i s form e d with a pre fi x e d ya as i n ,

H e bre w an d Arabic an d n ot with pr e fi xe d i as i n , ,

pure Babylon ian H e r e b e lon g Ya qub i l u (H e b

.
‘
-
.

Y a aq o b e l Jacob god Y am l i k i l u Yarbi i l u

‘
- - - -
, , ,

“
Yashu b ilu ( p e r ha s
p -
Y o s e f e l J o s e p h god z Yak -
,
-

’
bar i l u Ya zar ilu
-

,
-
.

A ddition al e vid e n c e of a for e ign i n va s io n i s fou nd

i n l e tt e r s of t h e fir s t dy n a s ty of Babylo n which a o , ,

cordi n g to W i n ckl e r ar e a s full of Can aan itic idiom s

3
,

a s ar e t h e A mar n a l e tt e r s .

That thi s migratio n was n ot limit e d to Babylon ia i s

prove d by the an ci e n t Mi n ae an i n s criptio n s which H a
l evy an d Glas e r hav e di s cove r e d i n So u th A rabia Th e .

n am e s fo u n d i n th e s e ar e of pr e ci se ly t h e s am e typ e s

a s tho s e that we h av e ju s t di s c u s se d T hu s t h e Mi .

n wan A mmi t s a du q a i s t h e s ame as A m m i s adu gga

-
,

an d t h e Mi n ae a n Ili yada a Ili S ami a an d A b i yat h u a

‘ ‘ ‘
- -
, ,

ar e th e s am e as t h e H e br e w E liada E li s hama an d , ,

1
Sayc e , E a r l y H i s t or y f
o t h e H e br e ws , p . 13 .

9
H om m e l , A n ci en t H e br ew Tr a d i ti on , p 88 . .

A l t or i e n t a l i sch e F or s ch u n g e n , i i 1 , p 94 ; 1 1 . . . . 2 , p 39 6 . .
28 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

T wo of ki n g s who follow e d K hyan bore th e

th e
n am e s U az e d an d Yaq e h h e r Th e s e ar e n ot E gyp
1 -
.

tian b u t Se mitic an d s i n c e E gyptian r tak e s the plac e

,

of Se mitic l Yaq e h h e r i s t h e e qu ival e n t of Yaqu b

,
-

“ ”
ilu Jac ob god which as we hav e s e e n i s foun d i n
,
-
, , ,

a con tract tabl e t of the tim e of the fir s t dyn as ty of

-

Babylo n .

Can aan al s o was affe ct e d by thi s Se mitic migratio n ,

as i s Show n by two prop e r n am e s of thi s p e riod In .

th e R om an ce of Si n n hi t which dat e s fr om t h e r e ign of ,

A m e n e m h at I (c t h e n am e of th e chi e f of T e r m
. .

i s writt e n Am m u e e n s h i -
T hi s n am e i s to b e r e ad
’
-
.

A mmi an s hi an d i s g e n e ral ly r e gard e d as the s am e as

-

the Sou th A rabian n am e A mmi an i s a Th e chi e f of -

’
.

t h e thirty s e v e n A s iatic s who vi s it e d E gypt dur i n g

-

t h e r e ig n of U s e r t e s e n II bor e t h e n am e I b sh a which
’
.
,

appar e n tly i s t h e s am e as the H e br e w A bi s hai .

2
Mor e ov e r Bo n di h as s hown that from th e tim e of
,

th e K I t h dyn a s t y o n ward loa n word s of Can aan itic -

origi n b e gan to b e fre qu e n t i n E gypti an .

We are l e d th u s to th e co n clu s ion that about 2 5 00

a wave of Se mitic migration ove r flowe d W e s t e rn
A s ia from Babylo n ia to E gypt an d from Syria to
So u th A rabia Th e n am e which i s mo s t appropriat e
.

for thi s migration i s A moritic I n a con tract tabl e t .

-

of the r e ign of Am m i s adu gga a re gion i n the

“
vici n ity of Sippar i s call e d A m u r r u i e t h e A m or ,
. .
,

i te an d i n a n oth e r tabl e t of t h e s am e p e riod thi s i s

id e n tifi e d with M A R T U which i s th e id e ogram (or t h e -

,

1
P e t r i e , H i s t or y , i .
, p . xix .

9
D em h e br ci i sch p h on i z i s ch en Sp r ac h z wei g e a n g eh or i g e L eh n
’

wbr t er i n hi e r og l yp hi s ch e n an d hi e r a t i s ch e n Text en
 TH E A M OR ITI C M I G R A TI ON 29

an ci e n t n am e ) for Syria P al e s ti n e F rom thi s it fol -

.
1

low s fir s t that M A R TU of t h e e arli e r Babylon ian

, ,
-

“
i n s cription s had b e com e e q u ival e n t to A m u r r u th e ,

A morit e lan d ; an d s e co n d that th e r e w e r e A morit e s ,

i n Babylo n ia who aft e r th e a n alogy of th e ir w e s t e rn

, ,

r e lative s co u ld b e d e s ig n at e d M A R T U Am oritic
,
-
.
,

accordi n gly i s a n am e broad e n ough to cov e r all

,

bran ch e s of thi s migratio n .

I n Babylo n ia an d i n E gypt wh e r e t h e p opulatio n ,

was crowde d t h e n e w com e rs w e r e s p e e dily ab s orb e d

,
-

by th e old e r rac e I n Syria an d P al e s ti n e it was

.

oth e r wi s e H e re th e r e e x i s t e d n o d e n s e popul atio n

.
,

n o i n d e p e n d e n t civilizatio n an d n o highly orga n iz e d ,

political i n s tit u tio n s : co n s e que n tly t h e bru n t of th e

migratio n f e ll u po n th e s e r e gio n s Si n c e th e immi .

gran t s va s tly o u t n umb e r e d th e old e r i n habita n t s th e ir ,

la n guag e b e cam e th e e s tabli s h e d lan guag e of t h e

cou n try an d p e r s i s t e d i n s pit e of lat e r i n va s io n s
, , ,

un til t h e A ramaic fi n ally drov e it from t h e fi e ld .

Th e A moritic I n va s io n s o w e ak e n e d Babylo n ia that

it lo s t i ts s u pr e macy i n Syria an d P al e s ti n e an d cou ld
n ot r e s i s t t h e attack s of i ts n e ighbou rs K ud u r .

Nan kh u n di ki n g of E lam gath e r e d hi s clan s an d

, ,

s w e pt down upo n h i s h e r e di tary foe Th e E lamit e s .

had old s core s to pay off an d n ow that th e ir tur n had ,

com e th e y s how e d Babylo n ia n o m e rcy Th e y pil .

l age d i t s citi e s s l e w i t s p e opl e b u rn e d i t s t e mpl e s

, , ,

an d carri e d off t h e imag e s of i t s god s Th e v e n e rabl e .

s an ct u ary at N i u r wh e r e for mor e tha n y ar

pp , e s

'
1
M e i s sn e r , B e i t r ag e z . a l t ba b . P r i va t r ech t , N o . 42 an d 72 ;
H om m e l , Z e i tsch r . d . d e u ts ch . m or g en l a n d . G es ell sch af t , xli x .
, p .

52 4; J e n se n , Z ei t schr if t f . A ss yr i ol ogi e , x., p 341

. .
30 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

th e votive tabl e t s of the ki n g s had b e e n s e t up th e y ,

raz e d to t he grou n d an d brok e i t s pre ciou s tabl e t s i n

,

pi e c e s A s imilar fat e probably ov e rtook th e record s

.

of t he oth e r an ci e n t s an ctuari e s an d to thi s c at as ,

f

troph o i s du e the fact that Babylon ian hi s torical

traditio n do e s n o t r e ach b e yon d the tim e of th e
E lamitic i n vas io n .

Th e dat e of thi s co n qu e s t i s giv e n b y the i n t e r e s ti n g

s tat e m e n t of A s h u rba n ipal that aft e r h i s gr e at victory ,

ove r E lam h e brought back th e image of th e godd e s s

,

N an a which,
y e ar s b e fore K u du r N an khu n di
, ,
-

had carri e d away from i ts t e mpl e at E re ch Thi s .

plac e s the E lam itic i n c u rs io n about 2 280 R C It .

m u s t th u s h ave occurre d duri n g the r e ig n of Zabu ,

t h e third k i n g of t h e firs t dy n a s t y of Babylon .

K u dur Nan kh u n di did n ot him s e lf admi n i s t e r the

-

n e wl y co n qu er e d t e rritory but e n tru s t e d it to a vice ,

roy who s e h e adquart e r s w e r e at Lars a E r i Aku .

-

“
( Ar ad Si n s e rva n t of th e moo n i n Se mitic Baby
z -
, ,

lon i an ) call s him s e lf i n h i s i n s cription s th e s on of

K u d u r Mabuk the adda of E m u tb a
-
,
T he m e an i n g
of adda i s u n c e rtain but it i s s u ppo s e d to d e n ote
,

e ith e r
“
fath e r or pri n ce K udur Mabuk i s a p u re .
”
-

E lamite n am e an d E m u tb al i s a region of We s t e rn
,

E lam bord e ri n g on B abylo n i a .

I n on e of h i s i n s criptio n s K udur Mabuk call s him -

”
s e lf
“
adda Ill a r tu i e “
p ri n c e of Martu
,
”
.
Si n c e
.
,
.

“
h e s tyl e s him s e lf e l s ewh e r e adda E m u tba l Ti e l e ,

m ai n tai n s that Martu in thi s cas e i s equ ival e n t to

1

E m u t b al an d m e an s n othi n g mor e th an We s t E lam .

1
B a byl on i s ch A s s yr i s che
-
G es ch i chte , p . 1 23 f . E n cycl op e di a
B i bli ca , ar t . Che dor l aom e r .
 TH E A M OR ITI C M I G R A TI O N 31

It do e s follo w how e v e r beca u s e h e was pri n c e of

n ot , ,

E m u tb al an d pri n c e of Mart u that th e s e two r e gio n s ,

w e re id e n tical Mart u m e an s pri m arily Syria an d

.

P al e s ti n e an d o n ly s e co n darily w e s t s o that it i s
, , ,

n ot n atural that it s hould b e u s e d a s a n am e for W e s t

E lam . Mor e ov e r it i s hard to s e e h o w i n a Baby

,

lo n ian i n s criptio n a r e gio n to t h e e as t co u ld b e

“
d e s ig n ated as t h e w e s t la n d We ar e s hu t u p .
”
,

th e re for e to t h e alt e rn ativ e s e ith e r that Martu i s

, ,

a r e gio n i n N orth Babylo n ia n e ar Sippar of which ,

m e n tion h as b e e n m ad e alr e ady or e l se that it i s

1
,

Syria Pal e s ti n e
-
That K u d u r Mab u k Shou ld e n titl e
.
-

him se lf afte r a mi n or r e gio n of N orth Babylon ia i s

improbabl e ; Martu accordi n gly mu s t hav e i ts ordi , ,

n ary mean i n g .

From thi s it follow s that Kudur M ab u k s s uz e rai n -

’

e x e rci s e d an authority s imilar to that of t h e gr e at

Babylon ian mo n arch s of an e arli e r p e riod As we .

hav e s e e n t h e h e g e mo n y of Babylon ia carri e d with it

,

th e r u l e of M e s opotamia as w e ll as of Syria an d ,

Pal e s ti n e If t h e ki n g s of Ur who pre c e d e d the

.

dyn as ty of E lam an d t h e ki n g s of Babylon who fol

,

low e d i t co u ld mai n tai n political an d comm e rcial

re l atio n s with t h e W e s t it i s hard to s e e why thi s ,

dyn as ty s hou ld n ot have mai n tai n e d Similar r e la

tio n s .

A t thi s poi n t th e n atio n al tradition of th e H e br e w s

b e gi n s I n G e n x iv A bram i s re pre s e n t e d as th e c on
. . .

t e mporary of E r i Aku (Arioch ) an d as livi n g at t h e

-

tim e of th e E lamitic s u pr e macy 2

T hi s chapt e r i s .

regard e d by all r e c e n t critic s as an i n d e p e n de n t docu

1
P age 28 .
9
F or l i t e r at u r e on Gen . xi v .
, se e . p . xx
xi.
32 Y I
S R A AND P ALE S TI N E

m e n t di ver s e i n or i gi n from th e thr e e m ai n s ourc e s

ou t of which t h e Book of G e n e s i s i s compo s e d It .

r e lat e s how i n t he day s of A mraph e l ki n g of Shi n ar ‘

,

Ch e dorlaom e r ki n g of E lam i n comp an y with A rioch ,

ki n g of E llas ar an d Tidal ki n g of G oi i m s ubdu e d

, ,

t h e ki n g s of t h e Val e of Siddim Thirt e e n y e ar s lat e r .

th e y r e b e ll e d an d t h e followi n g y ear he cam e up with

,

h i s alli e s an d s mot e t h e r e gion s eas t of t he J ordan

an d of S ou th e r n Pal e s ti n e T he n tu rn i n g e as tward .
,

h e e n gag e d th e ki n g s of the Vale of Siddim d e f e at e d ,

th e m an d carried away Spoil an d captive s H e ari n g

, .

of thi s A bram who dw e lt by th e oak s of Mamr e

, , ,

gath e r e d h i s alli e s th e A morit e s purs u e d aft e r , ,

Ch e dorlaom e r f e ll u pon him s u dd e n ly by n ight

, ,

rout e d h i s army an d purs u e d t he f u gitive s as far as

,

Hobah i n t he n e ighbou rhood O f D amas cu s R eturn .

i n g h e r e s tor e d h i s po s s e s s io n s to the ki n g of Sodom

, ,

an d paid tith e s to M e lchiz e d e k the pri e s t ki n g of ,

-

Sal e m .

It i s n ow g e n e rall y admitt e d that A mraph e l i s t h e ‘

s ame as K hammurabi or A m m u r ab i t h e s i x th ki n g
‘
, ,

of th e firs t dy n as ty of B abylon Th e 6 1 at the e n d of .

the n a m e mak e s s om e di ffic u lty but Li n dl s u gg e s t s ,

that it i s t he word for god A mraph e l will th e n ‘

e qu al A m m u r ab i ilu
‘ 1
A rioch i s p robabl y th e s ame
-
.

2
as E r i Aku of t h e mo n um e n t s
-
.

Wh e th e r t h e thre e oth e r ea s t e rn ki n g s of G e n x iv 1 . .

1
It sh ou ld be n ot e d t h at t h e vowe l s we r e n ot wr i tt e n In th e ol d

H eb r ew sc r i pt . Th os e n ow a c c om pan yi n g
‘
m r p l ar e a l at e c on

je c t u r al i n s e r ti on .

9
F or var i ou s t h e or i e s in r e g ar d t o t hi s n am e s e e Sc h r ade r , Si tz
u-n g s ber i c ht d . K . P r e u ss A ka d em i c , p hi l hi s t Cl ass e, O c t
. .
-
. . 2 4,
1 89 5 ; Wi n c kl e r , K e i li n sc h r B i b l i ot h e k , iii 1 , p 92
. . . f .
 TH E A M OR ITI C I
M GR A TI ON 33

ar e m e n tio n e d i n th e Babylon ian r e cord s i s m u ch

di s p u t e d I n 1 896 Mr P i n ch e s of t h e Briti s h
. .
,

M u s e u m p u bli s h e d a s e ri e s of e pic fragm e n t s de

,
1
,

s cribi n g appar e n tly an i n vas io n of Babylon ia i n ,

which a n am e writt e n E U K U K U E U m a l or E U - - - -

K U K U m a l occur s
- -
The S ig n K U h as al s o t h e .

valu e dur he n c e th e fir s t two syllabl e s may b e r e ad

, ,

K u dur P i n ch e s att e mpt e d to s h ow furth e r that the

.

third an d t h e fo u rth S ig n s c an hav e the valu e of l agh

an d ya r e s p e ctiv e ly I n that ca s e t h e n am e a s a .

whol e may b e r e ad K udur L aghgam al which i s t h e -

correct pho n e tic e q u ival e n t of Ch e dor l a om e r I n -

‘
.

t he s am e fragm e n t s t h e n am e s E r i E a km an d T u u d - - - -

kh u l a app e ar an d th e s e Pi n ch e s id e n tifi e d with E r i

-

Ak u (Arioch ) an d Tid al 2
Lat e r i n v e s tigators have ‘
.

call e d all th e s e r e adi n g s i n qu e s tion an d have d e n i e d ,

that th e tabl e t s con tai n an y m e n tion of Che dor l ao

m e r Ar ioch or T idal
, Sayc e how e v e r s till mai n
,
.
, ,

tai n s that th e r e adi n g s an d t h e ide n tificatio n s ar e

3
corre ct .

I n 1 896 Sc h e i l p u bli s h e d a l e tter of K hammurabi

to a c e rtai n Si n i di n n am i n which h e claim e d to fin d
“ ”
m e n tion of th e day of E u dur n u ukh ga m ar He - - - - -
.

r e garde d Si n i di n n am a s id e n tical with t h e ki n g of

Lar s a of that n am e an d s uppo se d th e l e tt e r to r e fe r ,

to a victory of K h ammurabi ov e r Ch e dorl aom e r .

K i n g how e v e r h a s s how n that th e tru e r e adi n g i s

,
4
,

1
J ou r n a l o f th e Vi ct or i a I n s ti t u t e , xx i x , pp
. 4 5 —90 . .

9
Ki n g , L ett er s and I n s cr ip ti on s f
o
Ha m m u r a bi , i .
, pp . x x v.

xxx vi . Ti ele,
'

Z ei ts ch r ift f ur A ss yr i ol og i e , 1 9 00, p 395 . f: B e z old ,

i bi d .
, p 400
. .

3
E xp os i tor y Ti m M ar c h , 1 899 , p 2 67
es , . .

1
‘
L e tt e r s a n d I n s cr i p t i on s of H a m m u r a bi , i .

, p . xxx v.
34 S YR IA AN D P A LE S TI N E

n ot Eu -
dur n u
g
-
ukh s
-
a u kh
m ar an d-
a -
m ar ,
but I -
nu - - -
,
1

th at Si n i di n n am i s n ot t h e k i n g of Lar s a It s till .

r e mai n s do u btful th e re fore wh e th e r Ch e dorlaom e r , ,

i s m e n tion e d i n t h e Babylon ian m o n u m e n t s .

Che dor l a om e r or Ku d u r L agh am ar i s an E lamitic

-
‘
,
-
,

n am e of pre ci s e ly t h e s am e formatio n a s K u d u r N an -

kh u n di an d K u d u r Mab u k an d L agh am ar i s a w e ll -
,

k n ow n E lam itic d e ity Si n c e th e E lamitic s u pr e macy .

las t e d at l e as t fifty y e ars th e r e i s n o di fficulty i n s u p ,

po s i n g that K u d u r L agh am ar was on e of t he s u cc e s -

s or s of K udur Nan kh u n di -
.

N ot on ly doe s G e n x iv give th e n am e s of two an d . .

,

po s s ibly five of th e e arly Babylo n ian ki n g s b u t it

, ,

al s o giv e s corr e ctly t h e r e gio n s o ve r which th e y rul e d .

“
A mraph e l i s call e d ki n g of Shi n ar F rom G e n ,
”
.

x i it i s e vid e n t that th e H e br e ws lo cat e d thi s lan d i n

.

N orth Babylon ia an d r e garde d B ab e l (Babylon ) as i ts ,

chi e f cit y With thi s corr e s po n d s th e fact that K ham

.

m ur ab i was ki n g of Babylo n The e pi s od e i s dat e d .

“ ”
i n t h e day s of A mraph e l rath e r than i n t h e day s ,

of Ch e dorlaom e r ; thi s impli e s a k n owl e dge of Kh am

m u r ab i s s u pr e macy over W e s t e r n A s ia aft e r h i s de
’

f e at Oi the E lamit e s E llas ar th e r e s id e n c e of A rioch .

, ,

i s m an if e s tly a corrupt e d form of Lar s a t h e capital ,

”
of E r i Aku Ch e dorlaom e r i s call e d ki n g of E lam
-
.
,

which corr e s po n d s with t h e p u r e ly E lamitic form of

h i s n am e .

G e n x iv i s correct al s o i n maki n g Amraph e l Ar i

. .
,

1
M u ch us e l e s s an d h ar m f
wr i t i n g h as b e e n pr ov ok e d b y F at h e r
ul

Sc h e i l in wh i c h , ou t of a l i n e of n i n e si gn s , f ou r w e r e m i s
’
s c opy ,

r e ad . Cf . Sayc e , B a byl on i a n s an d A s s yr i a n s (t h i s ser ie s ,

) p 21 1,
.

n ot e .
! CL ]
36 S YR IA AND PALE S TI N E

Babylon ian r e cord s b u t Show a wide n e s s of variation

,

that i s e x plicabl e o n ly as the r e su lt of a lon g i n d e

p e n d e n t tran s mi s s ion Al l hav e b e e n r e cas t i n a
.

man n e r which s u gge s t s th at t h e H e bre w s d e ri ve d

th e m from t he Can aan it e s rath e r than from th e B aby
lon ian s A ccordi n gly t h e ri val th e ory of t h e pr e s e r
.
,

vation of an a n ci e n t P al e s ti n ian docum e n t i n G e n .

x iv comm e n ds it s e lf as on the whol e more probable

. .

Thi s th e ory i s co n firm e d by s e ve ral charact e ri s tic s

of th e chapter Th e n ame s of trib e s an d of place s
.

b e lo n g to t h e mo s t an ci e n t p e rio d of P al e s ti n ian h i s
tory Th e i n habitan t s e v e n of th e e x tre me South
.
, ,

a r e repr e s e n t e d as A morit e s ( vv 7 Thi s i s i n .

,

accord with the old B abylon ian u s e of A murru as th e

e qui val e n t of Mart u or Syria Pal e s ti n e ,
It was n ot -
.

t h e S it u atio n at t h e tim e of t h e Hebr e w co n qu e s t an d ,

it i s n ot th e r e pr e s e n tation of later Old T e s tam e n t doc

u m e n ts It wa s tr ue o n ly i n the p e riod s hortly aft e r
.

th e migratio n of the A morit e s b e for e th e y had b e e n ,

crowd e d i n to the n orth e rn moun tai n s by lat e r wav e s ‘

of Se mitic i n va s ion T he R e phaim who ar e m e n

.
,

t i on e d i n v 5 ar e con n e ct e d with t h e An akim i n D e ut

.
,
.

ii 1 1 an d i n D e ut i 2 7 f the An akim ar e cla ss ifi e d

.
,
. . .

a s A morit e s The Zuzim an d th e E mim who app e ar

.
,

i n th e s ame v e r s e ar e i n D e ut ii 1 1 2 0 al s o i de n ti
,
. .
,

fie d with th e A morit e s A ccordi n g to D eut ii 1 0 2 0

. . .
, ,

t h e E mim w e r e th e aborigi n al i n habitan t s of t h e lan d

of Moab an d t he Z am z um m i m who pr e s umabl y ar e
, ,

th e s am e as t he Zuzim were t he aborigi n al in b ah ,

i tan t s of t h e la n d of Ammo n Sayc e i n g e n iou s ly s ug .

g e s t s that the variatio n betwee n Zuzi m an d Z am z um

m i m c an o n l y have ari s e n through tra n s literation of a
 TH E A M OR ITI C I
M GR A TI ON 37

c u n e iform origi n al Thi s i s plau s ibl e ; an d if tru e it

.
,

e s tabli s h e s t h e a n tiq u ity of thi s p e opl e Th e Horit e s .

,

who i n G e n x i v 6 ar e s aid to dw e ll i n Mo u n t Se ir
. .
,

ar e i n D e u t ii . . 1 2 22 s aid to hav e b e e n th e pre d e

,

c e ss ors of E do m i n t h e s am e re gio n .

Th e o n ly obj e ctio n to t h e hi s toricity of th e s e n am e s

i s bas e d upo n th e ir s u ppo s e d mean i n g R e ph aim i n .

“
H e b r e w de n ote s the d e ad the s had e s ; ,
E m im may
“
plau s ibly b e i n te rpre t e d as the t e rribl e an d Hori m
‘

”
as t h e cave dw e ll e rs
-
From thi s it i s i n fe rre d that
.

th e se ar e on ly mythical n am e s of forgotte n rac e s who s e ,

tomb s an d cav e s th e H e br e w s fou n d wh e n th e y e n t e r e d

Pal e s ti n e T hi s r e as on i n g i s as fallaciou s as it wo u ld b e
.

to i n fe r from th e fan cif ul He br e w d e rivatio n of Bab e l

”
(Babylo n ) fro m th e root ba la l to co n fu s e that t h e , ,

city of Babylon n eve r e x i s t e d Fore ig n n am e s ar e al

.

way s lik e ly to b e a s s imilat e d to familiar n ativ e word s ,

an d s puriou s e tymologie s of t h e Old T e s tam e n t do

n ot prov e t he origi n al n am e s to b e u n hi s torical N0 .

more do e s the a s s imilatio n of A moriti c tribal n am e s

“ ”
to th e H e br e w word s for s hade s an d for cav e
dw e ll e r s prov e that th e s e n am e s ar e mythical P rob
”
.

ably th e Horit e s (K h or i m ) ar e id e n tical with t h e

K har u of th e E gyptian mon u m e n t s I n that cas e t he .

”
n am e has n othi n g to do with cave dw e ll e r s -
.

Th e A mal e kit e s wh o ar e m e n tion e d i n G e n x iv

, . .

7 ar e r e f e rr e d to i n E x xvii as th e origi n al i n
. .

habitan t s of t h e d e s e rt of Si n ai T h e y w e re n ot r e .

gard e d by t he H e br e w s as a ki n dre d rac e s u ch as th e ,

E domit e s Moabit e s an d A mmon it e s

, ,
h e n c e th e y
mus t have b e lo n ge d to an old e r s tratum of p Op u l a
tio n T hat th e ir pr e s e n c e i n Pal e s ti n e w e n t back t o
.
38 S YR IA AN D P A LE S TI N E

th e Patriarchal age can n ot b e proved but al s o c an ,

“ ”
n ot b e di s prov e d
’
Lot A bram s broth e r as h e i s
.
, ,

cal l e d i n G e n x iv 1 2 i s doubtl e s s the s am e as Lotan

. .
, ,

a clan whi ch s u b s e qu e n tl y was i n corporat e d i n to

E dom (G e n xxx vi 2 it ) ; an d thi s i s t h e s ame a s
. .

Rut e n (L u ten ) which occurs as th e E gyptian n ame

,

for part of Pal e s ti n e as e arly as the XI I th dyn a s ty .

T hu s it app e ars th at n e arly all the n ame s of G e n .

x iv ar e att e s t e d by e x t e rn al e vid e n c e s an d that n o

.
,

rac e i s m e n tio n e d i n thi s ch apter which c an b e s how n

to b e lo n g to a late p e riod The Phili s ti n e s an d Hit .

t i t e s for i n s ta n c e who are r e f e rr e d to s o fr e q u e n tly

, ,

e l s e wh e r e i n G e n e s i s but who e n t e r e d Can aan at a ,

lat e date ar e h e r e n e ve r on c e m e n tio n e d

, .

Th e n am e s of plac e s i n G e n x iv are arch aic as i s . .

,

S hown by the fact that th e y ar e e x plai n e d by th e

editor T hu s afte r B e l a he r e mark s
.
“
th e s am e i s ,

“
Zoar ; aft e r E n m i sh pat th e s ame i s K ade s h -
,

“
aft e r t h e Val e of Shav e h the s am e i s th e K i n g s ,
’

Val e D am a s cu s (ve r s e 1 5 ) i s n ot foun d i n B ab yl o

.

n ia n m o n u me n t s of thi s p e riod ; but if as S ayc e s u g ,

g e s t s i ts ideogr am Gar i m i r i shu r e ally m e an s For

,
- -
,
”
tre s s of th e A m ori t e s th e n i t s an tiqu ity i s a s s u re d , .

Wh e ther Sal e m i s th e s am e as J e ru s al e m i s n ot c e r
tai n ; b u t e ve n if thi s b e th e cas e it cre at e s n o hi s ,

t or i c al di ffic ul ty It was lon g suppo se d on t he ba s i s of

.

J ud x i x 1 1 1 C hron xi 5 that J e bu s was th e origi n al

. .
,
. .

n am e of thi s city an d that i t was n ot called Jeru s al e m

,

u n til aft e r th e H e br e w con qu e s t ; but s i n c e th e di s

c ove r y of t h e n ame U r u sal i m i n t h e A marn a l e tt e r s ,

which w e r e writt e n two c e n t u rie s before th e Hebre w

con qu e s t thi s vi e w h as had to be aban do n e d
,
.
 TH E A M OR ITI C I
M GR A TI ON 39

Obj e ctio n s to th e an ti q u ity of t h e s o u rc e from

which G e n x i v i s d e rive d bas e d u po n th e s u ppo s e d
. .
,

m e an i n g of th e n am e s of th e ki n gs of t h e citi e s of th e
plai n t he circu ito u s ro u t e follow e d by Ch e dorlaom e r
, ,

t h e r e pr e s e n tatio n of A bram as a warrior t he coi n ,

c i de n c e b e tw e e n t h e n u mb e r of h i s s e rva n t s an d t h e

n u m e rical val u e of t h e l e tt e r s of t h e n am e E li e z e r ,

t h e m e n tio n of D an the d e s ig n atio n of t h e d e ity as

,

E l E lyo n an d t h e payi n g of tith e s to M e lchiz e d e k

-
, ,

ar e n o t formidabl e .

The o n ly s e rio u s di ffic ul ty i n th e way of r e gardi n g

thi s pas s ag e as hi s torical i s the id e n tificatio n of i ts
h e ro A bram by t he doc u m e n t s of G e n e s i s with A bra
ham th e as s um e d a n c e s tor of th e H e bre w s an d of
,

a group of alli e d p e opl e s A lthough t h e H e bre w s .

S pok e t h e la n g u ag e of Can aan th e y r e gard e d th e m ,

s elve s n ot as ki n dr e d of t h e Ca n aan it e s an d A morit e s

, ,

but as A ram ae an s I n th e liturgy of D e u t xx vi 5 t h e

1
. . .

“
I s rae lit e i s i n s truct e d to s ay A n A ram ae an r e ady ,

to p e ri s h was my fath e r an d i n G e n xxv 2 0 xx viii ,

. .
,
.

5 e t a l B e th u e l an d Laban t h e A ram ae a ns ar e ki n s m e n
.
, , ,

of t h e Patriarch s W e k n ow however from r e c e n t

.
, ,

arch ae ological di s cove ry that t h e A ram ae an migration

did n ot occ u r as e arly as 2 230 B C t h e dat e to which . .
,

A bram mu s t b e as s ig n e d by hi s s y n chro n i s m with

K hammurabi I n t h e A s s yrian m o n u m e n t s of t h e
.

fif t e e n th c e n tury we c an trac e th e fir s t advan c e of

t h e A ram ae a n s from t h e Syrian d e s e rt i n to Babylo n ia ,

?
A s syria an d M e s opotam ia
,
I n t h e A marn a l e tt e rs
(0 1 400) th e Su ti an d t h e K habiri bran ch e s of thi s
.
,

migration ar e fo un d to b e thr e at e n i n g Syria an d Pal

,

1 9
Se e p . 1 14. Se e p 1 1 3 . .
40 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

e s ti n e That the K habiri ar e the s am e as th e H e br e w s

.

i n t h e wid e r s e n s e of th e n am e that i s that th e y ar e , ,

t h e grou p of p e opl e s to which I s ra e l Moab A mmo n , , ,

a n d E dom b e lo n g e d ther e i s n o r e as on to do u bt 1
.
,

It app e ar s th e re for e that t he firs t e m e rg e n c e of

, ,

H e br e w s upon the s tag e of hi s tor y was n ot e arli e r

than 1 5 00 B C . .

E v e n if we s houl d a s s um e that a s i n gl e Aram ae a n

trib e might hav e pr e c e d e d th e mai n migratio n i n to
Syria Pal e s ti n e by e ight c e n t u ri e s it i s i n co n c e ivabl e
-

that s u ch a trib e s hou ld have obtai n e d a foothol d i n

t h e mid s t of a lan d p e opl e d b y a di ff e r e n t rac e Wh e n .

t h e H e br e w s u n d e r Mo s e s an d Jo s h u a att e mpt e d to
e n t e r Ca n aan th e y w e r e m et at ev e ry poi n t with armed
,

oppo s itio n I s it lik e ly th at th e ir fore fath e rs s hould

.

have r e c e i ve d b e tt e r tre atm e n t at t h e han d s of th e

A m orit e s A ccordi n gly with our pr e s e n t kn owl e dg e ,

of t h e an ci e n t Ori e n t it m u s t be pron oun c e d i n ,

cre dibl e that an an c e s tor of Ar am ae an I s rael S hould

hav e dwe lt i n Can aan as e arly as the tim e of K ham
m u r abi ( A mraph e l ) .

D o e s n ot thi s prove th e n that th e n arrative of , ,

Abram s co n flict with Ch e dor l aom e r i n G e n x iv i s n u

’
. .

hi s torical ? N o u n l e s s it c an b e e s tabli sh e d that th e

,

tradition al id e n tification of A bram with A braham i s

9
corre ct Thi s id e n tificatio n has n othin g i n i ts favor
.

t h e n am e s A bram an d A braham hav e n o e tymological

”
con n e ction A bram mean s a fath e r i s e x alt e d or
.
,

1
Se e p . 1 13 .

9
A t t h e b e gi n n i n g of t h e fir st c e n t u r y a J e w wa s h an ge d, on a
x
s l i gh t p r e t e t , f or s c offin g at t hi s c h an g e of n am e s Se e P h i l o, .

D e m u t a ti on e m n om i n um , vi i i . 1 , 5 87
.
! CL ]
 TH E A M OR ITI C I
M GR A TI ON 41

Ram is a fath e r ; A braham i s

form e d with a root
‘

r a ha m whi c h i s u n k n ow n i n H e br e w (Ca n aa n itic )

, ,

an d who s e m e an i n g i s u n c e rtai n Th e hypoth e s i s of .

th e compil e r of G e n e s i s that A bram s n am e was

’

chan g e d to A braham i s ma n ife s tly o n ly a d e vic e to

,

e s cap e thi s diffic ulty Th e th e ory of Homm e l that

.

th e form A braham h as ari s e n out of A bram thro u gh

t h e u s e of t h e So u th A rabian Mi n ae an s cript i n which ,

a lon g a i s r e pre s e n t e d by It has n othi n g i n i ts favor .

That t he Mi n ae an s cript was e ve r u s e d i n Pal e s ti n e

th e r e i s n o t a particl e of e vid e n c e .

Th e s e two n am e s m u s t hav e b e lon ge d origi n ally to

di s ti n ct p e r s on ag e s Abraham wa s t h e coll e ctiv e
.

n am e of a gro u p of A ram ae an p e opl e s i n cl u di n g n ot ,

on ly the H e braic clan s b u t al s o t h e I s hmae lit e s an d

,

l
a n umb e r of oth e r d e s e rt trib e s A bram was a local .

h e ro of t h e r e gio n of H e bron Si n c e on ly a fe w of .

t h e trib e s compr e h e n d e d u n d e r the n am e A braham

e v e r i n vad e d Pal e s ti n e t h e id e n tificatio n of t h e two
,

n am e s m u s t hav e b e e n du e to m e r e S imilarity of
s oun d . Th e di fficu lty that aro s e from thi s combi n a
“
tio n that s o fe w of t h e s on s of A braham dw e lt i n
,

Can aan was m e t by t he e x plan atio n that he s e n t

,
“

th e m away from I saac hi s s on whil e h e ye t live d , ,

e a s tward i n to t h e e as t cou n try

?
, (l) I n t h e e arli e r
writi n g s of t h e Old T e s tam e n t I s ra e l alo n e i s m e n
t i on e d a s t h e a n c e s tor of t h e n atio n ; n ot u n til a
tim e clo s e to th e e x il e do e s A braham app e ar a s t h e
r e at for e fath e r to whom t h e promi s e i s giv e n that
g
hi s s e e d s hall i n h e rit t h e la n d of h i s s ojo u rn i n g s .

Corr e s po n di n g to th e two n am e s A bram an d A bra

1
Gen . x x v. 1 —1 8 .
9
Ge n . xx v . 6 .
42 S YR IA AND P A LES TI N E

h am ar e t h e two plac e s from which th e patriarch i s

s aid to hav e migrat e d A ccordi n g to J h e w e n t .

forth from Haran i n M e s opotamia b u t accordi n g ,

to P (probably followi n g E ) h e w e n t forth from

Ur of t h e Chald e e s Haran i s th e n at u ral hom e .

of th e A ram ae an A brah am whil e Ur m ay w e ll hav e ,

b e e n t h e origi n al r e s ide n c e of th e A moritic Abram ;

S i n c e as we h av e s e e n t h e A morit e s i n vad e d Baby
, ,

lo n ia as w e ll as Syria an d P al e s ti n e ?
Th e id e n tificatio n of A bram with A brah am i s a
co u n t e rpart to th e id e n tificatio n of Jacob with I s rae l ,

Jo s e ph with E phraim an d Man a ss e h E s au with ,

E dom an d Lot with Moab an d A mmo n th at we m e e t

,

i n lat e r portio n s of t h e Book of G e n e s i s .

Both Jacob an d Jo s e ph app e ar as th e n am e s of

plac e s or of trib e s i n an i n s cription of Tahu t i m e s
, ,

III an E gyptia n ki n g who liv e d 300 y e ar s b e fore th e

.
,

e x od u s Y q b a r a i s r e cog n iz e d by all r e c e n t
? ’
- - - -

hi s torian s as th e pho n e tic e qu ival e n t of Y a aq ob e l ‘

-

,
’
J a c ob god Y Sa p a r a i s probably Yo s e ph e l
-
.
- - - - -
,

J os e ph god altho u gh i n thi s cas e t h e di ffe r e n c e b e

-

tw e e n 5 an d 8 cau s e s an e l e m e n t of u n c e rtai n ty Thi s .

9
di ffe r e n c e how e v e r as M u ll e r s how s i s n ot a s uffi
, , ,

ci e n t r e as on for r e j e cti n g the e qu atio n .

Fro m th e s e n am e s it app e ars that at th e tim e wh e n ,

I s ra e l i s s tat e d to hav e b e e n i n bo n dag e i n E gypt ,

J acob an d Jo s e ph th e ir as su m e d an c e s tor s w e r e al
, ,

1
Se e p 2 8 . .

ul l er ,
9
M e y e r , Z e i ts ch r if t f ur a tt es t . l Vi s s en s ch af t , vi . 8 M
A s i en E u r op a , p 1 6 2
u . G r off R evu e E g yp t ol og i q u e , i v 9 5 , 1 46
.
,
. .

3
Or i en ta l i s t i s ch e L i tt er a t u r Z e i t u n g , ec e m be r 1 5 , 1 89 9 , c ol
-
D .
44 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

Th e o n ly on e of the Patri arch s who i s n ot give n a

s e co n d n am e i s I s aac ; but h e i s co n n e ct e d wi th B e e r

lahai roi a s an ct u ary out s id e of Can aan or with Be e r

-
, ,

Sh e ba a s an ctuary i n t h e e x tr e m e s outh
,
H e r e pr e .

s e n t s t h e u n ity of I s ra e l an d E dom i n the s outh e rn

d e s e rt prior to th e ir s e p aration i n to t wo n ation s .

Thi s u n it e d people effe ct e d n o p e rman en t con qu e s t

i n Ca n aan an d th e r e for e i t s n am e co ul d n ot b e s aid
, , ,

to tak e t h e plac e of an e arli e r Can aan itic d e s ign ation .

That a portio n of I s ra e l s patriarchal tradition ’

S ho u ld hav e b e e n d e riv e d from t h e Can aan it e s i s re

p ,

c i s e l y what t h e hi s torical s it u atio n after t h e co n q u e s t

wo u ld l e ad u s to e x pect Th e Can aan ite s co n s titut e d

.

a larg e portion of th e populatio n an d it was on ly j u s t ,

that th e ir h e ro e s s hou ld figur e a s an c e s tors of t he

u n it e d n atio n alo n g s ide of the h e ro e s of pur e H e br e w
origi n an d th at with th e compl e te u n ification of th e
,

n atio n t h e two cycl e s of traditio n s ho u ld b e bl e n d e d

i n to a s in gl e whol e I s rae l s s tory of cr e ation th e

.
’

flood an d the b e gi n n i n g s of hi s tory i ts l e gi s latio n

, , ,

i ts r e ligiou s rit e s an d i t s art w e r e all d e riv ed from

, ,

t h e e arli e r i n habitan t s of t he lan d ; i t i s o n ly n atural

1
,

th e re for e to s uppo s e that s om e at l e as t of th e s tori e s

,

of th e P atriarch s cam e from the s am e s ourc e .

Th e r e cog n itio n of a di s ti n ctio n b e t we e n A bram an d

Abraham r e li e ve s t h e f u n dam e n tal di fficulty that has
l e d s o m a n y mod e r n critic s to r e j e ct G e n x iv as u n . .

hi s torical i n s pit e of the n umero u s e vide n c e s that it

,

i s ba s e d u pon an an ci e n t origi n al If A bram was n ot .

a li n e al an c e s tor of I s rae l b u t a worthy of an ci e n t

,

C an aan th e n th e re i s n o r e as on why he might n ot

,

1
Se e pp 49 if
. .
 TH E A M OR ITI C M I G R ATI O N 45

h ave com e i n to co n flict with th e E lamitic ki n g Ch e

dor l aom e r an d with K hamm u rabi abo u t 2 230 B C . .

Apart from a s i n gl e word i n v 1 3 thi s chapt e r c on .

,

s tan t l y s u gg e s t s that A bra m b e lo n g s to t h e A morit e s .

H e d we ll s i n th e co u n try of th e A m orit e s (v an d .

i s co n fe d e rat e with M am r e th e A morit e t h e broth e r

x
,

of E s chol an d of An e r (v 1 3) h e r e cogn iz e s al s o t h e.

au thority of t h e A moritic pri e s t M e lchiz e d e k A o .

c or di n gl y wh e n i n v 1 3 we r e ad
,
th e r e cam e on e th at
.
,
”
had e s cap e d an d told Abram the H e br e w we m u s t ,

re gard t h e las t t wo word s as a glo s s d e s ign e d to h ar

m on i z e thi s chapt e r with t h e r e s t of G e n e s i s ? No
“ ”
wh e re e l s e i s A bram call e d t h e H e bre w or i s it ,

s ugg e s t e d that h e h as a n ythi n g t o do with t h e A r a

m ae an I s ra e l that y e ar s lat e r i n vad e d Pal e s ti n e .

If th e s e co n s id e ratio n s b e correct we ar e j u s tifi e d ,

i n r e gardi n g G e n x iv as d e rive d from a Can aan iti sh

. .

s o u rc e an d as t h e e arli e s t e x tan t n ativ e doc u m e n t for

,

t h e hi s tory of P al e s ti n e A ccordi n g t o it P al e s ti n e
.

was i n habit e d by a n u mb e r of i n d e p e n d e n t trib e s of

t h e A moritic rac e which i n la n guag e an d i n r e ligio n
,

w e r e clo s e ly alli e d to t h e Can aan it e s of a lat e r age .

Th e high e s t typ e of political organ izatio n wa s th e

”
city s tat e u n d e r the r u l e of a s o call e d ki n g
-
In -
.

t h e cas e of M e lchiz e d e k as of th e e arly ki n g s of Bab

,

y l on i a t h e
,
pri e s tly o ffic e was u n it e d with t h e royal .

Th e s tro n g e r ki n g s r e d u c e d t h e w e ak e r o n e s to t h e
po s itio n of va s s al s ; but th e re was n o att e mpt as ye t
to fou n d n ation s with c e n tral iz e d gove rn m e n t s I n .

1
A n um b er of si m i l ar gl oss e s h ave b e e n n ot e d ab ov e , p 3 8 . .

Com par e al s o t he m e n t i on of D an i n v 1 4 wi t h J osh xi x 47 an d

. . .

J ud . x vii i . 29 .
46 S Y R IA AND P A L E ST I NE

co n s e que n ce of thi s lack of g e n i u s for organ ization

t he A morit e s f e ll an e a s y pr e y to t h e E lamitic
i n vad e rs .

A bram was t h e chi e ftai n of a clan that form e d part

of the gre at A moritic migratio n At firs t he was s e t
.

tl e d i n t h e n e ighbourhood of Ur i n Babylon ia b u t ,

lat e r pr e s umably un d e r pre s s u re of th e E lamitic i n

,

vas i on h e migrat e d to Pal e s ti n e wh e r e h e fo u n d a

, ,

w e lcom e amo n g ki n dre d trib e s H e m ade him s e lf

.

famo u s by hi s r e ligio u s charact e r by hi s hon orabl e

,

d e ali n g s with h i s n e ighb o u rs an d by h i s d e fe at of th e

,

E lamit e s . Af t e r hi s d e ath h e probably r e c e iv e d di

vi n e hon ors at th e s an ctuary of H e bro n H e re h i s .

c u lt las t e d an d t he s tory of h i s life was pr e s e rv e d

,

un t i l th e tim e of th e H e br e w co n que s t .
 CH APT E R IV

TH E R U LE OF TH E C ITY OF B AB YL ON
2 2 30—1 700 B C
. .

TH E E lamitic pre macy i n Babylo n ia an d i n the

su

W e s t did n ot lon g s u rviv e A bram s d e fe at of Che dor ’

l ao m e r. W e h av e an i n s cri p tio n of K h am m ur ab i l

which r e ad s I n t h e mo n th Shab atu on t h e 23d

, ,

( )
22 d day i
,
n t h e y e ar wh e n K hamm u rabi i n t h e

s tr e n gth of A n u an d B e l e s tabli s h e d h i s w e lfar e an d ,

t h e adda of Y a m u t b al an d E r i A ku h i s Kh am -

m a rab i s ) han d ca s t to th e gro u n d Th e a dda of

’
.

Y am u tb al i s doubtl e s s t h e s am e as K u d u r Mab u k -
,

t he a dda of E m u t b al an d fath e r of E r i A ku whom -

,

we hav e m e t alr e ady ; an d from thi s i n s criptio n it

i s cl e ar that K hamm u rabi (Amraph e l ) s u cc e e d e d i n
c a s ti n g off the E lamitic yok e Thi s achi e ve m e n t was
.

follow e d by t he u n iti n g of Babylon ia u n d e r hi s rul e .

Babylo n n ow b e cam e th e capital of We s t e rn A s ia ,

an d for ma n y c e n t u ri e s s h e did n ot lo s e thi s po s itio n .

E v e n aft e r A s s yria h ad robb e d h e r of political i n flu

e n c e s h e r e tai n e d h e r r e ligio u s s upr e macy
,
Lik e .

Rom e of t he Middl e Ag e s s he r e mai n e d a holy city

, ,

from which law an d l e arn i n g w e n t forth ; an d t h e

co n qu e ror wh o laid clai m to the domi n ion of th e
1
K e i l i n s ch r if tl i ch e B i bl i oth ek , ii i . 1, p . 126 .

47
48 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

world mu s t s till r e c e ive h i s crown from th e han d of

B e l h e r chi e f god
,
.

T hi s lofty po s itio n sh e ow e d to th e g e n iu s of
K h amm u rabi H e co n ciliat e d th e pri e s thoods of th e
.

local s an ctuari e s by r e buildi n g t he t e mpl e s that t h e

E lamit e s had d e stroy e d H e c o n s t r u ct e d can al s t o
.

drai n s wamp s an d to bri n g wat e r H e carri e d on s o .

man y s u cc e s s f u l wars with th e s urro u n din g n ation s

that i n on e of hi s i n s cription s h e s p e ak s of him s e lf as
“
t h e might y warrior wh o h e w s down hi s foe s t h e ,

whirlw i n d of battl e that ove rthrow s t h e lan d of the

e n e mi e s who bri n g s co n flict to r e s t wh o bri n g s r e
, ,

b e llion to an e n d wh o de s troys Warriors li k e an

,

i m ag e of cl a y who overcom e s th e ob s tacl e s of i m p as s

,

abl e mo u n tai n s T hat thi s con que ror gai n e d co n trol

.

of Syria an d Pal e s ti n e al s o i s prove d by an i n s c r i p

”
tion i n which hi s s ol e title i s ki n g of Martu 1
.

A m m i s at an a the great gran d s o n of K h am m ur ab l

,
-

“
s tyl e s him s e lf ki n g of t he vas t l an d of Mart u .

H e r e th e r e c an b e n o doubt that Martu r e fe rs to

Syri a Pal e s ti n e
-
H e i s t h e o n ly k i n g of the fir s t
.

dyn a s ty of Babylon b e s id e s K ham murabi who i s e x

p re s s ly s aid to hav e rul e d ove r th e We s t b u t it i s ,

probabl e th at all t he other ki n g s mai n tai n e d the tra

di ti on al limit s of th e e mpire .

Th e s e co n d dyn a s ty of Babylo n (2 05 6 — 1 6 88) i s

k n own to u s o n ly from the L i s t of K i ngs J u dgi n g .

from th e len gth of t h e r e ig n s it mu s t have e n j oy e d a ,

p e riod of r e markabl e p e ac e That i t con ti n u e d t he .

rul e of i ts pre d e c e ss or s i n Syria an d Pal e s ti n e i s

1 Wi n c kl e r , A l tor i e n t a l i s ch e F or s ch u n g en , i .
, p . 1 46 Ki n g , L et
t er s and I n s cr ip t i on s f H a m m u r a bi ,
o i .
,
No 6 6
. .
 R ULE OF TH E C ITY OF BAB YL ON 49

probabl e altho u gh it i s n ot att e s t e d by an y a n ci e n t

,

r e cord s .

Th e lo n g co n ti n u e d s u pr e macy of Babylo n l e f t
-

m a n y trac e s i n t h e lan g u ag e an d i n t he civilizatio n of

t h e We s t A n u mb e r of plac e s m e n tio n e d i n i n s c r i p
.

tio n s of the XVI I I th an d XI Xth E gyptian dyn a s ti e s ,

i n th e A mar n a l e tt e r s an d e v e n i n t h e Old T e s tam e n t

,

b e ar n am e s of pur e Babylo n ian formatio n e g B it . .

,

Sh a ilu
-
1
Bit N i n ib A sh t ar ti A s htaroth A s htaroth
,
-
2
, , ,

K arn aim N e bo po s s ibly al s o U r n Salim (Je r u sal e m )

3
, ,
4 -
.

H e r e b e lo n g al s o the n am e s of place s co m pou n d e d

wi th n am e s of di s ti n ctive ly Babylon ia n d e iti e s s u ch ,

as Si n Shama s h I s htar N e bo D agan

, ,
Th e l an , ,
.

gu ag e of Ca n aan i s f ull of word s borrow e d from

“ ” ”
Babylo n ia ; e g helca l . t e m pl e
.
,
n a bi proph e t , ,

or ba n an d oth e r t e ch n ical t e rm s of t h e ritual

q ,
.

I n t h e y e ar 1 888 th e r e w e r e di s cov e r e d at T e ll e l -

A mar n a i n E gypt s e v e ral h u n dr e d i n s crib e d clay

tabl e t s Th e s e prov e d to b e chi e fly l e tt e r s from
.

“
Syrian an d P al e s ti n ia n
”
ki n g s t o the E gyptian
m o n arch s A m e n hot e p III an d A m e n hot e p IV (0 . . .

If th e s e l e tt e r s had b e e n writt e n i n E gyptian ,

it wo u ld n ot have b e e n remarkabl e s i n c e Syria an d ,

P al e s ti n e s tood at thi s tim e u n d e r t h e r u l e of t h e

P haraoh s ; i n s tead of thi s how e ve r th e y w e r e writt e n , ,

i n Babylon ia n T hi s was n ot t he s pok e n lan guag e of

.

Syria as i s s ho wn by n u m e ro u s mi s tak e s an d s u b s t i
,

t u t i on s of Can aan itic word s Babylon was th e n .

u n d e r t h e r u l e of a for e ig n dy n a s ty an d had lo s t ,

m u ch of i ts an ci e n t pr e s tig e ; it i s i n co n c e ivabl e ,

1
I n sc r i pt i on of Se t y I .
9
Am ar n a L e tte r s
3
Ol d T e st am e n t .
1
‘
Sayc e , P a t r i a r cha l P a l es t i n e , p 73 . .
50 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

th e r e for e th at d u ri n g thi s p e riod it s hould hav e i n

,

vad e d E gyptian t e rritory with i ts lan guage an d i t s

lit e ratu r e Th e u s e of Babylo n ian i n th e s e l e tt e r s i s
.

e x plicabl e on ly as a s urvival of an e arli e r s tat e of

affair s wh e n E gyptian i n fl u e n c e i n Pal e s ti n e coun t e d
,

for n othi n g an d wh e n Babylon ian i n fl u e n c e was s u

,

pr e m e Thi s Situatio n e x i s t e d i n t h e s e co n d half of

.

t h e third mill e n n i u m wh e n K hamm u rabi an d h i s s u c

,

c e s s or s carri e d th e ir arm s an d th e ir comm e rc e to the

S hore s of t h e M e dit e rra n e an .

Th e corr e ct n e s s of thi s co n cl u s io n i s co n firm e d by

a s tudy of the d e v e lopm e n t of s yllabi c orthography
i n E gypt A s far back a s t h e K I th dy n as ty (c 2 05 0)
‘

. .

t h e E gyptian s adopt e d a n e w m e thod of writi n g

prop e r n ame s particularly for e ig n n am e s In s t e ad
,
.

of u s i n g Sign s for t h e con s o n an t s o n ly as was t h e ,

cas e i n t h e ordi n ary s cript th e y b e gan to e mploy ,

S ig n s for s yllable s compo s e d of co n s o n an t s with t h e

vow e l s a e an d i t Thi s s y s t e m i s n ot E gyptian

, ,
.
,

b u t c an hav e b e e n d e v e lop e d o n ly through co n tact

with t he Babylo n ian m e thod Thi s favours th e hy .

ot h e s i s that d u ri n g t h e e arli e s t p e riod k n own to

p
hi s tory t h e c u n e iform s cript was i n u s e i n Can aan ?
Th e e arly r e ligio n s of Syria an d Pal e s t i n e al s o
b e ar witn e ss to B abylo n ian i n fl u e n c e It i s n ot too .

m u ch to s ay that all e l e m e n t s of th e s e r e ligion s which

di ffe r from th e common Se mitic typ e ar e borrow e d
from Babylon ia Th e wor s hip o f Si n the B ab yl o
.
,

?
n ia n m oo n god i s att e s t e d by t h e n am e s Si n ai an d t h e
-
,

1
Se e M u ll e r , A s i e n un d
E u r op a , p 5 8 s q . .

9
Ot h e r s c on n e c t w i t h s e n e, t h or n b u s h , e . g. , D u ff , Th eol og y
and E thi cs (t hi s se r i e s ) ! CL ]
.
52 Y I
S R A AND P A LE S TI N E

i n t he A mar n a l e tt e r s ; an d of t h e god N ab u by th e ,

Old T e s tam e n t n a m e N e bo It h as e ve n b e e n s u g.

g e s t e d that le hem i n B e th l e h e m i s th e phon e tic e qui v

-

al e u t of th e Babylo n ian god Lahmu I n thi s con n e c .

tion it s hould b e n ot e d how compl e t e ly t h e Can aan itic

cu s tom of d e s ign ati n g d e iti e s by t h e i n d e fin it e titl e
Ba al corre s po n d s to th e Babylon ian u se of B e l
‘
.

Th e s acr e d traditio n s of the origi n of t h e world an d

of t h e b e gi n n i n g s of civilization that w e re han de d
dow n i n Syria an d Pal e s ti n e w e r e t h e s am e as tho s e
that w e re c u rr e n t i n Babylon ia I n t h e ca s e of th e .

H e br e w s t h e ide n tity h as lon g b e e n n ot e d Th e a o .

cou n t of cr e ation i n t h e fir s t chapt e r of G e n e s i s i s

cl e arly an improve d an d e x purgat e d e ditio n of the
Babylo n ian cr e ation tabl e t s Th e Sabbath i s an e vo
-
.

l u ti on of t h e Babylon ia n Sh ab att u m which was oh ,

s e rve d on t h e s e v e n th fourt e e n th t w e n ty fir s t
, an d ,
-

tw e n t y e ighth day s of t h e lun ar m on th an d was clo s e

-

l y a ss ociat e d with m oo n wor s hip Th e s tory of t h e

-
.

gard e n of E de n s how s i t s Babylon i an origin at o n ce

by t he fact that Paradi s e i s locat e d on t h e T igri s an d
t h e E uphrat e s Th e n am e E d e n it se lf i s probably
.

E di n n t h e plai n b e twe e n th e s e two gr e at riv e r s

, .

Th e ord e r of cr e ation as d e s crib e d i n G e n e s i s ii cor .

r e s po n d s to th e SO call e d Su m e rian cr e atio n tabl e t

- 1 -
,

a n d t h e tr e e of l if e an d t h e ch e ru bim ar e probably

al s o Babylo n ia n con c e ption s Th e lo n g liv e d an t e .

-

di l u vi an s ar e t h e a n alogu e of t h e t e n Babylo n ian

ki n g s b e fore t he flood an d on e of th e m M e th u shae l
, , ,

b e ar s a n am e of pur e Babylon ian formatio n Th e .

Hebre w flood s tory i s the alm o s t e x act co u n terpart

-

1
R e cor ds f
o th e P a s t , N ew Ser i es , vi . 1 09 ff .
 R U LE OF TH E C ITY or B AB Y L ON 53

of Ut n ap i s h ti m s
arrativ e i n th e e l e v e n th tabl e t of
’
-
n

t h e Babylo n ia n Gilgam e s h e pic Th e tow e r of Bab e l .

an d t h e con n ect e d s tory of t h e di s p e r s io n of t h e

n atio n s b e tray th e ir origi n by th e ir localizatio n i n

Shi n ar an d t h e vici n ity of Babylo n ? E ve n t h e s tory

of th e birth an d th e e x po s u r e of Mo s e s i s a cou n t e r
par t to t h e l e g e n d of Sargo n I ki n g of Agad e .
,
.

That th e s e H e bre w traditio n s hav e b e e n borrow e d

from Babylon ian origi n al s i s n ow admitt e d by e v e ry
on e ; the o n ly co n trov e r s y i s a s to t h e tim e an d t h e

m an n e r of t h e borrowi n g It has fr e qu e n tly b e e n .

co n j e ct u r e d that th e y w e re adopt e d duri n g t h e p e riod

of th e A s s yrian s u premacy or e ve n duri n g t h e e x il e ,
.

It i s u n lik e ly how e v e r that t he m o n oth e i s tic lat e r

, ,

H e bre w s would adopt t h e myth s of th e ir h e ath e n

co n querors an d t he l e g e n d s hav e n ot t he clo s e cor
,

r e s pon d e n c e with th e Babylo n ian origi n al s that th e y

m u s t hav e pr e s e n t e d if th e y had b e e n borrow e d at ,

a lat e dat e Th e Ph oe n icia n s an d oth e r rac e s of

.

Syria an d Pal e s ti n e b e s id e s t h e H e br e w s Show Bab y

lo n ian i n fl u e n c e i n th e ir mythology T h e se p e opl e s .

di d n ot s tan d u n d e r s uch dir e ct A s s yrian i n flu e n c e as

did I s rae l an d th e y w e re n ot carri e d i n to e x il e ; we
ar e oblig e d th e r e fore to look for s om e oth e r tim e
, ,

wh e n th e y al s o could have b e e n i n fl u e n ced by Baby

lo n ian tho u ght .

A mon g t h e tabl e t s of T e ll e l A marn a th e r e w e r e - -

1
S e D i ve r i
e H og t h A t h i t y
r n d A h ar l og y p p 9 2 6 ;
,
u or an rc e o , .
-

D vi G i
a s, d S m i ti T di t i o ; G
e n es s a n k l S h bpf
e c g u Ch ora n un e , c un . a s

in Ur z e i t u . E n dz ei t J e n se n , K ei l i n schr ift l i ch e B i bl i ot h ek, v ol .

vi 1 , M yt h e n u Ep en
. M u s s Ar n o l t i n B i bl i ca l Wor l d , J an an d
.
-
.

F e b 1 89 4, an d H e br a i c a , i x ; Z i m m e r n , B i bl i sche u ba by l on i sch e
. . .

U r g es ch i c h t e .
54 . Y I
S R A AND P A LE S TI N E

foun d fragm e n t s of two Babylo n ian l e ge n d s s imilar ,

to tho s e th at hav e b e e n pr e s e rve d i n t h e Old T e s ta

m e n t which w e r e u se d as re adi n g e xe rci s e s by th e
,

E gyptian s crib e s ?
Th e di s cov e ry of th e s e l e g e n d s
i s wit n e s s to t h e wid e s pr e ad of Babylo n ian mythology
i n Syria an d Pal e s ti n e i n t h e a ge pr e c e di n g t h e
E gypti an co n qu e s t an d mak e s it probable that th e
,

trac e s of B abylon ian thought i n all th e P al e s ti n ian

co s mogon ie s dat e from t he e arly p e riod wh e n Syria
u s ed t h e lan g u age of Babylo n an d was i n flu e n c e d by
i t s civilizatio n Th e prim e val tradition s accordi n g
.
,

l y that are pre s e rv e d i n t h e Book of G e n e s i s m u s t

,

have b e e n d e rive d by t h e H e bre w s from the civiliz e d

C an aan ite s amon g whom th e y cam e an d the s e i n ,

th e ir t u rn m u s t have d e riv e d th e m from th e earlier

p opulatio n that th e y di s po s s e s sed .

The r e ligiou s i n s titution s of I s ra e l Show n o l e s s

cl e arly th e mark s of Babylon ian i n flu e n c e Th e .

ord e r s of t h e pri e s t s with the con dition s as to bl e m

,

i s h e s an d c e r e mo n ial p u rity i mpo s e d up o n th e m t h e ,

u s e of Urim an d T hummim an d of oth e r form s of

d i vi n atio n the ki n d s of s acrific e that w e r e offe r e d an d

,

the t e ch n ical n am e s that w e r e applied to th e m t h e ,

golde n can dl e s tick th e table of s h e w bread an d a

,
-

multit u d e of oth e r d e tail s of t h e ritual ar e i de n ti ,

cal with B abylon ian i n s tit u tio n s ?

T h e s e i n s ti tu
tion s w e r e s har e d by t he H e br e w s with oth e r Pal e s
ti n ian n ation s an d all go back to a tim e wh e n Can aan
,

an d Babylo n ia w e r e on e i n civilizatio n Th e s am e i s .

1
Se e J e n se n , K ei l i n s ch r if t l i ch e B i bl i ot h ek ,
vi . 1 , pp 74 fi , 9 2 fi
. . .

“ L e vi t i c al R i t u al ,
!
9
Se e H au pt , B ab yl on i an E l e m e n t s i n t h e
B i bl i ca l L i t e r a t u r
!
J ou r n a l o
f e, 1 900, p p . 55 fl .
 R ULE OF TH E C ITY OF B AB Y L ON 55

tru e of tho s e lic e n tio u s rit e s that flo u ri sh e d amo n g

t h e Ca n aan it e s an d that proph e t s an d lawgiv e rs
s o u ght to ba n i s h from I s ra e l Th e m ai n t e n an c e of .

g e de s hoth or ,
harlot s i n th e t e mpl e s of A s h tar t
,

was al s o a di s ti n ctly Babylon ia n c u s tom .

Th e art of Syr i a a n d P al e s ti n e i s al s o of Babylo n ian

origi n Th e pr e hi s toric m o u n d s of brick work that
.
-

have b e e n fo u n d i n vario u s part s of t h e co u n try are 1

comparabl e on ly with t h e z i ggur r a te of Chald e a Th e .

Pal e s ti n ian t e m pl e as it i s d e pict e d on coi n s an d

,

m o n u m e n t s an d a s it i s d e s cri b e d i n th e cas e of Sol

,

om on s t e m pl e imitat e d Babylo n ian mod e l s Sc u lp

’
.
,

t u r e pott e ry an d t e x til e fabric s w e re e qually Baby

, ,

lo n ian i n th e ir origi n al d e s ign altho u gh i n co u r s e of ,

tim e th e y t e n d e d to d e v e lop alo n g i n d e p e n d e n t li n e s .

E v e n t h e e arli e s t k n ow n dr e s s of th e i n habita n t s of
Syria follow e d Babylo n ian fa s hio n Th e A s iatic s .

d e pict e d on th e tomb of K h n u m hote p (c 1 900) at -

.

B e n i Ha s s an ar e cloth e d i n th e e x act co s t u m e de
i c t e d on t h e a n ci e n t Babylo n ian mo n u m e n t s E v
p en .

t h e p e culiar flou n c e d s kirt of t he old B abylo n ian

god s an d pri e s t s th e Gre e k Ica u n a lce s re app e ars i n
, ,

E gyptian r e pre s e n tatio n s of Syrian dr e s s .

Con t e mporan e o u s with th e I I d dy n as ty of Babylon

w e r e th e K I th an d XI I th dy n a s ti e s of E gypt the ,
“ ”
middl e e mpir e Th e capital of th e s e ki n g s was
.

T h e b e s a n d th e y r e pre s e n t a n ativ e r e actio n agai n s t

,

t h e A moritic i n vad e r s who had ov e rthrow n t h e O ld

M e mphit e e mpire We c an trac e the grad u al e xt e n
.

s io n of th e ir pow e r n orthward u n til at la s t it i n clud e d

all E gypt .

1
N owac k A ha l og i p 9 3
, r c o Se, p g 62. .
9
ee a e .
56 Y R IA
S A ND P A LES TI N E

Lik e t h e old e mpir e th e middl e e mpire was a

,

p e riod of i n t e rn al d e ve lopm e n t rath e r than of e x t e rn al

e x pa n s io n Th e E gyptian s had too m u ch r e s p e ct
.

for t he A morit e s who s e warlik e prow e ss th e y had

,

b u t lat e ly e x p e ri e n c e d to thi n k of i n vadi n g A s ia

, .

T h e y co n t e n t e d th e m s e lv e s with s tr e n gthen i n g th e
bord e r fortr e ss e s an d r e p e llin g i n vas ion s without ,

un d e rtaki n g wars of r e pri s al Th e Si n aitic mi n e s .

w e r e r e op e n e d by Am e n e m h at I an d variou s official s
-
.
,

of th e X I I th dy n a s ty re lat e th e ir e n cou n t e r s with the

B e dawi n of that n e ighbo u rhood Am e n e m h at I r e . .

cord s that h e s mot e the n e gro e s an d op e n e d up th e

”
lan d of the A m u b u t thi s s e e m s to r e f e r to n othi n g
‘
,

mor e importan t than e x p e dition s to th e Si n aitic P e n

“
i n s ula On e o fficial of t h e middl e e mpire s tat e s : I
.

s ati s fi e d t he h e art of t h e ki n g i n compo s i n g t h e li s t s .

I cou n t e d th e pr e s e n t s of the chi e fs out of

all lan d s i n s ilv e r gold B g bal s am in c e n se wi n e
, , ,
-
, ,
.

T h e s e are e vid e n tly Syrian product s but ,

th e y s e e m to h ave b e e n pr e s e n t s s e n t to t h e Pharaoh
rath e r tha n trib u t e or s poil of war Th e r e i s n o .

e vide n ce that an y p ortio n of P al e s ti n e was u n d e r

p e rman e n t E gyptian ru l e d u rin g thi s p e riod ?
A lthough n o co n qu e s t s w e re att e mpt e d i n t e rcour s e ,

with Syria m u s t hav e b e e n fre qu e n t I n t he Sa l li er .

P ap yr us wh e r e t h e prof e s s ion of t h e s crib e i s prai s e d

,
“
as s up e rior to all oth e r occ u pation s we read : Th e ,

couri e r go e s forth i n to a fore ign la n d ; hi s prop e rty

h e mak e s ov e r to hi s childr e n s i n c e h e i s afraid of ,

lion s an d of A m u (A s iatic s ) W hat do e s h e hav e

‘
.

wh e n h e i s i n E gypt ? If h e com e s to hi s arbo ur ,

1
M ii ll e r , A s i en und E u r op a , p 34 . f .
 R U LE OF TH E C ITY OF B AB Y L ON 57

or draw s n e ar to h i s hou s e at e v e n i n g h e i s c on ,

de m n e d to d e p art H e s e t s ou t brick i n h i s bo s om
.
,
.

If h e co m e s ho m e h i s h e art s w e ll s with happy

,

Th e e x i s t e n c e of co u ri e r s who c an b e
”
tho u ght s .

compar e d with t h e profe s s ion al cas t e of t he s cribe s

s how s th at t h e e x cha n g e of diplomatic m e s s ag e s b e

twe e n E gypt an d th e cou n tri e s of A s i a m u s t hav e

b e e n fre qu e n t at l e a s t as e arly as 1 900 B C I n th e . .

“
m e n tio n of brick i n t h e bo s om W M M ii ll e r s e e s 1
. .

a r e f e r e n c e to t h e h e avy clay tabl e t s i n s crib e d with

d e s patch e s that t h e couri e r carri e d with him If .

thi s i n t e rpre tatio n b e corre ct it p rove s the u s e of ,

Babylo n ia n as th e la n g u ag e of diplomacy i n W e s t e rn
A s ia 5 00 y e ar s b e fore th e p e riod of th e A marn a l e tt e r s .

Se mitic n am e s of import e d articl e s b e gi n to be

co m mo n i n E gypt from the tim e of the K I th dy n a s t y
o n ward Th e Sa lli er P ap yr us compare s t h e s c ri be
.

n ot o n ly with t h e co u ri e r but al s o with t h e merchan t

, .

“ “ ”
Th e w e apo n m ak e r it s ay s
~
go e s forth i n to the
, ,

for e ig n lan d m u ch h e load s u po n h i s a s s e s Th e dan

, .

g e r s that b e se t th e m e rcha n t with h i s val u abl e ware s

w e r e probabl y e v e n gr e at e r tha n tho s e that thre at e n e d
t h e co u ri e r ; s till Pal e s ti n e m u s t hav e b e e n i n a fairl y
,

s e ttl e d co n ditio n an d th e r e m u s t hav e b e e n s ome r e

,

s po n s ibl e gov e r n m e n t or s uch trad e co u ld n o t hav e

,

b e e n att e mpt e d Both i n diplomacy an d i n com m e rc e

.

we s e e t h e s al u tary i n fl u e n c e of t h e B abylo n ian s u

r e m ac u po n t h e p e tty s tat e s of W e s t e r n A s ia
p y .

An i n t e r e s ti n g pict u r e of P al e s ti n e i n th e time of
ki n g U s e r t e s e n I (c 1 96 6 ) i s fou n d i n t h e R om an c e
. .

f
o Si n u hi t o n e of t h e e arli e s t pi e c e s of E gyptian lit e ra
,

1
Or i en ta l i s ti sch e L i tt e r a t ur Z ei t u n g , -
J an u ar y , 1 9 01 , p 8 . .
58 S Y R IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

tur e that h as com e dow n to u s Si n u hi t was ap .

ar e n tl y a s on of A m e n e m h a t I n d wh e n h i s fath e r
p a .
,

di e d h e was comp e ll e d to fle e for h i s lif e H e e s cap e d .

“
a s far as t h e Wall of t he Prin c e s that gu ard e d th e
n orth e a s t e rn fro n ti e r H e r e h e cro u ch e d i n the bu s h e s
.

u n til d u s k an d th e n s u cc e e de d i n s lippi n g pa s t th e
,

watchm e n H e pre s s e d o n all n ight an d at daybr e ak

.
,

fo u n d him s e lf i n th e lan d of P e t e n b e s id e t he Bitt e r

Lak e s which m u s t th e n have form e d a part of th e
,

R e d Se a H e r e he cam e n e ar dyi n g of thir s t b u t

.
,

wa s s av e d by a B e dawi h e rd s man who gav e him ,

wat e r an d milk an d bro ught him to hi s f e llow trib e s -

m en . Th e s e p e opl e ar e call e d s ti that i s arch e r s , , ,

an d th e y are charact e riz e d a s s an d wan d e r e r s .

Th e y w e re e vid e n tly a n omadic trib e of t h e Si n aitic

d e s e r t By th e m Si n u hi t was pas s e d on to t he n e x t
.

trib e an d s o from on e trib e to an oth e r un til h e r e ach e d

,
”
t h e lan d of Qe de m th e E a s t ,
Thi s i s a w e ll k n own
.
-

re gion e as t of th e D e ad Se a wh o s e i n habitan t s w e re
,

call e d i n t h e Old T e s tam e n t B e n e Qe de m or Chil -

,

dre n of th e E as t H e re Si n u h i t f e lt s af e an d re
.

mai n e d a y e ar an d a half un til A m m i an s h i ki n g of

, ,

Upp e r T e n u h e ard of hi s valou r from oth e r E gyptian

,

re fu g e e s of whom he s e e m s to hav e had a n u mb e r

,

at hi s court an d i n vit e d him to com e an d e n j oy hi s

,

ho spitality an d h e ar t h e lat e s t n e w s from E gypt .

A m m i an shi h as b e e n r e fe rr e d to alr e ady as a n am e

of t he A moritic typ e that duri n g thi s p e riod we m e e t
i n all part s of W e s e rn AS ia T e n u i s r e gard e d by
t .

H omm e l an d by J e n s e n as th e s am e as Ti du m or
1 2

1
A n ci en t H e br ew Tr a di ti on , p 5 0 . .

9
Z ei t schr i ft f u r A ss yr i ol og i e , X p 335 . f .
60 S YR IA AND P ALE S TI N E
my wise d e si g n s . A h e ro of Te r m c am e an d cha l
le n g e d m i n m y ten t
e H e was
. a darin g m an h e h ad no

e q u al , he h ad s u b d u e d e ve ryb ody . H e sa id : L e t hi m fi gh t
wi t h m e h e t h ou gh t he wou l d s l ay m e , be i m ag in e d he
wou l d c arry off m y c att l e I sh ot at h i m an d m y
.
,

we ap on st u c k i n h i s n e c k ; h e c ri e d ou t h e f e ll on hi s n ose , .

All t h e B e du i n s c ri e d ou t Th e n I t ook away h i s p oss e ssi on s

.
,

I c arri e d ofl h i s c at t l e wh at h e t h ou gh t t o h ave d on e t o m e
’

,
”
t h at di d I t o h i m .

AS Si n u h i t gr ew old he w e ari e d of life i n Te n n an d

,

lon g e d to return to h i s n ative lan d Aft e r m u ch .

diplomatic n e gotiation he at las t r e c e ive d pardo n , ,

an d a royal m e ss e n g e r wa s s e n t to e s cort him He .

gave h i s pro p e rty ov e r to hi s children an d w e n t back

to E gypt wh e r e h e was r e c e ive d with e v e ry mark of
,

favour He e n j oy e d the lu xu ry of a civilized toil e t

.
,

an d cl e an s e d him s e lf from t h e ver m i n of Syria He .

e x chan g e d h i s coar s e garm e n t s for fin e robe s was ,

a n oi n te d with preciou s o i n tm e n t s an d repo s e d on a ,

b e au tiful couch A n e w hou s e an d a tomb w e r e built

.

for him an d he con ti n ued to liv e happily i n E gy p t

,

u n til h i s d e ath .

T hi s Story i s o n ly a rom an ce ; s till it give s a cor

r e ct picture of Pal e s ti n e y e ars B C It was a . .

fruitf u l an d pro s p e rou s coun try w e ll s tock e d with ,

gam e of eve ry s ort Th e A morit e s Cultivat e d t h e

.

s oil , but th e y had n ot forgott e n th e warlik e virtue s

of th e ir n omadic an c e s tor s Si n u hi t s lot i n T e n u .
’

would have b e e n e n viabl e if o n ly h e had b e en abl e ,

to ov e rcome h i s hom e s ick n e s s .

A co n s id e rab l e p ortion of the tro op s of th e middl e

e mpir e w e r e A s iatic m e rc e n ari e s T h e y ar e di s ti n .

g u i s h e d amo n g the figur e s on the t omb s of B e n i Ha s s an

 R U LE OF TII E C ITY OF B AB Y L ON 61

by th e ir Se mitic cas t of fe at u r e s th e ir poi n t e d beard s , ,

an d al s o by t h e r e d hair an d bl u e e y e s with which t h e

E gyptia n s s o fr e q u e n tly d e pict e d Syrian s ? Th e ir

hair i s allow e d to han g dow n as far as t h e n ape
of t he n e ck an d i s c u t off abru ptly at th e bottom
, .

Th e y w e ar o n l y loi n cloth s of s triped mat e rial wov e n

-

i n t h e Babylo n ian s tyl e Th e y ar e arm e d with h u g e

.

boom e ra n g s which probably s e rve d al s o as cl u b s

, ,

with E gyptian battl e ax e s with Sp e ar s an d rare ly al s o

-
, ,

with s li n g s Th e ab s e n c e of t h e bow i s a s triki n g

.

p e culiarity T h e s e s oldi e r s ar e n e ve r r e pr e s e n ted on

.

t h e mo n u m e n t s i n comical attitud e s as ar e t h e n e gro ,

troop s an d thi s s how s what formidabl e warrior s th e y

,

w e re e s t e e m e d by th e E gyptian s Th e y may have .

b e e n s u rvivors of th e Amoritic migratio n i n to E gypt ,

or th e y may hav e be e n r e cru it s gath e re d amon g the

B e dawi n of th e Si n aitic P e n i n su la I n e ith e r cas e .
,

th e y pre s e n t u s with t he fe atur e s an d th e arm am e n t

of th e rac e that y e ar s B C con trolled the de s ti
. .

n i e s of W e s t e r n A s ia .

A s iatic s lav e s w e r e commo n i n E gypt at th e tim e

of t h e XI I th dyn a s ty Gard e n e r s s h e ph e rd s car
.
, ,

p e n te r s e tc
,
with .S e mitic f e at u r e s a n d dr e s s
, ar e ,

d e pict e d i n t h e r e tin u e s of th e Th e ban pri n c e s So .

commo n w e re P al e s ti n ian h an dmaid s that f e mal e “

”
A s iatic i s u s e d as a s y n on ym for con c u bi n e .

Syrian maid e n s appar e n tly w e r e more highly e s t e e m e d

than an y oth e r i n th e har e m s of th e E gyptia n n obility .

N ot o n ly did E gyptian m e rchan t s vi s it Syria b u t ,

Syrian m e rchan t s al s o m ad e th e ir way i n to E gypt .

On th e tomb of K h n u m h ot e p of th e time of U s e r t e s e n
1
Se e p 4 . .
62 S YR IA AN D P A LE S TI N E

II (c
. . ther e i s a famou s fr e s co which was lon g ,

s uppo s e d to r e pr e se n t t h e arrival of t h e childr e n of

I s rae l i n E gypt but which i s n ow r e gard e d as a cara

,

van of Syrian m e rchan t s N e fe r h ot e p th e s crib e pre

.
, ,

c e de s th e p arty b e ari n g i n h i s han d an i n s cri ptio n

,

s tati n g that th e s e ar e thirty — s ev e n A m u (As iatic s) ‘

“ ”
wh o bri n g s tibium t h e mod e rn kohl or e ye pai n t
, ,
-
.

H e i s followe d by K hi t i t h e chi e f h u n t sm a n wh o , ,

pr e s en t s th e foreig n er s to Pri n c e K hu m h ot e p T h e n .

com e s the h e ad m an of th e caravan l e adi n g an ib e x ,

by a cord an d holdi n g i n hi s han d a boom e ra n g or a

,

s ta ff of o ffic e I n fron t of him i s writt e n A bi s hua

.
,
”
a chi e f of the de s e rt H e i s followed by a m an l e ad
.

i n g an ibe x an d by fo u r warrior s arm e d with s p e ar

, ,

b ow an d boom e ran g N e x t com e s an as s b e ari n g

,
.

two childr e n s e at e d on top of a bal e of colour e d good s ,

p e rhap s rugs It i s driv e n by a s mall boy with a lon g

.

s p e ar ; an d i s follow e d by fo u r wom e n ; an a ss lad e n

with baggag e an d weap on s a m an with a lyr e ; an d a

warrior with a bow qu ive r an d boom e ran g , Al l , .

the s e p e opl e Show an u n mi s takably Se miti c ca s t of

f e ature s The m e n hav e flowi n g b u s hy hair cut off
.
,

a t the n a p e of t h e n eck a n d poi n t e d b e ard s like t he

, ,

Semit i c merc e n ari e s r e f e rred to abov e Th e wom e n .

w e ar th e ir hair loo se ov e r th e ir Should e r s with a lock ,

han gi n g down on e ith e r Sid e of the face an d a fil le t ti e d ,

about th e for e h e ad Al l ar e cloth e d i n t u n i c s of rich

.

s tu ffs wove n i n or n am e n tal s trip e s Th e right s ho ul d e r .

i s l e ft bare T h e y ar e evide n tl y n o ordin ary B e dawi n

.

of th e d e s e rt but ar e pro s p e rou s merchan t s who carry

, ,

th e ir famili e s about with th e m on th e ir j ou rn e y s an d ,

who ar e able to cloth e th e m i n an e l e gan t mann e r .

64 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

dropp e d i t altog e th e r Agum kak rim e th e s e v e n th .

- -
,

ki n g brought back t he imag e of Mard u k from K h an i

,

an d r e s tor e d it i n s pl e n dour to i t s origi n al t e mpl e .

From thi s tim e o n ward th e re was littl e e x c e pt th e ir

n am e s to di s ti n gui s h th e s e rul e r s from t h e old n ativ e

ki n g s .

Co n t e mporan e ou s with the K as s it e i n vas ion of

Babylon ia was t he e n tran ce of a n e w race i n to M e s o
potamia Up to thi s tim e appar e n tly that r e gion had
.
, ,

b e lon ged e xclu s ive ly to t h e Se mit e s b u t n ow a p Op u

latio n of a totally di ffe re n t s ort b e gan to p u s h i n from
As ia Mi n or I n th e r e gio n b e tw e e n t h e upp e r wat e r s
.

of the E uphrat e s an d i ts trib u tary th e Balikh it

e s tabli s h e d a ki n gdom w h ich i n i ts own i n s criptio n s , ,

as w e ll a s i n th e B abylo n ia n an d E gyptian r e cord s ,

i s k n ow n as Mitan n i I n t h e s ucc e e di n g c e n t u ry thi s

.

k i n gdom was s tron g e n o u gh to ran k with B abylon ,

E gy p t an d A s syria as on e of th e four gr e at po we r s
,
.

On e of the A marn a l e tt e r s i s writte n i n t h e la n guag e

of th i s coun try ; an d than k s to t he i n ve s tigatio n s ,

of J e n s e n Sayc e B r ii n n ow an d M e s s e r s chmidt
1 ?
,
3
,
4
, ,

con s id e rable progr e s s h as b e e n m ad e i n d e ciph e ri n g

it i t s lin gui s tic afli li ati on s how e ve r s t i ll r e mai n , ,

u n c e rtai n .

Th e s e great m igratio n s could n ot fail to produc e

m om e n tou s chan g e s i n t h e po l itical hi s tory of W e s t
e r n A s ia B e fore t he K a s s it e s had b e com e am alga
.

1
Z e i t schr i f t f u r A ss yr i ol og i e , v . 1 66 fi . vi . 34 if . xi v
. 73 ff .

1
Z e i tschr i ft j itr A ss yr i ol og i e , v . 2 60 ; P r oceedi n g s Soc . B i bl .

A r chwol og y , 1 9 00, p 1 71 . .

3
Z ei t sch r if t f ii r A s s yr i ol og i e , v. 2 09 if .

1
‘
M i tte i l d vor d e r a s
. . G es ell s chaf t , 1 899 , 4 .
 TII E CA N A A N ITI C I
M GR A TI ON 65

mat e d with t h e old e r pop u latio n of Babylo n ia th e

p e o pl e of M ita n n i had e s tabli s h e d th e m s e lv e s s o
fir m ly that it wa s i m po s s ibl e to di s lodg e th e m Th e y .

barre d t he road which follow e d t h e E u phrat e s i n to

N orth e r n Syria Th e ro u t e thro u gh t h e Syrian
.

d e s e rt was n o t pr acticabl e on acco u n t of lack of wat e r

an d da n ge r fr o m mara u di n g B e dawi n Babylon c on
'
.
,

s e q u e n tly was c u t o ff from h e r

,
an ci e n t trad e with
t he W e s t an d with t h e lo s s of he r comm e rcial pro s

p er it
y s a
,
n k to t h e po s itio n of a s e co n d cla s s pow e r -
.

Syria P al e s ti n e an d M e s opotamia which s h e had

, , ,

domi n at e d for two thou s an d y e ar s pa s s e d ou t of h e r ,

gra s p n e v e r to r e turn agai n e x c e pt for a bri e f p e riod

, ,

a thou s a n d y e ar s lat e r u n d e r t h e r u l e of Ne b u c h ad
r e zzar II .

Th e blocki n g of t h e ov e rla n d rout e b e twe e n the

Far E a s t I n dia an d t he We s t by t he migra tio n of t he
, ,

p e opl e of Mitan n i comp e ll e d trad e to tak e t h e lo n g e r

an d mor e d ifl i c ul t co u r s e thro u gh t h e R e d S e a The .

Mi n ae an ki n gdom who s e mag n ific e n t r e mai n s Hal evy

,

an d Gla s e r hav e di s cov e r e d i n So u th A rabia mu s t

1
,

hav e flo u ri s h e d abou t th e middl e of the s e con d mil

l e n n i um I ts ri s e i s a s triki n g e vid e n c e of t h e
.

chan g e d political Sit u ation i n We s t e r n As ia Th e .

pro s p e rity of E gypt u n d e r t h e XVI I I th an d th e

XI Xt h dy n as ti e s an d i ts n e w p olicy of fore ig n c on
qu e s t w e r e du e to th e s am e cau s e .

A s till mor e importan t co n s e q u e n c e of the decli n e

of Babylo n ia was th e ri s e of th e A s syria n E mpir e .

1
G l as e r S ki z z e de r G es chi cht e u . G e ogr ap hi c A r a bi en s :

, H om

m e l , i n H i l p r e c h t , R e cen t R e s e a r ch , pp . 1 3 1 tf ; G l as e r , M i tt ei l d
. . .

vor d er a s . G es ell s chaf t , 1 89 9 , 2 .

66 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

Ti gl ath p i l e se r I ,
-
who r e ign e d abo u t 1 000 B C m e n
. . .
,

tio n s t he p a te s i , or V ic e roy Sham s hi Ramm a n ,

”
-

s on of I s hmi D aga n p a te si of A sh sh u r who liv e d

-
, ,

700 y e ar s b e for e h i s tim e i e abou t 1 700 B C , . .

, . .

A s h u r b e l n i s h e sh u t h e co n t e mp orary of K arai n
- - -
,

da sh t h e e ighth ki n g of t h e K a s s it e dy n as ty ac
, ,

cordi n g to th e docu m e n t k n ow n as t h e Syn chr on ou s

H i s tor y i s t h e fir s t p a tesi who i s k n own to h av e
1
,
”
a s s um e d t h e titl e ki n g of A s s yria From thi s tim e .

on ward for five h u n dr e d y e ar s th e r e was s trife for th e

s upremacy b e tw e e n A s s yria an d Babylo n e n di n g at ,

las t i n the victory of A s s yri a .

Con t e mpora n e ou s with th e s e gr e at political chan g e s

i n A s ia was th e r u l e of t h e Hyk s o s or Sh e ph e rd
K i n gs i n E gypt .

If as all o u r au thoriti e s agre e the Hyk s o s w e r e

, ,

As iatic s th e y mu s t hav e con qu e r e d P al e s ti n e b e for e

,

th e y e n t e r e d E gypt Thi s th e ory i s con firm e d by .

the r e markabl e s tat e m e n t of N um x iii 22 that H e bro n . .

i n Pal e s ti n e was b ui lt s e v e n y e ar s b e for e Zoan (Tan i s)

i n E gypt T an i s was th e favourit e r e s id e n ce of th e
.

Hyk s o s ki n g s an d a mon um e n t of t h e tim e of

,

“
R am e s su II fou n d th e r e i s dat e d
. i n th e four h u n
dr e dth y e ar of t h e ki n g of Upp e r an d Lowe r E gypt ,

Se t aa p e h ti
- -
which s e e m s to Sh ow th e e xi s t e n c e
,
”

of a Hyk s o s e r a b e gi n n i n g with t h e foun datio n of

T an i s ?

Furth e r e vi d e n c e of th e co n q u e s t of Pal e sti n e by

th e Hyk s o s i s fo u n d i n t h e lo catio n of th e ir S tron g

1
K ei li n s chr i fil i ch e B i bl i ot h ek , i .
, p . 1 94 .

9
M e y e r , G es chi ch t e A egyp t en s , pp . 9 , 2 1 0 ; P e t r i e , H i s tor y , i .
,

p 2 44
. .
68 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

vall e y of the Oron t e s e as t of Mo u n t L e ban o n Pal .

e s ti n e particularly t h e coas t r e gion i s k n ow n as

, ,

K a n n a i e Can aan
- -
I n the Old T e s tam e n t al s o
, . .
,
.

t h e A morit e s ar e r e pr e s e n t e d as i n po s s e s s io n of o n ly
a s mall portio n of t he lan d at the tim e of t h e H e br e w
i n va s ion an d t he ordi n ary n am e for t h e aborigi n e s i s
,

Can aan it e s Thi s i s t he r e gu l ar u s ag e of t he P e n ta

.

t e u c h al docum e n t J which i n all probability was ,

writt e n i n th e lan d of J u dah O n ly i n N orth I s ra e l .

i ti s h writi n g s s uch as th e P e n tat e u chal d oc ri m e n t E

,

an d t h e Proph e t A mo s ar e t he A morit e s m e n tio n e d

?
,

Th e s e fact s Show that i n th e i n te rval b e tw e e n t he

Babylon ian ru l e i n Syria P al e s ti n e an d the E gyptian -

con qu e s t a chan g e had tak e n plac e i n t h e p opu l a

tion of thi s r e gio n The old A morit e i n habitan t s .

had b e e n crowd e d n orthward i n to th e mou n tai n s of

C e n tral Syria while the Can aan it e s h ad tak e n p os
,

s e s s io n o f P al e s ti n e an d t h e e n tir e coas t r e gion .

Th e app e aran ce of thi s n e w rac e it i s impo s s ibl e n ot

to combi n e with the adv e n t of the Hyk s o s i n E gypt
an d with th e ir withdrawal i n to P al e s ti n e aft e r their

d e fe at .

Th e mea n i n g of th e n ame Can aan i s u n c e rtai n It .

“
h as commonl y b e e n s upp o s e d to d e n ot e lowlan d
“
an d to s tan d i n co n tra s t to A mor
’
highlan d ; but ,

thi s i s v e ry do u btfu l ? T he root c an m e an s to b e “ ‘

“ ” ”
humbl e d n ot to b e l ow an d i n vi e w of th e u s e
, , ,
’
of A m u rru i n Babylo n ian as a racial n am e it i s i m ,
’
probabl e that A m or has an ythi n g to do with high
1
M e y e r , Z ei ts chr f a l tt es t . . . Wi s sen sch aft , i . 1 39 .

9
Se e M oor e , P r ocee di n gs Am . Or i e n t a l S oci et y, 1 89 0, pp .

l x vi i —l . xx .
 TH E CA N A A N ITI C I
M GR A TI ON 69

lan d N e ith e r i n E gyptian s ource s n or i n the Old

.

T e s tam e n t i s t h e n am e Can aa n limit e d to th e l o w

plai n alo n g t h e coas t It i s p o s s ibl e that t he H e .

bre w s or e ve n t he Can aan ite s b e fore th e m acc e pt e d

, ,

“ “ ”
t h e e tymologi e s lowlan d an d highlan d for Can aan
an d A mor ; b u t i t do e s n ot follow from thi s that
’

th e s e we r e the primitive mean i n g s of t he word s .

Can aa n i s probably origi n all y a racial rather than a

g e ographical n am e .

Th e r e latio n of the Hyk s o s Ca n aan it e s to the -

A morit e s i s a di s put e d que s tion C e rtain p as s age s .

of t he Old T e s tam e n t di s ti n g u i s h b e twe e n them .

D e ut iii 9 for i n s tan c e i n form s u s that t h e Sidon ian s

. .
, , ,

i e t h e Ph oe n icia n Can aa n it e s call e d Moun t H e rmo n

. .
, ,
”
Sirio n whil e t h e A morit e s call e d it Se n ir poi n t
, ,

i n g thu s to dial e ctic di ffe r e n c e s b e twe e n the la n guag e s

of t h e two p e opl e s I n oth e r pa s s age s Amorit e an d
.

Can aa n it e ar e u s e d i n t e rchan geably an d i n G e n , .

x 1 6 th e Amorit e i s clas s ifi e d as a s on of Can aan

. .

E vid e n c e i s ab u n da n t th at th e la n guag e of t h e H yk
s o s Ca n aa n it e s did n ot di ff e r mat e ri ally from that of
-

t h e A morit e s I n I s a x i x 1 8 H e br e w i s call e d t h e
.
“
. .

”
la n guag e of C an aan an d th e m on um e n t s Sh ow that ,

P h oe n ician Moabit e an d oth e r Ca n aan itic dial e ct s

, ,

di ffe r e d from t h e lan guag e of I s ra e l o n ly i n trifli n g

d e tail s I n th e c un e iform A marn a l e tt e rs n um e rou s
.
-

H e brai s m s h ave b e e n d e t e ct e d which prov e that ,

abou t 1 400 B C H e br e w was s pok e n i n Pal e s ti n e

. . .

B u t we hav e s e e n alr e ady that i n t h e tim e of th e fir s t

dy n a s ty of Ba bylo n i e d u ri n g th e p e riod of t h e ,
. .
,

gre at A moritic migratio n prop e r n am e s of a p u r e ,

H e braic typ e app e ar s imultan e o u s l y i n Babylo n ia ,

70 Y R IA
S AND P A LE S TI N E

E gypt, an d C an aan . T hi s s how s that th e lan g u ag e

of t he A morit e s ca n n ot have di ffe r e d wid e ly from
that of t h e Hyk s o s Can aan it e s
-
.

I con clud e accordi n gly that th e Hyk s o s Can aan

, ,
-

i t e s ar e to b e r e gard e d as on e of t he l at e r wav e s of
th e A moritic i n va s io n rath e r than as an i n d e pe n d e n t
m igratio n s uch as t h e Babylon ian t h e Aram ae an or
, , ,

t h e A rabia n all of which ar e di s ti n g u i s h e d by mark e d

,

li n gui s tic p e cu liariti e s Pr e s umably th e y w e r e A m o

.

r i t i c trib e s of M e s opotamia who w e r e di s lodg e d by

th e advan ci n g hord e s of t h e K as s it e s an d Mitan n i

an d w e r e comp e ll e d to s e e k n e w hom e s I n Me s o .

potamia th e y had come u n d e r t h e i n flu e n c e of Baby

lon ian civilization ; an d wh e n th e y e n t e r e d Can aan ,

th e y amalgamat e d with th e ki n dr e d A moritic p Opu l a

tio n an d mai n tai n e d i ts civilizatio n un chan g e d Th e .

commo n Opi n ion th at th e Hyk s o s w e re b arbarian s

r e s t s u p o n n o good e vide n c e On t h e co n trary th e ir
.
,

ki n g s patron iz e d art an d lit e ratur e an d a mor e e x ,

te n d e d comm e rc e s pran g u p u n d e r th e ir r u l e than

had e x i s t e d at an y pre viou s p e riod of E gyptian h i s
tory N e ith e r i n E gypt n or I n P al e s ti n e i s th e r e
.

an
y S ig n of an ov e rt u rn i n g of civilizatio n A s the .

A marn a letter s Show Babylo n ian literat u r e art an d

, , ,

mythology con ti n ued to hold th e ir own aft e r th e

i n vas ion.

A ft e r a r ul e of a h u n dr e d y e ar s th e pow e r of th e
Hyk s o s b e gan to d e cli n e Th e pri n c e s of Th e b e s
.

r e gai n e d s tr e n gth an d s lowly pu s hed th e ir con qu e s t s

n orthward . Se q e n e n r a III of th e XV I I th dy n a s ty
.

(c 1 5 93) was t he ki n g u n d e r whom th e d e ci s ive s trug

.

g l e with t h e Hyk s o s b e ga n Th e R om a n ce o
.
f pp
A e a
72 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E
of t h e wh o l e l an d . Sl ave s m ale an d fe m al e I h ave ac q u r e d , i
wi t h al l t h at b e l on g e d t o t h e m . M an y e s t at e s h ave Ig at h e re d .

My n am e , re n d e r e d fam ou s b y t h at wh ic h h e (I ) di d
wh i c h i s ,

s h al l n e ve r b e f org ott e n i n t h i s l an d .

“
I was b or n i n th e c i ty of Ne kh e b (E l K ab ) M y fath e r -
.

was an ofli c e r of t h e l at e k i n g of U pp e r an d L owe r E gyp t

‘
,

Se q e n e n r a ; B ab a, s on of B e an t , was h i s n am e . I b e c am e

c om m an de r in hi s p l ac e of t h e s h i p B u l l oc k ,
’
i n the re i g n of

hi s lat e M aj e s ty , Aah m e s , l ord of b ot h l an ds . I was a l ad t h e n

I was n ot m a rri e d ; an d I
g a m e n ts Bysl e p t in a you t h
’
s r .

i
t h e t m e t h at I
h ad a h ou se h o d I was p om ot e d t o t h e s h p l r i
‘
r
No t h on ac c ou n t of m y a ou
’
I t was m y du ty t o ol l owvl r . f
the ve re i gn (l if e b l e ss in gs
so , , an d h e al th b e u p on hi m ! ) on foot
wh e n e ve r h e we n t ou t i n hi s c h ar ot . i
“
Whe n he e n c am f
i ty of H atu ar t (Au ar i s) I
p e d b e ore t h e c ,

f ou g ht b rave ly b e f j F or t h i s I was p r om ot e d
or e H i s M a e s ty .

t o t h e s h ip G l e am i n g i n M e m p h i s
‘
-
W e f ou g h t on a c an al
-
.
’

al on g s i de o f Au ari s ; I c ap t u re d b o ot y an d c ar r i e d off a h an d , .

Th i s was re p ort e d t o t h e k i n g an d I re c e ive d t h e g ol d of ,

‘

b rave ry Th e re was fi g h t i n g ag ai n i n t h e sam e p l ac e an d a

’
.
,

s e c on d t i m e I c ap t u re d b ooty an d b r ou g h t away a h an d F or .

t h i s I re c e ive d a s e c on d t i m e t h e g ol d of b rave ry A fte r ‘ ’

.

wards t h e re was fi gh t i n g at Te k e m e t s ou t h of t h i s c i ty an d I , ,

t ook c ap t i ve a li vi n g p ri s on e r I f e ll i n t o t h e wat e r b u t n e v
.
,

e r t h e l e ss I b r ou g h t h i m f orc i b l y u p on t h e road l e adi n g b ac k

t o t h e f ortre s s an d p as s e d wi t h h i m t h rou gh t h e wat e r

,
Th i s .

was re p or t e d t o t h e k i n g an d I r e c e i ve d t h e g ol d ag ai n ‘ ’
.
,

W e c aptu re d Au ari s an d I t ook t h e re on e m al e an d th re e fe

,

m al e p r i s on e rs i n al l f ou r p ri s on e rs
, H i s M aj e s ty gave t h e m .

t o m e as s l ave s .

We b e s i e g e d Shar h an a (Sh aru h e n ) f or five ye ars an d H i s ,

M aj e s t y c ap tu re d i t I t ook as s p oil t wo wom e n an d a h an d

. .

Th e k in g b e s t owe d u p on m e t h e g ol d of b rave ry an d t h e ‘ ’
,

c ap t ive s we re p r e se n t e d m e as s l ave s
”
.

From thi s it app e ars that aft e r th e ir e x p u l s io n ,

from A uari s th e Hyk s o s fe ll back upon Pal e s ti n e

, ,
 TH E CA N A A N ITI C I
M GR A TI O N 73

an d mad e Shar u h e n i n t h e r e gio n lat e r occ u pi e d by

,

t h e trib e of Sim e o n ? th e ir h e adq u art e rs ; that A ah m e s

follow e d th e m an d i n flict e d s o gre at a d e f e at th at all
,

h Op e of agai n i n vadi n g E gypt was tak e n a way from

th e m .

A t t h e q u arri e s of T u rah n e ar Cairo th e re i s a r e , ,

li e f s e t u p by A ah m e s r e pre s e n ti n g t h e draggi n g of
s ton e i n s l e dg e s Th e accompa n yi n g i n s criptio n
.

s tat e s that t h e b e ard e d workm e n wh o driv e t h e o x e n

a r e F e n kh u On acco u n t of S imilarity of s ou n d thi s

.

n am e h as oft e n b e e n id e n tifi e d with

“
P hoen ici an ;
2
but th e i n v e s tigatio n s of M ull e r which ar e follo we d ,

by Mas p e ro 3 Sho w rath e r that thi s i s a g e n e ral n am e

,

for e n e mi e s or ali e n s Th e s e F e n khu ar e i n all

.

probability Hyk s o s pri s o n e r s .

A ah m e s mad e n o att e mpt to e s tabli s h p e rman e n t

E gyptian rul e i n Pal e s ti n e b u t h e p u t t h e c on ,

q u e r e d trib e s u n d e r tribu t e I n t h e r e ign of h i s .

gran d s on Tah u t i m e s I t h e Can aa n it e s a r e call e d

,
.
,
”
r e b e l s which i m pli e s that th e y had throw n off
,

s om e s ort of all e gia n c e .

Th e e x p e ll e d Hyk s o s j oi n e d forc e s with th e ir ki n s

m e n who had alr e ady occ u pi e d t h e citi e s of P al e s ti n e

a n d of t h e Syria n coa s t an d m i n gli n g with th e old e r ,

s trata of pop u l atio n form e d t h e rac e that t h e Old Te s

,
”
tam e n t d e s ig n at e s as C an aa n it e s A fe w trac e s of .

th e ir s oj o ur n i n E gy pt ar e fo u n d i n th e art an d i n th e
r e ligiou s i n s tit u tio n s of P al e s ti n e b u t th e ir s tay wa s ,

too bri e f to m ak e a d e e p impr e s s io n Can aa n aft e r .

th e ir arrival r e mai n e d th e s am e that i t h ad b e e n b e for e .

1
J osh . xi x . 6 .
9
A s i en u nd E u r op a , pp 2 08 if . .

3
H i s t or y , i i .
, p . 93 f .
 CHAP TE R VI

TH E E G Y P TI A N SU P R E M ACY
1 5 5 3 1 39 2
-
B C..

’
AAH M ES S Syrian campaign m ark s the b e gi n n i n g of
a n e w e r a both i n E gyptian an d i n Pal e s ti n ia n h i s
tory . A h u n dr e d y e ar s s truggl e for fr e e dom had
’

trai n e d t he E gyptian s i n war an d had ov e rcom e their ,

dr e ad of A s iatic s Th e y had l e ar n e d to u s e hor s e s

.

an d chariot s an d had thu s gr e atly i n cr e a s e d t h e

,

e ffici e n cy of th e ir army Saf e ty d e man d e d that t h e

.

pow e r of th e Hyk s o s s hould b e brok e n an d a d e s ir e ,

for r e ven g e prompt e d th e ir purs uit ev e n i n to t he

s tro n ghold s of Ca n aa n T he e arl i e r e x p e ditio n s hav
.

i n g prov e d s u cc e s s f u l a t h ir s t for blood an d for booty

,

was arou s e d an d oth e r e x p e ditio n s w e r e un de rtak e n

,
.

B abylon had withdraw n from t h e fi e ld s o that th e re ,

was n o pow e rful e n e my to b e e n coun t e r e d u n til Mi

tan n i was r e ached i n the e x tr e m e n orth Trade .

throu gh the R e d Se a that had Spru n g up s i n c e t h e

,

M e s opotam ian ove rlan d rou t e had b e e n clo s e d ,

bro u ght i n cr e a s e d w e alth an d mad e E gypt capabl e

of n e w military u n d e rtaki n g s D u ri n g t h e XVI I I th .

dyn a s ty accordi n gly Sh e b e cam e for the fir s t tim e a

, ,

world pow e r
-
.

A ah m e s was s u cc e e d e d by A m e n hot e p ( Am e n ophi s)

74
76 Y I
S R A AND P A LE S TI N E

p e di ti on s B eho d
. l I was roop s H i s
at th e h e ad of ou r t .

j
M a e s ty s aw m y b r a ve ry I p re se n t e d a c h ari ot wi th i t s h ors e s
.

an d i t s oc c u p an t s al i ve wh e n t h e b oot y was b r ou gh t b e f ore

,

H i s M aj e s ty ; an d I was on c e m or e r e warde d wi t h t h e g d
ol ‘

of b rave ry No w I am ol d I h ave re ac h e d ol d ag e
.
’
, My .

h on ou rs ar e t h os e of a c h i e f am on g t h e p e opl e H e n c e f orth
I s h al l re s t i n t h e t om b t h at I h ave m ade f or m ys e l f .
”

Ru t e n th e s c e n e of Tah u ti m e s s campaign s i s th e
,
’

g e n e ral n am e i n t h e E gyptian in s cription s for Syria

an d N orth e rn P al e s ti n e P e n n e kh e b add s m e r e ly t h e
.

i n formation that duri n g th e war i n N ah ar i n a h e cap

t u r e d for th e ki n g tw e n ty on e han d s a hor s e an d a -
, ,

chariot N ah ar i n a i s N orth e rn Syria an d M e s opo

.

tamia on e ith e r S id e of t he E u phrat e s t h e A ram ,

N ah ar ai m of th e Old T e s tam e n t Tahu ti m e s II I . .

r e cord s that h e s e t u p a tabl e t comm e morati n g hi s

victori e s i n th e s am e plac e wh e r e hi s fath e r had
,

plac e d on e b e for e him on t h e e a s t e rn ban k of t h e ,

E uphrat e s Sca n ty as th e s e hi s torical n otic e s ar e

.
,

th e y giv e u s an id e a of t h e great n e s s of t h e s u cc e s s e s
of Tahu ti m e s I Probably h e did n ot p e n e trat e far
.

b e y on d t h e E uphrat e s s till all of Syria an d Pal e s ti n e

,

mu s t hav e lai n at hi s fe et Trib u t e was o n c e m or e .

impo s e d but n othi n g lik e a p e r man e n t admi n i s trati o n

,

of t h e con qu e re d provi n c e s was att e mpt e d .

U n d e r Tahu ti m e s I diplomatic r e lation s w e r e b e gu n

.

b e tw e e n E gypt an d Babylo n as we l e arn from a s tat e ,

m e n t i n a l e tt e r of B u r n ab u r i ash to A m e n h ot e p III .

“
From t h e tim e of K ar ai n dash s i n c e you r fath e r s ,
’

m e s s e n g e rs cam e to my fath e rs u n to thi s tim e th e y , ,

”
hav e b e e n fri e n dly 1
K ar ai n das h was t h e co n t e m
.

l Wi n c kl er , A m a r n a L e tt e r s , N o 8, l i n e 8 . .
 TH E EG Y P TI A N S U P R E M A CY 77

or ar of T ah u t i m e s I an d thi s s tat e m e n t i s an
p y .
,

i n t e r e s ti n g e vid e n c e of th e e x t e n t of th e latt e r s polit ’

ical i n fl u e n c e i n A s ia .

Tahu ti m e s II was a m e r e figur e h e a d ; t h e act u al

.

gov e r n m e n t was carri e d o n by hi s Si s t e r Hat s h e p s u t ,

wh o car e d n othi n g for fore i gn co n qu e st H i s half .

broth e r Tah u ti m e s III occ u pi e d a s imilar po s itio n .

u n til aft e r t h e d e ath of Hat sh e p s u t (c

,
he he .

cam e at t he age of fifty s ol e mas t e r of E gypt ?

, ,

Ou r mai n i n formatio n i n r e gard to Tah u ti m e s s

’

“ ”
campaig n s i s d e rive d from th e An n al s which h e
i n s crib e d u po n t h e wall s of th e t e mpl e of A m e n at
K arn ak ?
Th e s e An n al s co n tai n an acco u n t of fo u r
t e e n campaign s that th e ki n g mad e i n Syria with li s t s ,

of th e citi e s con qu e r e d an d of articl e s r e c e iv e d as

tribute It i s th e mo s t importan t hi s torical doc u
.

m e n t that h as com e dow n to u s from a n ci e n t E gypt ,

an d i s t h e fir s t s o u rc e that giv e s an ythi n g lik e a

compl e t e pict u re of t h e civilizatio n of Syria an d
Pal e s ti n e It i s s uppl e m e n t e d by a n umb e r of l e ss e r
.

m o n u m e n t s of t h e ki n g an d by privat e i n s criptio n s
of h i s o fficial s e s p e cially t h e i n s cription of Am e n e m
,

h e b an o ffic e r wh o accompan i e d him on s e v e ral of

,

hi s campaig n s Th e s tory of Tah u t i m e s s r e ig n which

’
.

we gath e r from th e s e s o u rc e s i s as follow s

Upon h i s acc e s s io n to s ol e au thority h e fou n d
r e l at i on of
1
On t h e t h e se t h r e e m on ar c h s se e Se t h e , Z ei ts ch r .
f .

a g yp t . Sp r a ch e , xxx vi . 1 f ; St e i n dor fl, B l ilt e z e i t d

.
’
. P h a r a on en
r e i chs , pp . 2 8—40 .

9
M as p e r o , R e cu e i l d e Tr a va u x, i , n .
; Z e i ts ch r .
f . a gyp ti s ch e

Sp r a ch e , 1 881 , p 1 1 9 .
; B i r c h, R e co r ds of t he P a st , i i . 35 sq .
(t r an s
l at i on u n r e li ab l e ) B r u g s c h , G es chi cht e A eg yp t e n s , pp . 2 9 5 —305 :

P e t r i e , H i s t or y , i i . 1 03 s q .
78 S Y R IA A ND PA LES TI N E

N orth e rn Pal e s ti n e an d
re volt The ki n g of Syria i n .

Qade s h th e capital of t he A morit e s on th e u pp e r

, ,

wat e rs of the Oro n t e s h ad form e d a con f e d e rati on ,

i n to which he had dra wn a n umb e r of petty ki n g s .

So u th e rn P al e s ti n e a n d Ph oe n icia re mai n e d loyal .

With e x traordi n ary e n e rgy Tahu ti m e s gath e r e d h i s

forc e s an d in the s am e y e ar march e d agai n s t th e
,

re b e l s .

On t h e t we n ty fifth day of t he e ighth mo n th i e

-
,
. .
,

abou t A pril 1 7th of ou r cal e n dar ? wh e n th e wi n t e r

rai n s w e re ov e r h e e n camp e d i n Zalu on th e bord e r
, ,

of Pal e s ti n e Th e n c e h e proc e e d e d to Sh ar han a i n

.

t h e lat e r t e rritory of Sim e o n to Ye r u z a a town i n , ,

th e s am e n e ighbourhood an d to G az z atu (Gaza) t h e , ,

w e ll k n own city of th e lat e r Phili s ti n e t e rritory

-
.

H e r e h e b e gan h i s t we n ty third year an d cel e brat e d -

t h e fe as t of h i s coro n atio n on th e fourth day of t he

mon th P akh on s i e A pril 2 6 th Th e followi n g day
,
. .
,
.

h e m arch e d n orthward by th e r e g u lar caravan road -

.

On May 8t h h e e n camp e d at Ye h e m a town lyi n g ,

to th e s o u th of Mou n t Carm e l H e re word was .

bro u ght i n that th e e n e m y was e n tre n ch e d i n M ake t a

jj )
?
( t h e bib l ical M e giddo an d t h e mod e r n e l L e u n ,

H e re was a s se m bl e d a formidabl e coalitio n of chi e f

tai n s from N orth e rn Pal e s ti n e th e lan d of th e A m o ,

rit e s an d Nah ar i n a or N orth e rn Syria re s olv e d to

, , ,

giv e battl e i n the Plai n of E s drae lon where th e y coul d ,

1
B r e ast e d, “ Th e L e n t h
g an d Se a s on of Th ut m os e III .
’
s F i r st
”
Cam pai gn , Z e i ts chr Sp r ac h e , 1 89 9 , p 1 2 3
.
f . agyp t . . .

9
Se e G A Sm i t h , H i s t or i ca l G e og r ap hy of th e H ol y L a n d , pp
. . .

386 ff ; B r e a st e d, P r oc e edi n g s of the Soc of B i bl A r chae ol og y, . .

1 9 00, p 96 . .
 TH E EG Y P TI A N SU P R E M A C Y 79

u se th e ir chariot s to th e gre at e s t advan tag e T ahuti .

m e s call e d a co u n cil of war to di s c u s s t h e b e s t way

of attacki n g M e giddo H i s g e n e ral s i n form e d h i m
.

that t he mos t dire ct ro u t e which lay ov e r Mo u n t

,

A l u n a (H e b E lyon ) was n arrow an d difli c u l t an d

.
, ,

th at th e re was dan g e r that t he va n g u ard wo u ld b e

attack e d b e fore t he re ar co u ld com e u p T h e y ad .

vi se d th e r e fore that t he mor e circu itou s road ov e r

, ,

Tan aka (Taan ach the m od e rn Tan n u k ) or that ov e r

, ,

Z e i ta (Z e phath ) s ho u ld b e cho s e n Tahu t i m e s e x .

pre s s e d gre at i n dig n atio n at th e ir propo s al which he ,

attribut e d to cowardic e an d an n o u n c e d h i s d e t e r
,

mi n ation to advan c e by the rou t e which l e d thro u gh

A lun a . H e pu t h i s army i n marchi n g ord e r an d s e n t ,

h e rald s thro u gh t h e camp to call for vol u n t e e r s i n

t h e da n g e ro u s e n t e rpri s e Thi s app e al rou s e d the
.

e n th u s ia s m of t h e s oldi e r s a n d th e y cri e d ou t that

,

th e y wo u ld follow th e ki n g wh e reve r he w e n t .

On May 1 1 th t h e E gyptia n army r e ach e d Al u n a

an d e n camp e d th e r e for t h e n ight Th e followi n g .

morn i n g Tah u ti m e s advan c e d at t h e h e ad of hi s

troop s thro u gh t h e n arro w pas s H e r e h e was at .

tack e d by s kirmi s hi n g parti e s of t h e e n e my an d ,

d e e m e d i t wi se to wait i n t he mou n tai n s u n til t h e

re ar of h i s forc e s cou ld com e u p By n oon th e van .

g uard de fil e d i n to the plai n an d an hou r lat e r t h e

,

re ar pass e d t he ki n g Wh e n all had com e through

.

i n s afe ty h e ord e red t h e royal t e n t to b e pitch e d by

,

t he Wat e r of Qi n a t o t h e s outh of th e city of M e gi d

do T h e n h e gav e comman d to pr e par e for battl e on
.

th e morrow . Th e baggage was u n pack e d ratio n s ,

were di s tribut e d s e n ti n e l s w e re p o sted the watch

, ,
80 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

word give n an d s pi e s w e r e s e n t ou t to e x ami n e

was ,

t h e s tat e of t h e s u rro u n di n g coun try .

E arly on t h e mor n i n g of May 1 3th t h e army was

s e t i n battl e array
-
Th e right wi n g occupi e d a hill to
.

t he s outh of t h e Wat e r of Qi n a ; t h e l e ft wi n g e x
t e n d e d to t h e n orthw e s t of M e giddo ; an d th e ki n g
him s e lf occ u pi e d t h e c e n tr e ridi n g i n a chariot of ,

“
e l e ctro n lik e Horu s bran di s hi n g hi s arm s t he ,
”
mighty Lord lik e M e n t u the god of Th e b e s
, , A t th e .

firs t o n s e t of t h e E gyp tian s t e rror s e iz e d t h e Syrian s ,

a n d th e y r e t r e at e d i n p a n ic up o n M e giddo l e avi n g
'

th e ir chariot s of S ilve r an d gold u po n t he fi e ld The .

p e opl e of t he city clos e d th e gat e s an d a fe arf u l ,

S la u ght e r wo u ld hav e e n s u e d had n ot t he c u pi di ty of

,

t h e E gyptia n s oldi e r s b e e n rou s e d at S ight of the

s poil s o that th e y d e s i s t e d from p u r s ui n g t h e e n emy
, .

T hi s gav e t he Syrian s tim e to draw u p th e fugitiv e s

by garm e n t s l e t dow n from the wall s an d amon g ,

tho s e who e s cap e d th u s was the ki n g of Qade s h the ,

ri n gl e ad e r i n th e r e b e llion .

Ta hu ti m e s was n ow oblig e d to lay s i e g e to M e gi d

do H e charg e d h i s s oldi e r s to l e t n o o n e e s cap e
.
,

S in c e t h e ki n g s of t h e whol e co un try w e r e s hut u p

withi n it an d i t s capt u re wo u ld m e an t h e con qu e s t of

,

a tho u s an d citi e s I n ord e r to b e l e ag u e r it mor e

.

e ff e ct u ally h e comm a n d e d to c u t dow n all t h e tr e e s i n

t h e n e ighbo u rhood an d to b u ild a wall e n clo s i n g t h e

plac e A gat e was m ade i n thi s an d n o on e was
.
,

allow e d to pa s s who di d n ot s u rr e n d e r to th e E gyp

tian s e n tri e s .For fu ll e r d e tail s i n r e gard to the
s i e g e t h e i n s criptio n s h e r e r e f e r t h e r e ad e r to a j ou r n al

of Tah u ti m e s s campaign s that was writt e n on a roll

’

,
82 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

as a whole Shows that th e n om e n cl ature of Can aan

was alr e ady e s tabli s h e d lo n g b e for e th e arrival of t h e
H e bre ws I n Spit e of all lat e r migration s an d c on
.

q u e s t s i t has r e mai n ed practical ly u n chan g e d from

,

that day to thi s .

Th e fall of M e giddo was t h e s ig n al for t h e s ur

r e n d e r Of m o s t of t h e citi e s of Syria E n voy s cam e .

bri n gi n g as tribut e hor s e s chariot s armour w e apon s

, , , , ,

flock s an d h e rd s s lav e s gold an d s ilve r ve s s e l s i n laid

, , ,

furn it u r e of wood an d of ivory an d e mbroid e r e d gar ,

m e n t s B e fore l e avi n g th e plai n of E s drae lon Ta

.
,

h u t i m e s had t h e e n tire harve s t am ou n t i n g to ,

bu s h e l s of grai n re ap e d i n ord e r that it might b e

,

carri e d away by hi s s oldi ers .

Th e citi e s of Y e n u om A n au ga s a an d H u r e n ke r u
, , ,

i n th e lan d of the A morit e s which r e f u s e d to s ubmit

, ,

he attack e d an d s p e e dily capture d I n a S i n gl e s u m .

m e r all of Pal e s ti n e an d Syria was s u bdu e d Th e .

army r e turn ed lad e n with booty bri n gi n g hun dre d s ,

of mal e an d f e mal e captive s an d drivi n g b e for e it ,

i n n um e rabl e cattl e .

Tah u ti m e s III was t h e i n augurator of t h e n e w

.

policy of organ izi n g a perman e n t gove r n m e n t i n th e

con qu e re d provi n c e s For thi s pur p o s e h e e s tabli s h e d
.

fortr e s s e s at s trat e gic poi n t s I n h i s A n n al s th e y are

.

”
u s ually s poke n of a s haltin g place s s i n c e th e y wer e
-
,

tow n s at which t h e ki n g r e s t e d on hi s e x p e dition s .

“ ”
I n lat e r r e cord s th e y ar e call e d royal citi e s Th e y .

w e re garri s on e d with E g yp tian troop s wh o i n the ,

A marn a lett e r s are call e d b y their E gyptia n n am e s

”
p e da te
,
bowm en an d Shar dan a i e m e rc e n ari e s , . .
,
”
from the n orth e rn coas t of the M e dit e rran ean p er ,
 TH E EG Y P TI A N SU P R E M A C Y 83

“
hap s Sardi n ian s Th e fortr e s s e s w e r e u n d e r t h e
.

comman d of Egyptian o ffic e rs with larg e pow e rs as

th e r e pre s e n tative s of t he ki n g an d to th e m was e n ,

tru s t e d the tas k oi m ai n tai n i n g ord e r an d of coll e ct

i n g t h e a n n u al trib u t e Royal co u ri e r s pas s e d c on
.

t i n u ally to an d fro betwe e n th e s e s tatio n s an d t h e

capital at T h e b e s b e ari n g re p ort s from the official s
,

an d ord e r s from t h e ki n g N e arly e v e ry s u mm e r

.

Tahu ti m e s him s e lf vi s it e d Syria to i n s p e ct th e garri

s o n s to gath e r u t h e tribut e an d to quell a n y di s
, p ,

t u r b an c e that might h ave ari s e n .

I n the admi n i s tration of local gov e rn m e n t he did

n ot att e mpt to i n t e rf e r e b e yo n d s e c u ri n g that t h e r u l

e r s s ho u ld b e loyal N on e of th e ki n gs m e n tio n e d i n
.

t h e A n n al s or i n t he A marn a l e tt e r s have E gyptian

n am e s . A ft e r t h e battl e of M e giddo Tah u t i m e s r e
appoi n t e d all t h e chi e ftai n s who s ubmitt e d Ram .

m an n i r ar i
-
,
ki n g of N u kh ash s hi i n hi s l e tt e r to ,

A m e n hot e p IV ? s tat e s that M an akhb i ( r ia

) Ta
h u ti m e s III ) e s tabli s h e d hi s gran dfath e r ov e r t h e
.

ki n gdom of N u kh ash s hi an d pour e d oil upon hi s

h e ad T hi s s how s that an oi n ti n g wa s the re g u lar
.

m e thod of i n ducti n g appoi n t e e s i n to o ffic e I n ord e r .

to s e cur e th e good b e haviour of th e s e r u l e rs th e ir s on s

w e re carri e d as ho s tag e s to E gypt H e r e th e y w e r e .

e d u cat e d i n E gyptian l e ar n i n g ; an d wh e n vaca n ci e s

occurre d at hom e e ith e r thro u gh d e ath or throu g h

,

r e b e llion th e y w e re s e n t back to fill t he place s I n

, .

thi s way it was h op e d that th e loyalty of t he mo s t

troubl e s om e provi n c e s migh t gradually b e s e c u re d .

Tahu t i m e s rar e ly i n t e rfe r e d with the r e gul ar s ucc e s

1
Wi n c kl e r , A m a r n a L ett er is, N o 3 7. .
84 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

s io n to the p e tty thron e s of Syria an d P al e s ti n e an d ,

th e n o n ly for good cau s e ; b u t h e always i n s i s t e d

that t h e h e ir Should tak e an oath of al l e gian c e an d .

s hould e n t e r offic e as o n e of h i s ofli c i al s From c e r .

tai n pri n c e s who s e loyalty was u n qu e s tion e d ho s tage s

, ,

w e r e n ot d e man d e d Wh e n th e y di e d th e ir h e ir s.
,

b e gan to r e i gn at on c e ; b u t th e y s e n t m e s s e n ge r s to
obtai n t h e s a n ctio n of t h e Pharaoh an d to bri n g back
t h e an oi n ti n g oil that h e s e n t as a S ig n of h i s ap
proval of th e de fac to gove rn m e n t Thu s t h e pri n c e .

of K u m i di writ e s to on e of Tah u ti m e s s s ucc e s s ors ’

I am t hy fai th fu l se rvan t L et m y
. lor d t h e k in g ask al l
, ,

hi s d e p u t i e s wh e t h e r I am n ot t h e ai t h f fu l s e rvan t of m y l ord ,

k
t h e in g, an d l e t m y l or d , t h e ki n g , c on d e s c e n d an d let
oi l b e b r ou gh t . B e h ol d I h ave se n t m y s on t o th e c oun

tr y of m y l ord the ki ng an d m ay h e b ri n g t h e oil f r om my

l ord t h e k in g .

Wh e n Pharaoh held the ki n g of a city i n cap

the
t i vi ty or wh e n h e di d n ot s e e fit to s e n d on t h e h e ir
,

whom he r e tain e d as ho s tag e t h e a ff airs of t h e plac e ,

w e r e admi n i s t e re d d u ri n g t h e i n t e rr e g n u m b y a co u n
cil of e ld e rs T h u s a l e tt e r from t h e city of Tu n i p
.

to A m e n hot e p IV i s h e aded th e i n habitan t s of

.

”
Tu n i p I n it we r e ad
.

An d n ow f or twe n ty ye ars we h ave b e e n se n din g t o t h e

ki n g , ou r l or d, b u t ou r m e sse n g e rs re m ain wit h t h e i n g , ou r ‘

k
l ord an d n ow, 0 l ord , we h ave re qu e s t e d from the ki n g , ou r

l ord (th e re t u rn of ) Yadi Addu an d m ay ou r l ord gi ve h i m

-
,
.

F or ou r l ord t h e k i n g g ave Yad i Addu an d wh y di d our

, ,
-
,

l ord, t h e k in g c au se h i m wh il e i n t h e way t o r e turn ?

,
” 9

1 Wi n c kl e r , A m a r n a L ett e r s , N o 1 41 . .
9
I bi d .
,
N o 41 . .
86 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

ch ariot s arm s or oth e r u s e ful product s it was r e

, , ,

quir e d to f u rn i s h th e s e The ki n g s w e re oblig e d to

.

giv e u p th e ir s o n s a s ho s tag e s an d to s e n d th e ir ,

dau ght e r s to b e com e con cu bi n e s i n t h e P haraoh s ’

har e m or to b e b e s tow e d by him upo n hi s favo u rit e s

,
.

Slav e s w e r e al s o part of t h e r e g u lar trib u t e .

B e s id e s thi s tribut e all s ort s of e xtraordi n ary

d e man ds w e re m ad e u pon th e u n fort u n at e vas s al s .

T h e y w e r e r e qu ire d to s u pport th e garri s on s po s t e d

i n th e ir mid s t an d to furn i s h s uppl i e s to troop s that
,

pas s e d through th e ir t e rritori e s Royal m e s s e n g e r s .

h ad to b e e n t e rtai n e d an d carava n s had to b e c on

,

d u ct e d s afe ly to t h e fron ti e r Th e E gyptian d e puti e s

.

m u s t b e brib e d with han d s om e pre s e n t s or th e y ,

Wo u ld hold back t h e trib u t e th at pa ss e d throu gh

t h e ir han d s an d r e port t he s e n d e r as on e who had n ot
paid I n cas e a n e ighbo u ri n g pri n c e r e volt e d th e y
.

w e re r e quir e d to furn i s h troop s to h e lp put dow n th e

r e b e llion .

Un d e r th e se circ u m s tan c e s it i s n ot s urpri s i n g that

t h e Syria n s did n ot s ubmit ch e e rf u lly to t h e E gyp
tian yok e an d lo s t n o opp ort u n ity to throw it off
, ,

wh e n th e y had th e s mall e s t hop e of s u cc e s s .

Scarc e ly a ye ar pa s se d from Tah u ti m e s s fir s t e x p e di

’

tio n to t h e e n d of hi s life wh e n h e was n ot comp e ll e d

to q u e ll a r e b e llion i n s om e part of Syria E v e n th e .

pri n c e s r e ar e d at th e E gyptia n court who w e r e e x ,

e c t e d to s u pport E gyptian i n t e r e s t s u s u ally fo u n d

p ,

t h e pr e s su r e too s tron g wh e n th e y r e t u r n e d hom e

, ,

an d r e b e ll e d lik e t h e r e s t .

R e b e llio n or r e fus al to p a y trib u t e which

, ,

amoun t e d to th e s am e thi n g was vi s ited wi th s wift ,

 TH E EG Y P TI A N SU P R E M A C Y 37

an d t e rribl e p un i s hm e n t .Th e r e fractory city was

give n ov e r to pillag e an d i ts s kill e d workm e n wer e
carri e d away i n to s lave ry I ts ki n g was take n t o
.

Th e b e s t o b e s lai n befor e A m e n agai n s t who s e ,

maj e s ty he had s i n n e d ; a n oth e r memb e r of the

royal family was app oi n ted i n hi s plac e an d the ,

an n u al trib u t e w as i n cr e a se d If afte r thi s l e ss o n

.
,

t h e plac e dar e d to r e vol t agai n it could look for ,

n o m e rcy .

Th e pri n c e who was s u s p e ct e d of plotti n g r e b e llion

was s u mmo n e d to app e ar i n E gypt an d giv e an ao
co u n t oi h im s e lf Su ch a s u mmon s was dre ad e d al
.

mo s t as m u ch as a d e claration of war s i n c e it i n ,

volve d an e n ormo u s e x p e n dit u re The s u sp e ct e d m an

.

had to trave l with a co s tly r e ti n ue to carry pr e s e n t s

,

for t h e Pharaoh an d for h i s ofli c e r s an d to di s p e n s e,

brib e s on all s id e s B e s id e s t h e chan c e s w e re that

.
,

thi s o u tlay would avail him n othi n g but that he ,

wo u ld b e s hut up for th e re s t of h i s lif e i n an Egyp

tian pri s o n It i s s mall won d e r that a n u mb e r of t h e
.

A mar n a l e tt e r s ar e d e vot e d to e x c u s e s an d apologi e s

for n ot a n s w e ri n g an i n vitatio n to app e ar at cou rt It .

i s al s o e a s y to u n d e r s tan d why t h e pri n c e s co n ti n uall y

s e e k to ca s t s u s picio n of co n s piracy upon th e ir rival s .

O n e of t h e m o s t am u s i n g f e at u r e s of t h e A marn a cor
r e s po n de n c e i s th e way i n which t he ki n g s acc u s e on e
a n oth e r of tr e a s on while prot e s ti n g th e ir o wn fide l
,

i ty to t h e Ph araoh .

I n r e tur n for homag e an d prompt pay m e n t of trib

u t e Pharaoh f u r n i s h e d hi s va s s al s prot e ctio n agai n s t

on e an oth e r an d agai n s t for e ig n i n va s io n Th e eld .

e r s of Tu n i
p allud e to thi s i n th e ir l e tt e r to Am e n
88 S Y R IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

h ote p IV I n form e r tim e s who could hav e pl u n

‘

d e r e d Tun i p witho u t b e i n g pl un d e r e d by M an akh b i r i a

(Tahu ti m e s Co n s id e ri n g th e fact that all t h e
p e tty ru l e r s had blood fe u d s with on e an oth e r an d
-

we re all waiti n g for a chan c e to fly at on e an oth e r s ’

throat s it was n o s mall adva n tage that th e y h ad ov e r

,

th e m a pow e r s tron g e n o u gh to k e e p th e m i n ord e r ,

or at l e as t to comp e l th e m to forg e t th e ir je al
o u s i e s i n ho s tility to t h e commo n e n e my Tahu ti .

m e s s s y s t e m of gov e r n m e n t was far from ide al ; i t s

’

s ol e aim wa s to e x ploit t h e provi n c e s ; it m ad e n o

att e mpt to i n corporat e th e m with E gypt or to imbu e ,

th e m wi th E gyptian civilizatio n n e v e rth e l e s s it c an ,

n o t b e do u bt e d that o n t h e whol e it was a bl e s s i n g .

It m ai n tai n e d p e ac e an d ord e r i n a way that th e C a

n aan i t e s th e m s e lv e s had n e v e r b e e n abl e to s e cur e .

It promot e d comm e rc e e n courag e d art op e n e d u p

, ,

comm u n ication b e tw e e n di s tan t r e gio n s an d thu s ,

fo s t e r e d t h e growth an d t he s pr e ad of civilizatio n .

For t he p e riod aft e r Tah u ti m e s s fir s t campaig n ’

t h e i n formatio n giv e n by t h e An n al s i s e x c e e di n gly

m e agre Th e s cribe who was commi s s ion e d to cov e r
.
,

a c e rtai n n u mb e r of s quare fe e t of t e mpl e wall with -

i n s cription s d e vot e d s o m u ch s pac e to t h e s i e g e an d

,

t h e capt u r e of M e giddo that h e had littl e room l e ft

for th e ki n g s lat e r campaig n s
’
Un fort u n at e ly for
.

u s h e d e cid e d to abbr e viat e t h e An n al s by c u ttin g

,

out th e n arrative portio n s an d givi n g m e r e ly th e li s t s

of trib u t e rec e iv e d an d of booty tak e n d u ri n g t he
lat e r y e ar s of h i s mas t e r s reign I n cid e n tally th e s e
’
.

li s t s m e n tio n t h e e x p e ditio n s that w e r e u n d e rtak e n ,

a n d fur n i s h s ome g e ographical i n fo r matio n ; b u t i n

90 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

On h i s r e turn Tah u t i m e s trav e r s e d Phoen icia .

Arat u (t h e A rvad of t h e Old T e s tam e n t A rado s of ,

the Gr e e k s an d t h e m od e rn B uad ) was th e poi n t at

,
“

which he e m e rg e d on th e coas t H e r e h e r e ap e d the .

grai n an d cut dow n the fru it tr e e s Th e n c e h e pro -

.

“
c e e de d s outhward alo n g th e coa s t H e fo u n d th e .

orchard s f u ll of fru it s th e vat s fill e d with wi n e as

,

with wat e r th e thr e s hi n g floor s heap e d with grai n

,
-

m or e abu n dan t than t h e s an d on th e s e a sh or e So -

.

“
gr e at was th e pl e n ty that th e s ol di e r s got d r u n k
e v e ry day an d a n oi n t e d th e m s elve s with oil a s o n
,
”
holiday s i n E gypt .

I n h i s thirti e th y e ar Tahu t i m e s made a s i x th

campaign i n Syria Qade sh th e capital of t h e A m o
.
,

rit e s was capt u re d an d i t s crop s an d fruit tr e e s w e r e

,
-

d e s troy e d. Zam ara (Si m yr a th e m od e rn Sumra ) ,

an d A rvad w e r e tr e at e d i n a S imilar m a n n e r .

I n th e thirty fir s t year t h e ki n g pu s h e d h i s c on
-

q u e s t s farth e r n orthward than at an y pre viou s tim e .

Th e city of A n r athu i n the di s trict of Ti kh i s a r e gio n ,

of N orth e rn Syria was co n qu e re d an d th e u sual s poil

,

was carri e d away T hi s tim e th e li s t of articl e s

.

brought back to E gyp t was s o lon g that th e s crib e

who compo s ed t h e i n s criptio n at K arn ak did n ot i n
s e rt it , b u t co n t e n t e d him s e lf with th e s tat e m e n t ,

Th e y ar e plac e d on a roll i n t h e palac e of t h e ki n g

an e n u m e ratio n of th e m i s n ot giv e n i n thi s li s t l e s t
”
th e r e s hould b e too man y word s .

I n th e thirt y s e co n d y e ar Tah u ti m e s appare n tly

-

s tay e d at hom e ; b u t i n t h e thirty third y e ar i n s u r -

,

re ction bre aki n g ou t on c e m ore h e was comp e ll e d to ,

mak e an e ighth e x p e ditio n Thi s tim e h e carri e d hi s

.
 TH E EG Y P TI A N S U P R E M A CY 91

arm s b e y on d Cro s s i n g the river at

t h e E u phrat e s .

K ar i ka m as h a (Carch e mi s h ) h e i n vad e d th e t e rritory

,

of Mitan n i H e r e h e fo u n d th e mon u m e n t that h i s

.

ra dfath r T h t i m I h ad r e ct e d an d plac e d
g n e a u e s e .
,

on e of h i s o wn b e s id e it A pow e rful coalitio n of t h e

.

chi e ftai n s of Mita n n i cam e out to m e e t him ; b u t

wh e n h e e n cou n te re d th e m th e y fle d b e for e him lik e
”
a h e rd of gaz e ll e s He m arch e d thro u gh t h e lan d
.

d e stroyi n g an d pillagi n g t he tow n s an d s e e m s to ,

have p e n e trat e d as far as the rive r Balikh A t thi s .

s tag e of t h e campaig n the ki n g of San gara ( p e rh a p s

Shi n ar or Babylo n ia) d e e med it pru d e n t to b u y hi m
,

o ff from f u rth e r advan c e with co s tly pr e s e n t s of r e al

an d of artificial lapi s laz u li an d with or n am e n tal va s e s .

On h i s r e turn Tah u ti m e s pa s s e d thro u gh N i y Th e .

e x act locatio n of thi s city i s u n k n own A ccordi n g to .

M ull e r it was s ituat e d n e ar th e poi n t wh e r e t h e

,

E u phrat e s begi n s to b e n d e a s t ward A ccordi n g to .

Ma s p e ro an d P e tri e it lay i n the n e ighbourhood of

,

A l e ppo D u ri n g hi s s tay i n thi s plac e as t h e b i ogr a

.
,

phy of A m e n e m h e b i n form s u s the ki n g e n gag e d i n a ,

gre at e l e ph a n t h u n t E l e phan t s have lon g s i n c e di s

-
.

app e ar e d from Syria but i n tho se day s th e y w e r e

,

n um e rou s an d he s ucc e e ded i n Slayi n g 1 2 0

,
A t on e .

ti m e he wa s i n dan g e r of b e i n g kill e d by t he l e ade r

of the h e rd but h i s offic e r A m e n e m h e b ru s h e d i n to
,
‘

th e wat e r b e twe e n two rock s an d re s cued him by

h e wi n g off the a n imal s tru n k ’
.

On t h e hom e ward march t h e ki n g was m e t by am

b as s ador s of th e gr e at K hat e (Hittite s) bri n gi n g s ilv e r
ri n g s w e igh i n g S i x ty po u n d s whit e g e m s an d rar e , ,

wood s Thi s i s th e fir s t app e aran c e i n E g yptia n

.
92 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

hi s tory of the rac e which 2 00 y e ar s lat e r becam e the

mo s t formidabl e an tagon i s t of th e ki n g s of the XI Xt h
dy n as ty A t thi s tim e i t had n ot begu n i t s car e e r of
.

con que s t but was s till s e ttl e d i n i t s an ci e n t hom e

,

b e yo n d the T auru s ran g e The p re s e n t i s r e cord e d .

“
u n der the h e ad of tribut e but i t i s cl e ar that i n r e ,

ality i t was n othi n g more than a diplomatic cou rte s y .

A li s t of 35 0 tow n s of N orth e rn Syri a captur e d by

Tahu ti m e s III i s s c u l p tur e d on the wall s of the
.

t e mpl e of K arn ak T he maj ority of the n ame s are

.

s till u n id e n tifi e d A mo n g them how e ver may be

.
, ,

re cogn iz e d K ham atu (Hamath ) Tu n e p Ni y K h al b u , , ,

(Al e p po) an d oth e r famous cit i e s of the E gyptian

, ,

Hebre w an d A s syrian r e cord s ?

,

I n hi s thirty fourth year Tahu ti m e s i n vaded Zahi

-

(Ph oen i cia) an d captured An au gas a a town to t he ,

s outh of Sidon o n t h e s id e of Mou n t Leban o n Here .

h e took a dvan tag e of hi s n earn e s s to the fore s t s

to tran s port a quan tit y of timber Ship s of K u pn i .

(G e bal ) an d of K e i to (p robabl y Crete accordi n g to ,

others C ilicia or Ph oe n icia) were lad e n with b e am s

,

of c e dar an d we re d e s patched to E gypt

,
.

I n h i s thirty fifth y e ar a formidable revolt broke

-

out i n N ah ar i n a (the region on either s ide of t h e

E u phrat e s) Th e chief of Nah ar i n a t e probably
.
,
. .
,

t h e ki n g of Mitan n i h ad form e d a coalition of chief

,

tai ns an d had mad e Aroan a a city of u n kn own ,

locatio n hi s h e adquart e rs Tahu ti m e s fought i n p e r

,
.

s on at t h e h e ad of hi s troop s an d was o n c e more

s ucce ss ful capturi n g an imme n s e q u a n tity of boot y

,
.

1
T om k i
Se e n s, Tr a n s . Soc B i bl A r chaeol og y , ix
. . .
, pp 223—2 5 4
.
,

wh e re l o
a s f r e e r e n c e s t o ot h e r l i t e r at u r e ar e gi ve n .
94
‘

S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

gre w ol de r h e i n tru s t e d the e x p e ditio n s to hi s s on or

,

to hi s g e n e ral s s till t h e flow of trib u t e was u n ch e ck e d

,

u
p to t h e day of h i s d e ath U n d e r h i s rul
. e E gypt
r e ached th e acm e of h e r pow e r h e r territory e x
t e n d e d from E thiopia to A s ia Mi n or an d from Phoe ,

n icia t o th e E u phrat e s Th e memory of hi s gr e at n e s s

.

la s t e d lon g i n Syria T hre e g e n eration s lat e r hi s n am e

.

an d t h e vigo u r of h i s r u l e were s t i ll w e ll k n own to t h e

writ e r s of t he A marn a l e tters .

A fter hi s d e ath t h e Syrian p rovi n c e s promptly r e

vol t e d. A m e n hote p II t h e s on of Tah u t i m e s an d
.
,

t h e pri n c e s s royal M e r yr a ( c was comp e ll e d

.
,

th e refor e at t h e very b e gi n n i n g of h i s r e ig n to mak e

,

an e xp edition Th e r e b e l s with s tood him at Sh e m e s h

.

adu m a i n N orth Galil e e an d i n L e ban o n b u t he de ,

fe at e d th e m wi thout difficult y He then advan c e d a s .

far as Ni y on e of th e chief town s of N orth e rn Syria

,
.

Her e t h e i n h abitan t s app e ared on th e wall s burn i n g

i n c e n s e i n adoration of h i s divi n it y The city of .

Ti khi s which r e fu s e d to s urre n der was captur e d

, , ,

an d s e v e n chieftai n s who had tak e n refuge i n it w e r e

s mitt e n by t h e ki n g s own club

’
T h e ir bodie s w e re.

brought to T heb e s han gi n g to th e prow of t h e royal

v e ss e l Si x w e re s u s p e n d e d on the wall s an d on e
.
,

was s e n t to N ubia as an obj e ct l e ss o n to r e b e l s in -

that re gion .

B eyo n d thi s e xp e ditio n there i s n o record of other

campaign s A ppare n tl y th e A s iatic s s e ttl e d down to
.

t h e con victio n that it wa s imp o s s ible to s hak e off th e

E gyptia n yoke an d d e cid e d that it was s afe r to pay
,

th e ir tribut e r e gularly than to e x po s e them s e lv e s to

the p u n i shmen t of rebelli on .
 TH E EG Y P TI A N S U P R EM A CY 95

Am e n h ot e p II l e ft on ly daught e rs of p u r e royal
.

blood an d Tahu t i m e s IV (c
,
t h e s on of a c on . .

cubi n e was l e gitimatiz e d by m arryi n g hi s hal f s i s t e r

,
-

the pri n c e s s Mut e m u a Th e r e cord s of hi s r e ig n ar e .

s can ty but the s t e l e of on e of h i s o ffic e r s s p e ak s of

,

hi s firs t campaig n i n N ah ar i n a an d th e m o n u m e n t ,

of an oth e r offic e r de pi c ts Syrian s bri n gi n g him trib u t e

‘

It app e ars accordi n gly that h e mai n tai n e d t h e i n

, ,

te gr i ty of t h e e mpire b e q ue ath e d by h i s fat h e r He .

did n ot att e mpt how e v e r to e x t e n d i ts bord e rs b u t

, , ,

cho s e rath e r to mak e treati e s with t he ki n g s of th e

n e ighbo u ri n g S tat e s Th e dau ght e r of Ar tatam a ki n g
.
,

of Mitan n i h e as ked i n marriag e an d altho u gh Ar ta

,

tama was at fir s t u n willi n g to gra n t h e r h e at las t ,

con s e n t e d ?

The r e ign of Tah u ti m e s IV was bri e f an d abo u t .

,

1 42 7 B C h e was s u cc e ed e d by h i s s on A m e n hot e p
. .

III F e w E gyptia n mo n arch s r e ign e d u n d e r mor e

.

favorabl e a u s pic e s H i s right to th e thro n e was u n .

co n t e s t e d for h e was a s on of a re I gn I n g Pharaoh

,

an d of a pri n c e s s of royal blood It was e v e n r e .

ported that i n him the god A m e n had i n t e rpo s ed to

r e n ew the s olar li n e A s s u mi n g t he form of T ah u ti .

m e s IV h e had app e ar e d to th e pri n c e s s M u t e m u a

.
, ,

an d had b e com e by h e r t h e fath e r of A m e n hot e p .

H e was h e ir to a mighty e mpire thoroughly c on ,

s olidat e d by h i s for e fath e r s an d accu s tom e d to t h e ,

E gyptian yok e N o war i s r e cord e d duri n g hi s

.

thirty year s r e ig n H i s e x p e dition s i n to t he prov

-
.

i n c e s w e r e m e r e ly to u r s of i n s p e ctio n on which h e ,

amu sed him se lf with hu n ti n g It i s r e cord e d that .

1
Wi n c kl e r , A m a r n a L e t ter s , N o 2 1 , l i n e s 1 6 ff . .
96 S Y R IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

duri n g h i s firs t t e n y e ars he s l e w with hi s own han d

1 02 lio n s Trib u t e flowe d i n r e gularly from all t h e
.

s u bj e ct p e opl e s an d t h e s up e rab u n da n t w e alth was

,

e mploy e d i n b u ildi n g t h e t e mpl e s of Sol e h of L u

q ,

S or an d of E l e phan ti n e
,
With p e ace at hom e an d .

abroad an d with hi s s u pr e macy ackn owl e dg e d amon g

,

t h e n atio n s of t h e e arth h i s r e ign was the m o s t ,

Spl e n did i n E gyptian h i s tory .

For t he con ditio n of Syri a an d Pal e s ti n e u n d e r hi s

r u l e we hav e fo r t h e firs t tim e n ative s ourc e s of i n for
mation i n th e famou s A m arn a l e tt e r s to whi ch r e fe r ,

e n c e h as fr e qu e n tl y bee n m ad e alr e ady ? Th e larg e r

p art of th e se l e tt e r s was addr e s s e d to A m e n hot e p
IV s till s e v e ral n am e hi s fath e r It i s probabl e al s o
.
,
.

tha t amon g th e a n on ymou s l e tt e r s writt e n b e fore t h e

d e cli n e of E gyptian rul e a n umb e r w e re s e n t to
A m e n hot e p III I n an y ca s e lett e r s of thi s s ort de
.
,

pict con ditio n s that pr e vail e d duri n g hi s reign .

A lthough the s e l e tt e r s are writt e n i n Babylo n ian ,

th e y di s clo s e r e p e at e dly the n ative to n gu e of the

au thors by t h e glo s s e s which th e y app e n d to Baby
l on i an word s T hus aft e r Icha l qa a t i s add e d the
.
- -

“
tran s latio n a ba da p e ri s h ; aft e r i p i r a a p a r u
— -

,
- -
,
- -
,

du s t ; aft e r shadi kha a r r i m oun tai n ;

,
aft e r
- -
,

“
khu hha r i ki lu bi ,
cag e ,
Fro m th e s e glo s s e s as
.
,

w e ll as from n um e ro u s e x pr e s s ion s s catt e r e d through

t h e l e tt e r s it appear s that t h e lan guag e of Syria an d
,

Pal e s ti n e was m e r e ly an old e r dial e ct of th e s ame

lan gu age that was S pok e n i n lat e r tim e s by t h e H e
br e w s P hoe n ician s Moabit e s E domit e s an d oth e r
, , , ,

1
Se e p ar t i c u l ar l y p . 49 . F or l i t e r at u r e on t h e Am ar n a le tt e r s
an d A m ar na p e r i od s e e p . xxxi i
LUK K I
H ATTI

Tu n i pa o f
f

Ts i dn n

ZIR I A SH A N I
Ash t ar t i A

A s q al u

SY R I A A ND P A L E S T I N E
IN T H E
! DE L TA - F) L —A M A R N A
I l E T T E R S

a n s snvos s , n Y.
 TH E EG Y P TI A N S U P R EM A C Y 97

n atio n s of Can aan The prop e r n am e s ar e e ith e r

.

the s am e that we m e e t i n t h e Old T e s tam e n t or ar e

of s imilar formatio n .

K i n akh n i or (Ac c ) K i n akhn a ( .by for e ig n e r s l e s s

accurat e ly writt e n K i n akhkhi or K i n akhkhi ) i e ,
. .
,

K e n a a n Can aan i s th e n am e appli e d i n th e A marn a

‘
,
“
,

l e tters to the wh ol e of Syria an d Pale s ti n e i n cludi n g ,

t h e r e gion e a s t of the Jorda n A pas s p ort d e s ig n e d to

.

carry a Babylo n ian m e s s e n g e r all th e way to E gypt

“
i s addr e s s e d to the ki n g s of t h e la n d of Can aa n ;
an d i n lik e ma n n e r B u r n ab u r i a s h ki n g of Babylo n , ,

s peak s of t he Syria n chi e ftai n s who wi s h e d to form

“
an allia n c e wi th h i s fath e r agai n s t E gypt as t he
“
Can aan it e s altog e th e r Can aa n i s thy la n d s ay s
.
,

B u r n ab u r i a s h to A m e n hotep with r e f e r e n c e to hi s
e n tir e As iatic dom ai n .

Th e n orth e rn mo s t di s trict of Syria i s k n ow n i n th e

A marn a l e tt e r s as Nar i m a or N akh r i m a which i s t h e ,

s am e as Nah ar i n a of t h e E gyptia n m o n u m e n t s an d ,

Nah ar ai m of t h e Old T e s tam e n t So u th of N ar i m a

.

“
li e s A murru i e ,
. .t h e A morit e s
,
or as it was writ , ,

t e n id e ographical ly i n old Babylon ia n fa s hion ,

M A R T U? Th e n am e appli e s to th e r e gion dir e ctly

-

b e hi n d th e N orth Phoe n ician coas t E as t of A m u rru .

an d s outh of Nar i m a li e s N u kh ash s hi So u th of .

A murru an d Nu kh as h shi i s th e la n d of Qade s h with ,

Qade s h on th e Oro n t e s as i ts capital S o u th of .

Qade sh to the w e s t i s the lan d of A m q i an d to th e ,

ea s t Ubi with D amas cus a s i ts capital

,
South of .

Am q i an d Ubi li e s Gar on th e w e s t S id e of t h e J or
dan i n t h e vici n ity of t h e Se a of Galil e e an d Ziri ,

1
Se e pp 1 6 , 3 0
. .
98 S YR IA A ND P ALE S TI N E
“
B as h an i , or ch ai n of Bas han
the e a s t of th e ,

Jordan For Ph oe n icia an d for So u th e rn P al e s ti n e

.

th e r e ar e n o s p e cific n am e s .

A bo u t 1 5 0 citi e s an d tow n s ar e m e n tion e d i n t h e

A mar n a l e tt e r s a n d of th e s e at l e a s t 1 00 c an b e
,

id e n tifi e d with mod e rn s it e s with r e as o n abl e c e r

tai n ty . Oth e rs which can n ot b e id e n tifie d ar e
, ,

k n own to b e th e e quival e n t s of E gyptian or of Old

T e s tam e n t n am e s Begi n n i n g i n t h e n orth we hav e
.
,

Tun i p th e mod e r n T e n n e h e ight e e n mil e s n orth of

, ,

Al e ppo an d N i th e Ni y of t h e E gyptian mo n u
, ,

m e n t s who s e location i s u n c e rtai n Comi n g farth e r

,
.

s outh ,
we fin d on the coas t A r wada ( Arvad) an d ,

Ts u m u r (Si m yr a) an d in lan d Qi de s hu (Qade sh ) ,

.

Still f u rth e r s o u th on th e coas t ar e Biruta or B i ,

run a (B e irut) Ts i du n a (Sidon ) an d T su r ri (T yr e ) ;

, ,

an d i n la n d D i m ash q a or Ti m as hgi (
,
D ama s cu s ) .

So u th of Sido n li e s A kka (A cr e ) ; an d i n lan d Mag ,

dali (Magdala on t h e Se a of Galil e e ) an d M agi dda

(M e giddo K han L e jju n ) On the Pal e s ti n ian coa s t
, .

are Yap u (Joppa) A s q al un a (As hk e lo n ) A z z at i or

, ,

K haz z at i (Gaza ) an d i n lan d U r u sal i m ( Je ru s al e m )

, ,

an d Laki s h ( Lachi s h ) .

Thro u gh o u t th e whol e of t h e co u n tr y r e pr e s en t e d
by th e s e di s trict s an d citi e s E gy p tia n a u thority was
un qu e s tion e d I n t h e day s of A m e n hot e p III t he
. .

Can aan it e s had be e n trib u tar y s o lon g that th e y had

com e to r e gard thi s co n dition as on e that had always
e xi s t e d
“
.G e bal h as be e n thy s lave an d t h e Slav e
“
of thy fath e r s for ag e s writ e s R ab i m u r ,
Gebal .

hi s s lav e h a s b e e n a city of t h e ki n g for age s

, ,

writ e s R ib A ddi -
AS m y fath e rs hav e b e e n i n t h e
.
1 00 S YR IA A ND P ALE S TI N E

T he s e n de r of e ach lette r a s s u re s the ki n g that h e

i s devot e d to t h e royal i n t e r e s t s If m y lord t he .

ki n g s ay s to m e B e at the comman d of m y pre fe ct

, ,
’

t h e s lave s ay s to h i s lord I will U p on my br e as t

,
.
’

an d u p on my back I h e ar t h e comman dm e n t of t h e

ki n g m y m a s t e r
,
. B e hold a s lave who h e ar k
ens to mas t e r h i s city i s pros p e rou s hi s hou s e
hi s , ,

hol d i s pro s p e rou s an d hi s n am e will las t foreve r

, ,
”

s o writ e s Ab i milki k i n g of Tyr e

-
,
Sti l l mor e s ervi le .

are the word s of L ap aya a ki n g of the r e gion later ,

“
kn own as J ud ae a If th e ki n g s ho u ld ask for my
!

wife I would n ot re fu s e h e r an d if th e ki n g Should

,

s e n d to me ( s a y in g thru s t a dagger of bro n z e i n to

)
thy h e art an d di e I would s urel y carry out the
, ,
’

”
ki n g s comman d
’
C uriou s for i t s s imilarity with
.

Old T e s tamen t th ought i s the declarat i on of Y ab i ti r i ,

“
t he govern or of Gaza an d J op p a B e h old I am a ,

faithful s lave of m y lord th e ki n g I look thi s way ,

.

an d I l ook th at way an d ther e i s n o bright n e s s ; but

I look toward m y lord the ki n g an d all i s bright , , .

A brick may move from i t s cor n ic e but I w i ll n ot ,

m ov e from u n de r t he f e et of my lord t he ki n g ,
.

T he con te n t s of the l e tter s that remai n aft e r t he

a d ul atio n an d t h e p rot e s tatio n s of fid e lit y are s u b

tracted are u s uall y m e agre Fr om t he p e aceful .

p eri od of Am e n hot e p III an d the b e gin n i n g of the .

reign of hi s s ucce ss or we fin d for t h e mo s t part r e

port s t hat th e s en d e r oi the letter i s f u lfilli n g hi s
duty as the govern or of s ome c i t y that h e h as for ,

warded hi s an n ual tri bute that he h as provi s ion ed ,

th e ro y al troop s that h e h as re n dered military s e r

,

vi ce as r equi red that h e has guarded th e road s

,
 TH E EG Y P TI A N SU P REM A C Y 1
101
from robb e rs an d has ex p e dit ed
way or that h e h as rec e ive d an ord e r from t h e
,

ki n g which h e i s pr e par e d at o n c e to ob e y A .

typical l e tt e r of thi s period i s that of Yi ti a ki n g ,

of As hkelo n :
1

k
To m y l ord, t h e i n g , m y g ods , m y su n , t h e su n of h e ave n ,
, f
Yi ti a t hy s l ave , t h e du s t of t h y e e t , t h e g room of t h y h ors e .

f k
At t h e e e t of m y l ord t h e i n g , se ve n an d s e ve n t i m e s p r os I
t rate m ys e l f u pon m y b ac k an d u p on m y b re as t Su re ly I am .

g u ardin g t h e p l ac e of t h e k in g m y l or d an d t h e c i ty of t h e
, ,

k i n g m y l ord whi c h i s i n m y c are Wh o wou l d b e an u r g u

, , .

an d n ot h e ark e n t o t h e c om m an d of t h e k i n g t h e s u n i n t h e ,

h e ave n s ? Su re ly I h ave p rovi de d all t h e t h e f ood ,

t h e li q u or t h e c a t tl e t h e s h e e p t h e h on e y an d t h e oi l
, , , ,

e ve ryt h i n g t h at t h e k i n g m y l or d c om m an de d s u re l y I h ave
, , ,

provi de d t h e m An d s ure l y I h ave re n de re d t h e t ri b u te of

.

t h e su n as m y l ord t h e k i n g t h e s un i n t h e h e ave n s c om
, , , ,

m an de d .

Occas ion ally s om e turbul e n t s pirit refu s ed to pay

tribut e an d att e mpt e d to r e volt Az i r u s on of A b d .
,

A s h i r ta who play e d an im p ortan t part i n the n e x t

,

re ign s tart e d a r e b e llio n ev e n un de r A m e n hot e p III

,
.

Thi s was promptl y report e d by Aki z z i ki n g of ,

2
Qat n a an d was put dow n witho u t di fli c u l ty by
,

A m e n hot e p as we l e arn from a l e tt e r of Rib A ddi to

,
-

“
h i s s ucc e s s or : Whe n I wrot e thy fath e r he h e ar k ,

e n e d u n to my word s an d s e n t s ol di e r s t h at t h e s o n s
,

of Ab d Ashi r ta might n ot tak e

-
Such out .

br e ak s wer e rare appare n tl y duri n g the lifetime of

, ,

Am e n hote p III .

An i n t e r e s ti n g glimp s e i n to C an aan i ti s h politic s i s

1
Wi nc kle r , A m a r n a L et ter s , N o 2 07 . .
9
Ibi d .
, N o 1 38
. .
1 02
‘

SYRI A/ A N D P A LE S TI N E

affo f 1
rdedby a leitté r b f B ur n ab ur i as h ki n g of Babylon
' '

, ,

to A m e n hote p I V the s on of A me n hot e p III .

, .

I n th e tim e of f
K u r i g al z u , m y at h e r, t h e C an aan i t e s u n i t
e dl y wrot e to h i m : Ag ain s t t h e b orde r of t h e l an d we wil l
‘

r
m a c h an d m a e an k i su rre t i o n c n . W i th t h e e will we m ke
a an

alli an c e .
’
M y fat h e r wrot e t h m e as f oll ows Se e k n o all i an c e
wi t h m e . I f you ar e h os t il e t o t h e k i n g of E gypt m y b roth e r , ,

an d make an a lli an c e wi t h on e an ot h e r
, I wil l su er ly c om e

an d p l u n de r you , f or h e i s i n al li an c e wit h m e My .
’
fat h e r
f or k f
t h e s a e of you r at h e r wou l d n ot li s t e n t o t h e m .

From th i s it app ears that the C an aan ite s w e re an x

i o u s to r e volt but di d n ot dare to attem p t it without
,

out si d e aid .

W ith the ki n g s of M i tan n i Assyr ia K ar dun i ash , ,

( B abylo n ia) a n d of t h e,
Hittite s A me n hot e p m ain

t ai n e d peaceful relatio n s an d a n umber of letter s ,

s e n t b y the s e k i n g s were fou n d at T ell e l Amarn a - -

.

From th e s e l ett e rs we gai n a won d e rfully cl e ar i n

s ight i n to the r e lat i o n s of t h e l e adi n g n atio n s of the

world about 1 400 B C Far from b e i n g i s olat e d as . .

,

was form e rly s u p po s e d th e y w e r e i n con s tan t c om m u ,

n i c at i on N ot on ly was th e re a s teady in tercha n ge of

.

c ommercial product s but al s o of art lit e rat u re an d , , ,

r e ligi o u s idea s I n the c e n tr e of thi s s tream of trad e

.

an d of thought lay Syri a an d Pale s ti n e e x po s e d to ,

i n fluen c e s from eve r y S id e Un de r the s e cir cum .

s ta n ce s their civi l izatio n coul d n ot fail to a ss u m e a

co s mopolitan form an d thi s may be on e r eas on why ,

Pale s tin e rather than E gypt or Baby loni a became

, ,

the b i rth p lac e of a world r e ligio n -

.

1 Wi nc k l e r , A m a r n a L ett er s , N O 7 . .
1 04 S Y R IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

E gypt made a brav e fight to r e tai n h e r provi n c e s ,

Sh e wa s forc e d to r e li n qu i s h th e m on e by on e u n til ,

s h e wa s r e s trict e d to h e r a n ci e n t limit s b e for e t h e

co n qu e s t s of t h e XV I I I th dyn as ty .

I n th e tim e Of Tahu ti m e s III t h e p e opl e k n ow n i n .

t h e E gyptia n mo n um e n t s as K hat e an d i n t h e A mar n a ,

l e tt e r s as Khatti i e t h e Hittit es ? w e r e s e ttl e d b e

,
. .
,

yo n d th e Tau ru s mou n tai n s i n Cap p adocia an d Cilicia .

N ot un til the r e ig n of A m e n hot e p III do we m e e t .

cl e ar e vid e n c e of th e ir advan c e i n to Syria D u s h .

ratta ki n g of Mitan n i was m e n ac e d by th e m at th e

, ,

b e gi n n i n g of hi s r e ig n an d r e pul s e d th e m o n ly aft e r
2
,

hard fighti n g Ramman n i r ar i ki n g of N u kh ash s h i

.
-

i n N orth Syria was al s o attack e d by th e m ,

3
an d ,

Aki z z i of Qat n a complai n e d that th e y had b u r n e d a

city an d carr i e d off h i s god s 4
I n s pit e of all O ppo s i .

tio n c e rtai n Hittit e clan s s ucc e e d e d i n maki n g p e r

,

m a n e n t s e ttl e m e n t s i n N orth e r n Syria Tar kh u n .

dar au sh ki n g of A rzan a (by J e n s e n id e n tifi e d with th e

,

di s trict of Carch e mi s h ) was on e of t h e Amarn a cor ,

r e s pon d e n t s The lan g u ag e of h i s l e tt e r i s as s e rt e d

.

by Sayc e an d M e s se r s chm idt to b e id e n tical with

5 6

that of tabl e t s re c e n tly di s cov e r e d by Chan tr e at 7

Boghaz K e u i i n Cappadocia a c e n tre of Hittit e ,

powe r Oth e r Hittit e pri n c e s al s o ar e m e n tio n e d i n

.

the Am arn a l e tt e r s Con t e mporan e ou s ly with th e ir.

1
F or li t e r at u r e on t h e H i t tite s se e t h e b i b li ogr aphy on p . xx viii .

9
Wi n c kl e r , Am ar n a L ett e r s , N o 1 6 , l i n e s 30 ft. .

3
I bi d .
, N o 37
. .

4
I bi d .
, N os 1 38, 1 39
. .

Soc B i bl A r chce ol og y , xix . pp 2 5 0 ff

5
Pr oc . . . 2 81 11 ; XX .
, . .

6
Or i e n t a l i s t i sch e L i tter a t u r Z ei t u n g , A pr il , -
1 89 9 , c ol 1 1 5 . .

R e ch e r ch e s a r ché ol og i q u es da n s l A s i e occi de n ta l e
’
7
.
 H ITTIT E AND AR A M ZE A N I
M GR A TI ON 1 05

app e ara n c e prop e r n am e s of a n e w typ e b e gi n to b e

fo un d i n Syria Shu ar data an d U as h dat a t h e n am e s
.
,

of two E gyptian o fli c i al s ar e n e ith e r Se mitic n or

,

Mitan n ic b u t ar e appare n tly Hittit e

,
.

E arl y i n th e r e ig n of A m e n hot e p IV t h e gr e at .

migration of th e Hittit e s b e gan Pouri n g throu gh .

th e pas s e s of t h e Tau r u s th e y s e iz e d on e aft e r a n oth e r

,

t h e w e althy citi e s of Syria an d b e gan that car e e r of

,

co n qu e s t which m ade th e m i n th e n e x t g e n e ratio n

t h e chi e f military powe r of We s t e rn A s ia From all .

p art s of the provi n c e s l e tt e rs w e re s e n t to th e E gyp

tian co u rt at T e ll e l Amarn a s tati n g that th e y w e re
- -

advan ci n g an d b e ggi n g the h e lp of t he Pharaoh

, .

A zir a t h e Am orit e wrot e to D u d u t h e E gyptian

, , ,

“
re s id e n t : The ki n g of K hatti h as march e d i n to
N u kh ash sh i a n d t h e citi e s ar e n ot s tro n g e n o u gh to
,
”
e s cap e t h e ki n g of K hatti To K ha i h e wrot e .

“
Th e ki n g of K hatti i s s tayi n g i n N u kh a s h s hi an d
I am afraid of him I am watchi n g l e s t h e e n t e r
.

JlI A R T U (th e A m orit e lan d ) ; for if Tu n i p fall s t h e

-

way (will b e If m y lord do e s n o t s e n d

troop s for t h e d e f e n c e of th e lan d (it will b e c on
qu e re d ) for n ow h e i s s tayi n g i n N u khas h s hi Th e r e
,
.

ar e two road s to Tu n i p an d I f e ar that it will fall

, ,

an d that Tu n i p will n ot b e s tro n g e n o u gh to r e

sist. Thre e ki n gs of th e n e ighbou rhood of

D amas cu s s e n t s imultan e ou s ly to s ay that th e y h ad
mad e an un s u cc e ss ful att e mpt to di s lodg e th e e n e my
from th e re gion of Am q i Rib A ddi of G u b l a de .
-

“
c l ar e d : I hav e writt e n r e p e at e dly but n o an s w e r ,

h as b e e n giv e n m e If all t he lan d s of my lord t h e

. .
,

ki n g ar e s e iz e d m y lord will lam e n t

, , (ov e r th e ir
1 06 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

lo s s) But n ow b e hold th e m e n of K hatti ar e plun

.

d e ri n g th e chi e ftai n s of Gu hla R ab i m ur who .

,

s ucc e e d e d Rib A ddi i n t h e rul e of G u b l a wh e n h e

-

was oblig e d to r e move to B e ir u t mad e a S imilar r e ,

p ort an d a Sim ilar app e al for aid ? From th e s e an d

from oth e r l e tt e rs i n t h e s am e s train it i s e vid e n t that
d u ri n g th e r e ign of A m e n hot e p IV th e K hatti s t e adily .

gai n e d gro u n d i n N orth e rn Syria .

Th e id e n tity of th e s e K hat ti with the Hittit e s of

th e Old T e s ta m e n t an d of t h e A s s yria n an d Van i o
mo n u m e n t s can n ot b e i n f e rre d from m e r e id e n tity of
n am e .K h atti i s th e n am e of a lan d rath e r th an of
a rac e an d thi s la n d may hav e b e e n occ u pi e d by
,

s e v e ral s ucc e s s iv e rac e s i n th e i n t e rval b e tw e e n

E gyptian an d A s s yrian r ul e It i s probabl e how .
,

e ve r ,
from oth e r co n s id e ratio n s that all t h e Hittit e s
kn ow n to hi s tory b e lo n g e d to on e Stock Sapal u l u .
,

t h e n am e of a ki n g of K hat e i n t h e n e x t g e n e ratio n
aft e r A m e n hot e p IV or po s s ibly i n t h e re ig n of
.
,

A m e n hot e p him s e lf r e app e ar s i n t h e r e ig n of Shal

,

m an e s e r II ki n g of A s syria
.
,
u n d e r t h e form

of Sapal ul m e t h e n am e of t h e ki n g of Pati n a di s
, ,

tri ot of the old Hittit e cou n try Th e e ndi n g s er a .

which occurs i n Maura s e ra an d Kh at e s e ra two of - -

t h e s ucc e s s or s of Sap al u l u an d i n Su ra s i r of t he ,
-

A marn a l e tt e r s i s fo u n d al s o i n Pi s iri or P i S iri s

,
-
,
-
,

ki n g of t h e Hittite s at Carch e mi s h i n t he tim e of

Sargon an d K hat e s e ra i s t h e e qu i val e n t of
-

K hattu s ar t h e n am e of a ki n g of G u rg u m a di s
-
, ,

tri ot of Com age n e i n th e tim e of Ti gl ath p i l e s e r I (c -

. .

M au t all u t h e n am e of a broth e r of K h at e s e r a
, ,

1 Wi n ckl e r , A m a r n a L ett er s , N os 45 , 46 , 47, 1 04, 1 1 9 , 1 20

. .
1 08 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

q u e s tion . Th e A s s yrian l e g e n d
r e ad s T ar ,
”
m e ki n g of
-
,
me With thi s th e Cilician-
.

n am e Tar kon d e m os of t h e Rom a n p e riod h as b e e n

comp are d ; an d i n an y ca s e Tar q u s e e m s to r e pr e ,

s e n t t h e old Hittit e d e ity Tar kh u I n vi e w of th e s e .

fact s it i s s afe to con cl u d e that the Hamathit e i n s c r i p

tion s as th e y hav e b e e n call e d from the place where
th e y firs t w e r e fou n d ar e th e w
,

ork of t h e Hittite s of
,

th e E gyptian an d of t h e A s s yrian mon ume n t s .

Of t h e n um e rou s att e mpt s to read th e s e m on u

m e n t s the mo s t r e c e n t an d m o s t elaborat e i s that
of P rofe s s or J e n s e n of Marburg 1 who b e li e ve s that ,

Hittit e i s an an ci e n t form of A rm e n ian H i s c on .

elu s ion s hav e b e e n acc e pt e d by t he Ar m e n ian s cholar

B r oc ke l m an n by R e ck e n dorf H i l pr e c h t Sc hwal l y
, , , ,

an d Zimm e rn ; but th e y are s till di s put e d by

Sayc e Hommel W i n ckler Me s s e r s chmidt an d oth e r
, , , ,

Ori e n tali s t s .

Un til t he que s tion i s s ettl e d i n what lan guag e th e ,

Hittite i n s criptio n s ar e wr i t te n i t i s impo ss ibl e to de ,

t e rmi n e to what rac e thi s p e opl e b e lo n g e d Su ppo s e d .

Hittit e loan word s i n E gyptian furn i s h as ye t n o clue

-
,

a n d Hittit e proper n am e s ar e al s o an i n s u ffici e n t ba s i s

for e th n ological co n clu s ion s P u u khi pa t he wife of .

- - -
,

K h ate s e r a b e ar s a n am e that h as th e s am e e n di n g as
,

Gilu khi p a an d Tadu kh i pa n am e s of pri n c e s s e s of Mi

- -

tan n i an d Tare Ti s hu b u t h e ambas s ador of K h at e s e r a

-

, ,

h as a n am e compou n d e d with that of th e Mitan n ian god

Ti s h u b From th e s e fact s it h as been i n fe rr e d that
.

t h e Hittit e s wer e n ear ki n s me n of th e p e opl e of Mi

1
Z ei ts chr if t d d eu tsch m
. .
g en l a n d G es ell s ch af t ,
or . xl vi i i .
, pp 2 35
.

35 2 , 42 9—485 H i t ti t e r u n d A r m en i er , 1 89 8 .
 H ITTIT E AND A R A M ZE A N I
M GR A TI ON 1 09

tan n i ; but t h e co n cl u s io n i s u n c e rtai n for P u u khi ,

- -

pa i s s tate d to hav e b e e n a pri n c e s s of Qi da wadan a ,

an d th e r e for e may n ot h av e b e e n a Hittit e ; an d it

, ,

i s q u it e po s s ible that th e m e s se n g e r e mploy e d by

K h at e s e r a was a Mitan n ian who was familiar with
,

th e m e thod s of th e E gyptia n co u rt .

’
Tho s e who r e j e ct J e n s e n s co n n e ctio n of Hittit e
with A rm e n ian s how n o agre e m e n t amon g th e m
s e lve s ; s om e r e gardi n g it a s a T u ra n ian lan guag e ,

other s as aki n to t h e Lycia n or to th e p r e A ryan ,

-

Van i o O n ly on e fact c an b e r e gard e d as e s tabli s h e d :

.

t h e Hittit e s w e re n ot Se mit e s N e ither i n lan guag e

.

n or i n phy s ical charact e ri s tic s hav e th e y an y poi n t s

of s imilarity with the earli e r i n habitan t s of Syria .

I n t h e E gyptia n m o n um e n t s they ar e d e picted as a

whit e rac e Th e y had n o b e ard s ; but thi s m ay h av e
.

b e e n du e to s havi n g Th e ir h air th e y wore i n two

.

poi n t e d tail s falli n g on e ith e r s ide of t h e fac e A s .

th e s e tail s w e r e n ot braid e d th e y mu s t h av e b e e n k e pt
,

i n s hap e by m e an s of s om e u n g u e n t Thi s ma n n e r of
.

dre s s i n g t h e hair was fou n d al s o amon g t h e n ativ e s

of K e ft o (Cre t e an d s e e m s to hav e b e e n c h ar ac t e r i s

tic oi t h e p e opl e s of A s ia Mi n or T h e y w e re dre s s e d

.

i n tu n ic s of B abylo n ian typ e e x po s i n g t h e right

,

s hould e r Lon g aft e r thi s garm e n t had go n e out of

.

fas hion amo n g t he Se mit e s th e Hittit e s co n ti n u e d

,

t o u s e it B e n e ath thi s th e y wore i n col d w e ath e r a

.

lo n g close ly fitti n g s hirt with Sl e e ve s A s a prot e o

,
.

tion agai n s t t he s n ow s of th e ir n ative mou n tai n s th e y

wore high boot s with poi n t e d to e s turn i n g u pward ,

s uch as ar e s till u s e d by t h e n ative s of Cappadocia .

E v e n aft e r th e y had migrat e d to milder clim e s th e y

110 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

r e tain e d th e s e boot s as part of th e ir n ation al dre s s .

Th e ki n g s badg e of offic e was a high poi n t e d hat

’

s imilar to tho s e wor n by t h e god s i n t h e Hittit e

r e li e fs Th e troop s w e r e arm e d with ro u n d topp e d

.
-

h e lm e t s trian gular bow s s quare or do u bl e ax e —Shap e d

, ,
-

s hi e ld s an d Short s word s
,
Th e y fought i n chariot s
.
,

which u n lik e tho s e of the Syrian s an d E gyptian s

, ,

c arri e d thr e e warrior s ?

Ou r e arli e s t k n o wl e dg e of t h e religio n of t h e Hit

t i t e s i s d e riv e d from t h e tr e aty b e tw e e n R am e s su
?
II an d K h at e s e r a
. Thi s m e n tio n s b e s id e s ,

god s an d godde s s e s of the Hittit e lan d thr e e gre at ,

god s th e Su n t h e Su t e kh of t h e lan d of the Hittit e s

, , ,

an d th e A s h t ar t of t h e lan d of t h e Hittit e s Th e s e .

d e itie s ar e h e r e id e n tifi e d with th e ir E gyptian e q u i va

l e n t s What th e ir n ative n ame s were c an o n ly b e
.

co n j e ctur e d I n lat e r tim e s t he divi n e n am e s u s e d

.

mo s t fr e qu en tly i n compoun di n g prop e r n am e s i n the

r e gion s o n c e occ u pi e d by th e Hittit e s w e re Tar khu ,

R 0 an d S an da
,
Tar kh u i s p e rhap s t h e As h t ar t of
.

t he lan d of t h e Hittit e s t h e lat e r D e r ke t o or A t ar ga

, ,

ti s R 0 i s p e rhap s Su te kh an d San da who lat e r , ,

i s i d e n tifi e d with H e rakle s i s p e rhap s th e s u n god ,

-
.

Of the thre e de iti e s the godd e s s e n j oy e d t he high e s t

e s t e e m T he s ky god was h e r hu s ban d an d t h e s u n
.
-
,

god her lov e r an d from thi s triad all life was b e li e v e d

,

3
to have s prun g .

Con t e mporan e ou s with t h e Hittit e adva n c e i n to

Syri a a n othe r mi gratio n occu rre d that was n o l e s s di s
astrou s for th e E g y ptian s upr e macy Th e Amarn a .

9
1
M ii i en u n d E u r op a , p
ll e r , A s 32 4 . Se e p 1 30
. . .

3
Se e J e n s e n , H i tti t er u n d A r m en i er , pp 1 49—1 77 . .
112 S YR IA A ND PALES TI N E

Su ti , are at t h e di s po s al of th e army wh e n e ve r my ,

lord th e ki n g comman ds
, , Th e pri n c e of K hazi
.

r e port e d al s o : Th e K habiri ar e ho s til e to m e an d ,

a r e taki n g po s s e s s io n of t h e citi e s of my lord the ,

ki n g my god my s u n For the K habiri have tak e n

, ,
.

po s s e ss io n of M akh z i ti th e city of my lord t h e , ,

ki n g an d hav e plun d e r e d it an d have give n it ov e r

, ,
”
to fir e .An oth e r Syria n pri n c e who s e n am e i s ,

i ll e gibl e wrot e : L e t my lord t he ki n g k n ow that

, , ,

t h e chi e ftai n s ar e d e s troy e d (an d t h e whol e )

lan d of my lord t h e ki n g i s falli n g away to the
, ,

K habiri .
”
Rib A ddi of G u b l a was i n Sp e cial strait s
-
,

an d mad e piteo u s app e al s for r e i n forc e m e n t s I n .

S imilar s trai n Z i m r i da ki n g of Sido n complai n e d :

, ,

All my citi e s which th e ki n g gav e i n to my han d

, ,

have fall e n i n to the han d s of th e K habi ri .

”

T he peril was e qually great i n Pal e stin e Ab d .

khiba ki n g of J e ru s al e m wrot e to t he Pharaoh

, ,

T he lan d of the ki n g i s goi n g to r ui n If thou .

l i s t e n n ot to m e all th e chi e ftai n s will b e lo s t ; an d

,

m y lord t h e ki n g will hav e n o more chi e ftai n s L e t

, ,
.

m ylord th e ki n g t u rn h i s fac e toward th e p e opl e ;

, ,

an d let my lord t h e ki n g s e n d bowm e n

,
If bowm e n
,
.

come th i s year the lan d s will con ti n u e to b e lon g to

,

my lord th e ki n g b u t if n o bowm e n com e thi s y e ar

, ,

th e lan d s of my lord the ki n g are lo s t ,

Oth e r , .

pri n c e s of Pal e sti n e r e p ort e d to th e s am e e ffe ct ?

Th e K habiri tog e th e r w i th the Akhl am i an d Suti

,

who ar e combi n e d with th e m i n the A marn a l e tt e r s ,

wer e t h e for e run n e r s Of the A ram aean migratio n ,

1 Wi n c kl e r , A m a r n a L ett er s , N os . 1 44, 1 46 , 1 42 , 1 34, 2 83, 5 9 ,

72 , 73, 9 9, 1 5 4, 1 6 3 , 1 47, 1 79 , 1 70 .
 H ITTIT E A ND A R A M ZEA N M GR A I TI O N 113

which i n the s u cc e e di n g c e n t u ri e s ove r flo we d Syri a ,

M e s opotamia Babylo n ia an d A s s yria B e fore thi s

, , .

tim e n o trac e of A ram ae an s i s fou n d in the mo n u

m e n t s The firs t s ur e Sig n of th e m i n E gypt i s th e
.

n am e D ar m e s e q for D am e s e q D ama s c u s i n a li s t , ,
”

of R am e s s u III ? The fir s t m e n tio n of th e m i n t h e

As syrian r e cord s i s i n an i n s criptio n of Shal man e s e r
I (c
. . M ii ll e r co n j e ct u r e s with co n s id e rabl e
probability that t h e mi s tak e of A ram for A m or i n a
t e x t of th e time of R am e s su II i n dicat e s a k n owl e dg e .

of Aram aea n s i n Syria as arly s 1 3 B C

e a 0 0 3
I n vi e w . .

of th e n om adic habit s of th e s e trib e s as w e ll as of

’

the fact that t he Babylo n ia n an d A s s yria n r e cord s

re pr e s e n t th e Syria n d e s e rt as th e ir origi n al hom e ,

th e re c an be n o do u bt that lik e all t h e oth e r Se mit e s , ,

th e y w e re e migran t s from A rabia .

T hat the K habiri w e r e H e br e w s i n the n arrow e r

s e n se i e
,
I s rae lit e s i s highly improbabl e The e xo
. .
, , .

du s from E gypt can n ot hav e tak e n place s o e arly as

t h e K habiri i n va s io n an d t h e hi s tory of th e I s ra e lit
,

i s h con qu e s t do e s n ot corr e s po n d with th e op e ratio n s

of t h e K habiri as r e corde d i n the A marn a l e tt e r s On .

t h e oth e r han d it i s h ke l y that th e y w e r e H e bre w s i n

,

t he wid e r s e n s e i e that th e y b e lo n g e d to t h e group

,
. .
,

of trib e s which I s rae l r e gard e d as re lat e d to it s e lf

throu gh d e s c e n t from a commo n an c e s tor E b e r .

I n favor of thi s vi e w i s t he e tym ological e q u i va

l e n c e of Khabiri with Ibri H e bre w ”
I n th e
‘
, .

A mar n a lett e r s ( S7) i s co n s tan tly r e pr e s e n ted b y t h e

1
M u l l e r , A s i en und
E u r op a , p 2 34 . f .

9
W i n c k l e r , G es chi cht e I s r a e l s , i , p 1 36 . . .

3
A s i e n u n d E u r op a , pp 2 22 , 2 3 4 . .
114 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

Babylon ian lch K habiri th e r e for e i s A biri which

.
, ,
‘
,

co u ld e a s ily b e s y n copat e d i n to Ibri I s rae l Moab ‘

.
, ,

A mmo n an d E dom ar e n ot m e n tion e d i n th e mo n u

,

m e n t s b e for e t h e XI V th c e n t u ry It c an hardly .

be accide n tal that th e ir ri s e to promi n e n c e fall s i n

t h e age imm e diat e ly followi n g t h e app e aran c e of t h e
K habiri . Still a n oth e r r e as o n for ide n tifyi n g t h e
two p e opl e s i s t he fact that both b e lon ge d to the
A ram ae an rac e . I n t h e ca se of t h e K habiri thi s i s
prove d by th e ir as s oci ation with the Aram ae an Su ti
an d Akhl am i i n t h e ca s e of th e H e br e ws by a u n an i ,

mou s n ativ e traditio n A ll th e docum e n t s of th e .

P e n tat e u ch agre e that Laban t h e Aram ae an was th e , ,

k i n s m an of J acob i a of I s ra e l? G e n xxxi 47 e m
,
. .
,
. .

h a s i z e s t h e Ar am ae a n origi n of Laba n by p u tti n g i n to

p
hi s mouth t h e A ramaic word s j ega r sa hadu tha the -
,
”
h e ap of wit n e s s I n D e u t xx vi 5 t h e I s ra e lit e i s
. . .

hi dd e n wh e n h e bri n g s hi s o ffe ri n g of fir s t fr u it s to
, ,
”
s ay : A wan d e ri n g A ram aean was my fath e r In .

t h e g e n e alogical tabl e s of P A ram an d E b e r (the as

s um e d an c e s tor of t h e H e br e w s ) ar e both d e s c e n dan t s

of Sh e m I n t he g e n e alogi e s of J (G e n xxii 2 1 ) Ar am
. . .

i s a d e s c e n dan t of E b e r through N ahor .

T hrough th e i n vas io n of Syri a an d Pal e s ti n e b y th e

Hittit e s an d by t h e K habiri a s tat e of i n d e s cribabl e
co n fus ion was prod u c e d Th e n ative pri n c e s w e r e at a
.

lo s s wh e th e r to r e mai n faithfu l to E gypt to s ide with ,

t h e i n vad e r s or to op po se both
,
Som e d e cid e d on e .

way oth e rs an oth e r ; an d s oo n th e lan d was fill e d

,

with ho s til e factio n s C omm e rc e was i n t e rrupt e d

.
,

an d m e s s e n g e r s co u ld n o lo n g e r pa s s i n s af e ty b e
1
E, Gen . xxxi . 2 0; J , xxi x . 10 P, xx v . 20 .
116 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E
of K ash shi an d of the ki ng of M i tan n i , an d th e y ar e t ak in g
th e l an d i n p os se ss i on f or t h e m se lve s .
”
At t h e t m i e wh e n t h ou
d i ds t as c e n d t h e th ron e of t h e h ou se of t hy fath e rs ,

the s on s of Ab d Ashi r t a b e g an t o t a
-
k e p osse ss i on o f th e l an d
of the k in g Th e y ar e d og s of t h e
. k i n g of M i t an n i, of t h e
ki n g of K ash shi , t h e H tt t e s ;
an d of th e ki
Th e s on sn g of i i
of Ab d Ashi r ta ar e g v n g t h e
-
i i
an d t o t h e M gh t
y K n g (t h e l i i
ki i i
n g of t h e H t t t e s ) Ab d As h i r t a h as t a e n t h e c ty of -
k i
Shi gat a f or h i m s e l f an d h as sa id t o t h e p e op e of Am m i a, l
K ill you r g ove rn or , an d b e c om e as we ar e , t h en you ha e will v
p e ac e an d they h a ve d on e ac c o rdin g t o h i s words , an d h ave

b e c om e li k e th e K h ab iri .
”

Such w e r e t h e charg e s doubtl e s s w e ll foun d e d that , ,

R ib A ddi brought agai n s t Ab d As h i r t a an d hi s s o n s

- -
.

I n h i s l e tt e r s we c an trac e the gradual co n qu e s t of

t h e citi e s of t h e N orth Sy rian coa s t u n til o n l y T s u mura
an d Guhla ( Si m yr a an d G ab ul a) remain e d Bum a .

b u la th e s on of Ab d A s h i r t a h as e n t e red U l l az a -

by forc e Ar dat a Yi kh li a A mbi Shi gat a all t he

.
, , , ,

citi e s are hi s L e t the ki n g my lord s e n d h e lp to

.
, ,
”
Si m yr a that th e ki n g m ay tak e cou n s e l for hi s lan d
,
.

?
So writ e s Rib A ddi from G u b l a -
Se v e n oth e r lett e r s
are cou ch e d i n s imilar t e rm s an d b e g th e ki n g e arn e s tly
to s e n d h e lp befor e it i s too l ate .

T o the s am e p e riod wh e n Si m yr a was s till holdi n g ,

out but was i n dan g e r of fallin g at an y mom e n t he

, ,

l o n g s a l e tter from th e e ld e r s of th e city of Tun i p :

I f the (k i n g s )
l di e rs an d c h ari ot s c om e t oo lat e Az i r u
’
so ,

wil l t re at u s l i k e th e c ity of Ni I f we h ave t o m ourn t h e .

,

k i n g of E gypt will h ave t o m ou rn al s o ove r t h e t hi n gs t h at

Az i r u h as don e f or h e will s tre t c h ou t h i s h an d agai n s t ou r
,

l ord An d wh e n Az i r u e n t e rs Si m yr a Az i r u will do t o u s
.
,

1 Wi n c kl e r , A m a r n a L et t er s , N o 86 . .
 H ITTIT E AND A R A M ZE A N I
M GRA TI ON 117

wh at i s i n h i s h e art i n t h e t e rr i t ory of th e ki n g , ou r l ord ; an d

on ac c ou n t of t h e se th in g s ou r l or d will h ave t o m ou r n An d .

no w Tu n i p t h y , c i ty ,
we e ps an d h e r t e ars flow an d t h e r e i
, ,
s

no h e l p for h e r .
” 1

N o aid cam e to Si m yr a an d pre s e n tly t h e l e tt e r s

re cord that it h as falle n i n to the h a n d s of A b d
A s h i r ta .

Si m yr a, t h y s tron gh ol d, i s n ow i n t h e h an d s of th e K h a
b iri , an d wi l t t h ou de l ay ? Se n d s ol di e r s an d a c om m an de r ,

an d drive ou t t he enem ie s of th e ki ng from t h e m ds t i of th e

l an d ,
t h at l an ds m ay
al l b e b rou gh t ag a n i u n to th e ki ng .

ar t a g r e at l ord b u t l i s m e s s ag e ”
Th ou ,
do n ot n e g e c t th .

R ib -
A ddi was oon r e strict e d to t h e city of G u b l a
s ,

wher e h e co n ti n u e d to k e e p u p a brave fight agai n s t

th e A m orit e s an d th e ir al li e s an d to s e n d path e tic
l e tt e rs to t h e Pharaoh b e ggi n g for s uccour A typical .

l e tt e r of thi s period r e ad s as follow s

To m y l ord the su n — R i b A ddi , t h s e rvan t At t h e

y
-
, .

f e e t of t h e king , the su n , s e ve n t i m e s an d s e ve n t i m e s , I fall .

M ay B a
‘
al at of G u b l a g i ve p owe r t o m y l or d, t h e i n g I k . If
h ave wri t t e n k
i n t h i s way t o m y l ord, t h e i n g , n o at t e n t i on h as
b e e n p ai d t o m y words V e rily, t h re e t i m e s t h e s e ye ars h ave
.

p ass e d ove r m e , an d f or t wo ye ars m y grai n h as gr own (N ow, .

h owe ve r , i n t h e t h ird ye ar) t h e re i s n o grai n f or u s t o e at .

Who sh ou ld h ave so wn i t f or my j
su b e c t s ? Th e ir s on s an d

dau g h t e rs an d th e of the ir h ou se s ar e no r
m o e,
h avi n g b e e n g ive n t o Yar i m u t a f or ou r s u st e n an c e . F u r t h e r,
, k
l e t m y l ord t h e i n g , h e ar t h e words of h i s ai t h f fu l
rvan t se ,

an d s e n d grai n i n s h i p s an d p re s e rve t h e li fe of h i s s e rvan t ,

an d hi s c i ty An d m ay h e g ive 400 m e n
. an d 30 p airs of

h orse s
” 9
.

1
Wi n ckle r , A m a r n a L e tt er s , N o 41 . .
9
I bi d .
, No 69 . .
118 SY R I A A N D P A L E STI N E

In vi e w of th e s e fact s th e tard y E gyptian gove r n

m e n t co u ld n ot ign or e th e s it u ation lo n g e r an d s e n t ,

t h e m e s s e n g e r K ha n i to call A z i r u to acco u n t Az i r u .
,

who s e e m s to have brib e d s om e body to k e e p him i n

formed di s app e ar e d from the s c e n e b e fore th e s um
,

mon s could b e s e rved u pon him an d took up h i s ,

r e s id e n ce i n Tu n i p H e re h e remai n e d t ill h e had

.

’
n e w s of K h an i s d e p artu re T h e n h e r e turn e d an d
.
,

wrote a l e tt e r to th e Pharaoh e x pre ss i n g gre at r e gr e t

that an attack by th e Hittit e s had comp e ll e d him to
b e ab s e n t wh e n t h e royal m e s s e n g e r arriv e d ; an d
that i n s pit e of all ha s t e he had n ot r e turn e d i n tim e
, ,

to m e e t h im T o all charg e s mad e agai n s t him h e

.

had good an s w e r s H e had occupi e d t h e citi e s b e

.

cau s e it was n e c e s s ary to d e f e n d th e m agai n s t t h e

Hittit e s Si m yr a had b e e n de s troy e d to pr e ve n t i ts
.

falli n g i n to t h e h a n d s of th e ki n g s e n e mi e s but h e
’

wo u ld r e b u ild it s hortly Rib A ddi was a dan g e rou s

.
-

charact e r wh o was b e tray i n g th e i n t e r e s t s of Egypt ,

an d A z i r u b e gg e d that h e might b e r e m ov e d a n d a

r e s po n s ibl e m an appoi n t e d i n hi s plac e I n r e gard .

t o t h e s umm o n s to com e to E gypt n othi n g wo u ld ,

pl e a s e him b e tt e r than to look u p on the fac e of h i s

’
lord t he ki n g ; but th e dan g e r to th e ki n g s lan d s
,

from th e Hittit e s was too great for him to ri s k l e av

i n g home thi s year .

A m e n hot e p did n ot h e s itat e to t e ll Az i r u that h e

kn e w all th e s e word s w e r e li e s but h e took n o activ e
,

meas ure s to bri n g him to accoun t H e was a p e ac e

.

lovi n g mo n arch who lik e d b e tt e r to amu se him s e lf

,

with hi s wive s an d childre n an d hi s r e ligiou s r e ’

form s than to l e ad e x p e dition s for th e p ac i fic ati on

1 20 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

s al e m who play e d much th e s a m e part i n th e So u th

,

that Rib A ddi play e d i n th e N orth

-
N i n e l e tt e rs
.

from him w e r e foun d i n th e archive s of T e ll e l -

A m ar n a i n which h e b e g s t h e P haraoh t o s e n d aid

,

qu ickly or E gyptian r u l e will b e at an e n d Th e

, .

u rg e n cy of t h e s ituatio n a n d t h e s i n c e rity of Ab d

khi b a s app e al ar e s triki n gl y e vi n c e d by t h e po s t

’

s cript that h e add s to on e of h i s l e tt e r s : To t h e

s crib e of my lord t h e ki n g Ab d khi b a thy s e rva n t
, ,
-

r e ad th e s e word s plai n ly b e for e my lord t h e ki n g ,

”
all th e lan d s of my lord th e ki n g ar e p e ri s hi n g
, ,
.

T he actio n of t h e E gyptian gov e rn m e n t i n th e ca se

of L ap aya was prompt e r an d mor e e ffe ctiv e th an i n
t h e ca s e of A zir a H e was e xp e ll e d from h i s t e rri
.

tory an d was oblig e d to live t h e l i f e of a fre e bo ot e r

,
.

Sub s e q u e n tly h e was captur e d by h i s e n e mi e s an d

,

s e n t to E gypt to a n s w e r for h i s r e b e llio n but on th e ,

way h e e s cap e d an d r e s u m e d hi s form e r car e e r N ot .

lo n g aft e r he di e d or was murd e r e d ; b u t hi s d e ath

,

did n othi n g to ch e ck t h e progr e s s of th e re b e llio n or

t h e victorio u s advan c e of t h e K habiri Ab d khi b a s
’
-
.

’
app e alin g l e tt e rs s oon c e as e d as Rib A ddi s had
,
-

do n e . E ith e r h e was d e s troy e d by hi s e n e mi e s or ,

co n cl u d e d that n o h e lp co u ld com e from E gypt an d ,

that it was wi s e r to follo w the e x ample of h i s n e igh

bo u rs an d go ov e r to th e K habiri .

It i s cl e ar that u n d e r A m e n hot e p IV E gyptian .

r u l e i n Syri a an d Pal e s ti n e was ha s t e n i n g to i t s fall .

Th e o n ly thi n g that co u ld hav e s av e d it was th e de

s pat c hi n
g of a gr e at arm y i n to th e s e r e gio n s I n .

s t e ad oi thi s A m e n hot e p s e n t o n ly lit tl e comp a n i e s

of s oldi e r s to th e aid of partic u lar fri e n d s tru s ti n g to ,

 H ITTIT E AND A R A M ZE A N M I G R A TI O N 1 21

t he moral impre s s io n that th e s e r e i n forc e m e n t s would

m ak e . With t h e Ca n aa n it e s wh o had f e lt t h e powe r
,

of Egyptia n v e n g e an c e thi s m e thod wa s e fficacious ;

,

b u t it was u s e l e s s with t h e Hittit e s or t h e K habiri ,

who had n e ith e r r e s p e ct n or fe ar for E g yp t T h e y .

m a s s acr e d t h e garri s on s witho u t compu n ctio n an d ,

took po s s e s s ion of t he ki n g s citi e s When va ss al s

’
.
‘

w e n t ov e r to th e m i n s t e ad of chas ti s i n g th e m him
,

s e lf ,
A m e n hot e p i n tr u s t e d th e ir p u n i s hm e n t to lo y al
n e ighbour s Thu s Syria was pl u n g e d i n to civil s trif e
.
,

an d blood fe u d s w e r e e n g e n d e r e d that mad e t he paci

-

fic at i on of t h e lan d an impo s s ibility . Th e E gyptian

ofl i c i al s r e alizi n g that r e vol u tio n was imp e n di n g at
,

hom e an d that t h e provi n c e s wo ul d s oo n b e lo s t

, ,

mad e t h e b e s t of th e ir po s itio n to pl u n d e r the n a ~

t i ve s an d to mi s r e pr e s e n t at court e v e ryo n e wh o
wou ld n ot wi n th e ir favo u r thro ugh bribe s Th e s itu .

atio n was hop e l e s s U n d e r e x i s ti n g co n ditio n s it

.

was impo s s ibl e for E gypt to r e tai n h e r s upr e mac y .

A n e w m o n arch mu s t com e to t h e thro n e an d t h e ,

political co n dition s b e improved at hom e b e fore ,

e v e n an att e mpt co u ld b e mad e to r e gai n t h e lo s t

t e rritory .
 C HAPT E R VIII
TH E R SE OF I T H E AR A M E A N N ATI ON S
1 3 76 —1 1 60 B C
. .

AB OU T 1 376 B C . . A m e n hot e p
IV di e d As h e l e ft . .

n o s o n s h e wa s s ucc e e d e d by Sak e r e th e h u s ba n d
, ,

of h i s da u ght e r M e r tat e n whom d u ri n g hi s life tim e ,

h e had a ss ociat e d with him i n th e gov e rn m e n t Th e .

chan g e of rul e rs was th e S ign al for th e ou tbre ak of

ho s tility agai n s t t h e n e wly e s tabli s h e d A t e n wor s hip -
.

Sak e r e who rem ai n e d l oyal t o t h e t e achi n g of hi s

,

fath e r i n law was forc e d from t h e thro n e by th e

- -
,

Th e ban pri e s thood an d T u ta n khate n t he hus ban d of

, ,

A n kh s e n at e n a s e con d dau ght e r of A m e n hot e p IV

,
.
,

was mad e ki n g H e con ciliat e d th e orthodo x party by

.

abj u ri n g At e n an d by chan gi n g hi s own n am e to Tu t

,

an kh a m e n an d hi s wif e s n am e to An kh s e n am e n He
’
.
,

aban don e d T e ll e l A marn a an d allow e d i t s palac e s an d

- -
,

t e mpl e s to fall i n to ru i n E x t e r n ally h e was a z e alou s

.

wor s hipp e r of A m e n who s e t e mpl e s he re open e d an d

, ,

who s e c ult h e s u pport e d A y hi s s ucc e s s or had .

, ,

b e e n a high ofli c i al at th e court of A m e n hot e p IV .

but on becomi n g ki n g h e al s o profe ss e d him s e lf a ,

wors hipper of A m e n an d did hi s b e s t to u n do t h e

work of r e formatio n .

N o n e of th e s e ki n g s r e ign e d lon g an d n on e was ,

1 22
1 24. S YR IA A ND PA LE S TI N E

Sarah , the y gave ri s e to thre e grou p s of p e opl e s :

I s hm ael dw e lli n g to t he e as t ; Midian i n the c e n tr e
, , ,

an d I s aac to t h e w e s t The I s aac grou p was r e i n

.

forc e d b y n e w A ram ae an immigran t s as we kn ow ,

fro m t he s tory of the marriag e of I s aac with R e

b e kah th e s i s t e r of Laba n t h e Ar am aean
, , I s aac .

was Subdivid e d i n i t s tu r n i n to E dom an d I s ra e l of ,

which t h e form e r occupied th e r e gion s outh of the

.

D e ad Se a an d th e latt e r t he regio n b e twe e n the

,

Is thmu s of Sue z an d t h e s outh of Can aan T hi s .

was t h e lan d of Go s h e n i n which accordi n g to J

, , ,

our old e s t P e n tat e uch al s ourc e t he for e fath e r s of ,

I s rae l w e r e p e rmitt e d to dw e ll by th e ki n g of E gypt .

I n cour s e of tim e c e rtai n I s ra e liti s h clan s prob ably ,

the R ach e l trib e s E phraim an d Man as s e h p e n etrat e d

, ,

b e yon d th e I s thmu s ; it i s n ot lik e ly how e ve r that , ,

t h e p e opl e as a whol e migrat e d to E gypt Th e P e n .

t ate u c h al n arrative pre s u ppo s e s that K ad e s h wa s

already i n i ts han d s at the time of the e x odu s an d ,

t h e fe wn e s s of t he s oj o u r n e r s i n E gypt i s s how n by
t h e fact that two midwive s s uffic e d for th e ir n e e d s ?
Th e Pharaoh Ay di e d without l e avi n g an h e ir an d ,

t h e thro n e wa s s e iz e d by Hore mh e b comm an d e r of ,

the arm y (c . H e aboli s h e d th e cult of A t e n ,

an d s ought to r e form t h e admi n i s tratio n of E gypt .

F or th e provi n ce s h e was abl e to do n othi n g as hom e ,

aff air s w e r e too pre s s i n g W ith Sapal ulu ki n g of

.
,

the Hittite s h e was con t e n t to make a tr e aty d e t e r

,

mi n i n g th e boun dary betw e e n t h e two e mpire s Of .

her form e r po s s e s s io n s i n A s i a o n ly Pal e s ti n e n ow

r e mai n ed to E gypt an d e ve n h e re her t e n ure was
,

1
Ex i. . 15 .
 R I SE OF TH E A R A M ZE A N N A TI ON S 1 25

h ardly mor e than n omi n al As i n the time of A m e n .

h o te p IV s om e of t h e pri n c e s s aw fit to pay tribut e

.
, ,

whil e oth e r s op e n ly r e f u s e d to do s o Th e s ame .

i n t e rn al s trife an d con flict with t h e m arau di n g B e d

awi n that ar e d e pict e d i n th e A marn a l e tt e rs doubt
l e s s con ti n u e d N e v e rth e l e s s u n d e r Horemh e b
.
,

E gypt r e cove r e d i n s ome m e as u re from h e r w e ak n e s s ,

an d b e ga n to s ummo n up h e r e n e rgy for an att e mpt

to r e con q u e r Syr ia an d Pal e s ti ne .

R am e s s u I t h e fo u n d e r of t h e XI Xt h dy n as t y
.
,

r e ig n e d too s hort a time to e ffe ct a cha n ge

( c .

i n th e political Situ atio n but h i s s on an d s u cc e s s or ,

Se ty I u n d e rtook t he ta s k of r e s tori n g the e mpir e of

.
,

th e XVI I I th dy n a s t y T he co n dition of P al e s ti n e at
.

t h e tim e of h i s acc e s s ion i s thu s d e s crib e d i n on e of

hi s in s criptio n s Th e vil e Shas u (B e dawi n ) had
plott e d r e b e llion Th e chi e ftai n s of th e ir trib e s had
.

e s tabli s h e d th e m s elv e s withi n th e r e gio n of K haru

(P al e s ti n e ) Th e y w e re s mitt e n with bli n d n e s s an d

.

with th e d e s ir e for viol e n ce Th e y Sl e w on e a n oth e r . .

I n thi s d e s criptio n it i s imp o s s ibl e n ot to r e cogn ize

a con ti n u atio n of t he s tat e of a ffair s d e picted i n the
A m arn a l e tt e r s aft e r Pal e s ti n e had b e e n i n vaded
,

by t h e K habiri Su ti an d other A ram ae an tribe s

, ,
.

D uri n g the i n t e rval that h ad e lap s e d si n ce the

d e ath of A m e n hot e p IV t h e di s ord e r had grown c on .

t i n u al l y gr e at e r an d n ow Se ty d e t e rmi n e d to u n d e r
,

tak e a gr e at campaig n an d to e x p e l the B e dawi n

from th e r e gion s that they had s e ized ? Falli n g
1
Se e L u sh i n gt on , Th e V i c t or i e s of Se t i I .
,
Tr a n s . S oc B i bl
. .

A r ch e ol og y , vi , .
p . 5 09 ; an d G u i e y ss e , R ecu ei l de Tr a/va u x, x i. ,

p 52
. .
1 26 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

s udde n l y upon South e rn Pale s ti n e b e defeat e d ,

th e m an d captu re d th e ir s tro n ghold s Multitud e s .

w e re Slai n or w e re tak e n captive an d th e s u r ,

vi vor s w e re comp e ll e d to r e tire i n to th e d e s e rt .

Orde r was o n c e mor e r e s tore d an d th e dan g e r of ,

an Aram a e an occ u patio n of th e cou n tr y was t e m p or ar

i ly av e rt e d .E gyptian r u l e was r e e s tabli s h e d a s u n -

,

de r th e ki n g s of th e XV I I I t h dy n a s ty an d trib u te ,

on ce mor e began t o flo w i n to the E gyptian coffe rs .

I n an i n s cri p tion of Se ty we m e e t for th e fir s t tim e

A— sa r u ( As h e r) ? a Can aan it e or A morite tribe that
’
-

s u b s e qu e n tly was adopt e d i n to t h e H e br e w con f e d

e r ac y an d was cla s s ifi e d as a s on of J acob by hi s c on

c u bi n e Zilpah It s tood th u s on a low e r leve l than

.

the p ur e H e br e w tribe s that w e re regard e d as s o n s of

th e wi ve s .

Havi n g effe ct e d the r e con que s t of Pale s t i n e Se ty ,

atte m pt e d to bre ak up t he A morit e con f e de racy th at

had b e e n form e d by A z i r u an d hi s s ucc e s s or s i n th e
vall e y of th e Oron t e s H e s ucceede d i n capturi n g
.

Ye n oam an d Qade s h an d he s ubdue d th e r e gion of

,

Leban on comp e l li n g th e i n habita n t s t o fell timb e r

,

for h i m to tran s port to E gypt T hi s bro u ght him .

i n to co n fl i ct w i th th e Hittit e s who at thi s time wer e

,

probably un d e r the rul e of M au r ase r a th e s u cce s s or ,

of Sap al ul u Se ty re cord s a victory over th e m ; but

.

i f i t r eally o ccurr e d i t was fruitl e s s Si n c e h e was glad

, ,

pre s e n tly to make a tre aty recog n izi n g the old boun
dar i e s betwe e n th e two empir e s .

R am e s s u II the s on an d s ucc e ss or of Se ty I (c
.
, . .

i n vade d Pal e s ti n e i n t h e s e con d y e ar of hi s

und
1
M il ll e r , A si en E u r op a , pp 2 36 ff . .
1 28 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

P i dasa, G ar gi s ha Th e
alli e s e n tr e n ch e d th e m s e lve s
.

n e ar Qade s h t h e famo u s s tro n ghold of t h e A morit e s

, ,

wh e re s o man y pr e viou s battl e s had b e e n fought for

t h e mas t e ry of Syria an d thith e r R am e s s u advan c e d ,

with hi s forc e s Ou r two s o u rc e s of i n formation i n

.

r e gard to thi s camp aign ar e th e s tan dard i n s criptio n ,

which R am e s su had e n grave d on a n u m b e r of h i s

b u i ldi n g s an d a po e m c e l e brati n g h i s e x ploit s i n t he
,

battl e of Qade sh which h as com e down to u s i n a

,

copy m ad e by th e ro y al s crib e P e n tau r th e s o call e d ,

-

Sa lli er P ap yr u s I I I ? Both of th e s e ar e cou ch e d i n

high flown lan guag e an d ar e full of ab sur d e x agge r a
-

tion s till th e y allow u s to trac e with reas on abl e e x

,

a c t n e s s t h e mai n e v e n t s of th e war .

W ith fou r divi s ion s of the army R am e ss u trav e r s e d

Pal e s ti n e an d cam e witho u t oppo si tion as far a s th e
lak e of t he lan d of the Amorite s i e p e rhap s the ,
. .
, ,

Wat e rs of M e rom H e re h e l e ft on e divi s io n i n

.

camp an d pu s h e d forward with t h e r e s t as far a s

,

Shab at u n a a town a littl e to t h e s outh of Qade sh

,
.

N 0 Sig n s of t he e n e my w e r e di s cove r e d as ye t an d ,

th e r e fore h e d e te rmi n e d to e n camp two more divi s ion s

an d to r e co n n oitr e with t h e fo u rth A s h e was advan c .

i n g c e rtai n B e dawi n f e ll i n with him who r e port e d that

, ,

th e y we re d e s ert e r s from th e ki n g of t he Hittit e s an d ,

that he was stat i o n e d at K hal b u (Al e ppo) m or e than a ,

h u n dre d m il e s to t h e n orth R am e s su b e li e v e d th e m .
,

an d p a s s i n g Qade s h adva n c e d witho u t f e ar

, ,
Pr e s .

e n tly how e v e r two s pi e s w e r e captur e d who on b e

, , , ,

i n g b e ate n with rod s con f e s s e d that th e ki n g of th e

,

1
Se e G u i e y s s e , R ec u e i l d e Tr a ua ux , vi ii .
, p . 1 2 0 ; L u sh i n gt on ,
R ecor ds f
o th e P a s t , i i p 67. .
 R SEI OF TH E A R A M ZE A N N A TI ON S 1 29

Hittit e s wa s lyi n g i n amb u s h i n t h e imm e diat e

n e ighbou rhood R am e s s u had bare ly tim e to form
.

hi s divi s io n i n to battl e array an d to d e s patch co u ri

-
,

e r s to ha s t e n tho s e i n t h e r e ar b e for e K h at e s e r a was

,

u po n him with all h i s forc e s Th e dan g e r was gr e at

.
,

for at t h e firs t f u rio u s o n s e t t h e E gyptian s gave way ,

an d R am e s s u was l e ft al m o s t alo n e i n th e mid s t of

t he e n e my A ccordi n g to h i s own acco u n t h e fo u ght

.

s i n gl e —
han d e d agai n s t chariot s b e ari n g e ach ,

thre e warriors an d at las t t u rn e d the tid e of battle ,

an d forc e d t h e e n e my back i n to t h e riv e r R e in forc e .

m e n t s cam e u p an d th e thre at e n e d d e f e at was t u rn e d

,

i n to a victory Man y of the Hittit e l e ad e rs p e ri s h e d

.
,

“ ”
am on g th e m K h e r a as e r a t h e writ e r of l e tt e r s i a
p
'
. .
, , ,

t he o fficial s crib e of t h e Hittit e ki n g Th e fugitiv e s .

took r e f u g e i n Qade sh an d th e followi n g day amba s

,

s ador s cam e ou t to s u e for p e ac e R am e s s u m u s t .

have lo s t h e avily an d hav e fe ar e d to u n d e rtake a

protract e d s i e g e of the city for he ha s tily co n clud e d,

a tr e aty an d r e tir e d to E gypt without att e mpti n g to

,

co n ti n u e th e campaig n N othi n g p e rma n e n t had

.

b e e n accompli sh e d but thi s di d n ot pr e v e n t him fr om

,

c e l e brati n g h i s won d e rf u l victory i n i n s cription s s o

gran diloqu e n t that th e y d e c e ive d lat e r g e n e ration s ,

an d mad e th e m b e li e v e that Se s o s tri s ( R am e s s u II ) .

was t h e gr e at e s t con q u e ror of E gyptian hi s tory .

The followi n g y e ar s w e r e mark e d by co n ti n ual

co n flict with t h e Hittit e s I n th e e ighth y e ar th e y
.

s ucc e e d e d i n i n citi n g t h e tow n s of Galil e e to r e volt ,

an d R am e s s u was oblig e d to r e d u c e Marama ( M e rom ) ,

Biti A n i ti (B e th An ath ) K ar apu t Shal am a an d oth e r

- -
, , ,

citi e s of P al e s ti n e b e for e h e could r e ach hi s old

1 30 S YR IA AND PALE S TI N E

ene my D apur i n th e lan d of th e A morit e s o ff e re d a

.

s p e cially s t u bborn r e s i s tan c e an d was captur e d o n ly ,

aft e r a l e n gt hy s i e g e I n s pit e of thi s s ucc e s s th e re

.
,

was a r e volt th e followi n g y e ar i n th e So u th with

A s hk e lon as i t s c e n tr e T hi s outbre ak was que ll e d
.
,

how e v e r an d at s om e tim e d u ri n g thi s p e riod h e su c

,

c e e de d i n carryi n g h i s arm s agai n s t t h e Hittit e s as

far as Tu n e p i n N orth e rn Syria a plac e which we ,

hav e alr e ady m e t fr e qu e n tly in t he e arli e r hi s tory .

On th e s tr e n gth of thi s achi e vem e n t h e a s crib e d to

him s e lf all th e glory of Tah u ti m e s III an d e n u m e r .
,

at e d i n h i s li s t s of con qu e re d plac e s C arch e mi s h ,

Mitan n i Shi n ar As s yr ia an d Man n i (e as t of Lak e

, , ,

Van ) . It i s doubtful how e v e r wh e th e r h e ev e n

, ,

rec e i v e d pre s e n t s from th e s e r e gion s Far from s ub .

dui n g th e m h e did n ot e v e n e ff e ct t h e con qu e s t of

,

Syria for aft e r thi s e x p e ditio n it r e mai n e d i n t h e

,

con trol of th e Hittit e s jus t as it h ad b e e n b e for e .

I n h i s tw e n ty fir s t y e ar both t h e Hittit e s an d the

-

E gyptian s gr e w w e ary of t h e protract e d s truggl e an d

r e s olve d to mak e p e ac e with on e an oth e r A ft e r the .

pr e l i mi n ary n e gotiation s had b e e n co n clud e d Tare ,

Ti s hu b u t h e Hittit e amba s s ador app e ar e d at t he

, ,

E gyptian capital wi th a s ilv e r tabl e t on which was

e n grav e d th e tr e aty to which K hate s e r a agr e e d .

P r e s umabl y a s imilar tablet was forward e d by t h e

Pharaoh A fre e E gyptian tran s lation of t hi s i m
.

portan t docum e n t h as fort u n at e ly com e down to u s

on on e of t h e wall s of t h e t e mpl e of K ar n ak? It b e
1
G oodwi n , R e cor ds f
o th e P a st , i v .
p 2 7 ; B r u g sc h , G eschi cht e
, .

A egyp t en s , p 5 1 8 . i e de m an n , W A eg yp t i sch e G e s chi ch t e , p 438 ; .

K r al l i n Sc al a, D i e S t a a ts uer t r a g e d es A l t er th u m s, i .
, p 6
. .
1 32 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI NE

tion s that th e ki n g of the Hittit e s made a vi s it to

E gypt wh e r e he wa s r e c e iv e d with gr e at re joici n g
, .

D uri n g the r e mai n d e r of R am e ss u s lon g r e ign ’

Syria an d Pale s ti n e liv e d i n p e ac e an d had a ch a n c e

to r e cup e rat e from t he e ffe ct s of a c e n tury of warfar e .

Th e ki n g him s e lf h ad l e i s ur e to e n gage i n e x t e n s ive

b u ildi n g op e ratio n s H e e n larg e d t he t e mpl e of
.

Luqs or an d compl e ted th e hypo s tyl e h all of th e te m

l e of K ar n ak E a s t of T h e b e s b e e r e cted the edific e
p .

kn ow n as th e R am e s s e u m an d i n N u bia he hewed a,

n umb e r of t e mple s out of the s olid rock .

An oth e r importan t u n dertaki n g was the er e ction of

S tor e citie s n ear t h e e a s t e r n fro n ti e r i n which pro
-
,

vi s ion s might be gath e r e d for t h e troop s that w e r e to

b e d e s patch e d to Pal e s ti n e On e of th e s e citi e s at
.

T e ll e l M askh uta was e x cavate d by Navill e i n 1 883

- -
,

an d i n it w e re foun d th e n ame s both of R am e s s u II .

an d of t h e plac e Pi T um T hi s i s e vid e n tly th e

-
.

Pithom of E x i 1 1 which the childre n of I s ra e l

. .
,

b u ilt for Pharaoh ; an d tog e th e r with R aam s e s the ,

other s tor e city m e n tio n e d i n th e s am e pas s ag e it

-
,

prove s that th e Pharaoh of the Oppr e s s io n was R a

m e s s u II For h i s b u ildi n g Op e ration s thi s ki n g
.

n e e d e d large levi e s of workm e n an d it was n at u ral ,

that h e Sh oul d s e e k to p re s s i n to s e rvic e the n om adic

cl a n s of I s ra e l that had s tray e d withi n hi s bord e r .

That I s ra e l i s n ot m e n tion ed i n an y of hi s i n s c r i p
tion s i s n ot s urpri s i n g s i n ce it form e d o n ly an i n s i g
,
'
n ifican t part of t h e c or vee .

R am e s s u was s ucceed e d by hi s s on M e r e n p tah

who co n ti n u e d t h e policy of frie n d s hip
(c.

with t he Hittite s i n augurated by hi s father He .

 R SEI OF TH E A R A M ZE A N N A TI ON S 1 33

e ve n w e n t s o far i n a tim e of fami n e as to s e n d grai n

to Syria for th e r e li e f of h i s alli e s .

I n t he fifth y e ar of h i s r e ig n t h e Libyan s of th e
N orth African coa s t an d th e p e opl e s of th e coa s t s
“

of th e s e a combi n e d to i n vade E gypt A mo n g t he .

Se a p e opl e s ar e m e n tio n e d t h e A q aywas h a (A ch ae a n s )

-
,

Luka (Lycian s ) T u rsha (Tyr e n i T u s can s Shakal s h a

, ,

(i n habita n t s of S aga l ass os i n A s ia Mi n or ? an d S har

dan a (Sardi n ia n s A gr e at migration of t he race s of
Italy Gr e e c e an d A s ia Mi n or was i n progre ss i n
, , ,

du c e d probably by t h e g e n eral s outhward m ov e m e n t

of E uropean trib e s that brought th e D orian s i n to
Gre e c e ?
To t h e r e ign of M e r e n ptah a n umber of hi storian s
a s s ign the e x odu s of the childre n of I s rael Thi s .

th e ory i s v e ry u n certai n s i n c e there i s n othi n g

,

i n t h e Old T e s tam e n t which i n dicat e s that th e Pha

raoh of the e x odu s was the imm e diate s ucc e s s or of
the P haraoh of t h e O ppre s s ion Th e per s o n al n am e s .

of the se P h araoh s hav e n ot b e e n pre s e rved an d n u ,

fortu n at e ly th e r e ar e n o chro n ological data by m e a n s

of which we c an d e termi n e with certai n ty the time of
th e ir r e ig n s .

T he tradition which u n d e rli e s 1 Chron vi 4—9 ; . .

G e n xxx vi 31 —39 ; 1 K i n g s vi 1 as s um e s twe lv e g e n

. . .

e r ati on s i n the li n e of primog e n itur e from Mo s e s to

Solomo n If followi n g th e an alogy of the ki n g s of

.
,

Judah an d of the fir s t thr e e dyn as ti e s of B abylon ,

we allow tw e n ty ye ars for a gen e ratio n we r e ach ,

1 2 00 B C as th e appro x imate date of the e x odu s

. . .

1
B ir ch, R e cor ds f
o the P a st , i v
.
, p . 39 ; B r u gsc h , G eschi cht e
A eg yp t en s , p 5 6 7. .
1 34 Y I
S R A AND P A LE S TI N E

T hi s f u lfil s the
co n ditio n of falli n g aft e r th e r e ign of
R am e s s u II (1 324 . b u t it al s o fall s aft e r th e
r e ig n of M e r e n p t ah (1 25 8
I n th e y e ar 1 896 P etri e di s cov e red at Th e b e s an
i n s cription i n wh ich occ u r s th e on ly r e fe r e n c e to
I s ra e l fo u n d as ye t i n th e E gyptian mon u m e n t s Th e .

latt e r portio n of thi s record read s as follow s :

No on e am on g th e N in e B ows (i . e. , th e fore i gn n at on si )
rai se s h i s h e ad . Te k h on u (t h e L ib yan s) ar e d e s t roye d K h at e
(th e H i tt i te s ) ar e at p e ac e Pa -
k ‘
an an a (Can aan ) i s c ap t ve i in
e ve ry e vil As h kel
rri e d i n t o c ap t ivi ty ; G e z e r i s
on is ca

t ak e n ; Ye n oam i s an n ih il at e d ; I srae l i s de s troye d i t s c rop s ,

ar e n o m ore ; K h ar u ( Sou t h e rn P al e s t i n e ) h as b e c om e l ik e
t h e wi dows of E gyp t All t h e l an ds ar e i n p e ac e t og e th e r
'

. .

E ve ry rob b e r h as b e e n c on q u e re d b y K in g M e r e n p t ah wh o ,

li k e t h e s u n give s li fe e ac h day
, .
” 1

I n tere s ti n g as thi s i n s cri p tion i s it throw s n o l ight ,

upon th e dat e of the e x odu s Si n c e I s rael i s cla s s i .

fie d amo n g the N i n e Bow s or for e ig n barbarian s an d , ,

i s m e n tio n e d i n co n n e ction with plac e s i n South e rn

Pal e s ti n e it i s cl e ar that M e r e n p tah did n ot fin d it i n
,

E gypt . Som e hav e i n f e rr e d from thi s fact that the

e x od u s had alr e ady take n place ; an d oth e r s that ,

I s ra e l was alre ady i n po s s e ss io n of the lan d of C an aan .

N e ither of th e s e con clus ion s i s warran t e d T hi s I s ra e l .

was probably th e portion of th e rac e which did n ot go

down i n to E gypt an d i t s abod e was n ot C an aan but
, ,

t h e r e gion b e twee n E gy p t an d C an aan wh e r e accord , ,

i n g to Ol d T e s tame n t traditio n t h e for e fath e r s dw e lt ,

.

E gyptian r u l e i n Pal e s ti n e did n ot c e a s e u n til after

t h e eighth y ear of R am e s s u III ( e 1 2 00) it i s di fli . .

1
Se e t h e l i t e r at u r e gi ve n on p . xxx iii .
1 36 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

as the c on temporary I s ra e l Both p e opl e s w e r e .

n omadic an d both w e r e r e ady to m ov e on Short n otic e

,

i n to an y region that o ff e r e d b e tt e r pa s t u r e I n su ch .

s ettl e r s we s e e a part of t he mi x e d m u ltit u d e

which accordi n g to H e bre w tradition ? accompan i e d
,

t h e I s rae lit e s i n th e ir e x odu s .

Th e d e ath of M e r e n pt ah was follow e d by a p e riod

of a n archy Se ty II Am e n m e s s u Si p tah an d A ri su
. .
, , , ,

who follow e d on e an other i n clo s e s u cc e s s io n ca n n ot ,

hav e r e ig n e d mor e than tw e n ty y e ars altoge th e r T he .

s tat e of E gypt d u ri n g thi s period i s d e s crib e d i n the

H ar r i s P ap yr u s which dat e s from th e r e ign of R a

,

m e ss u III ?
Th e l an d of E gyp t h ad fall e n i n t o f i
c on u s on ryon e ; e ve

di d wh at h e p l e ase d F or m an y .
ye ars t h e y h ad n o ru l e r wh o
h ad au th ori ty ove r t h e m Th e l an d was i n t h e h an ds of t h e
.

n ob l e s an d t h e p ri nc e s of t h e p rovi n c e s we re l or ds of t h e
,

l an d i n p ri de an d arrogan c e t h e y s l e w e ac h t h e oth e r Th e .

p e op l e l i ve d i n e x il e t h e l an d b e l on g e d t o ali e n s
, Ar i s u a .
,

n ative of K h aru ( P al e s t i n e ) m ade h i m s e l f p r i n c e ; t h e l an d

,

p ai d h i m t rib u t e E ve ryon e al lie d h i m s e l f wi th h i s n e ig h b ou r

.

t o p l u n de r Th e g o ds fare d n o b e tt e r t h an m e n ; n o off e ri n gs
.

we r e b rou gh t in t o th e ir t e m p l e s .

A r i s u was vide n tly n ot a foreig n co n qu e ror s uch

e ,

as t h e Hyk s o s had b e e n ; but was a royal o fficial of

Syria n origi n who s ucc e e d e d i n u s urpi n g th e thron e .

It was n at u ral th at h e s hould car e n othi n g for t he -

right s of the E gyptian s an d that h e s ho ul d r e n e w th e ,

att e mpt mad e by A m e n hot e p III to bre ak t he e v e r .

i n creas i n g p ow e r of t h e T heban p ri e s thood .

1
Ex . xi i . 38 .

9
E i s e n l oh r B i r c h , R ecor d s
-
f
o t h e P a s t , vii i , p . 46 ; E r m an ,
E gyp t , p 49 . .
 R SE I OF TH E A R A M ZE A N N A TI ON S 1 37

I n th i s p e riod of political an d r e ligio u s co n fu s io n

we fin d th e mo s t probabl e tim e for t h e e x od u s of t h e
I s raelit e s Th e s u cc e s s or s of M e r e n ptah w e r e too
.

f e e bl e to oppo s e s u cc e s s f u lly t h e r e volt of an y s u bj e ct

p e opl e Traditio n s pr e s erv e d by Gre e k hi s toria n s
.

s e e m to s how that i n s urr e ctio n s of for e ig n Slav e s w e r e

fre qu e n t d u ri n g t h e ir r e ign s .

Th e lead e r i n t h e e s cap e was Mo s e s Th e corr e ct .

n e s s of t h e traditio n which plac e s h i s birth i n E gypt

i s S how n by h i s n am e Mo sh e (Mo s e s ) i s t h e E gyp

.

tian word m es u ch ild which occ u r s as an e l e m e n t i n

, ,

th e n am e s of s ev e ral Pharaoh s .

Th e acco u n t of h i s flight an d of h i s lon g r e s id e n c e

i n t h e n e ighbourhood of Si n ai i s u n qu e s tion ably hi s
t or i c al . O n l y thu s c an we un d e r s tan d why thi s
moun tai n was t he goal of th e I s raelit e s at t he tim e of
th e ir e s cap e Such a mov e m e n t as the e x odu s would
.

hav e b e e n impo s s ibl e if s om e u n d e r s tan di n g had n ot

,

b e e n r e ach e d previou s ly with the tribe s dw e lli n g i n

t h e d e s e rt .

Si n c e t h e S i x th c e n tur y of t h e Chri s tian e r a Si n ai

has b e e n ide n tifi e d with J e b e l M u s a i n t h e s outh e r n
poi n t of th e s o call e d Si n aitic P e n i n s ula b u t n o trac e
-
,

of thi s tradition c an b e fo u n d i n e arli e r tim e s Al l .

th e Old T e s tame n t i n dicatio n s p oi n t to a locatio n

much n eare r both to E gyp t an d to Ca n aan E x v 3 . . .

s ugg e s t s that it was o n ly three day s j ourn e y from

E gypt ; an d s uch pa s s ag e s as Jud v 4 f 1 K i n g s . . .

,

xi x 8 D e ut xxx iii 2
.
, . Hab iii 3 i n dicat e that it i s
.
,
. .

to b e s ought on the s outh e rn borde r of C a n aan i n the

regio n lat e r occ u pi e d by E dom ?
P robably it wa s i n
1
Sayc e , E a r l y H i s t or y f
o th e H e br ews , p . 1 88 .
1 38 Y I
S R A A N D P A LE S TI N E

th e vici n ity of K ad e s h Barn e a t h e c e n tr e of the L e ah ,

trib e s R e ub e n Sim e o n L e vi an d J u dah b e for e th e

, , , , ,

e x od u s an d th e c e n tr e of t h e H e br e w co n f e d e racy
,

afte r t h e migratio n of the Rach e l tribe s K ad e s h i s .

1 2
with Rowlan ds an d Trumbull to b e ide n tifi e d with
‘
A i n Qadi s a C opio u s Spri n g s ituat e d about fifty
, ,

mil e s du e s outh of B e e r sh e ba i n th e Wady Qadi s a , ,

bran ch of th e Wady e sh Sh e r aif Th e oas i s which -

.

s u rro u n d s thi s s pri n g i s t h e o n ly s pot b e tw e e n E gypt

an d Pal e s ti n e that i s abl e to s u s tai n a co n s iderabl e

population an d s trat e gically it i s the n atural s tar t

,

i n g poi n t for an attack on Can aan

-
.

I n early day s Si n ai as i ts n am e i n dicat e s was a , ,

s e at of t h e c u lt of t h e Babylo n ian god Si n but i n th e ,

tim e of Mo s e s it was t h e s an ctuar y of Yahw e h 3

In .

r e gard to t h e r e latio n of the pre Mos aic I s rae l to -

Yahw e h our s ourc e s di s agre e T wo of t h e P e n ta .

t e u c h al docum e n t s a s s e rt that he was n ot k n own to

t h e fore fath e r s ? an d i n co n s i s t e n cy with thi s th e or y
avoid t h e u s e of h i s n am e i n the Patriarchal hi s tory .

A third doc u m e n t r e pr e s e n t s t he n a m e Yahw e h a s i n

5
u s e f r o m t h e b e gi n n i n g Thi s di s cr e pan cy c an prob .

ably b e e x plai n e d by th e as s umptio n that the Rach e l

trib e s did n ot come i n to con tact wi th t he re ligion of
Yahw e h b e for e t h e e x od u s whil e the L e ah trib e s , ,

which had dw e lt i n t h e n e ighbourhood of Si n ai S i n c e

t h e tim e of th e A ram ae an migratio n b e ga n to kn o w ,

1
I n the app e n di x t W illi
o am s , Th e H ol y Ci ty , 1 845 .

9
K a des h B a r n e a , 1 884 .

3
The n am e J e h ovah (Y e h owah ) i s f or m e d by r e adi n g t h e vowe l s

of t h e w or d Ad on ay , “ L or d,
”
wi t h t h e c on s on an s of t Y ah we h .

4
P, Ex . vi . 2 ; E , Ex . iii . 13 f .

5
J , Gen i v . .26 .
1 40 S YR IA AND P ALES TI N E

an d hon e y i n which the K habiri fore fath e rs had b e e n

,

for a whil e s oj ou rn e r s .

T hi s was the p s ychological preparation for the divi n e

r e ve l ation that pr e s e n tly cam e to him Whil e h e was .

t e n di n g t h e flock of h i s fath e r i n law Yahw e h ap - -

,

e ar e d to him s lat e r to I s aiah J e re miah an d

p ,
a , ,

E z e ki e l i n an i n au gural vi s ion an d gav e him t h e

, ,

commi s s ion to d e live r I s rae l an d to l e ad it i n to t he

,

lan d of Can aan I n t h e s tre n gth of thi s e x p e ri e n c e

.

h e r e t u r n e d to E gypt wh e r e h e s ucc e e d e d i n wi n n i n g
,

the b e li e f of th e peopl e that h e was a proph e t s e n t

by th e god of Si n ai H e d e man ded of th e Pharaoh
.

p e rmi s s ion for I s ra e l to j our n e y i n to the d e s e rt to

s acrific e to Yahw e h A t fir s t thi s r e q u e s t was r e
.

fu s e d b u t i n con s e qu e n c e of a s e ri e s of cata s troph e s ,

t h e Pharaoh at las t gr e w alarm e d an d gave I s ra e l

p e rmi s s ion to de part .

I n t h e tim e of Mo s e s t h e Se a of Se dg e or Bitt e r
Lak e (i n ou r v e rs ion r e n d e r e d R e d Se a) was s till
con n e ct e d with th e R e d Se a T h e re was th u s on ly .

a n arrow s trip of lan d b e tw e e n i ts n orth e rn e n d an d

t h e s wamp s that s u rroun d e d t he e a s t e r n mouth of
t h e N il e . Thi s p a s s age was guard e d by a li n e of
E gyptian fortificatio n s an d f e ari n g to p a s s th e m t h e
, ,

I s rae lit e s turn e d s outhward T h e y wer e p u rs u e d by

.

t h e chariotry of the Pharaoh who had r e p e n t e d of ,

h i s p e rmi s s ion for th e m to l e ave t h e coun try Sh u t .

i n b e twe e n the s e a an d t h e e n e my th e ir d e s tructio n ,

s e em e d i n e vitabl e but at t h e critical mom e n t d e liv e r

,

1
an c e cam e A s tro n g e a s t wi n d that bl e w all n ight
.

drove back th e s hallow wat e r of t h e Se a of Se dg e to

1
Ex . xi v . 21 .
 I
R SE OF TH E A R A M ZE A N N A TI ON S 1 41

su ch an e x te n t that the f u gitive s w e re abl e to ford

t he cha n n e l co n n e cti n g it with th e R e d Se a an d th u s
to mak e th e ir e s cap e I n thi s e v e n t Mo s e s an d th e
.

p e opl e s aw i n di s p u tabl e e vid e n c e that Yahw e h was

i n truth with th e m an d that h e was m ore pow e rful
,

than all the go d s of E gypt .

F u ll of holy e n thu s ias m th e I s ra e lite s accordi n g

, ,

to th e e arli e s t traditio n proce e d e d at on c e to t he

,

oa s i s of K ad e s h an d e ffe ct e d a u n io n with th e trib e s

that w e r e alre ady s e ttl e d i n thi s r e gion The s tor y .

of the won d e r s that Yahw e h had wrought awak e n e d

th e con victio n of th e ir ki n s m e n an d tog e th e r th e y
,

mad e a p ilgrimage to the n e ighbouri n g s hri n e at

Si n ai.

H e re Mo s e s embraced th e O pportu n ity to u n ite

t h e s catt e re d an d frequ e n tl y ho s tile trib e s i n to a n a
’
tion on th e ba s i s of a commo n r e ligio n I s rae l s r e .

lation to Yahw e h was u n iqu e A s we have j us t s e e n

.
,

h e was n ot an an c e s tral god who s tood i n a n at u ral

an d n e c e s s ary r e latio n to h i s p e opl e lik e th e god s of
,

oth e r Se m itic tribe s ; b u t h e was th e god of Si n ai

an d of Midia n who had com e i n to co n n e ctio n with
,

I s rae l o n ly thro u gh h i s own fre e moral choic e ,

.

I s ra e l b e lo n g e d to him n ot by birth b u t by e l e ctio n

, ,
.

I ts e xi s t e n c e an d i t s con ti n uan ce w e r e d e p e n d e n t
upo n hi s s ove r e i gn g ood pl e a s u re an d h e might cas t
,

it off as e as il y as h e had adop t e d it U n d e r th e s e .

circ u m s tan c e s h e had t h e right to m ak e co n dition s

upon which hi s favour s h ould dep e n d s uch a s oth e r
god s co u ld n ot mak e T hi s fact do e s n ot e x plai n th e
.

e thical charact e r of t h e Mo s aic r e ligio n ; it e x plai n

o n ly why an e thical r e ligion was promulgated at

1 42 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

thi s particular tim e Th e p e cu liar re l ation of I s rae l

.

to Yahw e h wa s t he appropriat e hi s torical S it u atio n for

t h e imparti n g of a n e w co n c e ptio n of t h e holi n e s s of
God ; th e origi n of that con c e ptio n how e ve r ca n n ot , ,

b e fo u n d i n an y n atu ral an t e c e d e n t s b u t o n ly i n t he
,

my s t e ry of divi n e s e lf r e v e lation Thro u gh thi s r e ve

-
.

lation th e re ligio n of I s rae l was plac e d from the fir s t

upon an e thical bas i s T hi s was th e f u n dam e n tal dif
.

f e r e n c e b e tw e e n it an d t h e r e ligio n s of oth e r Se mitic

p e opl e s an d it was th e s ecr e t of i ts un iqu e late r
,

d e ve lopm e n t .

Th e s ol e m n com p act at Si n ai havi n g b e e n c on

cl u d e d by which Yahw e h b e cam e the god of I s ra e l
,

an d I s ra e l b e cam e a n atio n Mo s e s wi s e ly d e cid e d

,

n ot to att e mpt at o n c e t h e i n va s io n of Can aa n Tim e .

was n e e d e d for th e n e w r e ligion to e x e rt i t s i n fl u e n c e

u po n th e wild clan s a n d for th e m to b e com e c on
,

s ciou s of t h e u n it y i n volved i n all e gian c e to on e God ,

b e fore th e y co u ld e nter upon a care e r of con qu e s t .

A ccordi n gly h e took u p hi s abode at K ad e s h t h e old

, ,

c e n tre of t h e L e ah trib e s an d d e vot e d hi s life to the

,

c o n s olidation of t h e r e s u lt s that h e had alr e ad y

achi e v e d H e r e h e e s tabli sh e d an oracl e of Yahw e h
.

which was con s ult e d i n all di s p u t e s b e tw e en trib e s

an d betwe e n in dividual s an d throu gh it he gav e
,

d e ci s ion s that carr i e d with th e m th e formidabl e s an c

tion of r e li gion T he s e oracular d e ci s io n s (tor oth)
.

s oo n co n s tituted a body of p rec e de n t s on which lat e r

j uri s pruden c e d e pe n ded .

T he tas k of Mo s e s duri n g the y e ars at K ad e s h

was n ot light .Th e i n cr e a s e d n umb e r s of I s ra e l de
m an de d the acqu i s itio n of n e w pa s t u r e groun d s an d -
,
1 44 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

s ors ,
that th e y cam e from di ff e re n t portion s of
an d

t h e lan d it s e e m s cl e ar that at fir s t t h e mo n archy

,

“
was e l e ctiv e Th e title
. ki n g appli e d to th e s e
r u l e rs forbid s th e a ss u m p tio n that th e y w e re m e r e ly
“ ”
t e mporary militar y l e ade rs like t h e judg e s of
I s rael I n th e tim e of Mo s es Moab al s o i s s aid to
.

have had a ki n g ?
Th e A ram ae an s p o s s e s s e d it i s ,

cl e ar a gr e at e r gen iu s for political organ ization than

,

did th e ir pr e d e c e s s or s t h e Can aan it e s an d to thi s , ,

fact th e y ow e d th e ir s u cc e s s i n con que ri n g an d i n

retai n in g n e w te rri tory .

M e an whil e a r e s tor e r of order had ari s en in E gy p t .

Se tn e kh t th e foun d e r of th e XXt h dy n a s ty Sl e w the

, ,

reb e l s i n th e D e lta r e duc e d th e prin c e s of the n om e s

,

to s u bmi ss io n r e e s tabli s h e d t he e n dowme n t s of the

,
-

t e mpl e s an d p ut E gypt o n c e more i n a place of i n

,

flu e n c e amo n g th e n at i on s .

After a bri e f r e ig n he was s ucc e eded b y hi s s on

R am e ssu III (c . who s e on e ambitio n was t o
.

rival t h e glory of hi s great n am e s ak e R am e ss u I I .

I n h i s fifth y e ar the Lib y an s agai n mad e an i n cur

s io n s imilar to t h e on e that th e y had mad e i n t h e time
,

of M e r e n ptah ; but R am e s su d e f e at e d them with a

s laught e r of ov e r m en I n hi s eighth year th e .

Se a peopl e s who al s o had me n aced E gypt i n t h e

-
,

re ign of M e r e n ptah r e n e w e d th e ir attack ,

Un d e r . .

e v e r i n cr e a s in g p r e ss ur e of t h e Mo s ch i
-
Phrygian s , ,

D orian s an d oth e r A ryan trib e s advan ci n g from th e

,

N orth an d t h e W e s t the an ci e n t p e o p l e s of A s ia ,

Mi n or w e re forced t o s e e k n e w hom e s Partly by .

s e a i n larg e op e n b oat s a n d partl y by la n d i n rud e ,

Num m i 4 1
. . .
 R I SE OF TH E A R A M AEA N N A TI ON S 1 45

cart s with s olid wh e e l s draw n by fo u r ox e n th e y ,

po u r e d i n to Syria with th e ir wiv e s an d th e ir chil

dr e n A mo n g th e m cam e t he Shakal s h a whom we
.
,

have m e t alre ady i n th e tim e of M e r e n p t ah an d al s o ,

t h e D an a u n a ( D an aoi Z akkal a W as h as h a an d , ,

th e P u r as at e or P u l a s at e ,
.

T h e re i s littl e do u bt that the la s t n am e i s to b e

id e n tified with t h e P hili sti n e s an d that i n thi s ,

p e opl e we s e e th e for e fath e rs of the n atio n with

which I s ra e l s tr u ggl e d for th e po s s e s s ion of Can aan .

A ccordi n g to G e n x 1 4 D e ut ii 2 3 A mo s i x 7; J e r
. . . . . . .

x lvii 4 the P hili s ti n e s w e r e n ot i n dig e n ous i n P al

.

e s t i n e but had migrat e d withi n t h e m e m ory of I s ra e l

,

from C aphtor (accordi n g to man y authoriti e s Cr e t e ,

accordi n g to oth e rs t h e s ou thern coa s t of A s ia Mi n or) ?

Th e s e p e opl e s s w e pt e v e rythi n g b e for e th e m Th e .

ki n gdom of t h e Hittit e s that had flo u ri s h e d for ov e r

fo u r g e n e ratio n s was brok e n u p i n to a n umb e r of
s mall s tat e s that n e v e r agai n s u cc e e d e d i n formi n g a

con fe d e ratio n Carch e mi sh Ar vad an d Qade sh on

.
, ,

t h e Oro n t e s f e ll i n to th e ir han d s Th e n th e y p u s h e d .

s outhward with t h e d e s ig n of co n q u e ri n g E gypt .

R am e s s u III gath e r e d all t h e forc e s that h e coul d

.

mu s t e r by lan d an d by se a an d w e n t to m e e t th e m .

Som e wh e r e on t h e P h oen icia n coa s t a d e ci s ive e n

a e m e n t was fo u ght T h e battl e was t bbor
g g s u . n ,

1
Th e n am e Ca ph t or h as b e e n f ou n d in l at e E gyp t i an t e t , cf
a x .

Say c e , H i g h e r Cr i t i ci s m p 1 73
, Th e
. . i de n t i ty of Ca pht or wi t h
K e ft o of t he e ar li e r E gypt i an m on u m e n t s i s r e n de r e d p r ob ab l e b y
t he oc c u r r e n c e of t he P h i li s t i n e n am e A c hi s h i n a li st of K e f t o
n am e s , c f . M u ll e r , M i t t ei l . d . vor
f
d er a s . G es el l s chaf t , v. 1 . Th e
P hili s t i n e r oyal ti tle , s or e n , i s p r ob ab l y c on n e c t e d e t
ym ol ogi c all y
wi t h t h e G r e e k wor d t u r a n n os .
1 46 S Y R IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

b u t t h e Se a p e opl e w e re at la s t forc e d to give way

-

b e for e t h e s up e rior di s cipli n e of t h e E gyptian m e r

c e n ar i e s .On lan d th e ir army wa s d e f e at e d an d i n ,

t h e fi n al con flict abou t t h e wago n s th e m e n w e r e

s lai n an d t h e wom e n an d childr e n w e r e tak e n pri s on

ers . Th e E gyptian lan d troop s w e r e th e n abl e to go

-

to th e aid of t he n avy an d by th e ir arrow s s hot from

,

t h e Shor e a s s i s t e d i n t h e capt u r e of t h e e n e my s gal

’

l e ys Th e victory was compl e t e an d t h e r e m n an t of

.
,

t h e i n vad e r s was comp e ll e d to fall back u pon N orth

e r n Syria whith e r R am e s s u did n ot v e n tur e to follow
,

th e m Th e n am e s of Carch e mi s h Tu n e p K h al b u
.
, , ,

Pab ukh A rvad K hat e Mitan n i an d A s i (Cypr u s )

, , , , ,

which h e e n u m e rat e s as s ubj e ct p e opl e s i n h i s tri

u m p h al l i s t s at t h e M e m n o n iu m of M e di n e t Hab u

ar e borrow e d from t h e i n s criptio n s of h i s p r e de c e s

s or s an d r e pr e s e n t n o act u al co n q u e s t s
,
If h e had .

r e ally vi s it e d th e s e r e gio n s h e woul d hav e had ,

s om e thi n g to s ay abo u t th e m i n h i s A n n al s Un d e r .

R am e s s u III t h e bo u n dary of t h e E gyptian po s se s

.

s io n s i n A s ia r e m ai n e d j u s t wh e r e it had b e e n at th e

co n clu s io n of p e ac e b e twe e n R am e s s u II an d K hat e .

‘

s e ra .

On h i s r e turn appar e n tly from t h e campaig n

, ,

agai n s t t he Se a p e opl e R am e s s u attack e d t h e B e da

-

wi n oi Sa ira (Se ir ) an d carri e d off man y captiv e s

‘
,
.

Th e i n f e re n c e from th i s n am e that E dom had n ot ye t

con que re d Mo u n t Se ir (of D e u t ii 1 2 2 2 ) i s n ot 1
. . .
,

warran t e d Th e old n am e might co n ti n u e to b e u s e d

.

by the E gyptian s e ve n aft e r th e lan d had b e e n oc c u

i e d by a n e w rac e
p .

1
M ii l l e r , As i en u nd Eu r op a , p 1 35 f . .
1 48 S YR IA AND P ALE S TI N E

r ae l i t e sfou n d i n po s s e s s ion of Gib e on Sh e ch e m an d , ,

t he adj ac e n t r e gion s ar e i n G e n xxx iv 2 xlvii i 2 2 ; , . . .

Jo s h i x ; 2 Sam xx iv 7 id e n tifi e d with the A morit e s

. . . . .

Th e J e b u s i t e s who w e r e i n po s s e s s io n of J e ru s al e m
, ,

accordi n g to Jo s h x 5 w e r e al s o A morit e s E a s t of . .
, .

t h e Jordan th e y drov e back t h e H e braic p e opl e s

Moab an d A mm on which had b e e n e s tabli s h e d th e re ,

s i n c e t h e tim e of t h e K habiri mi g ratio n an d foun d e d ,

t h e ki n gdom s of S iho n an d of 0g 1
Th e form e r of
th e s e e x t e n d e d fro m the Ar n o n to t h e Jabbok th e ,

latt e r from t he J ab b ok to t h e foot of H e rm on .

From t he tim e of t h e A m arn a l e tt e r s to th e tim e of

R am e s s u III th e Hittit e s s tood i n co n f e d e ratio n with
.

t h e A m orit e s ; it i s n ot s u rpri s i n g th e r e for e that , ,

th e y s hou ld hav e accompan i e d th e m i n th e ir s ou th

ward m i gration N um e rou s r e f e r e n c e s i n th e Old
.

T e s tam e n t mak e it di fficu lt to do u bt that c e rtain

c l an s at l e as t of thi s rac e obtai n e d a foothold i n
, ,

Can aan prior to th e H e bre w co n qu e s t .

Con t e mporan e ou s with th e A m orit e advan ce wa s

t h e arrival of th e Phili s ti n e s upon t h e coa s t B e for e .

th e XXt h dy n a s t y we fin d n o trac e of thi s p e opl e i n

Can aa n E arl y i n th e r e ign of R am e s su III t h e
. .

P ul as at e (Phili s ti n e s ) an d th e ir ki n s m e n the Z akkal a

ar e s e e n m ovi n g ou t of A s ia Mi n or with t h e migra

tio n of Se a p e opl e s T h e ir occ u p ati on of the Sh e ph

-
.

e lah ,
accordi n gly can n ot b e pl ac e d much if an y , , ,

b e for e 1 2 00 On t he oth e r han d the P ap yr us Golen

.
,

i sc hefi which dat e s from t h e tim e of t h e pri e s t ki n g

? -

1
Nu m . x xi . 2 1 35 ;-
D eut . 11 . 2 4—i ii . 11 .

9
M ii ll e r , M i tt ei l u n g en , d er vor
f
d er a si a t i s chen G es el l s chaft , v .

1 . E r m an , A eg yp t Z ei ts ch r ift , 1 9 00, i .
.
, p 1 . .
 I
R SE OF TH E A R A M ZE A N N A TI ON S 1 49

K h r ikh or ( c . di s clo s e s a flo u ri s hi n g civilizatio n

of t h e Z akkal a at D or T hi s forbid s ou r bri n gi n g

.

dow n t he dat e of th e ir immigratio n m u ch lat e r than

1 2 00 On t h e whol e th e r e for e t h e lat e r i n activ e
.
, ,

y e ars of R am e s s u III s e e m t he m o s t probabl e tim e

.

for th e e n tran c e of thi s rac e i n to Can aan Th at t h e .

P hili s ti n e s w e re alre ady i n the lan d at th e tim e wh e n

t h e H e bre w s e n t e r e d it i s i n dicat e d by th e a n ci e n t
s on g i n E x x v 1 4 . . .

A t th e ir firs t app e aran c e i n Pal e s ti n e th e y play ed

'
a m u ch more imp ortan t r Ole than i n lat e r tim e s Th e .

e n tir e s e a coa s t from Carm e l to t h e bord e r of E gypt

-

was i n th e ir po s s e s s ion I n t he n orth i n t h e n e igh

.
,

b ou r h ood of D or t h e trib e of t h e Z akkal a wa s s e ttl e d ;

,

i n th e middl e w e r e t h e P u l as at e t h e l e adi n g clan , ,

which gav e i t s n am e to the whol e p e opl e an d i n t he

s o u th w e r e t h e Ch e r e thit e s whom t h e Old T e s tam e n t
,

write rs fre qu e n tly coupl e with th e P hili s ti n e s A t .

t h e tim e wh e n t h e Gr e e k s fir s t b e cam e acqu ai n t e d

with t h e lan d s at th e e as t e rn e n d of the M e di t e r r a
n e a n th e y w e r e t h e l e adi n g rac e ; an d from th e ir
,

n am e Pal e s ti n e t h e cla s s ical d e s ig n atio n of t h e la n d

, ,

i s d e rived . I n t h e e l e v e n th c e n t u ry i n t h e i n t e r ,

val b e tw e e n t h e dow n fall of th e Hittit e e mpire an d

t h e advan c e of the A ram ae an s th e y probably had ,

man y s tro n ghold s i n Syria a s w e ll as i n Pal e s ti n e .

Th e Phili s ti n e s were n ot Se mit e s but w e r e p e r ,

hap s of A ryan origi n I n their firs t i mp e tuou s as

.

s au lt it s e e m e d lik e ly that Ca n aan would b e lo s t to

t h e S e mitic world Had it n o t b e e n for the co u n t e r

.

s tr e am of t h e A ram a ean s pr e s s i n g w e s tward from th e

de s e rt th e ir victory would hav e b e e n compl e t e A s
, .
1 50 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

it was th e y w e r e gradually r e s trict e d to th e citi e s of

,

t h e coa s t an d w e r e fi n ally con fi n e d withi n t h e P e n

,

t ap ol i s s o oft e n r e f e rr e d to i n lat e r I s ra e liti s h hi s tory .

H e re th e y b e cam e more an d m or e Se mitiz e d adopt ,

i n g t h e la n gu ag e t h e r e ligio n an d th e c u s tom s of
, ,

th e ir n e ighbo u rs u n til fi n ally they w e re di s ti n gui s hed

,

from th e m o n ly by c e rtai n p e culiariti e s of dre s s an d

of gov e rn m e n t an d b y t he fact that th e y w e r e u n cir
cum cise d .

Soon aft e r th e Phili s ti n e s f e ll up on th e we s t e rn

coas t of Can aa n I s ra e l f e ll u po n t he e as t e rn s id e
, .

Th e tri u mph s of Sihon ki n g of th e A morit e s an d of

, ,

Og ki n g of Basha n l e d t h e Moabit e s an d A mmo n it e s

, ,

t o i n voke t h e h e lp of th e ir ki n s m e n The L e ah .

trib e s which w e r e re s tiv e un de r the rul e of Mo s e s w e r e

, ,

th e firs t to h e e d t h e s ummo n s L e avi n g t he Rach e l .

tribe s wi th t h e ark th e y pa s s e d peac e abl y thro u gh

,

t h e territori e s of E dom Moab an d A mmo n ( ,

D e ut ii ,
. .

2 —8 1 8 f ) i n to t h e lan d e as t of th e J ordan
,
. Th e .

A m orit e s w e r e u n pr e par e d for thi s attack an d w e r e ,

ea s ily con qu e r e d The trib e of R e u b e n Se ttl e d down

.

i n th e ir plac e an d th e p e opl e of Gad who i n accord

, , ,

an c e with the i ns cription of M e s ha (li n e we r e th e

aborigi n e s s oon j oi n e d t h e I s ra e liti s h con fe d e racy
,
.

I n t h e g e n e al ogi e s Gad i s r e gard e d n ot as a s on of ,

on e of th e wiv e s of I s ra e l i e n ot a s a f u ll blood e d
,
. .
,
-

H e br e w trib e but as a s on of th e co n c u bi n e Zilpah

,
.

Th e r e mai n i n g L e ah trib e s d e t e rmi n e d to pu s h

forward b e yon d t he Jordan J u dah Sim e o n an d .
, ,

L e vi were the firs t to cro ss as i s e vi d e n t n ot m e r e ly,

from th e plac e that th e y occupy i n t h e g e n e alogical

s ch em e as t h e fir s t born of I s ra e l b u t al s o fro m t h e
-
,
1 52 Y I
S R A AND PA LE S TI N E

I n th e So n g of D e borah (J u d v ) Sim e on an d J udah . .

a r e n ot e v e n m e n tio n e d .

Th e po s ition of t h e L e ah trib e s I s s achar an d Z e b

u l on i n t h e g e n e alogi e s i n dicat e s that th e ir e n tra n c e

i n to Ca n aan wa s lat e r tha n t h e s e ttl e m e n t of Sim e o n ,

L e vi an d J udah an d lat e r than t h e i n corporation of

,

t he co n c u bi n e cla n s I n r e gard to th e d e tail s of th e ir

.

m igratio n how e v e r we hav e n o e x act i n formation

, ,
.

On t h e whol e t h e attack of t h e L e ah trib e s upon

,

C an aan was a fail u r e ; an d had it n ot b e e n for t h e

great e r s ucc e ss of t h e Rach e l trib e s that followed i n
th e ir wak e Isra e l wo u ld n e v e r have obtai n e d p o s s e s
,

s io n of t h e p r omi se d la n d For s aki n g K ad e s h Mo s e s

.
,

advan c e d with th e trib e s of E phraim an d Man as se h

i n to t he cou n try e a s t of t h e Jordan Th e ark t h e .
,
’
vi s ibl e symbol of Yahweh s pr e s e n c e accompan i e d ,

th e m On thi s occa s ion the E domit e s an d Moabit e s

.

r e fu s e d t h e p e rmi s s ion t o p a s s throu gh th e ir t e rri

torie s that th e y had pr e viou s ly accord e d ? T hu s may
b e ex plai n e d th e co n tradictory s tat e m e n t s of H e br e w
tradition on t h e co n duct of th e s e n ation s at the time
of the e x odu s ?

Th e un willi n g n e s s of t h e L e ah tribe s to r e li n q u i s h
Gil e ad an d Bas han to th e ir form e r ow n e rs had
arou se d s tron g an imo s ity agai n s t I s rae l Balak .
,

ki n g of Moab an d t h e Midian it e s hi s n e ighbou rs

, , ,

s o u ght to hi n d e r t h e advan c e of Mo s e s an d call e d i n ,

the h e lp of a c e rtai n Balaam s on of B e or I n r e gard .

t o th e hom e of thi s p e r s o n ag e H e br e w traditio n i s

s i n g u larly div e rg e n t A ccordi n g to J (
. Nu m xx ii 25 ) . .

h e cam e from t h e la n d of t h e childre n of A mmo

1
Num . xx . 1 4—2 1 xxi . 14 J u d . xi . 17 f .
9
Se e p 1 5 0
. .
 R SEI OF TH E A R A M ZE A N N A TI ON S 1 53

(LXX A m m o n ) ; accordi n g to P (N u m xxx i 8 1 6 ;

'

. .
.
,

Jo s h x iii 22 ) h e was co n n e ct e d with th e Midian it e s ;

. .

accordi n g to E (N um xx ii 5 ; xx iii 7) h e cam e from

. . .

P e thor i n A ram (Syria) J an d P it will b e ob s e rv e d.

, ,

plac e h i s hom e i n t he imm e diat e vici n ity of Moab .

I n all probabil ity th e r e for e A ram i n E (follow e d by

, ,

D e u t xx iii 4) i s a cas e of t h e commo n t e x t u al c o n

. .

f u s ion b e tw e e n A ram an d E dom (m s an d OWN) .

With thi s agr e e s the li s t i n G e n xxx vi 32 which m ak e s . .

,

B e la s on of B e or a con t e mporary of the g e n e ration

,

aft e r th e e x odu s t h e fir s t ki n g of E dom Con trary

,
.

to t h e u s ual O pi n io n P e thor i s probably n ot t o b e

,

ide n tifie d with P i tr u a city we s t of the Eu phrat e s

,

m e n tio n e d by Shalman e s e r II ; an d both it an d .

D i n habah t he r e s id e n c e of B e la (G e n xxx vi
, . .

ar e plau s ibly r e gard e d as t e x tual corr u ptio n s of R e

h ob oth which i s n am e d as t h e r e s id e n c e of Sha u l

, ,

t h e s i x th ki n g of E dom (G e n xxx vi Thi s R e h o . .

both i s s ai d to b e by th e rive r (of N u m xx ii . . .

that i s n ot th e E u phrat e s but th e Riv e r of M u t s r i m

, ,

“
( corrupt e d i n to Riv e r of M i t s r ai m or Rive r of ,

in lat e r tim e s f e gar de d as t h e s o u th e rn

bo u n dary of t h e lan d of Can aan .

Th e s e machi n atio n s of th e Moabit e s an d E domit e s

wer e m e t s ucc e s s fully by th e Rach e l trib e s an d all ,

was r e ady for an advan c e i n to t h e la n d w e s t of t h e

Jordan wh e n Mo s e s di e d Jo s hua t h e chi e ftai n of .
,

E phraim b e cam e h i s s ucc e s s or (

,
c 1 2 00 B C
) an d the . . .

plan of campaig n was carri e d on without i n t e rru p

tion . C ro s s i n g t h e J ordan at Gilgal Jo shua cap ,

t u r e d J e richo A i an d B e th e l i n rapid s ucc e s s io n ;

, ,

wh e r e u po n t h e s m all tow n s i n the n e ighbo u rhood

1 54 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

su rre n d e r e d an d b e cam e trib u tary A larm e d at thi s .

s u cc e s s ,
t h e ki n g s of J e ru s al e m H e bro n J ar m u t h , , ,

Lachi s h an d E glon form e d an allian c e S imilar to that

, ,

which had b e e n form e d at an e arli e r dat e agai n s t t h e

L e ah trib e s I n th e battl e which e n s u e d E phraim an d
.

Ma n as s e h won a gr e at victory which e n s u re d to th e m ,

t h e po s s e s s io n of t h e mo u n ta i n —r e gion of C e n tral Pal

e s ti n e . A c oali t i on i n t h e N orth u n d e r t h e l e ad e r s hip
~

of Jabi n ki n g of Hazor was al s o de fe at e d So i m

, ,
.

portan t w e r e th e s e victori e s an d s o much did th e y ,

r e do u n d to t h e adva n tag e of t h e cla n s which had e n

t e r e d Can aan e arli e r that i n l at e H e br e w traditio n
,

Jo s hu a cam e to b e r e gard e d as t h e l e ad e r of a u n it e d
I s rae l an d t he co n qu e ror of th e e n tir e t e rritory s ub
s e qu e n tly occupi e d b y t h e n atio n .

Th e r e gio n co n qu e r e d by E phrai m an d Man a ss e h

was th e on e call e d Jo s e ph e l i n t h e An n al s of Ta -

h u ti m e s III ? A S th e s e trib e s amalgamat e d with t he

C an aan it e s th e y s oon b e cam e u n di s ti n gu i shabl e from
,

th e m H e n c e E phraim an d Man a s s e h w e r e cl a s s i
.
,

?
fie d i n t h e g e n e alogi e s as s on s of Jo s e ph Jo s e ph ,

how e v e r was r e gard e d as the s on of Jacob the an oe s

, ,

tor of a group of Can aan it e trib e s h e n c e as E phraim ,

an d Man a s s e h w e r e s o n s of I s ra e l I s ra e l an d Jacob ,

had to b e id e n tifi e d A ccordi n gly we ar e told th at

.
,

at B e th e l Jacob s n ame wa s chan g e d to I s ra e l

’

which tran s lat e d i n to lit e ral lan guag e m e an s Si m ply

, , ,

that at th e gr e at s an ctuary of B e th e l which was r e v ,

e r e n c e d e q u ally by Ca n aa n it e s an d I s ra e lit e s t h e f u ,

s io n of t h e two n atio n s w e n t on u n til at la s t t h e C a ,

n aan i ti s h Jacob di s app e ar e d an d t h e A ram ae a n I s ra e l

9
1
Se e pp 42 , 81
. . Se e p 43 . .
1 56 Y R IA
S A ND P A LE S TI N E

Thro u ghout Syria an d Me s opotamia th e A ram ae an

migratio n wa s f e lt with m u ch gre at e r forc e than i n
P al e s ti n e The re s u lt was that whil e i n Pal e s ti n e
.
,

t h e old e r pop u latio n impo s e d i t s s p e e ch u po n i t s

co n qu e ror s i n Syria t h e Sp e e ch of th e i n vad e rs
,

tri u mph e d Babylo n ian w h ich for more than

.
,

ye ar s had h e ld i ts own throughout We s t e rn A s ia as

t h e lan guag e of diplomacy an d of trad e was n ow ,

di s plac e d by Ar amaic E ve n withi n Babylo n ia an d

.

As syria t h e latt e r b e cam e t h e moth e r ton gu e of an

-

e v e r i n cr e as i n g proportio n of t h e popul atio n

-
.
 N AH AR AIM

A r vad

o
K ad sh e
e
G b al

AM D A M A SC U S

B A SH A N
o Boz r ah

Gi l e ad

M M ON

!
H e
sh b on

o
ee
M d ba

0 R ab b ah
M OA B e
e e l Sh
-
e ba o H ar e se th

e
K ad sh Bar n e s.

S Y R I A AND P A L E ST I N E
M U T SR I M IN T H E
O L D T E S TA M E N T

n. n . s envos s , N v .
1 58 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

for s u pr e macy with B abylo n an d n ot u n til thi s was ,

e n d e d co u ld s h e att e mpt to e x t e n d h e r e mpir e w e s t

ward .

F or m or e than thr e e c e n t u ri e s accordi n gly th e , ,

n e wly fo u n d e d A ram ae a n s tat e s an d t h e oth e r litt l e

n ation s of Syria an d P al e s ti n e had t h e opport u n ity

to work ou t th e ir d e s ti n y u n di s t u rb e d by for e ig n i n
flu e n c e .W ith t h e e x c e ptio n of a fe w i n s cription s
a n d a fe w it e m s i n Gr e e k hi s tori an s ou r o n ly s ourc e s ,

for t h e hi s tory of thi s p e riod ar e t h e book s of t he Old

T e s tam e n t T h e s e con c e rn th e m s e lv e s alm o s t e x cl u
.

s i ve l with t h e fortun e s of t h e cho s e n p e opl e ; an d

y ,

e v e n i n th e ca s e of I s rae l th e ir r e cord i s fragm e n tary

,
.

F u t ure e x ploration wi ll it i s to b e hop e d throw light

, ,

on ma n y an ob s c u r e poi n t .

A s I s ra e l gre w s tro n g thro u gh a ss imilatio n of th e

old e r pop u latio n it b e gan to p u s h out from M o u n t
,

E phraim i n to t h e f e rtil e plai n of E s dra e lon which u p ,

to thi s tim e had r e m ai n e d i n th e han d s of t h e A mor

ite s T hi s adva n c e l e d t h e A m orit e s to form a n e w
.

allian c e u n d e r th e lead e r s hip of a c e rtai n Shamgar

s on of A n ath ? Th e locatio n of t h e H e br e w trib e s ,

as w e ll a s t h e e ditorial combi n atio n of Si s e ra with

2
Jabi n l e ad u S to r e gard thi s i n cide n t as b e lon gi n g to
,

a p e riod s oo n aft e r t h e con qu e s t Th e n am e Sha m gar .

i s n ot Se mitic but i s appar e n tly th e s am e as Sa n gar

, ,

t h e n am e of a Hittit e ki n g of Carch e mi s h i n t h e tim e

of As h u r n at si r pal an d Shalma n e s e r II Un de r hi s .

r u l e I s ra e l wa s m u ch di s tre s s e d Caravan s c e a s e d .
,

an d m e rcha n t s trav e ll e d by ro u n dabo u t way s villag e s

”
c e a s e d i n I s rae l .H i s s u cc e s s or probably hi s s on , ,

9
1
J ud . v. 6 . J ud i v 2
. . .
 PER O I D OF TH E H EBR E W J UDG ES 1 59

wa s Si s e ra , t h e con d e l e m e n t of who s e n am e app e ar s

se

i n t he Hittit e n am e s Ma u ra s e ra K hat e s e ra an d P i
-

,
-

s iri ? It i s hard to avoid th e i n f e r e n c e that we hav e

h e r e a Hittit e dy n as ty a re s ult of t h e s o u thward
,

migratio n i n d u c e d by t he Se a p e opl e s ? -

A t thi s j u n ct u r e t h e proph e t e s s D e borah app e ar e d

to r e u n it e t h e Scatt e r e d trib e s of I s ra e l Sh e ap .

p e al e d to th e ir co m m o n faith i n Yahw e h s h e r e call e d

hi s victori e s i n t h e pas t as a pl e dg e of s u cc e ss i n th e
fu t u r e ; an d s h e s u m m o n e d th e m u n d e r p e n alty of a
“
c u r s e to com e to th e aid of Yahw e h lik e h e ro e s .

Th u s s h e r e viv e d the Mo s aic t e achi n g which thro u gh ,

t h e o cc u patio n of Ca n aan was i n dan g e r of b e i n g

forgott e n an d s av e d I s rae l from lo s i n g t h e m e as u r e
,

of r e ligiou s an d of political u n ity that it had alr e ady

attai n e d .

E phraim r e s pon d e d to th e call tog e th e r with B e n ,

“
j ami n (the s o u th e rn e r a clan that had S plit off
from it s oon aft e r t he con qu e s t Ma n a s s e h wa s r e p .

r e s e n t e d by Machir on e of i ts pri n cipal famili e s

, ,

which s ub se q u e n tly migrat e d to t h e e as t S id e of t h e

Jordan .Th e L e ah trib e s Z e b u lo n an d I s s achar, ,

cam e al s o Of the adopt e d trib e s th e s o call e d chil

.
,
-

dre n of t h e co n c u bi n e s o n ly N aphtali app e ar e d an

, ,

act for which it r e c e ive d s p e cial prai s e i n th e Son g

of D e borah Th e oth e r adopt e d trib e s who s e s ym
.
,

pathy with t h e Can aa n it e s was do u btl e s s s tron g r e ,

mai n e d i n th e ir hom e s So al s o did t h e L e ah trib e

.

1
Se e p 1 06. .

9
M ar q u a r t , F u n d a m en te i s r a e l i ti s ch er u .
ju di s ch er G esch i cht e ,
p 3 ; M oor e , J ou r n a l
. of th e A m e r i ca n Or i e n t a l Soci et y, 1 89 8, i i .
,

p 159
. .
1 60 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

of R e u b e n on t h e e as t S id e Of th e J ordan For thi s .

apo s ta s y from th e ir God an d tr e ach e ry to th e ir p e opl e

th e y w e r e bitt e rly re proach e d by D e borah L e vi .
,

Sim e o n an d Ju dah a s pr e vio u s ly r e mark e d (p

, , .

a r e n ot m e n tio n e d i n t h e So n g .

Si s e ra gath e r e d h i s forc e s i n the s ame r e gion wh e r e

t he Can aan it e s h ad mad e th e ir s tan d agai n s t T ahu
“
ti m e s III at T aan ach by the wat e rs of M e giddo
. .
”

H e had chariot s of iro n an d Ski l l e d troop s while t h e

“ ,

I s ra e lit e s had n o chariot s an d w e r e b u t poorly arm e d ;

n e v e rth e l e s s h e was d e fe at e d an d whil e s e e ki n g a ,

hidi n g plac e i n t h e t e n t of Jae l th e K e n ite was s lai n

-
,

by h e r with a mall e t Thi s was th e la s t un it e d s tan d

.

of the A morit e s A ltho u gh man y s tron ghold s r e

.

mai n e d to b e con qu e r e d I s rae l was n o lon g e r i n

,

dan g e r from th e olde r population .

Th e occu p atio n of Can aan by Moab A mmon I s ra e l , , ,

E dom an d other ki n dr e d trib e s reli e v e d for a tim e

,

t h e pr e s s u r e of th e n omadic A ram ae a n horde s ; b u t

s oo n the s ca n ty pa s tur e la n d s agai n b e came crowd e d
-

an d a n e w wav e of Hebrai c migratio n brok e upo n

P al e s ti n e .

Th e Book of J udg e s h as pr e s e rv e d th e memory of

1

a Moabite i n cur s io n which it a s s ign s to the e arly p art

of th e p e riod of t he Ju dg e s an d it i s n atural to s u p
,

po s e th at thi s was cau s e d b y an impul s e of t h e

'

?
Midian it e s i n th e rear E glon ki n g of Moab took , ,

p o s s e ss io n of part of the t e rritory of Be n jami n an d

E phraim an d garri s o n e d it with hi s own peopl e ; b u t
,

a c e rtai n B e n j amit e n amed E hud gai n e d a privat e

, ,

in t e rvi e w thro u gh t h e r u s e that h e was bri n gi n g an

,

1
Ch ap ii i
. .
9
Se e J ud . vi . —vii .
1 62 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

k i n g of th e li s t ; an d that R i sh ath ai m i s a corru p tio n

“
of Ro s h hat teman i-
chi e f of t he T eman it e s (i n
-
,

G e n xxx vi 34 H u s ham i s s aid to hav e com e from th e

. .

lan d of th e T e man ite s ) Marq u art adopt s thi s v i e w

1
.
,

e x c e pt that h e propo s e s to corr e ct R i s h at h ai m i n to

“ ”
Ro s h i ttai m
-
‘
chi e f of the city of I ttai m
,
It c an ‘
.

hardly b e doubt e d that Cu shan ki n g of A ram i s , ,

n oth i n g e l s e tha n a p e rv e rt e d form of Hu s ham ki n g ,

of E dom ; an d that i n t h e accou n t of h i s oppr e ss io n

we hav e t he r e cord of an E domite in va s ion of Judah
co n t e mporan e ou s with t h e Moabite i n vas io n of B e n
j ami n an d i n duc e d by the s am e cau s e n am e ly th e , ,

i n cre as i n g pr e s s ur e of the Midian it e s u p on t he s outh

e r n an d e a s t e rn bord e r s of Pale s ti n e .

B e for e lo n g the Moabit e s gave way an d thi s bar

rier b e i n g re move d th e Midian it e s f e ll i n full forc e
,

upo n I s ra e l Gide o n of th e trib e of Man as s e h was

.
, ,

l e ad e r i n th e war agai n s t th e m I n Jud vi —viii two . . . .

accoun t s of hi s care e r th at ar e p artly p arall e l to on e ,

an oth e r an d p artly s u ppl e m e n tary hav e b e e n wov e n ,

tog e th e r b y th e e d i tor From a compari s o n of the .

two we e x tract t he followi n g mai n fact s Gid e on .

rou s e d hi s own clan of Abi e z e r an d f e ll upon the

Midian it e s by n ight as th e y wer e e n camped i n the
p lai n of Je z r e e l T h e y were thrown in to pan ic an d
.
,

fle d toward th e J ordan ; but th e E phraimit e s s e ized

the ford s an d s lew great n umb e r s of them whe n
,

th e y att e m p t e d to pas s Z e bah an d Zalmun n a (or .

,

accordi n g t o the oth e r accou n t Ore b an d Z e e b ) , ,

th e ir two k i n g s s ucceeded i n cro s si n g but w e re

, ,

1
F un da m en t e i sr . u .
jazz . G esch .
, p
. 11 ; se e al s o Ch e yn e , En
cycl . B i bl i ca , i .
, c ol . 96 9 .
 PER O I D OF TH E H EBR E W J U DG E S 1 63

pur s ued by Gid e o n captured an d s l ai n with hi s

, ,

own han d .

Th e p e ril mu s t have b e e n e x tr e me an d t h e victory

”
r e markabl e for the D ay of Midian co n ti n u e d to
,
“

b e r e m e mb e r e d dow n to lat e ti m e s as a typ e of won

de r ful d e liv e ran c e ? So gr e at was th e gratit u d e of
th e I s rae lit e s that th e y O ffe r e d to mak e Gid e o n ki n g
b u t he d e cli n e d t h e ho n o u r an d a s k e d m e r e ly that th e
,

gold e n ri n g s tak e n from th e Midian it e s might b e

gran t e d him T h e s e p e opl e w e r e trad e r s an d li ke
.
,

t h e mod e r n B e dawi n carri e d th e ir wealth o n th e ir

,

p e rs o n s
. Se ve n ty pou n d s of gold w e r e gath e re d
from th e fall e n an d out of thi s Gid e o n i n ac kn o wl
, ,

e dgm e n t of t h e divi n e aid m ad e an e phod or gold , ,

cov e r e d image of Yahw e h which h e s e t up i n Ophrah

, ,

hi s n ativ e tow n .

I n clo s e con n e ctio n with thi s victory we mu st plac e

the e x ploit of the fo u rth ki n g of E dom m e n tion e d i n
“
G e n xxx vi 35 : An d Hu s ham di e d an d Hadad t h e
. .
, ,

s on of B e dad who s mot e Midia n i n t h e fi e ld of Moab

, ,

r e ig n e d i n h i s s t e ad ; an d the n am e of h i s city was

A vith : T he i n va s io n of I s ra e l impli e s th at t h e Midia n
ite s had p r e viou s ly ov e rru n Moabit e t e rritory an d with ,

thi s corr e s po n d s th e s tat e m e n t that Hadad d e fe ated

“
Midia n i n th e fi e ld of Moab A ft e r Gid e o n s vic
.
’

tory the E domit e s s e e m to have pluck e d up courag e

to attack th e ir e n e my on Moabit e gro u n d an d t o ,

h av e i n flict e d u po n th e m a s e co n d d e fe at If th i s .

combi n ation b e corr e ct it i s of gre at valu e i n d e t e r

,

mi n i n g the ap p roximat e dat e of Gideo n an d i n fi x i n g ,

t he chro n ological s e qu e n c e of th e J udg e s A vith .

,

1
I sa i x 4 ;
. x . 2 6 ; P9 l xxxii i . 11 .
1 64 S YR IA AND P ALE S TI N E

H adad s cap ital has b e e n s uppo s e d to b e a Moabite

’

t own an d from thi s i t h as b e e n i n f e rr e d that the

,

E domit e ki n gdom at thi s t i me was m uch larg e r than

at an y s ub s e qu e n t p e riod of i t s hi s tory From th i s .

do u bl e di s as t e r Mid i an n e v e r r e cove r e d .

A ft e r t h e d e ath of Gid e on hi s s e ve n ty s o n s s u c
c e e de d to h i s i n fl ue n c e i n I s rael ; b u t on e of th e m ,

A bim e l e ch t he s on of a Can aan it e woman was

, ,

di ss ati s fi e d with a divid e d authority an d r e s olv e d ,

to s e cure for him s e lf the ki n g s hip that h i s fath e r

’
had decli n ed H i s moth e r s k i n s m e n who dw e lt i n
.
,

Sh e chem h e p e rs uad e d to s e t up a city mo n archy

,
-

of the old C an aa n i t e typ e an d to fur n i s h him with

m on e y out of the trea s ury of th e t e mple of Baal

beri th Wi th thi s he hi r e d a ban d of r u ffian s an d fall
.
,

i n g upo n hi s broth e r s s lew them all e x c e pt J otham

, ,

wh o had hidde n him s e lf H e was the n m ad e ki n g

.
,

an d n ot o n ly t h e p e o p le of Shechem but al s o the

I s rae lit e s of th e vi ci n i t y ackn owledged hi s authori ty .

I n s t e ad of provi n g a d e fe n d e r of the C a n aan it e s ,

however as had bee n an ticipat e d h e s how e d him s e lf

, ,

m or e than half I s raelit e i n hi s s y mpath i e s an d the

r e s ult was that h i s m at e rn al ki n sm e n turn ed agai n s t
him an d li s t e n e d to th e sugge s tion of a certai n Gaal
, ,

s on of Ob e d ( or Jo baal a n e wcomer i n Sh e ch e m
-
,

that th e y s ho u ld r e q e to s ubm it lo n g e r to h i s rule .

A bim e l e ch was i n formed of t he revolt an d fallin g ,

s udde n ly upo n t h e tow n ca p tured i t an d raz e d it to

,

th e grou n d H e did n ot lo n g e n j o y the fruit s of h i s

.

v i ctory ; for wh i le fighti n g agai n s t th e n e ighbourin g

town of T h e b e z h i s head was cru s h e d by a mill s ton e
,
-

thrown by a wom an fro m the r o of of the tower .

1 66 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

A mmo n it e s which we m e e t i n t h e s torie s of Je phth ah

an d of Saul i s mo s t n aturally e x plai n e d as th e re s ult

of aggre s s io n on th e part of I s rae l .

Wh e n t he Man as s it e s m igrated e as tward they cam e

i n to con flict with th e n orth e rn ou tpo s t s of the A mmon
it e s Th e re s ult was th at t h e latt e r gath e r e d th e ir
.

forc e s an d i n vad e d Gil e ad ? The I s rae lit e s cou ld

fin d n o comp e t e n t l e ad e r an d w e r e wor s t e d T h e re .

u po n th e y call e d to th e ir aid J e h th ah t h e s on of a
p ,

harlot who had be e n driv e n out by hi s l e gitim ate

,

broth e r s an d who had b e e n l e adi n g a fre e booter life

,

i n th e lan d of Tob J e phth ah con s e n t e d to r e t u rn

.

on co n ditio n that if victorio u s h e s hould be r e cog

, ,

n iz e d as chi e ftai n by all the p e opl e Thi s con ditio n .

was acc e pt e d an d h e we n t with the e ld e r s to Miz p e h ?

,

wh e r e h e vow e d that i f he w e re s ucce s s f u l he wo ul d

, ,

offe r to Yahweh the fir s t thi n g th at m e t him on hi s

r e tur n . H e won a gr e at victor y p u r s ui n g t h e Am ,

m on i te s i n to t h e h e art of th e ir cou n try ; but wh e n h e

cam e h om e h e was m e t at the door by hi s daught e r
, ,

h i s o n ly child an d was com p e ll e d to s acrifice her

,
.

Whil e I s rae l was bu sy e s tabli s hi n g it s e lf i n E a s t

e r n C a n aa n t h e Phili s ti n e s w e r e occupi e d with t h e
,

s am e ta s k i n We s t e r n Ca n aan an d s oo n e r or lat e r t h e ,

two p e opl e s w e r e bo un d to com e i n to co n flict Th e .

fir s t bru s h e s w e re with th e D an it e s who dw e lt to th e

3
s outh e a s t of Mo u n t E phraim Th e s tory of Sam s on .

p re s erv e s the memory of the heroic day s of bord e r

1
J ud . xi .
9
A c c or di n g t o Sc hu m ac h e r , M i tthei l u n g en d . d e u ts ch , P a l est .

Ver ei n s , 1 89 7 p 86 , ,
. M as f a n or t hwe st of J c r ash .

3 . x
J u d i i i —x vi . .
 P ER O I D OF TH E H EBR E W J U DG ES 1 67

warfare b e tw e e n the outpo s t s of th e two n atio n s .

I n th e s e co n flict s th e Phili s ti n e s we r e u s u ally vi c t o

r i o u s on acco u n t of th e ir b e tt e r armam e n t an d th e ir

s u p e rior military organ izatio n A lthou gh th e y w e r e .

divid e d i n to five trib e s havi n g Gaza Gath A s hk e lo n

, , , ,

As hdod an d E kro n as th e ir capital s th e y w e r e clo se ly

, ,

con f e d e rat e d an d act e d wi th a u n ity u n k n ow n as ye t

,

i n I s ra e l .

Th e D an it e s w e r e pr e se n tly r e d u c e d to s u bmi s s ion ,

an d t he P hili s ti n e s b e ga n to thre at e n Mo u n t E phraim .

Mu s t e ri n g a large army th e y e n camp e d i n Aphek a

, ,

tow n s it u at e d probably at th e e n tran c e of th e mode rn

Wady K a n e h that l e ad s u p to Sh e ch e m ? The E ph
r ai m i t e s a n d B e n j ami n it e s w e n t forth to m e e t th e m

an d pitch e d i n E b e n e z e r A battl e was fo u ght i n

-
.

which th e I s ra e lit e s w e re wor s t e d T hi n ki n g that .

th e ir d e fe at had b e e n du e to t h e ab s e n c e of th e ir
n atio n al god th e y s e n t to Shiloh to f e tch t h e ark that
, ,

had l e d th e m s o oft e n to victory i n t he day s of Mo s e s

an d of Jo s hua I n s pit e of i ts pre s e n c e how e v e r th e y
.
, ,

w e r e agai n rout e d with gre at Sla u ght e r an d th e ark ,

fe ll i n to the han d s of th e Phili s ti n e s who carri e d it ,

off an d plac e d it i n t h e t e mpl e of D ago n at A s hdod .

Th e lan d of I s ra e l n ow lay O p e n to t h e e n e mi e s ,

an d th e y S pr e ad th e m s e lv e s ov e r it burn i n g an d ,

pillagi n g as th e y w e n t Shiloh was probably de .

an d i ts p ri e s thood wa s com
2
s troy e d at thi s tim e

p e l l e d to fle e to N ob
3
E phraim an d B e n j a m i n w e r e
.

4
mad e trib u tary an d a garri s o n was plac e d i n G e ba .

Appare n tly t h e whol e of t h e f e rtil e P lai n of E s dr ae

1
1 Sa m . iv 1
. .
9
J er . vii . 1 2 —1 4 .

3
1 Sam . x xi .
‘
1
1 Sam . xi ii . 3 .
168 S YR IA A ND P AL E S TI N E

l on , th r ough which th e trad e rou t e to t h e E uphrat e s -

p a s s e d f e ll al s o i n to th e ir han d s
,
.

T o thi s p e riod of Phili s ti n e s u pr e macy b e lon gs th e

vi s it of an E gyptian ofli c i al to Pal e s ti n e that i s de
s crib e d i n t h e r e c e n tly di s cov e r e d P a
p yr u s Goleni
“ ”
qf ? Th e n arrative i s dated
’

sc h i n t he fifth y e ar ;
that i s accordi n g to M ull e r the fif th y e ar of t he
, ,

prie s t kin g K hr i kh or (c
-
accordi n g to E rman .
,

the fifth y e ar of R am e ss u X I I u n d e r whom K hri ,

khor u s urp e d t he thro n e of T h e b e s .

Th e author W e n Am e n was s e n t to f e tch tim b e r

,
-
,

from Pal e s tin e H e we n t to Tan i s wh e r e Sm e n de s

.
,

(N e s b i n de di
) t h e fir s t ,
ki n g of t h e XX I s t ( T a n itic )

dyn as ty was r e ign i n g pre s e n t e d h i s cr e d e n tial s an d

, ,

a s k e d for a ship to con v e y him Sm e n de s a ss e n t e d .

,

but i t was a mon th b e for e W e n A m e n coul d proce e d -

on hi s way H i s fir s t lan di n g plac e was D or on the

.
,

co a s t of K haru (Pal e s ti n e ) at t he foot of Moun t Car

m el . H e re h e was ho s pitably re c e ive d b y Badir t h e ,

ki n g of th e Z akkal a? who s e n t h i m pl e n t y of br e ad ,

wi n e an d b e e f D u ri n g th e n ight on e of th e m e n of
, .
‘

h i s s hip r an away taki n g with him a po u n d of gold an d

ov e r s i x pou n d s of s ilv e r that w e r e d e s ti n e d to pay
for the timb e r E arly th e n e x t morn i n g W e n A me n
.
-

laid hi s complai n t b e for e t he ki n g of D or an d de

m an de d ju s tic e B adir re pli e d that if th e thi e f w e r e
.
,

on e of h i s o wn p e opl e f h e would mak e good th e lo s s ;

but s i n c e h e was an E gyptian h e could o n ly in s ti ,

1
G ol e n i s c h e fl, R ecu ei l de Tr a va u x,
’
xx i .
p 74 ; M u l l e r , M i t
, .

t ei l u n g e n d er vor d er a s i a ti sch en G es e l l sch af t , 1 900, p 1 4 E r m an ,

.

Ag Z e i tschr if t , 1 9 00, p 1 . .

Se e p 1 48 . .
1 70 Y I
S R A A N D P A LE S TI N E

i n form e d that th e y had b e e n l e ft with Sm e n de s at

Tan i s he gr e w v e ry a n gry at thi s aff ro n t to hi s royal
,

dign ity Fi n ally h e d e man d e d what We n A m e n had

.
,
-

com e for ; an d l e arn i n g that it was for timber asked ,

how much mon e y h e had brou ght with him W e n .

A m e n i n form e d him b u t h e pro n o u n c e d th e s u m too

,

s mall an d bro u ght o u t t h e acco u n t s of h i s for e father s

,

( do u btl e ss cu n e iform tabl e t s lik e t h e A mar n a l e tt e r s

) ,

i n which it was r e cord e d that th e y had r e c e ive d 2 00

pou n d s of s ilv e r for Si m ilar s e rvic e s A ft e r c on si d .

c rabl e di s c u ss io n i n which We n A m e n laud e d t h e

,
-

gre atn e s s of A m e n an d app e al e d to th e fact that t h e

ki n g s fore fath e r s had r e ve re n c e d hi s au th ority p e r
’

mi ss io n was give n to se n d to E gypt for the cr e d e n tial s

an d for mor e mo n e y .

W ithi n two w e e k s t h e Ship of G e bal r e turn e d ,

bri n gi n g from Sm e n de s an d h i s q u e e n T e n t A m e n -

8 pou n d s of gol d 4 Silve r v e s s e l s 1 0 piec e s of royal

, ,
.

li n e n 5 00 roll s of papyru s 5 00 ox hide s 5 00 rop e s

, ,
-
, ,

5 00 s ack s of l e n til s an d 5 m s t of fis h Th e s e gift s

’

.
,

t h e ki n g wa s pl e a s e d to r e c e iv e graciou s l y an d ,

s e t 300 m e n a n d 300 o x e n at work i n f e lli n g an d

drawi n g timb e r I n Si x mo n th s tim e t h e wood was

.

pil e d on t h e b e ach r e ady to b e load e d i n to th e s hip s

that w e re to con v e y it to E gypt an d th e ki n g i n vi t e d
,

We n A m e n to accompan y him on a tou r of i n s p e c

-

tion On the way h e boa s t e d gr e atly of hi s cl e m e n cy

.

i n payi n g att e n tion to K h r ikh or s r e q u e s t an d r e

’

mi n d e d him of t h e e n voy of K h a e m we s e t (on e of

s — -

th e lat e r Ram e s s id s ) who r e m ai n e d fift e e n y e ar s i n

,

P hoe n icia an d di e d th e r e witho u t e ve r r e tu rn i n g to

,

Egypt I n ord e r to giv e poi n t to h i s r e mark the

.
,
 PER O I D OF TH E H EB R E W J U DG E S 1 71

ki n g ord e r e d on e of hi s pag e s to co n d u ct W e n A m e n -

to t h e S pot wh e re th e e n voy s w e r e b u ri e d ; b u t he
polit e ly b e gg e d to b e e x c u s e d an d s u gg e s t e d that it ,

wo u ld b e b e tt e r if th e ki n g i n s t e ad of followi n g t h e
, ,

e x ampl e of h i s for e fath e r s wo u ld s e t up a tabl e t com

,

m e m or at i n g hi s r e v e r e n c e for t he god A m e n R a th e n -

i n f u t u r e g e n e ra tio n s E gyptian trav e ll e r s who s houl d

r e ad it wo u ld m ak e libation s for t he r e po s e of hi s
s ou l . T o thi s t he ki n g r e pli e d That i s a gre at t e s ,

ti m on
y!
As W e n A m e n was about to d e part h e s pi e d e l e ve n
-
,

s hip s of t h e Z akk al a lyi n g i n wait for him o u t s id e of

th e harbo u r an d i n d e s pair s at dow n on th e b e ach an d

,

w e pt Th e ki n g s e n t hi s s e cr e tary to i n qu ire what

.

wa s t h e matt e r an d wh e n h e h e ard was al s o mov e d

, ,

t o t e ar s To co n s ol e him h e s e n t two m e as ur e s of
.

wi n e a ram an d an E gyptia n s i n gi n g girl an d prom

, ,
-
,

i s e d to h e lp him agai n s t the Z akkal a Th e n e x t .

morn i n g h e s u m mo n e d t h e m b e fore him an d appar

e n tly p e r s u ad e d th e m to l e t W e n A m e n go A ccord -
.

i n gly h e s e t ou t b u t i n s t e ad of proc e e di n g to E gypt

, , ,

was driv e n by co n trary wi n d s u pon th e coa s t of

Al as hi a (Cypr u s ) H e re th e n ative s thre at e n e d to
.

kill him an d dragg e d him b e for e H atib i th e q u e e n of

, ,

t h e plac e We n A m e n cou ld n ot s p e ak t h e lan g u ag e

.
-

of th e coun try b u t fo u n d at las t a m an who un d e r

,

s tood E gyptian an d thro u gh th i s i n t e rpr e t e r b e gg e d

,

for hi s life an d t h e prot e ctio n of h i s good s H e r e .

t he papyr u s br e ak s off H e m u s t h av e r e t u rn e d t o
.

E gypt for thi s doc u m e n t i s t h e ofli c 1 al r e port of n i s

,

jo u rn e y b u t wh e th e r h e s u cc e e d e d i n b r l n gi n g b ack
t he timber for which h e had s e t ou t we do n ot kn ow , .
1 72 Y I
S R A A N D P A L E ST I NE

T hi s arrativ e give s a w e lcom e glimp s e in to th e

n

political r e l ation s of Pal e s ti n e an d Syria at the b e

gin n i n g of th e e leve n th c e n t u ry E gypt had n ot m e re ly .

lo s t h e r power but had become con temptibl e i n th e

,

e y e s of h e r form e r s ubj e ct s Her ambas s ado r s w e r e

.

bulli e d an d w e re d e tai n e d i n cap tivi ty E v e n s e r .

van t s of the Syrian pri n c e s dar e d to mak e j ok e s at

t h e e x p e n s e of t h e Pharaoh Al l th e s e i n s ult s had to
.

b e bor n e me e kly s i n c e th e re w e re n o s hi p s an d n o
,

s oldi e r s to s e n d t o av e n g e them Th e Pal e s ti n ian .

coa s t s outh of C arm e l was i n p o s s e s s ion of the Zak

kala ki n s me n of the Phili s ti n e s Gebal was P h oe n i
,
.

c i an an d was t h e s e at of a high cultur e Th e c u s .

tom s oi i ts p e opl e pr e s e n t e d man y i n t e r e s ti n g p arall e l s

to tho s e of the H e bre w s .

D u ri n g thi s period th e old Babylon ian em p i r e ,

which had lon g be e n dorman t man if e s t e d un e xp ect e d ,

s ign s of vitality A bout 1 1 00 t h e K a ss ite dy n a s ty

.
,

which had ru l e d for 6 00 y e ar s f e ll i n con s e qu e n c e of , ,

r e p e at e d d e f e at s by the E lamit e s ; an d t h e n e w dy
n a s ty of I s i n of n ati ve origi n took p o s s e s s io n of ,

the thro n e Th e acc e s s io n of the s e ki n g s revive d th e

.

e n ergy of t h e a n cie n t em p ire an d re s tor e d it to s o m e

,

thi n g of i ts former p re s tige N ebuchadrezzar I the . .

,

S i x th ki n g of th e dyn a s ty d e f e ated t h e E lam it e s an d

,

carri e d h i s arm s i n to Syria I n on e of hi s i n s c r i p .

“
tion s h e s tyl e s him s e lf C on qu e ror of th e lan d of
1

”
A mur r u that i s
- -
,
t he lan d of the A morite s t h e old
, ,

Babylon ian n am e of Syr ia b e i n g re tai n e d ? althou gh

th e A morit e s had lo n g S i n c e c e as e d to b e t h e domi
How e x t e n s ive N e b u chadr e zzar s c on
’
n a n t rac e .

9
1
K e i l i n s chr if t l i ch e B i bl i oth ek , i ii . 1, p . 1 64 . Se e p 2 9
.
.
1 74 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

a n oi n t e d th e ir appoi n t e e s ? to b e ki n g ove r I s rae l .

“ ”
H e th e n gav e him a s e ri e s of s ig n s that s hou ld
att e s t to him h i s s e l e ctio n by Yahw e h to d e live r hi s
p e opl e the chi e f of which was that th e Spirit Should
,

fall u pon him wh e n he m e t th e s o n s of t h e proph e t s

an d that h e s ho u ld proph e s y with th e m Th e n he .

S ho u ld hold him se lf r e ady for t h e fir s t opportu n ity to

com e forward as a l e ade r .

Al l t u rn e d ou t as Samu e l h ad an ticipat e d Sau l .

was s e iz e d with proph e tic e c s ta s y an d k n e w him s e lf ,

cho s e n of Yah we h A n opport u n ity s oon occ u rr e d

.

for him to d e clar e him s e lf Th e Ammo n it e s wh o i n .

,

con se qu e n c e of t h e P hili s tin e wars had e n croach e d

gr e atly upon I s rae l s i n c e t he tim e of Je phthah b e ,

s i e g e d t h e city of J ab e s h i n G i l e ad
?
Th e i n habita n t s
w e re willi n g to s u rre n d e r b u t t h e o n ly t e r m s that,

N ah ash ki n g of Am mon would m ak e wer e th at h e

, ,

s houl d put ou t th e right e y e s of all t h e citiz e n s for a

r e proach to I s ra e l Th e u n fort u n at e J ab e sh i t e s
.

’
obtai n e d a w e e k s d e lay to s olicit h e lp from th e ir
ki n s m e n Th e ir m e s s e n ge r s w e n t from town to tow n
.
,

an d w e r e r e c e iv e d e v e rywh e r e with w e e pi n g but n o ,

on e m ov e d to th e ir r e s c u e A t la s t th e y arriv e d at
.

Gib e ah an d Sau l who was r e turn in g from ploughi n g

, , ,

i n quir e d what th e commotio n was about Wh e n h e .

h e ard “
t h e s pirit of E lohim cam e mightily u pon
him . Cutti n g up a yok e of o x e n h e s e n t th e pi e ce s ,

throughout the bord e r s of I s ra e l b y m e s se n g e r s s ay ,

i ng,
“
Who s o e v e r com e th n ot fort h aft e r Saul an d
aft e r Sam u e l s o S hall it b e don e u n to hi s o x e n
,
.

T he e ffe ct was m agical th e l e ade r h ad appeare d an d

, ,

9
1
Se e p 83. . 1 Sam . xi .
 PER O I D OF TH E H EBR E W J UDGE S 1 75

all th e n orth e r n trib e s ralli e d to hi s s tan dard Th e .

A mmo n it e s w e r e s mitt e n Jab e s h wa s r e li e v e d an d

, ,

Saul was cho se n ki n g by acclamatio n .

It i s i n t e re s ti n g to n ot e that co n t e m poran e o u s ly ,

with t he ri s e of a mo n archy i n I s ra e l E dom al s o ,

s e e m s to hav e tak e n a s t e p i n t h e dir e ctio n of gr e at e r

con s olidatio n of i ts gov e r n m e n t Hadad II t h e . .

,

e ighth ki n g of E dom
1
i s m e n tion e d without t h e n am e
,

of hi s fath e r Thi s s u gg e s t s n ot t e x t u al corr u ption

.
, ,

a s Marquart an d Ch e y n e thi n k but a cha n g e from an ,

e l e ctive to a h e r e ditary mo n archy H adad s fath e r

’
.

i s n ot n am e d becau s e h e wa s t h e ki n g who i m m e di
at e ly pre c e d e d him i n the li s t Thi s vi e w i s c on .

firm e d by 1 K i n g s x i 1 4 wh e re an oth e r Hadad i s

.
,
”
s aid to h av e b e e n of th e ki n g s s e e d i n E dom ’
.

Hadad II had for h i s capital P a u (L XX P e or )

.
‘
.
‘
,

which poi n t s to a domi n ion ov e r Moab s imilar to that

e x e rci se d by Hadad I ? H i s wi fe i s s aid to hav e b e e n
”
a d au ght e r of Matre d i n s t e ad of which we s ho u l d
,

p robably re ad M u tsr i or N orth Arabia The ki n g

,
.

dom of M u tsr i which playe d an importan t part i n lat e r

,

hi s tory was alr e ady pow e rfu l ; an d Hadad fo u n d it

,

to hi s advan tag e to co n fe de rat e him s e lf with it .

1
Ge n . xxx vi . 39 .
9
Se e p 1 63 . .
 CH AP TE R X

TH E PER O I D OF TH E E AR L Y H EB R E W K ING S .

1 020—885 B C
. .

TH E firs t act of Saul s reign was to gather a force ’

of m e n an d s mit e t h e garri s o n at G e ba ? Thi s

act of re volt brou ght ou t t he e n tire army of t he Phil
i s ti n e s an d s o alarmed t h e I s raelit e s that th e y fle d
,

for r e fuge to cav e s an d thick e t s At thi s jun ct u re .

J on atha n Sau l s s on an d hi s s qui re s ur p ri s e d the

,
’

outp o s t at Michmas h an d threw t he e n emy i n to c on

fus io n An e arthquak e al s o occurred which fill e d
.

them with t er ror Sau l an d hi s little h an d then f e ll

.

up o n th e m an d d e fe at e d th e m Through thi s vic

,
.

tory Saul won back the fre e dom of I s ra e l ; but t h e

pow e r of th e Ph i li sti n e s was s till un brok e n an d h e ,

had to s truggl e all hi s life to preve n t a s econ d eu

s l ave m e n t . An d th e r e was s ore war agai n s t the
Phili s ti n e s all the day s of San An d wh e n Saul
s a w an y m i ghty m an or an y valian t m an h e took
, ,
” 2
him un to him A m o n g th o s e whom h e thu s gath
.

e r e d i nto hi s s tan di n g army w e r e n ot o n l y m e n of

t h e n orth e rn t r ib e s but al s o J u dae an s an d e ve n

, ,

E domit e s .

A ccordi n g to 1 Sam xi v 47 Saul wag e d s ucce s s ful. .

9
1
1 Sam . xii i . 2 . 1 Sam . xi v. 52 .
1 78 S Y R IA AND P ALE S TI N E

H is arm y was d e fe at e d an d p u s h e d back upo n Moun t

Gilboa wh e r e Jon athan an d two oth e r s o n s f e ll
, .

Fi n di n g that h e was wo u n d e d an d dr e adi n g l e s t he ,

s ho u ld fall aliv e i n to t h e han d s of t h e e n e my h e ca s t ,

him s e lf u pon hi s s word an d di e d A ft e r thi s the .

Phili s ti n e s ov e rran I s rae l agai n an d t h e Sit u atio n ,

was as bad as it had b e e n at t h e tim e of Saul s acc e s

’

s io n .

Co n t e mporan e o u s probably with Sau l was Ti gl ath

pi l e s e r I ( c . t h e fir s t A s s yrian mo n arch that
.

i n vad e d Syria W e h av e s e e n alr e ady how i n t h e

.
l

tim e of A m e n hot e p IV (0 1 400 B C ) t he ki n gdom of . . . .

A s s yria u n d e r A s hu r u b alli t was b e gi n n i n g to b e

-

com e a m e n ac e to Babylon S oon aft e r t he A marn a .

p e riod A s hur u b alli t was s tro n g e n o u gh to tak e Ni n

-

e ve h from Mitan n i an d to plac e on e of h i s gran d

s o n s u po n th e thro n e o f Babylo n Bel n i r ar i forc e d .

-

K u r i gal z u II to s u bmit to a partitio n of M e S O p ota

.

m i a an d thu s obtai n e d co n trol of t h e trade rout e s to

,
-

t he We st Shalman e s er I (c 1 32 0) was th e fir s t
. . .

A s s yrian ki n g to cro s s th e E u p h rat e s H e in vaded .

M u t s r i n orth of Syria b e tw e e n t h e Tauru s an d An ti

,

Tauru s ran g e s b u t h e did n ot p e n e trat e Syria it s e lf

,
.

Tuk l at N i n ib t h e co n t e mporary of R am e s s u II (
-
,
c . .

co n qu e r e d Babylo n ; b u t civil war brok e out ,

an d h e was u n abl e to profit b y h i s victory A p e riod .

of d e cli n e s e t i n duri n g which As s yr ia lo s t all h e r

,

po s s e s s ion s i n M e s opotamia T hi s co n ti n ue d u n til .

1116 B C wh e n A s hur dan I cam e to t he thron e

. .
,
-
.
,

un de r wh om t h e w e s tward mov e m e n t on c e mor e

b e gan .

1
Se e pp 6 6 , 1 02
. .
 PER O I D OF TH E EA R L Y H EBR E W K INGS 1 79

Ti gl at hp i l e s e r I .
,
the
gre at gran d s o n of A sh u r dan - -

I d u ri n g t h e fir s t five y e ar s of h i s r e ig n an n e x e d
.
,

t h e whol e of N orth e rn M e s opotamia ; i n vad e d Mut s

ri drove th e A ram ae an Akh l am i ou t of M e s op o t a
m ia an d cro s s i n g t h e E u p hrat e s n e ar Carch e mi s h
, ,

capt u r e d s i x of th e ir s tron gholds The acco u n t of .

th e s e victori e s fill s the famou s P ri s m i n s cription ? -

which i s t h e e arli e s t A s syrian hi s torical doc u m e n t of

an y l e n gth that h as com e dow n to u s A t s om e .

tim e s u b s e q u e n t to t he writi n g of thi s i n s criptio n h e

con qu e r e d t h e whol e of N orth e rn Syria as far a s
t h e M e diterran e an Un fort u n at e ly we hav e n o de
.
,

tail e d acco un t of thi s campaig n ; an d our o n ly k n o wl

e dg e of it i s d e riv e d from a bri e f i n s criptio n carv e d

at the e n tran c e of th e grotto of Se hn e h Su at t h e -

head wat e r s of t h e Tigri s

I n t h e g r ac e of Ash u r , Sh am as h , an d R am m an , t h e gre at
I
g ods , , Ti g l ath p i l e s e r ,
-
k
in g of A s syria, s on of A sh u r re sh -

i sh i k i n g
, of As syria, s on of M u t ak ki l N u s -
ku ki ,
n g of A ssyri a ,
c on q u e r or from
re at Se a of Am urru u n t o t h e Se a of Nairi
the G

(L ak e Van ) m arc h e d t hri c e u n t o t h e l an d of N ai r i

”
, .

Thi s i s s uppl e m e n t e d by an accoun t of hi s h u n ti n g

e x ploit s on t h e s o ca l l e d B rok e n Ob e li s k
2
-
:

Th e g ods N i n ib an d Nirgal , wh o l ove d h i s pri e s t h ood ,

g ave hi m h u n t i n g i n t h e op e n c ou n t ry . H e sail e d i n s h i p s of

the rvad A a hhi u (dol p h i n ?) h e k ill e d i n t h e

l an d of A . n r

G re at Se a Wi l d ox e n d e s tru c t ive an d m i gh ty h e s l e w at
.
, ,

t h e t own of Ar az i q wh i c h li e s i n f r on t of t h e l an d of t h e H i t
,

t i te s an d at t h e f oot of L e b an on h e c au g h t you n g wil d

1
R awl i n s on , i . 9 —1 6 ; K e i l i n s ch r ift l i ch e B i bli oth ek , i .
, pp 1.4—47
;
R e cor ds th e P a s t , N e w Ser i es , i —1 2 1
f
o , pp
. 9 2 . .

9
R awl i n s on , i 2 8, l i n e s 1 —9 ,
. 2 9—30 .
1 80 Y I
S R A AND P A LE S TI N E
l
c att e a live , an d g at h e r e d h e r ds of th e m . E l e p h an t s h e l w
s e

wi t h hi s b ow . L ivi n g e l e p h an t s he c au g h t , an d b r ou gh t t o h i s
c i ty A s h s h u r . A g r e at p ag l u (h ip p op ot am u s ?) an d
a

a c r oc odil e dwe l l e rs i n t h e r ive r

, an d c re at u r e s o f t h e G r e at
,

Se a t h e k in g of E gyp t c au s e d t o b ri g an d h e s h owe d t h e m n
,

t o t h e p e op l e of h i s l an d
”
.

F rom th e s e tat e m e n t s we gath e r that Ti gl ath

s

p il e s e r r e d u c e d to s u bmi s s io n t he whol e of N orth e rn

Syria as far as t h e Ph oe n ician city of A r vad an d that ,

n e w s of hi s victori e s S pr e ad to E g y pt an d i n duc e d

t h e Pharaoh to s e n d him pr e s e n t s T hi s Pharaoh .

m u s t hav e b e e n o n e of the Tan itic mon arch s of th e

X XI s t dy n a s ty rath e r than a Th e ban mo n arch of on e
of t h e e arli e r dy n a s ti e s who wou ld h ave b e e n too r e
,

m ot e to e n t e r i n to d iplomatic r e lation s with Ti gl ath

il e s e r at A rvad A gai n s t t h e ki n gdom s of Qa de s h
p .

an d of D ama s c u s h e did n ot v e n tur e to adva n c e ;

a n d S i n c e th e s e act e d a s barri e r s t h e ri s i n g k i n gdom ,

of I s rae l was l e ft u n di s t u rb e d I n th e lat e r y e ar s of .

h i s r e ig n h e s u ffe r e d r e v e r s e s at th e h an d of Marduk
n adi n ak b e ki n g of Babylo n which pr e v e n t e d follow
-
, ,

i n g u p hi s co n q u e s t s i n t h e W e s t an d organ izi n g th e r e
a p e rman e n t a dmi n i s tration Af t e r hi s d e ath A s s yria
.

u n de r we n t a p e riod of d e cli n e duri n g which i t lo s t all ,

i ts for e ig n po s s e s s ion s ; an d n o t u n t i l aft e r t h e tim e

of A s hur dan II (c 940) did it agai n re vive an d com
-
. .

m e n c e o n c e mor e i ts forward mov e m e n t .

On r e c e ivi n g n e w s o f Sau l s d e ath D avid pro

’

c e e de d at o n c e to H e bro n ; an d wa s th e r e an oi n t e d

ki n g ov e r t h e trib e of Ju dah H e s e n t m e s s e n g e r s .

to t h e n orth e rn trib e s to i n vit e th e m to r e cog n iz e him ,

b u t th e y we r e n ot r e ady for thi s s t e p ; an d A b n e r ,

1 82 S YR IA AND P ALE S TI N E

D avid s ha n d s w e re
’
n ow
fr e e for war s of r e pri s al
an d of con qu e s t agai n s t t h e n atio n s o n t h e e a s t e r n

a n d t h e s outh e rn fro n ti e r s Moab was d e fe at e d an d

.
,

was tr e at e d with s u rpri s i n g s e v e rity i n vi e w of th e

fact that hi s fath e r an d hi s moth e r had fo u n d r e fu g e
th e r e a t th e tim e of Sau l s p e r s e cu tion ? T wo third s
’
-

of t h e c aptiv e s h e put to d e ath an d the s u rvivor s ,

h e plac e d un d e r tribut e ?
Pr e s u mabl y he e xt e n d e d
t h e t e rritor y of I s rae l as far a s t h e A r n o n b u t h e ,

did n ot a tt e mpt to i n corporat e Moab i n to hi s ki n g

dom .

With t h e A mmon it e s D avid s re lation s h ad b e e n ’

fri e n dly du ri n g t h e e n tir e r e ign of N ah a s h an d u pon ,

hi s d e ath h e s e n t e n voy s to e x pr e s s s ympathy w ith

h i s s on Han u n Th e y ou n g m an who had s e e n th e
.
,

tre atm e n t of Moab s u s p e ct e d that d e s i gn s of c on

,

que s t w e re con c e al e d u n de r thi s m e ss ag e ; i n su lt e d

t h e amba s s ador s by c u tti n g O ff th e i r b e ard s an d th e ir
rob e s an d s en t them back to D avi d T hi s was
’

.
,

e quival e n t to a d e claratio n of war The A mmon it e s .

did n ot ve n ture thi s tim e to fight I s ra e l alon e b u t ,

hire d troop s to h e lp th e m from th e p e tty Aram ae a n

ki n gdom s Of B e th R e hob Zobah an d Maacah that , ,

lay b e tw e e n th e m an d the fo ot of Mo u nt H e rmo n .

D avid s e n t out an arm y to m e e t th e m u n d e r th e

comm a n d of Joab I n orde r to pr e v e n t a j un ction of
.

t h e alli e s Joab divi ded hi s army e n tru s ti n g th e forc e

, ,

that was to hold t he A mmon it e s i n ch e ck to h i s

broth e r Abi s h ai while h e him s e lf m arch e d agai n s t
,

t he Ara m ae an s Both divi s ion s w e r e s ucc e ss fu l ; t h e

.

Aram aean s fle d back to th e ir own lan d an d t h e Am ,

1
1 Sam , xx n . 3 f .
9
2 Sam . vi i i . 2 .
 PER O I D OF TH E EAR L Y H EBR E W K ING S 1 83

m on i t e s r e tire d to R abbah th e ir capital ? T he fol ,

lo wi n g y e ar Joab laid s i e g e to thi s city ; an d wh e n h e

had bro u ght matt e r s s o far that it was re ady to fall ,

s u mmo n e d D avid to e n j oy t h e ho n o u r of maki n g t h e

capture him s e lf The pri s o n e r s h e s e t at hard labour

.

with s aw s pic ks a xe s an d brick m o u ld s

, ,
?
A mmo n ,
-

wa s mad e trib u tary but it was l e ft u n d e r t h e r u l e of

,

i ts n ative pri n c e s ?

The n at u ral s e qu e l of thi s victory was t h e c h as ti s

i n g of t h e A ram ae an s who had dar e d to a s s i s t A mmo n .

Hadad e z e r ki n g of Zobah Se e m s to h av e h e ld t h e
, ,

h e ge mon y at thi s tim e am o n g t he Sou th A ram ae a n

s tat e s
. Su mmo n i n g h i s alli e s he plac e d th e m u n d e r ,

t h e com m an d of hi s ge n e ral Shobach an d s e n t th e m

agai n s t D avid T h e y w e r e d e f e at e d an d con s ide r
.
4
,

abl e tr e a su r e wa s tak e n ou t of th e ir citi e s 5

Upon .

thi s T oi ki n g of Hamath (n ot Hamath t h e Gr e at on

,

th e Oro n t e s b u t Hamath of
,
who had lo n g
b e e n oppre s s e d by Hadad e z e r s e n t hi s s on Hadoram ,

( Joram to co n grat u lat e D avid a n d to bri n g him

ve s e l s of gold s ilv e r an d bro z e
s ,
n 7
,
.

A ccordi n g to 2 Sa m viii 6 D avid capt u re d A ram . .

D amas cu s place d garri s o n s th e re an d impo s e d trib

, ,

u te b u t thi s s tat e m e n t i s du e to a t e x tual corru ptio n

of viii 1 4 wh e re we r e ad that h e plac e d garri s o n s
.
,

i n E dom an d impo s e d trib u t e upo n the E domit e s .

Mi sl e d b y thi s e rror an d by t h e s uppo s itio n that

Hamath was Hamath th e Gr e at t h e e x ilic editor of ,

1
2 Sa m . x . 1 —1 4 .
9
2 Sam . x ii . 31 .

11
2 Sam . x vi i . 27 .
1
‘
2 Sam . x . 1 5 —1 9 .

5
2 Sa m . vi i i 3—5 , 6
2 C hr on vii i . 3 .

1
2 Sam . vi ii . 9 —1 1 .
1 84 S YR IA AN D P A LE S TI N E

th e Book of K i n gs h as s u ppo se d th at D avid c on

quere d t h e A ram ae an s as far n orth as th e E uphrat e s .

A ccordi n g to th e old e r s o u rc e s how e v e r hi s ki n gdom , ,

did n ot e x t e n d b e yo n d t he E n t e ri n g i n of Ham ath ,

”

that i s th e d e s c e n t from th e high lan d abou t Ij o n

,

i n to t h e vall e y b e tw e en t he L e ban on an d A n ti
L e ban on I n 2 Sam xx iv 6 th e n orth e rn mo s t poi n t
. . .

r e ach e d by h i s c e n s u s tak e r s i s s aid to have b e e n

-

“
th e l an d of Takh ti m kh ods h i The t e x t i s ob vi
-
.

ou s l y corrupt an d m a n y comm e n tator s follow Lucia n s

’

“
r e c e n s ion of t h e L XX i n r e adi n g t he lan d of the .

”
Hitt i t e s u n to Qade s h But th e r e i s n o probab i lity
.

that at thi s tim e Qade sh on th e Oron t e s was occupi e d

by Hittit e s or that t he c e n s u s gath e rer s who s e aim -
,

was m e r e ly to n umb e r I s ra e l s hould hav e p e n e trat e d ,

s o far to t h e n orth A ccordi n gly K lo s t e rman n an d

.
,

“
G u th e ar e doubtl e s s right i n r e adi n g th e lan d of ,

N aphtali un to Qade s h Qade s h N aphtali i s the .

w e ll k n own hom e of Barak ? D avid ru l e d n o far

-

th e r than the foot of L e ban o n an d the foot of

H e rmon an d t h e o n ly A ram ae an s that w e r e tribu
,

tary to hi m were tho se imm e diat e ly adj ac e n t to hi s

fron tier .

I n E dom hi s con qu e s t s w e re m or e complet e than

i n an y oth e r r e gi on Aft e r a gre at vi ctory i n t h e
.

Vall e y of Salt b e tw e e n B e e rs h e b a an d t h e D e ad Se a
, ,

J oab ravage d E dom for Si x mon th s s l aym g e v e ry ,

m al e that f e ll i n to hi s han d s Un lik e Moab an d .

A mmo n it was n ot allow e d to r e tai n i t s own gov e r n

,

m e n t but was an n e x e d to Judah

,
Garri s on s w e r e .

p laced i n i t s mid s t an d it did n ot agai n r e gain i t s

,

1
J ud . v. 6 .
1 86 S YR IA AND PALE S TI N E

With th e rich an d pow e rfu l Phoen ici a n s D avid

wi s e ly m ai n tai n e d p e ac e I n th e lat e r y e ars of h i s .

r e ign wh e n h i s cam pai gn s w e r e ov e r an d h e had

,

l e i s ur e to b e a u tify J e ru s al e m he con cl u ded an ar ,

ran g e m e n t with Hiram I ki n g of Tyre by which .

, ,

h e was f u r n i s h e d with c e dar wood an d was s e n t car -

e n t e r s an d ma s o n s to b u ild him a palac e on Moun t

p
Zio n ? The s tat e m e n t i s i n t e r e s ti n g as s howi n g that
t h e P hoe n ician s had lo s t n on e of t he s kill that ch ar
ac te r i z e d th e m d u ri n g t h e A mar n a p e riod an d that ,

th e I s ra e lit e s had n ot ye t d e v e lop e d an i n d e p e n d e n t

art Thi s Hiram s on of A b i b aal i s th e fir s t ki n g i n
.

t h e li s t of M e n an d e r an d with him th e co n s e c u tive

2
,

hi s tory of Ph oen icia b e gi n s A ccordi n g to t h e c al c u .

l ati on s of N i e s e an d R ii hl h e b e gan to reign in 96 9

B C
. . an d was th u s a you n g e r con t e mporary of D avid
,

an d an old e r c on t e m p or ar v of S olomon H i s r e ign .

of thirty fo u r y e ar s was on e of t h e mo s t gloriou s i n

-

Phoe n icia n hi s tory H e e n larg e d t h e i s lan d fortre s s

.
-

of Tyr e by filli n g up a Shallow co n n e ct e d th e i s lan d ,

on which t h e t e mpl e of t h e T yria n Baal wa s built with

t h e mai n i slan d r e s tor e d t h e t e mpl e s of th e god s

, ,

an d r e d u c e d t h e p e opl e of Cypru s to s ubmi s s ion .

To hi s r e ign b e lon gs p e rhap s an archaic Ph oe n ician

i n s criptio n on a fragm e n t of a bron z e bowl foun d at
Lim a ss ol i n Cypr u s which r e ad s : Th e gov e rn or of
‘

Qar t kh adas h t (Carthage i n Cypru s) t h e s e rvan t of ,

Hiram ki n g of t h e Sidon ian s pr e s e n t s thi s to Baal

, ,

3 ”
of L e ban on hi s Lord ,
.

D avid s lat e r y e ars w e r e tro u bl e d with r e b e ll i on s

’

1
2 Sam . 5 :1 1 f .
9
Se e J os e ph u s , Con t Ap
. .
, i 18
.

3
Cor p u s I n s or . Se m .
, i 5 ; L i dz b ar s k i , H
. a n dbu ch , ii . 1 .
 PER O I D OF TH E E AR L Y H EB R E W K INGS 1 87

cau s e d partly by t he ambitio n of hi s s o n s an d partly ,

by th e u n co n qu e rabl e rivalry b e tw e e n J u dah an d th e

n orther n trib e s Th e s e how e v e r h e s u cc e e d e d i n
.
, ,

q u e lli n g an d l e ft to hi s s ucc e s s or a w e ll co n s olidat e d

,

ki n gdom which if n ot s o gre at as traditio n h as s u p

, ,

po s e d was a t l e a s t t he chi e f Stat e of Pal e s ti n e an d

,

was s tro n g e r tha n an y of t h e con temporary s tat e s of

Syria .

D avid s d e ath (0 96 0) was follow e d by t h e r e volt of

’
.

s e ve ral of t h e trib u tary p e opl e s Solo m o n was .

oblig e d to mak e war with t he A ram ae an s on t he

n orth e a s t fro n ti e r an d p u s h e d h i s co n q u e s t s a s far
,

as Hamath Zobah ? who s e ki n g had form e rly s e n t

pr e s e n t s to D avid A mor e formidabl e an tago n i s t .

was R e zo n ki n g of D amas cu s
,
?
H e was a s u bj e ct of
Hadad e z e r ki n g of Zobah who f e ll i n to di s favo u r with
, ,

h i s lord m u ch as D avid did with Sau l an d who took

, ,

up t he life of a fre e boot e r Ultimat e ly h e gai n e d p os .

s e s s io n of D ama s c u s an d fo u n d e d th e r e a dy n a s t y
,

that was d e s ti n e d i n t h e n e x t c e n t u ry to i n flict un told

mi se ry u pon I s ra e l A ccordin g to t he r e c e ive d t e x t.
,

thi s e ve n t took plac e d u ri n g t h e life tim e of D avid ;

b u t t h e ab s e n c e of t h e word s
“
wh e n D avid s l e w ,
”
th e m from on e r e c e n s ion of t he L XX rai s e s t h e .

s u s picio n that th e s e word s ar e a glo s s By man y .

R e zo n i s id e n tifi e d wi th H e zio n t h e fath e r of T ab ,

rimmo n t h e fath e r of B e n hadad b u t oth e rs doubt

,
3
,

thi s id e n tificatio n Wi n ckl e r hold s that H e zio n i s a

.

corru ptio n of Haza e l who th e n m u s t b e r e gard e d as ,

t h e s u cc e s s or of R e zo n .

B e yo n d thi s bri e f n otic e we k n ow n othi n g of t he

1
2 C hr on . vi i i . 3 .
9
1 lu n g s vi i i . 2 3—2 5 .
3
1 K i n gs xv . 18
.
1 88 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

growth of t h e D ama s c e n e ki n gdom I n t he n e x t .

g e n e ratio n it s tood ou t con s picu o u s ly as th e h e ad

of t he A ram ae an co n f e d e racy an d for mor e than a ,

c e n t u ry it was abl e to thwart th e political ambition

of A s s yria Thi s e mi n e n c e it ow e d partly to i ts
.
,

m agn ific e n t s trat e gic po s ition i n a f e rtil e plai n at

t h e i n t e r s e ction of s e v e ral of t h e gr e at trad e ro u t e s -

of W e s t e r n A s ia an d partly to th e g e n iu s of R e zon
, ,

who fr e e d it from th e co n trol of Zobah .

A n oth e r foe of S olomo n duri n g t h e e arly y e ar s of

h i s r e ign was t h e yo u n g pri n c e Hadad III who h ad .
,

e s cap e d from E dom to M u t s r i at t h e t i m e of D avi d s

’

co n q u e s t? H e was n ow grown up ; an d h opi n g to ,

r e cove r h i s birthri ght had gon e dow n to E gypt an d had

,

s ought t h e favour of t h e Pharaoh pr e s u mably P s u ,

‘
kh a e m n e II who had r e c e iv e d h i m ki n dly an d had
.
,

give n hi m h i s s i s t e r i n law as a wife ? -

So s oon as h e
-

h e ard of D avid s d e ath h e obtai n e d p e rmi s s ion to

’

r e turn to hi s n ative lan d an d to lay claim to t he

thro n e of h i s fath e r s ?
I n thi s att e mpt h e was
do u btl e ss s e con d e d by E gypt which was b e comi n g ,

j e alo u s of the growi n g powe r of t h e n e w P al e s ti n ian

ki n gdom .

H e s e e m s to hav e b e e n u n s ucc e ss ful for Solomo n ,

re tai n e d pos s e s s io n of t he port of E z i on g e b e r on t h e -

El an i ti c G u lf i n t h e lan d of E dom which h e u s e d in ,

h i s lat e r n aval e n t e rpri s e s .

Fi n di n g that S olom o n was n ot to b e ov e rcom e t he ,

1
Se e p 1 85 . .

I t i s h ar dl y pr ob ab l e t h at we s h ou l d r e ad Pi r u , ki n g of M u t sr i
’
9

i n st e ad of P h ar a oh , ki n g of M i t sr ai m Se e pp 2 43 , 2 46
. . .

9
1 Ki n gs x i . 1 4—2 2 .
1 90 S Y R IA A ND P ALE S TI N E

n orth of D avid s old citad e l h e e s tabli s h e d a n e w

’

r e s id e n c e which h e probably con n e ct e d with t h e old

,

on e by a br i dg e ov e r t h e n arrow vall e y Th e r e h e .

built t h e Ho u s e of t h e For e s t of L e ban o n th e P orch ,

of P illar s t h e P orch of t h e T hro n e t h e Ho u s e of

, ,

Pharaoh s D aught e r an d t h e T e mpl e T o pay for

’

,
.

th e s e colo s s al u n d e rtaki n g s h e u s e d t h e tre a s ure s that

h i s fath e r had accum ul at e d an d t u rn e d ov e r to Hiram ,

a portion of hi s an n ual r e ve n u e i n grai n an d oil .

Wh e n thi s di d n ot s u fli c e he c e d e d tw e n ty town s i n ,

?
t h e la n d of Cab u l on t h e Ph oe n ician fron ti e r
A s an o ff s e t to hi s e x pe n ditur e s h e att e mpt e d to
i n cr e a se h i s i n com e by comm e rcial e n t e rpri s e s C on .

trolli n g as h e did all t h e caravan ro u t e s b e tw e e n

, ,
-

E gypt an d A s ia h e was abl e to play t h e p art of mid

,

dl e m an an d to coll e ct a p rofit o n e v e ry articl e that

pa ss e d thro ugh hi s han d s It i s e x pr e s s ly s tat e d that
.

h e carri e d on a larg e b u s i n e s s i n providi n g hor s e s an d

chariot s for t he Hittite an d A ram ae an ki n g s ?
With
t h e h e lp of th e Tyrian s h e built an d man n e d a fl e e t of
ve ss e l s at E z i on g e be r on the Elan i ti c arm of t he R e d
-

Se a i n th e lan d of E dom T hi s fl e e t w e n t to South

.

A rabia wh e n c e it brought back gold an d t h e prod u ct s

,

of th e flouri s hi n g Mi n ae an an d Sab ae an civilizatio n s .

It i s e v e n r e cord e d that t he Que e n of Sh e ba (Sab as a)

paid Solomo n a vi s it at J e ru s al e m I n t he M e di te r .

r an e an al s o h e had a fl e e t which s ail e d pr e s umably ,

fro m D or an d w e n t as far as Tar te s s u s i n Spai n

,
3
.

T h e s e e x p e ditio n s bro u ght i n gr e at w e alth but n ot ,

s ufl i c i e n t to m e e t the co s t of h i s b u ildi n g s or to mai n ,

1
1 Ki n gs v . 8 11-
ix . 1 1 —1 3 .
9
1 Ki n g s x . 2 7 29
-
.

3
1 Ki n gs i x . 26 ; x . 25 .
 PER O I D OF TH E E AR L Y H EB R E W K I NG S 1 91

tai n the s tat e i n which h e live d Con s e qu e n tly as a .

,

las t r e s ort he was co m p e ll e d to i n cr e a s e t h e ta x e s

,
.

Thro u gh thi s m e a s u re h e ali e n at e d t he loyalty of th e

p e opl e partic u larly tho s e of t h e n orth e rn trib e s I n
,
.

cit e d by t h e proph e t A hij ah of Shiloh J e r ob oam t h e , ,

ov e rs e e r of t h e ho u s e of Jo s e ph s tart e d a r e vol u tio n , ,

an d att e mpt e d to hold t h e fortr e s s of Z e r e dah F ail .

i n g i n thi s h e fle d to E gypt an d fo u n d r e fu g e with

,

Shi s hak I t he fo u n d e r of t h e XXI I d or Libyan

.
, ,

dy n a s ty who cam e to t h e thro n e abo u t 9 40 n o?

,

S o s oo n as h e h e ard of Solomo n s d e ath J e r ob oam

’

r e t u rn e d an d pu t hi m s e lf at t h e h e ad of th e di s con
t e n t e d Sh e ch e m wa s t h e c e n tre of th e ir op e ratio n s
.
,

a n d thith e r a s s e mbl e d t h e r e pr e s e n tativ e s of all t h e

n orth e r n trib e s R e hoboam al s o cam e u p from J e r u

.

s al e m to p e r s u ad e t h e e ld e r s to s u bmit to h i s ru l e .

Th e con ditio n d e ma n d e d by th e m wa s that h e s ho u ld

r e d u c e th e b u rd e n s of tax ation an d of e n forc e d l abour .

H i s old e r co u n s e llor s urg e d him to acc e d e to thi s

r e a s o n abl e r e qu e s t b u t t h e m e n of hi s own ge n e ra
,

tio n advi se d him to b e at t he p e opl e i n to s u bmi s s ion .

R e hoboam took t h e advic e of t h e latt e r an d an s w e re d ,

My fath e r mad e your yok e h e avy but I will add to ,

yo u r yok e my fath e r chas ti s e d you with whip s b u t ,

”
I will chas ti s e you with s corpion s On h e ari n g thi s .
,

t h e n orth e rn trib e s at o n c e r e volt e d an d m ad e J e ro ,

boam ki n g (0 R e hoboam had difficulty i n e s

.

capi n g to J e r u s al e m an d A don iram (A doram ) hi s

, ,

tax gath e re r was s to n e d to d e ath

-

,
?

Thu s t h e life work of D avid was de s troy e d at a

-

s i n gle blow I s ra e l was divid e d i n to two p e tty ki n g

.

1
1 Ki ngs xi . 2 6 —40.
9
1 K i n gs x i i .
1 92 S Y R IA AND P A L E ST I NE

dom s n e ither of which was s tron g e n ough to re si s t

,

t h e attack s of i ts n e ighb o u r s Ju dah alo n e con ti n u e d .

loyal to R e hoboam tog e th e r with a fe w town s of,

B e n j ami n i n t he imm e di at e vici n ity of Je r u s al e m .

Moab an d A mmon fe ll to th e Share of Je r ob oam but ,

s e e m n ot to hav e b e e n lo n g r e tai n e d by him s i n c e ,

Omri was oblig e d t o r eco n qu e r th e m ? E dom r e

?
mai n e d a d e p e n d e n cy of R e hoboam Th e n orth e rn
ki n gdom was by far the riche r an d s tro n g e r of th e
t wo ; it th e r e for e r e tai n e d th e old n atio n al n am e of
I s rael l e avi n g for t h e other ki n gdom on l y the tribal
,

n am e of J u dah .

W ar b e tw e e n t h e two m on arch s was i n evi tabl e ,

S i n c e R e hoboam could n o t s e e hi s heritag e wr e s te d

'
from him without an e flor t to r e cover it H e had .

t h e advan tag e of a s tan di n g army an d of the w e alth

accum u lat e d i n Je r u s al e m b ut h e did n ot s ucc e e d i n
,

s u bdui n g h i s rival H e was oblig e d to con t e n t him

.

s e lf with t h e e r e ctio n of a li n e of fortr e s s e s an d t h e

3
mai n t e n an c e of c e as e l e ss bord e r warfare -
.

I n th e fifth y e ar of R e hoboam ( c accordi n g .

to 1 K i n g s xi v 2 5 Shi s hak (She s hon q ) I ki n g of

.
,
.
,

E gypt i n vad e d P al e s ti n e
,
H e was t he d e s c e n da n t of
.

a li n e of Libyan g e n e ral s th at had gradu ally grown s o

pow e rf u l that it was abl e to ov e rthrow th e T an it e
ki n g s an d to s e at on e of i ts m e mb e rs on the thro n e .

W ith him b e gan the XXI I d dy n as ty which l a s t e d for ,

ov e r 2 00 y e ars H e was an e n e rg e tic m o n arch wh o

.
,

was fill e d with t h e ambitio n to r e co n que r th e prov

i n c e s that E gypt had lo s t 2 00 y e ar s b e for e So lo n g .

1
Se e p 2 02
. .
9
Cf . 1 Ki n gs xx n . 47 .

3
2 Chr on x i 5 1 2 ; 1
. .
-
Ki n g s x i v . 30 x v. 6 .
1 94 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

s can t y Biblical accou n t men tion s on ly t he mi s fort u n e

of J udah while th e E gyptian mon u m e n t i s mutilat e d
,

i n t h e portio n that probably co n tai n e d th e li s t of

Ju dae an town s Th e las t n am e of th e li s t Yau r a
.
,

Mas p e ro r e s tore s to Y au r ashal am a (Je r us a

Th e s mall n e s s of Shi s h ak s co n q u e s t s i n c on
’
le m ) .
,

tras t with tho s e of th e Pharaoh s of t h e X VI I I th

dy n as ty i s s triki n g ; t he n orth e rn mo s t tow n that h e
,

men tio n s do e s n ot l i e b e yo n d t he Plai n of J ezre e l .

Th e Ph oe n ician citi e s an d all Syria were l e ft un di s

t ur b e d T o mak e up for thi s he e n u m e rat e d e v e ry
.
,

ob s cure vi llage that h e vi s it e d an d s o s ucc e e de d i n ,

maki n g hi s l i s t as lon g at l e as t as tho s e of h i s gre at

pred e c e s s or s .

Ah ij ah t h e s on of R ehoboam
,
main tai n e d h i s
father s quarr e l with J e b
’
r o o am 1
but appare n tly with ,

l e ss s ucce s s I n the lo n g r un the gre at e r w e alth an d

.

t h e larg e r p op u lation of t h e n orth e r n ki n gdom wer e

s ure to cou n t an d b e s id e s J u dah s u ffe r e d mor e b e av
,

i l y than I s rael at th e han d s of Shi s hak A ccordi n g .

to 1 K in g s x v 1 9 Ah ij ah s o u ght the aid of Tab r i m

.
,

m on ( T ab R amma n ) ki n g of D amas c u s an d brib e d

-
, ,

him to attack J e r ob oam from th e n orth The Ar a .

m ae an ki n g was glad of an e x cu s e to mak e war S i n c e ,

I s rae l con troll e d the b e s t caravan route b e tw e en D a

’
-

m as c u s an d t h e s e a i n fact it was th e e ffort to s e cure

,

thi s rout e which l e d to th e con s tan t warfar e betw e e n

Syria an d I s ra e l from th e days of Solom o n o n ward ~

Ah ijah th u s obtain ed r e li e f ; an d attacki n g J e r ob oam

i n t h e r e ar whil e he was bu s y with t he Syrian s i n
, ,

fli c t e d a s e ver e d e f e at upo n him an d an n e x e d the

1
1 K i n gs xv . 7b .
 PER O I D OF TH E E AR L Y H EB R E W K INGS 1 95

citi e s of B e th e l Je shan ah a n d E phro n ? A s a r e su lt

, ,

“
Ah ijah wax e d mighty an d took u n to him s e lf four ,

t e e n wiv e s an d b e gat tw e n ty an d two s o n s an d s i x

,

I n s pit e of tem p orary s u cc e s s

”
t e e n daught e rs 9
.
,

howe v e r t h e appeal to D ama s c u s was a Short s ight e d

,
-

p olic y By w e ak e n i n g I s rae l A hijah d e s troy e d t he

.

on ly barrier b e tw e e n hi s ki n gdom an d Syria H i s .

d e s c e n dan t s had to pay the p e n alty of hi s m i s tak e .

About 9 1 3 A s a cam e to t h e thro n e of J u dah an d two ,

ye ars lat e r N adab s ucc e e d e d Je r ob oam i n I s rae l

N adab did n ot r e ig n lon g for h i s fath e r s r e v e r s e s ,
’

had m ad e h i s dy n as ty u n popul ar I n the followi n g .

y e ar Baasha the I s s acharit e s l e w hi m a s h e was

, ,

b e s i e gin g the Phili s ti n e city of Gibb e tho n an d mad e ,

him s e lf ki n g Baas h a cam e to t e rm s with B e n

.

hadad (Bir h i dr i ) I who i n th e mean tim e (c 900)

3 -
.
, .

had s u cc e e ded Tab r i m m on i n t he s over e ign t y of

D ama s cu s ; an d thus was abl e to r e n e w t h e s tru ggle
with Judah 1
By buildi n g t h e fortre s s of R am ah h e
.

S h u t off trad e with the N orth an d r e duc e d A s a to

gre at s trait s Fi n di n g that he could n ot di s lodg e him

.
,

A s a gath e r e d t h e tr e a s u re that was l e ft i n J e r u s al e m

1
2 C h r on . xi i i . 2 —2 0 .
9
2 Ch r on . xi ii . 21 .

3
I n A ssyr i an t h e i s wr i t t e n I H i dr i
’
n am e -
. ! M i s t h e ide ogr am
f or t h e god R am m an , wh o i s s u pp os e d b y m an y t o b e ide n t i c al w i t h
t h e Can aani t i s h H adad ; h e n c e t h e y r e ad t h e n am e H adad idr i , an d
’
-

r e gar d it as t he e q u i val e nt of H adade z e r . B u t ! M h as al s o t he

val u e bi r or bu r , an d i t i s m or e n at u r al to c h oos e t hi s , an d to r e ad

B i r i dr i , i
-
’
. e ,
.
“ B ir i s m y gl or y .
”
I n t h at c a s e B e n h adad h as -

ar i s e n by c on u si on f of B i r wi t h ba r , H e b r e w ben s on ,
”
an d of

h i dr i wi t h H a da d. I n st e ad o f B e n h adad-
a m or e a c c u r at e f or m

of t he n am e , ac c or di n gly, i s pr ob ab l y B i r hi dr i -
. Se e Wi n c kl e r ,

A l tt es t . Un t er s u chu n g en , pp 6 8 ff
. .

4
1 K i ngs x v: 1 9 .
1 96 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

an d s e n t it to B e n h adad b e ggi n g him to bre ak hi s

,

tr e aty with Baas ha B e n hada d p e r fidi ou sl y c on

.

s e n t e d an d i n vad e d th e n orth e r n ki n gdom ; wh e r e

,

upon Baas ha was oblig e d to aban don Ramah A s a .

th e n w e n t up with hi s army r e mov e d t h e wood an d ,

t h e S ton e an d with th e m r e built G e ba of B e n j ami n

,

as a bord e r fortr e s s agai n s t I s ra e l ? H e thu s ad

-

van c e d t h e fro n ti e r b u t n ot s o far as h i s fath e r had

,

do n e . W h e th e r B e n hadad at thi s time reduc e d

B aas h a to s ubj e ction we do n ot kn ow B e tween .

Judah an d I s ra e l war co n ti n ue d to drag on for man y

y e ar s ? At s om e tim e i n t he r e ign of A s a 2 Chron xi v . .

9 1 5 plac e s an i n va s io n of J udah by Z e rah t he Cu s h

—
,

i te
. I n 2 Chro n x vi 8 t h e Cus hit e s ar e s aid to hav e
. .

be e n accompan i e d by Lubim or Libyan s an d thi s has ,

l e d to t h e hypoth e s i s that Zerah was a N u bi an who

u surp e d th e thron e of E gypt an d that h e i s to b e ,

i d e n tified e i th e r with Os or kon I or with Os or kon II . .

,

t h e s ucc e s s or s of Shi s hak Sayc e d e cid e s for O s or

3
.

kon II an d appeal s to an i n s cription foun d by N a

.

ville at B ub as ti s i n which thi s ki n g s tat e s that

”
Upp e r a n d Lower Ruten ar e ca s t un d e r hi s f e e t .

It i s to b e n oted however that the Libya n s do

, ,

n o t occur i n t h e mai n n arrativ e of Z e r ah s campaig n

’

but on ly i n a Speech compo s e d by th e Chro n icl e r

him s e lf T h e y Sh o w that h e iden tifi e d Cu s h wi th
.

Nu bia b u t do n ot prov e that thi s wa s t h e vi e w of

,

t h e docum e n t s on wh i ch h e b a s ed hi s hi s tory T h e r e .

i s n othi n g to i n dicat e that a chan g e of dyn a s ty

occurr e d aft e r Shi s hak an d h e was n ot a N ubian ,

1
1 Ki n gs x v . 1 7 32 -
.
9
1 K i n gs x v . 16 .

H i g h er Cr i t i ci s m an d t h e M on u m en t s , p 36 3
9
. .
1 98 S YR IA AND TI N E
P ALES

proclaimed Omri i ts comma n d e r ki n g

, ,
. H e su c
c e e de d i n ca p t u ri n g T irzah,
upo n which Zimri s e t
fir e to t h e royal p alac e an d p e ri s h e d i n th e flam e s.

Omri th e n r e ign e d an d b e came th e fo u n d e r of on e

,

of the mo s t brilli an t dy n as ti e s i n H e brew hi s to r y

.
 C H AP T E R X I
TH E A D V AN CE OF A SS R A Y I
885 —745 B.C .

I N 885 B C
. probably t h e s am e ye ar in which
.
,

O m ri u s u rp e d t h e thro n e of I s rae l A s h u r n ats i r pal ,

- -

III b e gan to r e i gn For mor e tha n 1 00 y e ar s

. .

A s syria had b e e n f e e bl e A ram ae an hord e s had

.

s e iz e d t h e lan d s on both s id e s of t h e E u phrat e s an d ,

had c u t N i n e v e h off from comm u n icatio n with the

M e dit e rra n e a n Th e s ucc e s s or s of Ti gl ath p i l e s e r I
. .

w e r e e n gag e d i n co n s tan t warfar e with th e s e barba

rian s an d w e r e un abl e to m ai n tai n h i s con q u e s t s i n
,

t h e We s t . N ot un til t he time of A s hu r n at s i r pal did

As s yria o n c e more rou s e h e r s e lf an d b e gi n a care e r ,

of co n qu e s t that was n e v e r lo n g i n t e rrupted u n til

aft e r t h e d e ath of A s h u rban ipal i n 6 2 6 B C With . .

A s hu r n at s i r pal accordi n gly th e r e op e n e d a n e w

, ,

p e riod i n th e hi s tory of Syria an d P al e s ti n e H e r e .

for t he fir s t tim e t h e Ep on ym Can on a fford s the p os

s i b i l i ty of an e x act chro n ology ?

F rom 885 to 879 B C As h u r n at s i r p al was ocen

. .

pi e d i n re duci n g to s ubmi s s io n th e trib e s on t he bor

de r of h i s ki n gdom b u t i n 878 h e b e gan to pu s h
,

1 K ei l i n s ch r i f t l i ch e B i bl i oth ek , i 2 04—2 1 5
.
, pp . .

1 99
2 00 S YR IA AND P ALE S TI N E
?
we s tward Th e pow e rfu l A ram ae a n ki n gdom of Bit
Adi n i which occupi e d t he plac e of t h e old ki n gdom of
,

Mitan n i b e tw e e n the E uphrat e s an d t h e Balikh an d ,

which had s upport e d th e s mall e r A ram ae an s tat e s

alon g th e K habur an d low e r E uphrat e s i n ho s tility
to A s s yria was i n vad e d an d i t s ki n g Akh u n i was
,

compell e d to pay tribut e Th e followi n g y e ar (877) .

Akh un i was agai n d e fe at e d ; an d taki n g fright at

t h e n e arn e ss of A s hu r n at si r pal a n umb e r of p ri n ce s ,

beyo n d the E u phrat e s s e n t th e ir pr e se n t s .

I n 876 for t h e fir s t tim e s i n c e t h e day s of Ti gl ath

,

i
p l e s e r I th e E uphrat e s was cro s s e d
.
,
Carch e mi s h .
,

the capital of a Hittite ki n gdom on t he w e s t ban k of

?
t h e riv e r s urr e n d e re d an d i t s ki n g San gara gave
, ,

ho s tage s an d paid a h e avy tribut e We s t of Car c h e m .

i sh lay t h e ki n gdom of Pati n which r e ach e d almo s t ,

to t he Shor e of t h e M e dit e rran ean I ts firs t city was .

K h az az i which yi e ld e d a rich plun d e r of

gold an d e mbroid e r e d garm e n t s T h e n c e A shur n a .

t s i r pal cro s s e d the riv e r A pri (A fri n ) i n to th e di s tri ct

of U n q i wh e re lay K u n al u a th e capital of ,

L ub ar n a ki n g of Pati n
,
Here al s o an e n ormou s s poil
.

was tak e n an d L ub ar n a was comp e ll e d to joi n h i s

,

forc e s to th e arm y of hi s con qu e ror T u rn i n g s outh .

we s tward an d cro s s i n g t he Oro n t e s A sh u r n at s i r p al ,

re ach e d t h e city of Ari hu a which b e lo n ge d to the ,

ki n gdom of Pati n an d e s tabli s h e d th e r e a perman e n t

,

1
Ou r m ai n s ou r c e f or t h e hi st or y of A s hu r n at s i r pal i s t h e A n
n als, t r an s l at e d b y Say c e i n R ecor ds o f t h e P a s t , N e w Ser i es , ii .
,

pp . 1 2 8—1 77, an d b y P e i se r , K ei l i n schr ifll i ch e B i bl i oth ek , i .

, pp .

5 0—1 2 2 .

9
Com par e Sh am g ar i n J u d . v . 6 ; se e p 1 58
. .
 TH E A D V A N CE OF A SS YR IA 2 01

As s yria n garri s o n an d s tore hou se for provi s io n s -

.

T h e n c e h e march e d to th e coa s t wh e re h e cl e a n s e d ,

h i s arm s i n t he Gr e at Se a of th e lan d of t h e A m o
”
rit e s an d adva n c e d s ou th ward alo n g the coa s t as far
,

as t h e N ahr e l K e lb wh e re h e s e t up a mon u m e n t
- -
,

b e s id e tho s e of the an ci e n t ki n g s of E gypt ? H e re

h e re c e ive d t h e trib u t e of Tyr e Sidon G e bal A rvad , , , ,

t h e A morit e s an d oth e r di s trict s which dr e ad e d h i s

,

advan ce an d s o ught th u s t o b u y him off On the way .

back he d e s patch e d a pl u n d e ri n g e x p e dition i n to

Cilicia an d fe ll e d c e dar s an d cypre ss e s i n Mou n t
,

Am an u s for h i s buildi ng s at N i n e v e h ? As a r e s ult

of thi s campaign th e whol e of N orth e r n Syria lay at
h i s f e e t an d th e trad e rout e to t h e M e dit e rra n e a n
,
-

was on c e more op e n W ith A rpad Hamath an d

.
, ,

D am a s cu s h e did n ot v e n t u r e to fight That ta s k .

r e mai n e d for hi s s u cc e s s or Shalm an e se r II ,

.

U n lik e Ti gl ath pil e s e r I who was con t e n t with

-
.
,

plun d e ri n g e x p e dition s As h ur n at si r pal att e mpt e d to

,

k e e p a p e rman e n t hold upo n hi s co n qu e s t s Th e .

ki n g s wh o s u bmitt e d w e re r e i n s tated w e re as s ig n e d ,

an a n n ual tribut e an d w e r e r e quir e d to give th e ir

,

childr e n as h o s tag e s T ho s e who r e f u s ed to s ubm it

.

w e re d e po s ed an d oth e r m e mb e r s of th e n ativ e royal

,

famili e s w e r e put i n th e ir plac e s If s tat e s r e b e ll e d .

,

th e y w e r e re co n qu e r e d an d th e ir tribut e was i n cr e a s e d .

If they re p e at e d t he offe n c e th e ir au to n omy was ,

tak e n from them an d th e y w e r e i n corporat e d in to

,

t he A s syrian e mpir e If th e y agai n r e volt e d th e y

.
,

w e re wa s t e d with fir e an d s word an d th e ir p eopl e

1
Se e p 1 2 7. .

9
A n n a l s , i i i 5 1 —9 2
. : K ei l i n schr . B i bl i othek , i . 1 02 —1 1 1 .
2 02 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

w e re e n s lave d A t s trat e gi c poi n t s thro ug hout th e

.

con qu e r e d t e rritory s tron ghold s w e r e garri s o n e d with

A s s yrian troop s i n which grai n was s tored an d
, ,

thro u gh which trib u t e was coll e ct e d Thi s m e thod .

of gov e rn i n g di ff e re d littl e from that adopt e d by t he

E gyptian co n q u e ror Tah u t i m e s III Si x hun dred .

years had brought practical ly n o chan g e in t he p oliti

cal admi n i s tratio n of t h e Ori e n t W heth e r Syria .

w e re u n d e r t h e rul e of E gypt or un der the r ul e of ,

A s s yria i ts lot was e qu ally mi se rabl e

,
.

Whil e Ash u r n at s i r p al was con qu e ri n g N orth e rn

Syri a Omri was b u s y e s tabli s hin g h i s authority ove r
,

I s rae l I n 885 h e d e fe at e d Zimri Four y e ars l at e r

. .

he ov e rthr e w Tibn i a rival claiman t of t h e thron e

,
.

He th e n form e d an all ian c e with E thbaal (E i thob al os) ,

t h e e ighth ki n g of M e n an de r s li s t who came to the

’

thro n e of Tyr e i n 887 J e z e b e l th e da u ght e r of thi s

.
,

ki n g h e took a s wife for h i s s on ack n owl e dgi n g thu s

, ,

t h e co n trolli n g i n fl u e n c e of Phoen icia i n I s ra e liti s h

politic s ? Both ki n g s w e r e a n x iou s to r e s i s t th e e n
c r oac h m e n t s of t he A ram a e an s a n d to k e e p co n trol ,

of t he trad e rou t e s that l e d to th e M e dit e rran e an an d

-
,

i n t he part n e r s hip it was n at u ral that E thbaal s hould

tak e th e lead Th e littl e that we k n ow about him
.

s how s that h e wa s a pow e rf u l mo n arch who fou n d e d

n e w citi e s i n Ph oe n icia a n d n e w colo n i e s i n A frica .

Af t e r thi s allian c e Omri f e lt him s e lf s tro n g e n o u gh

to attack Moab which S i n c e the divi s ion of I s rael
,

had probably b e en i n d e p e n de n t A ccordi n g to th e .

M es ha I n scr ip ti on which i s ou r o n ly s o u rc e of i n for

,

m atio n Omri was k i n g ov e r I s ra e l an d h e afli i c t e d

, ,

1
1 K i n gs x vi . 1 5 —3 1 .
2 04 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

of t h e firs t ran k an d h e brought th e n orth e rn ki n g

,

dom to a po s itio n of i n flu e n c e s uch as it n e ve r

e n j o y e d b e for e Th e fam e of h i s pow e r Spr e ad as
.

far as A s syria wh e r e I s rae l r e c e iv e d t h e n am e s of

,

“
Mat K h u mri or Bit K humri the Lan d or Ho u s e of
- -
, ,
”
Omri . At a lat e r dat e un der R am m an n i r ar i III ,
.

an d Ti gl a th p il e s e r III
-
it con ti n u e d to h e ar th e s e
.
,

n am e s ; an d eve n aft e r hi s dyn a s ty had fall e n i t s

, ,
”
ki n g s w e r e s till k n own as s on s of Omri .

I n 874 A h ab s ucc e e d e d Omr i u pon t h e thro n e of

I s ra e l an d t h e followi n g y e ar J e h osh aph at s ucc e e d e d
,

A s a as ki n g of Judah A bout t h e s am e tim e B e n

.

hadad II who on accou n t of 1 K i n g s xx 34 mu s t

,
.

n ot b e id e n tifi e d with B e n hadad I b e gan to r e ig n .

,

ove r D amas c u s A h ab S firs t e ffort was to bre ak t h e

.
’

pow e r of Judah 1 K i n g s x vi 34 r e cord s that i n hi s

. .

day a c e rtai n Hi e l (L XX Ah i e l = Ah ab fortifi e d .

J e richo s acrifici n g to th e local Baal hi s fir s t born

,
-

wh e n h e laid th e fo u n dation an d an oth e r s on wh e n ,

h e s e t u p th e gat e s ? T hi s e v e n t mark s an e n croach

m e n t u po n J u dae an t e rritory an d a d e t e rmin ation to ,

clo s e t h e road s to i t s trad e A ccordi n g to 2 Chron . .

x vii 1 f J e h osh aph at was oblige d to s tr e n gth e n

. .

him s e lf agai n s t I s ra e l ,an d to plac e garri s o n s i n all

t h e wall e d citi e s of hi s lan d B e fore lon g h e mu s t .

have b e e n wor s t e d although thi s i s n ot r e cord e d i n

,

e ith e r K i n g s or Chro n icl e s S i n c e i n 1 K i n g s xx ii an d ,

.

2 K i n g s iii he app e ar s as a vas s al i n th e army of t h e

.

ki n g of I s rae l Th e m arriag e of J e h os h aph at s s on

’
.

Jc horam to A thaliah th e daught e r of J e z e b e l ? whi ch

,

1
See Wi n ckl e r , G es ek I s r . .
, i p 1 6 3,
.
, . n. 3
.

9
1 Ki n gs xx ii . 44 ; 2 K i n gs vi i i 1 8, 2 6 . .
 TH E A D V A N CE OF A SS YR IA 2 05

mu s t hav e occurr e d abo u t 86 5 i n dicat e s al s o a c on ,

trolli n g i n fl ue n c e of I s ra e l i n th e politic s of J u dah .

From thi s ti m e o n ward dow n to th e r e ig n of Uzziah , ,

Judah was a s u bj e ct s tat e that h e ld m u ch t h e s am e -

r e lation to I s rae l as did Moab It was p e rmitt e d to .

r e tai n i t s auto n omy but it was oblig e d to pay trib u t e ,

an d to f u r n i s h a co n ti n ge n t of troop s I n n o n e of .

t h e an n al s of th e A s s yrian ki n g s of thi s p e rio d i s it

n am e d do u btl e s s b e cau s e it was r e gard e d as n othi n g
,

more th an an app e n dag e of I s rae l The drought i n .

th e r e ig n of A hab r e cord e d i n 1 K i n g s x vii i s pla u s i .

bly id e n tifi e d with t he drought m e n tio n e d i n th e

an n al s of Tyre as occurri n g duri n g th e r e ig n of
E thbaal .
1

B e t we e n 876 an d the ye ar of h i s d e ath Ashu r n a ,

t si r pal u n d e rtook n o n e w e x p e ditio n s i n to N orth e rn

Syria H i s authority s e e m s to hav e r e main ed un
.

que s tio n e d an d hi s trib u t e to have b e e n paid r e gu

,

l ar l y ; but wh e n i n 86 0 hi s s on Shalman e s e r II cam e .

to t h e thron e th e r e was t he u s ual outbr e ak that i n

,

t h e an ci e n t Ori e n t alway s att e n d e d a cha n g e of r u l

?
er s I n h i s coro n ation y e ar Shalman e s e r e s tabli s h e d
h i s authority i n A rm e n ia an d i n 85 9 h e took u p ,

1
J os e ph u s , A n ti q .
, vi ii . 1 3, 2 .

9
Ou r s ou r c e s f or t h e h i st or y of Sh al m an e se r ar e (1 ) Th e B l a ck
Obe l i s k , L ayar d, 87 9 8 -
t r an sl at e d b y Wi n c kl e r , K e i l i n s ch r ift l i ch e
B i bl i oth ek , i 1 28—1 5 1 , . an d b y Se h e i l , R ecor ds f
o th e P a st , N e w
Ser i es , i v 39 fl . .
(2 ) T h e M on ol i th , R awl i n s on , i ii 7, 8, . t r an s l at e d
b y Cr ai g , H e br a i ca , 1 887, pp 2 01 ff P e i s e r , K e i l i n s ch r B i bl i oth ek ,
. . .

i 1 5 0 1 75 an d Sc h e i l , R ecor d s of th e P as t , N ew S er i es , i v 5 5 fl
- ’
. .
.

(3 ) Th e B r on z e Gat es o
f B a l a wa t , P i n c h e s , Tr a n s . Soc . B i bl .

A r che ol ogy , vi i ,pp 83 if . . A m i au d an d Sc h e i l , R ecor ds f

o th e P a s t ,
N ew Ser i es , i v . 74 fi .
2 06 S Y R IA A ND P A L E STI NE

an e w th e con qu e s t of t h e W e s t Akhu n i of Bit A di n i .

-

wa s o n c e mor e i n r e volt b u t h e was e a s ily s ubd u e d

, .

Th e n Shalman e s e r cro s s e d t h e E u phrat e s i n t h e

u s ual way on raft s Su pport e d u po n i n flat e d Sh e e p
s ki n s a n d b e ga n a triumphal progr e s s thro u gh t h e
,

Hittit e s tat e s of N orth e rn Syria San gara of C ar c h e m .

i s h Sapal u l m e of P ati n t h e s ucce s s or of L u b ar n a

,
1
, ,

K han i of Sam al (a di s trict to t h e n orth of Patin of

’

which th e mod e rn Z e n ji r li wa s t he c e n tre) M u tall u 3

,
’
of Gurgu m (a di s trict n orth of Sam al of which Mara s h ,

was t h e capital ) w e r e d e fe at e d an d w e r e plac e d o n c e

m or e un d e r tribut e S halman e s e r th e n pa s s e d
.

through Pati n ov e r th e ro u t e follow e d by Ash u r n a

t si r pal d e s troyi n g t h e citie s a s h e we n t as far as the
, ,

?
M e dit e rran e an
I n 85 8 Akh u n i of Bit Adi n I o n c e mor e revolt e d
-
,

an d had to b e cha s ti s e d s till mor e s e v e r e ly Shal .

m an e se r th e n cro ss e d t h e E uphrat e s an d r e c e iv e d ,

t h e tribut e of t h e s tat e s that h e had s u bdu e d i n t h e

pre viou s year I n 85 7 A khu n i was agai n attack e d
.
,

an d i n 85 6 h e was tak e n captiv e an d bro u ght with h i s

famil y an d all h i s goods t o A ssyria Bit Adi n i wa s .

-

m ad e an As syrian provi n c e an d th e pow e r of th e

A ram ae an s e a s t of th e E u phrat e s was at an e n d 5
.

M e s opotamia thu s b e cam e o n c e m or e an in t e gral part

of th e As syrian e mpire as it had b e e n i n t he days of
,

Ti gl ath p i l e se r I
-
Th e way was n ow op e n for an
.

advan c e u pon D amas cu s th e oth e r gre at A ram ae an ,

1
Se e p 2 00
.
9
I bi d .

3
Com par e t h e n am e s of t h e old H i tt i t e k i n gs , p . 1 06 .

1
Obel i s k , 2 7—31 ; M on ol i th , i 2 9 ii 1 3
‘
-
. . .

5
Obel i s k , 32 —5 1 ; M on ol i t h , 1 1 1 3—75 . .
2 08 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E
I
pi l e s e r I O n ly at thi s poi n t i n t he hi s tory wh e n
.
,

t he Hittit e s tat e s an d M u t s r i s till e n j oy e d auto n omy

,

but as vass al s of A s s yria w e re lik e ly to take up arm s

agai n s t D ama s cu s could t h e Syrian s hav e s u s p e ct e d
,

s u ch a combi n atio n .

Th e followi n g y e ar Be n hadad r e n ewed th e att e mpt

t o co e rc e A hab but with s o little s ucce s s that h i s
2
,

army was d e fe at e d at A ph e k an d h e him s e l f was tak e n

pri s on e r A hab was n ot di s po s ed to d e al s eve r e l y
.

with him for h e r e aliz e d th e importan c e of pre s e rv

,

i n g D amas cu s as a bu ffe r s tat e b e tw e e n him s e lf an d -

t h e A s syrian s ; accordi n gly h e r e l e a s e d him on c on , ,

di tion that h e s houl d r e s tor e all th e citi e s that h i s

fath e r had take n fro m Omri an d s hould allow the ,

I s ra e liti s h m e rcha n t s to e s tabli s h a quarter i n D a

m as c u s .

Th e B ook of K i n g s gi ve s th e i m p re ss ion that B e n

hadad mole s t e d A hab n o mor e b u t the As syrian ,

a n n al s r e cord that i n 854 A hab fo u ght as B e n ha

dad s ally at the battl e of Qarqar I n 85 5 accordi n g
’

.
,

l y an e x p e dition m u s t hav e occurr e d i n which A hab

,

was wor s t e d lo s t R amoth

,
Gilead 3
an d wa s comp e ll e d ,

aft e r all to j oi n t he coalition agai n s t Shalman e s er .

I n 85 4 Shalman e s e r was r e ady for a s upr e me effort

to overthrow D am a s cu s Cro ss i n g th e E uphrat e s he .
,

en camp e d i n th e city of P i tr u wher e h e r e c e iv e d t h e ,

homag e an d the tribute of the ki n g s of the Hittite s ,

of N orth e rn M e s o p otamia an d of th e regio n b e tween ,

t he T auru s an d t h e An ti T auru s T h e n c e h e p ro -
.

c e e de d to K h al m an ( Al e p po) which s ur re n dered an d ,

Se e pp . 1 78, 2 09 .
9
1 K i n gs xx . 2 6 —34.

3
Cf . 1 Ki n gs xx ii . 3
.
 TH E A D V A N CE OF A SS YR IA 2 09

paid trib u t e Th e god of K h al m an Shalma n e s e r id e n

.

ti fie d with hi s own Ramma n (A dad an d pr e s e n t e d

him with s acrific e s A ppar e n tly thi s i s an i n s tan c e .

of th e s u rvival of old Babylon ian i n fl u e n c e i n Syria .

F rom K h al m an Shalman e s e r advan c e d i n to th e ho s til e

t e rritory of A m m atu (Hamath ) pl u n d e ri n g an d de ,

s troyi n g as h e w en t u n til h e arriv e d at Qarqar ,

H e re .

he f e ll i n with Bir —idri (B e n hadad ) an d h i s Syrian

’

alli e s B e n hadad him s e lf bro u ght

. chariot s ,

hor s e m e n an d ,
in fan try ; I r kh u li n a of Hamath ,

700chariot s 700 hor s em e n an d ,

i n fan try ; A hab ,

of I s rae l ,
ch ariot s an d m e n ; t h e ki n g ,

of Qu e (th e Cilician s e a coa s t) 5 00 m e n t h e ki n g of -

,

M u ts r i (a di s trict n orth of Qu e b e twe e n t h e Tau r u s ,

a n d t h e A n ti Tauru s h ki n g of Ir
)
1 -
m en ; t e ,

qan a 1 0 chariot s an d
,
m e n ; Mati n Baal of
,
-

A rvad 200 m e n ; t h e ki n g of U s an at i 2 00 m e n ;
, ,

A don Baal of Shi an a (N orth Phoe n icia th e Sin im of

-
,

I s xli x
. . 30 chariot s an d m e n ; G i n di b u , ,

t h e A rabia n 2
camel s ; B aas ha s on of R ukhu b
, , ,

t h e A mmon it e m en 3
,
.

Th e o m i s s ion s from thi s li s t ar e as s ig n ifican t as

ar e t h e i n s e rtio n s Baal azar ki n g of Tyr e who s u c
.
-
, ,

c e e d e d E thbaal abo u t 85 5 wa s n ot a va s s al of B e n ,

h adad an d fe lt him s e lf s af e e n ou gh n ot to s e n d
,

troop s Judah al s o i s n ot m e n tio n e d do u btl e s s b e

.
,

cau s e i t s ki n g was a vas s al of A hab an d fu rn i s h e d

p art of h i s co n ti n ge n t of troop s Moab i s n o t .

n am e d for th e s a m e r e as o n E dom was a provi n c e .

1
Se e p 2 07 . .

2
T hi s i s t h e fir st oc c u r r e n c e of the n am e A r ab i an .

3
Obel i sk , 5 4 6 6 ; M on oli th , i i 78 1 02
-
.
-
.
210 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

of J udah an d was probably i n clud e d with Judah i n

,

t h e forc e s of A hab .

Shalman e s e r r e pr e s e n t s him s e lf as victorio u s i n

t h e battl e agai n s t th e se alli e s ; b u t h e an n e x e d n o
n e w t e rritory an d imm e diat e ly aft e rward r e t u r n e d
,

hom e It i s cl e ar th at i n D amas cu s h e for t h e firs t

.

time m e t a foe who cou ld O ppo s e him on an ythi n g

like e qual t e rm s .

I n 85 3 t h e year aft e r t h e battl e of Qarqar Ahab

, ,

d e e m e d that a favourabl e tim e had com e to throw

o ff th e yok e of B e n hadad an d att e mpt e d to r e co n ,

q u e r Ramoth Gil e ad that h e had lo s t i n th e las t war

-
.

Je h osh ap h at ki n g of Judah wh e n s umm on e d to tak e

, ,

part i n the e x p e ditio n r e pli e d lik e a loyal va ss al I

, ,

am as thou art my p e opl e a s thy p e opl e my h ors e s

, ,
”
as thy hor s e s F e ari n g t h e fu lfilm e n t of an adve r s e
.

proph e cy of Micaiah A hab fought i n d i s gui s e wh i l

, ,

h e comp e ll e d J e h osh aph at to w e ar hi s royal rob e s ;

but i n th e e n gag e m e n t h e h im se lf was pi e rc e d by a
ran dom arrow H e fought on man fully u n til e v e n i n g
.
,

an d th e n e x pir e d h i s d e ath b e i n g th e s ig n al for t h e

,

1
flight of t he I s rae lit e s .

A haziah t h e s on of Ah ab was crippl e d i n c on s e

, ,

u n c e of a fall from th e roof of h i s palac e an d t h e re

q e ,

for e waS u n ab l e to rul e with h i s fath e r s firm han d

‘
’
.

M e s h a ki n g of Moab r e volt e d an d r e fu s e d to p ay
, , ,

2
t h e tribut e that Omri had impo s e d on hi s fath e r In .

con n e ction with thi s r e volt we may pla u s ibly plac e

t h e i n va s ion of Judah by th e Moabit e s A m mon it e s , ,

an d s om e of t h e M e u n im n arrat e d i n 2 Chro n xx . .

1
1 K i n gs xx n . 1 —40 .
2
1 Ki n gs i . 1 ; iii . 5 .

3
F oll owi n g t h e t e t x of t h e L XX .
212 S Y R IA AND PA LE S TI N E

T o ward th e
f e e bl e A haziah Je h os h aph at man ife s t e d
an i n d e p e n d e n t s pirit that h e had n e v e r dar e d s how

i n hi s d e alin g s with A hab Hopi n g to i n cre as e h i s .

r e ve n u e an d th u s to fre e him s e lf from the con trol of

,

I s rae l h e con s truct e d a fl e e t i n E z i on g e b e r on th e

,
-

E l an i ti c G u lf i n t h e la d of E dom to go to Op h ir
n
1
.

E dom s till r e mai n e d a J u dae an provi n c e as it had ,

b e e n s i n c e t h e tim e of D avid ; i n fact we ar e told ,

e x pr e ss ly that th e r e was n o ki n g i n E dom b u t o n ly a ,

d e p u ty of t h e ki n g of J udah Wh e n A haziah h e ard .

what J e h os h aph at was doi n g h e e x pr e s s e d a de s ire ,

to participat e ; b u t th e latt e r n ot wi s hi n g to s hare ,

t h e an ticipat e d profit s r e f u s e d h i s r e que s t Th e fl e e t

, .

was wre ck e d b e for e it had got u n d e r way an d J e ,

hos h aphat was oblig e d to h u mbl e him s e lf on c e mor e .

A haziah liv e d s carc e ly mor e than a y e ar aft e r h i s

acc e s s ion an d i n 85 2 was s u cc e e d e d by h i s broth e r
,

Joram (J e h or am ) H i s firs t e ff ort was to r e con qu e r

.

Moab 2
T o thi s e n d he gath e r e d h i s force s an d su m
.
,

m on e d to h i s aid t h e ag e d J e ho s haphat wh o had ,

b e e n on t h e thro n e e v e r s i n c e th e b e gi n n i n g of t h e
r e ig n of Ahab The E domit e s al s o as va s s al s of
.
,

J u dah probably f u rn i s h e d th e ir co n ti n g e n t of troo p s

,
3
.

Whil e trav e r s i n g th e lan d of E dom t h e army was at

on e tim e i n dan g e r of peri s hi n g from thir s t ; b u t at ,

t h e s ugg e s tio n of th e proph e t E li s ha it dug tr e n ch e s ,

an d fo u n d an ab u n da n t s u pply of wat e r Th e Moab .

1
1 K i n gs xxii . 47 ff .
2
“

2 K i n gs ii i .

3
Th e m e n t i on of a ki n g of E d om in 2 K i n g s iii . i s i n c on si st e n t
wi t h t h e s t at e m e n t of 2 K i n gs xxi i . 47, an d m u st be r e gar d e d a s an

e di t or i al f
gl oss du e t o t h e ac t t h at t h e t r oop s ar e s ai d t o h av e t r a v

e r s e d t h e t e r r i t or y of E d om .
 TH E A D V A N CE OF A SS YR IA 213

i te forc e s w e r e d e f e at e d on the bord e r of th e ir lan d ,

an d w e r e p u r s u e d as far as K ir h ar e s e th th e capital -
,
.

M e s ha ki n g of Moab fe ari n g that h e wo u ld n ot b e

, ,

abl e to hold ou t took a pick e d forc e of 700 m e n a n d

,

tri e d to e s cap e to th e ki n g of Syria ; but the sor ti e

1

was a fail u r e Th e n as a la s t r e s ort he o ffe r e d hi s

.
, ,

e ld e s t s on u po n t h e wall as a b u r n t o ffe ri n g to app e a s e

“
t he an g e r of h i s god Ch e mo s h An d th e r e was .

great wrath agai n s t I s rae l s o s ay s t he H e bre w ,

r e cor d that i s Ch e mo s h t u rn e d hi s i n dig n ation away

,

from Moab an d agai n s t I s ra e l How thi s chan g e .

s how e d it s e lf wh e th e r a plag u e brok e ou t or wh e th e r

, ,

t he I s raelite s w e r e di s h e art e n e d at the s ight of

M e sha s o ffe ri n g s o that th e y n o lo n g e r fo u ght w e ll
’

t h e n arrativ e do e s n ot t e ll u s A t all e v e n t s th e y.
,

fail e d to tak e K ir h ar e se th an d h ad to co n t e n t
-

th e m s e lv e s with was ti n g the lan d an d r e impo s i n g

trib u t e .

Thi s was J e h os haph at s las t cam p aig n I n 85 0 he’

.

di e d an d was s ucc e e d e d by h i s s on J e h or am (Joram ) ,

who i n tru e Ori e n tal fas hio n s l e w all h i s br e thr e n

, ,

2
wh e n h e cam e to th e thron e Th e followi n g y e ar h e
.

was s u mmo n e d by h i s ki n s man an d s u z e rai n J oram ,

of I s rae l to h e lp B e n hadad agai n s t A s syria Shal

,
.

m an e s e r havi n g di s po s e d of matt e r s i n Babylo n i a

,

b e tw e en t he y e ars 854 an d 85 0 was r e ady i n 849 for ,

an oth e r attempt upon D ama s cu s Cro s s i n g th e Eu .

p h r at e s he capt u r e d e ighty n i n e tow n s an d pr e s s e d

,
-

on toward t h e s outh A gai n s t him cam e

. t h e tw e lv e
”
ki n g s of th e lan d of th e Hittit e s amon g th e m doubt ,

l e s s Joram of I s ra e l althou gh he i s n ot e x pr e s sl y
,

9
R e ad A r am i n s t e ad of E d om 2 Ch r on
1
. . xxi . 4 .
214 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

n a m e d An other gr e at battl e was fought i n which

.
,

Shalman e s e r was n o mor e s ucc e s s fu l tha n i n th e

battl e of Qarqar A ltho u gh h e agai n claim e d a vic
.

tory he r e tire d at o n c e to A s syria

,
1
I n 846 h e .

re n e we d hi s a s s au lt thi s tim e calli n g ou t t h e e n tir e

,

fighti n g forc e of the lan d H e was m e t with an e qual .

e ffort on th e part of B e n hadad an d was oblig e d agai n ,

to r e treat 2
.

Such warfar e made a h e avy drai n upon t h e s mall e r

s tat e s of Syria an d Pal e s ti n e I n t h e thr e e cam .

i n s agai n s t Shalm a n e s e r Judah m u s t have lo s t

p ga

m or e of h e r fighti n g forc e than s he coul d w e ll s pare .

Th e r e s u lt was th at E dom t hr e w off i t s all e gian c e .

Je h or am att e mpt e d to s u bdue i t ; but hi s troop s w e re

d e fe at e d an d h e him s e lf was bar e ly abl e to br e ak
,

thro u gh by n ight an d e s cap e to hi s o wn lan d T he .

Can aan iti s h city of Lib n ah to th e s outhw e s t of Judah ,

which probably con troll e d th e carava n ro u te to E g ypt -

al s o r e volt e d at thi s tim e an d attached it s e lf appar

3
e n tly to t h e Phili s ti n e s .

On top of th e s e di s as t e r s cam e a n oth e r South Ar a

4
bian i n va s ion s uch as had tak e n plac e i n the r e ig n
of A s a 5
. Th e A rabian s that d we lt b e s id e th e C u s h
i t e s cam e up an d w e r e j oi n ed b y t h e Phili s ti n e s
6
,
.

From tim e imm e morial Arabi a an d Phili s tia had b e e n

alli e s s i n ce it was for th e i n t e r e s t of both to k e e p t h e
,

trad e ro u t e op e n b e tw e e n South A rabia an d t he

-

M e dit e rra n e an Th e obj e ct of th e ir pr e se n t attack

.

was do u btl e s s to rob Judah of t he port of Ez i on

Obeli sk , 87—89 .
9
I bi d .
, 9 1 —9 2 .

3
2 Ki n gs vi i i . 2 0 22 -
.
4
2 C h r on . xxi . 16 f .

6
5
2 C h r on . x i v. Se e p 1 9 7 . .
21 6 S YR IA AND PALE S TI N E
he l e t m e se e (m y de s ir e ) u p on al l m y e ne m e s i . Om r i (was )
ki ng of I srae l , an d h e d i s t re s s e d M oab m an y days , b e c au se
C h e m os h was an gr y wi t h hi s
l an d An d hi s s on su c c e e de d .

hi m an d h e al s o sai d I will d i s t r e ss M oab I n m y days h e

,
.

s p ok e t h u s b u t I saw (m y d e s ire ) u p on hi m an d u p on h i s
,

h ou s e an d I srae l p e ri sh e d wi t h an e ve r l as t i n g de s tru c ti on
,
.

An d Om ri t ook p osse s s i on of t h e l an d of M e de b a an d ,

oc c u p i e d i t ( du ri n g ) hi s days ; an d (du ri n g ) h al f of m y d ays

hi s s on (oc c u p i e d i t ) f or ty ye ars (i n al l ) ,
b u t C h e m os h r e 1

s t ore d i t i n m y days An d I b u il t B aal m e on an d I m ade i n

.
-
,

i t t h e re s e rvoir an d I b u il t K irj at h ai m An d t h e m e n of .

G ad dwe l t i n At aroth f r om of ol d an d t h e k i n g of I s r ae l b u il t ,

At ar ot h f or h i m s e l f ; b ut I f ou gh t agai n s t t h e c i ty an d t ook
it . A n d I s l ew al l t h e p e opl e of t h e c i ty as a s p e c tac l e f or ,

Ch e m osh an d f or M oab ; an d I b rou gh t t h e n c e t h e al t ar

h e art h of D WD H an d I drag g e d i t b e f or e Ch e m osh i n
,

K e ri ot h An d I se tt l e d t h e re i n t h e m e n of ShR N an d t h e
.

m e n of M K h R Th An d C h e m osh s ai d u n t o m e G o t ak e
.
, ,

Ne b o agai n s t I srae l ; an d I we n t b y n i g h t an d I f ou gh t ,

ag ai n s t i t fr om t h e b re ak of dawn u n t i l n o on An d I t ook i t .
,

an d I s l e w al l of t h e m (m e n ) an d wom e n an d
, ,

an d f e m al e s l ave s f or I h ad de vo t e d i t t o As h t ar ,

Ch e m os h . An d I t oo k th ence the of Yah we h ,

an d I
dragg e d them b e f ore Ch e m osh . No w t h e k i g of I r l
n s ae

h ad b u il t J ah az , an d h ad oc c u p e d i i t wh il e h e f ou gh t g i t a a ns

m e ; b u t Ch e m os h drove h i m ou t f om b e fo e m e
r r . An d I
t oo k 200 m en of M oab , al l i ts c h i e f s an d l e d t h e m
, ag a n s t i
J ah az , an d t oo k i t to add (i t ) t o D b on i . I b u il t QR K h H , th e
W al l of t he F ore st s an d t h e Wal l of th e M ou n d ; an d I b u ilt
i t s g at e s , an d I b u il t i t s t owe rs An d I b u il t t h e h ou s e of t h e
.

‘ T hi s t r an sl at i on whi c h i s p r op os e d b y M ar t i i n E n cycl op e di a
B i bl i ca , c ol 79 2 , i s p r e e r ab l e t o t h e
. f or di n ar y on e ,
“ A nd Om r i
t ook p oss e s si on of t h e l an d of M e d e b a, an d ( I sr ae l ) dwe l t t h e r e hi s
days an d h al f hi s s on s
’
day s , f or t y ye ar s , whi c h m ak e s Om r i s
’

r e i gn an d lf of Ah ab f
p e r i od of or ty y e ar s , an assu m p
’
ha s c ove r a

t i on t h at t h r ows t h e e nti r e c h r on ol ogy o f H e b r e w ki n g s

t he e ar l y

i nt o f
c on u si on . Se e Wi n c kle r , A l tor i en t F or s ch i ii 1. . . .
 TH E A D VA N CE OF A SS Y R IA 217

ki n g , an d I m ad e re se rvoirs for wate r i n t h e m i ds t

b ot h i ts
of t h e c i t y An d t h e re h ad b e e n n o c i s te rn i n t h e m i d s t of
.

t h e c i t y i n QR K h H ; b u t I s ai d t o al l t h e p e op l e M ak e you ,

al l a c i s t e rn e ac h i n h i s h ou s e An d I c u t ou t t h e c u t t i n g f or
.

QR K h H b y (u s i n g) t h e p ri s on e rs (t ak e n f r om ) I sr ae l 1 b u i l t .

Aro e r an d I m ade t h e road b y Arn on an d I b u i l t B e t h b am ot h

, ,
-
,

for i t h ad b e e n de s troye d I b u i l t B e z e r f or (i t was i n ru i n s )

.
, .

(An d t h e c h i e fs ) of Di b on we r e fif ty f or al l D i b on was ob e di e n t , .

An d I ru l e d a h u n dr e d (c h i e fs ) i n t h e c i ti e s wh i c h I h ad adde d
u n t o t h e l an d An d I b u il t M e de b a
. an d B e t h di b l at h ai m -
,

an d B e t h B aal M aon
-
an d I p l ac e d t h e re t h e
-
she e p

of t h e l an d An d H oron ai m wh e re i n d we l t
.
. an d

Ch e m osh sai d u n t o m e G o d own fi g h t again s t , ,

H oron ai m . An d I we n t d own (An d) Ch e m os h r e

s t or e d i t i n m y days An d I we n t u p t h e n c e
. An d
I .

M e an whil e the war b e tw e e n I s rae l an d D amas cu s

s till w en t on A haziah of J u dah who cam e to th e
.
,

thro n e i n 842 was s u mmon e d by Joram to hi s aid

, ,

an d tog e th e r th e ki n g s we n t u p to Ramoth Gil e ad to -

fight agai n s t Hazae l Here Joram was wo u n d e d an d .

,

r e turn e d to J e z r e e l i n compan y with Ahaziah l e avi n g ,

t h e army i n comman d of a g e n e ral At thi s j u n ctur e .

”
E li s ha d e s patch e d on e of th e s o n s of t h e proph e t s

to Ramoth Gil e ad to an oi n t J e h u an d wh e n h e told

-
,

h i s broth e r offic e r s what had b e e n do n e th e y i m m e di ,

at e ly hail e d him as ki n g H e pr e v e n t e d an y m e s s e n .

gers l e avi n g t he city an d proc e e d e d him se lf at f u ll ,

s p e e d toward J e z r e e l H i s comin g was ob s e rv e d .

from the wall s an d m e s s e n g e r s w e re se n t ou t to l e arn

,

h i s tidi n g s ; b u t h e ord e r e d th e m to follow him an d ,

pr e s s e d on Th e n t h e ki n g s Joram an d Ah aziah
.
,

s u ppo s i n g that h e bro u ght importan t n e w s of th e cam

a
p g i n at R amoth Gil e ad drov e out to
-
me e t him ,
.
218 S YR IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

P e rc e ivi n g wh e n it ,
too lat e that h e plan n e d
was ,

tr e as o n th e y tri e d to fle e ; b u t Je h u dre w hi s bow

,

an d s hot Joram thro u gh t h e h e art Ah aziah e s cap e d .

a s far a s Ibl e am but th e r e was wo u n d e d

a n d di e d at M e giddo J e hu th e n s l e w all t h e hous e
.

of Omri an d m ad e him s e lf ki n g of I s ra e l 1
A thaliah .
,

t h e dau ght e r of J e z e b e l an d moth e r of Ah aziah at , ,

t h e s am e tim e s e iz e d t h e thro n e of J u dah s lay i n g all ,

t h e rightfu l h e ir s e x c e pt t h e child J oas h who was

, ,

hidd e n i n t h e t e m pl e by h i s au n t J e h os he b ah ? Si x
y e ar s lat e r h e b e cam e ki n g a s t h e r e s u lt of a s ucc e ss
f u l r e volt agai n s t A thaliah .

Th e s am e y e ar 842 wh e n all was i n con f u s ion i n ,

Pal e s ti n e Shalman e s e r mad e an oth e r attack upon

,

D am a s cu s Cro s s i n g N orth e r n Syria h e march e d

.
,

alon g th e coas t to B e ir u t an d th e n c e t u rn e d i n lan d ,

.

Hazae l thi s tim e s tood alo n e for n o n e of th e tw e lve ,

ki n g s that had j oi n e d B e n hadad cam e to hi s aid H e .

wa s d e f e at e d an d was oblig e d to tak e r e fug e b e hi n d

,

t h e wall s of D ama s c u s Shalman e s e r wa s t e d t h e .

cou n try b u t was n ot abl e to tak e th e capital A t thi s

,
.

ti m e h e r e c e i ve d t h e tribu t e of Tyr e of Sido n an d of , ,

“ ”
J e h u the s on of Omri con s i s ti n g of gold s ilve r
, , , ,
'

an d obj e ct s of art
3
.

By thi s paym e n t of tribut e Je hu att e mpt e d n ot

o n ly to s e cu r e a titl e to hi s thro n e b u t al s o to de clar e ,

h i s i n d e p e n d e nc e of D am a s c u s H e n c e forth hi s m as .

t e r wa s to b e n ot Hazae l b u t Shalman e s e r ,
Shal ,
.

m an e s e r mad e on e mor e u n s u cc e s s ful att e mpt to r e

2 K i n gs i x .
—x . 2 K i n gs x i . 1 —3 .

3
Obe l i s k , 9 7—99 ; R awl i n s on , i i i 5 , 6 ; K ei l i n sch r . . B i bli oth ek , i .
,

p 1 40
. f
220 SY R I A A ND P A L E STI N E

I s ra e l attacki n g n ot m e re ly t he r e gio n s e as t of th e
,

Jordan b u t al s o tho s e w e s t of it J e h oahaz was r e

,
.

p e a t e dl y d e f e at e d u n til as a r e s ult of hi s u n s u cc e s s
, ,

fu l campaig n s h e had o n ly 5 0 hor s e m e n 1 0 chariot s

, , ,

an d footm e n l e ft i n plac e Of th e chariot s

,

wi th which Ahab had fo u gh t at th e battl e of Qar q ar l

.

Af t e r t h e con qu e s t of I s rae l Haza e l pr e s s e d forward

alon g t he coas t as far as the Phili s ti n e city of Gaza ,

which b e lo n g e d to J udah an d th e n c e s e t ou t to ,

be s i e g e Je ru s al e m J oas h s tripp e d the t e mpl e an d

.

th e p alac e of th e ir trea s ure s an d s e n t th e m out to ,

him to b u y him off Hazae l accept e d t h e tribute .

,

an d r e tur n e d to D ama s cu s
?

I n 81 2 Ramman n i r ar i III t he s on of Sham s hi -

.
,

R amman IV cam e to th e thro n e of A ssyri a ; an d

.
,
3

about th e s am e time Hazae l di e d an d hi s s on B e n

hadad III who i n all probabilit y i s to b e id e n tifi e d
.

with Mari of th e As syrian mon um e n t s re ign e d ove r ,

D amas cu s 4
B e n hadad con ti n u e d t h e w
. ar agai n s t

Je h oahaz that hi s fath e r had i n augurat e d an d r e ,

du c e d I s ra e l to gr e at s trait s u n til h e him s e lf was ,

m en ac e d b y a n e w A s s yrian i n va s ion I n 806 Ram .

m an n i r ar i had s u ffici e n tl y co n s olidat e d h i s pow e r

-

an d s uffici e n tly curb e d h i s n orth e r n n eighbo u r s to

att e mpt an i n va s io n of Syria Th e city of Arpad .

,

which pre s umably had r e volt e d was s u bd u e d an d , ,

t h e tribut e of t h e lan d of the Hittit e s was r e c e ived 5

.

‘
K i n gs xi ii
2 . 3, 7, 2 2 .

9
2 K i n gs x n . 17 f . 2 C h r on xx i v . 23 f .

3
B e s i de s t h e Ep on ym Ca n on , ou r c h i e f s ou r c e s f or hi s r e i gn ar e

t h e t ab l e t s di s c ove r e d at K al ak h ,
t r a n s l at e d b y Say c e , R e cor ds o
f
th e P a s t , i 3 ff ; Ab e l , K ei l i n schoift l i ch e B i bl i oth ek , i 1 88—1 9 3
’

. . . .

4
1 K nig s ii i 2x4 .
5
Ep on ym L i s t f or t h e y e ar 806
. .
 TH E A D VA N CE OF A SS YR IA 221

Th e followi n g y e ar K haz az u (A zaz) i n N orth e rn ‘

Syria was vi s it e d 1
On on e of th e s e ca m paig n s R am
.

m an n i r ar i cam e i n co n flict with Mari k i n g of D ama s

’
-

c u s d e f e at e d him an d b e s i e g e d h i s capital
, ,
It wa s .

n ot capt u r e d b u t h e was comp e ll e d to pay as ran s o m

,

tal e n t s of s ilve r 2 0 tal e n t s of gold

, ,
tal e n t s ,

of copp e r ,
tal e n t s of iro n vari e gat e d garm e n t s , ,

dr e s s good s an ivory co u ch an d an i n laid chair

-

, , .

Thu s th e pr e s tige of D amas cu s was s hatt e r e d ; an d

th e s mall e r s tat e s Tyr e Sido n Om r il an d
, ,
I s rae l )
, ,

E dom an d P hili s tia ha s t e n e d to s e n d th e ir pr e s e n t s

, ,

to Ramman n i r ar i ? Th e s e parat e m e n tion of E dom

-

i s i n t e re s ti n g as a co n firmatio n Of t h e s tat e m e n t of
2 K i n g s viii 2 0 22 that E dom s hortly b e for e h ad
.
-

s hak e n o ff i t s allegian c e to J u dah J u dah it s e lf i s .

n ot m e n tio n e d doubtl e s s b e cau s e it s till r e mai n e d a

,

vass al of I s rae l Th e ab s e n c e of A mmon an d Moab

.

from the li s t i s more di fficult to e x plai n as n e ith e r ,

was s ubj e ct to J e h oah az T h e y may hav e b e e n c on

.

qu e r e d by Haza e l or th e y may hav e r e gard e d th e m

,

s e lv e s a s s u fli c i e n tl y r e mot e from t h e s c e n e of Ram

’
m an n i r ar i s O p e ratio n s to ab s tai n from s e n di n g th e ir
-

g i ft s.

I n combi n atio n with thi s d e f e at of Mari i s to b e

’

plac e d t he s tat e m e n t of 2 K i n g s x iii 4 f that Yah . .

we h gav e I s ra e l a s avio u r s o that th e y w e n t out from ,

u n d e r the h an d of t h e Syrian s an d t h e childre n of ,

”
I s rae l dwelt i n th e ir t e n t s as b e fore tim e Mari .
’

i n co n s e qu e n c e of h i s d e f e at by t he A s s yria n s was ,

u n abl e to co n ti n u e h i s attack s I n 79 7 Ramman .

E p on ym L i s t f or t h e ye ar 805 .

9
K c i l z n sch r ifil i che B i bl i oth ek, i .
, p . 1 90 f .
2 22 S Y R IA AND P ALES TI N E

n i r ar i wa s agai n i n Syria at th e city of M ar ts u ati 1 ,

an d Mari on c e m or e p e rhap s cam e i n to con flict with

’

him A t all e v e n t s h e gave I s ra e l n o mor e troubl e

.
,

for a n umb e r of y e ar s .

I n 799 J e h oah az was s ucc e e d e d by J e h oas h Th e .

followi n g y e ar J oas h ki n g of J u dah was s ucc e e d e d , ,

by A maziah Un d e r th e s e n e w ki n g s t h e fort u n e s of
.

I s rae l an d of J u dah b e gan to tak e a t u rn for th e

b e tt e r J e hoas h i n flict e d thr e e d e fe at s u po n B e n
.
~

hadad III . an d r e cov e r e d all t h e c iti e s that

had b e e n tak e n from h i s fath e r ? H e had to su ffe r

s om e what from i n c u r s io n s of t h e Moabit e s wh o c on ,

3
t i n u e d t h e policy of r e pri s al b e g u n by M e s ha bu t ,

th e ir attack s s e e m to hav e i n flict e d littl e damage .

'
A maziah ki n g of Judah wa s oblig e d to r e p e l an
, ,

E do m it e i n va s io n cau s e d p robably by t h e pr e s s u r e of
,

A rabian trib e s i n t h e r e ar H i s campaig n was brill .

i an tl y su cc e s s f ul for h e s l e w ,
m e n i n the
Vall e y of Salt took Se la th e capital by s torm an d
, , , ,

hurl e d m u ltit u d e s of i ts p e opl e dow n from th e crag s 4

.

I n co n s e qu e n c e of thi s victory h e s e c u r e d po s s e s s ion

on c e mor e of t h e rout e to th e R e d Se a b u t h e ,

do e s n ot s e e m to hav e ov e rthrow n t h e E domit e

ki n gdom I n t he tim e of A haz an d of Ti gl ath
.

i l e s e r III a n i n d e p e n d e n t ki n g of E dom i s m e n
p .

t i on e d both by t h e H e br e w an d by th e A s syrian
r e cord s .

E lat e d ov e r hi s s u cce s s A maziah r e s olv e d to throw

,

off h i s all e gia n c e to J e h oas h ki n g of I s ra e l an d chal , ,

“
l e n g e d him to com e up an d look him i n th e fac e .

Ep on ym L i s t f or t h e y e ar 79 7 .
9
2 Ki n gs xi ii . 25 .

3
2 Ki n gs iii 2 0 x 4
2 K i n gs
. . xi v . 7 ; 2 C h r on . xx v . 11 f .
2 24 Y I
S R A A ND P A L E S TI N E

N orth From Shalman e s e r III an d t h e n e x t

Syria . .

two ki n g s we po s s e s s n o hi s torical i n s criptio n s a fact ,

which s how s that thi s was a tim e of w e ak n e s s O n ly .

t h e Ep onym Can on wi th H i s t or i c a l N oti c e s e n abl e s u s

to trac e th e g e n e ral co u rs e of e ve n t s 1
.

N e arly t he whol e of th e re ig n of Shalman e s e r III .

( 783 —773 was tak e n u

) p with campaig n s agai n s t A r

m e n ia O n ly i n 775 did h e fin d lei s ur e to trav e r s e

.

N orth e rn Syria as far as Am an u s th e c e dar moun

“
,
-

tai n . On thi s campaig n h e doubtl e s s r e c e iv e d the

trib u t e of t h e n atio n s that s till r e mai n e d loyal to h i m ,

b u t t h e n orth e rn ti e r of s tat e s i n which t h e Hittit e s ,

pre domi n at e d h ad all go n e ove r to A rm e n ia an d r e

, ,

mai n e d loyal to that p ow e r un til t h e tim e of Ti gl ath

p il e s e r III
?

A s hur dan III (773—75 5 ) u n d e rtook at the beg i n

-
.

n i n g of hi s r e ig n an e x p e ditio n agai n s t D ama s c u s ,

with what re s ult s we do n ot k n ow I n 772 an d 76 5 he .

attack e d K h atar ika (Hadrach ) a di s trict to the n orth ,

of D ama s c u s ; but after thi s p e s til e n ce an d civil war

brok e out an d th e r e was n o campaig n u n til 75 5
, ,

wh e n Hadrach was o n c e more attack e d .

A s hu r n i r ar i II (75 4—746 ) co n duct e d on e e xp editio n

.

agai n s t A rpad i n 754 but t he r e s t of hi s r e ign was

,

s p e n t i n i n activity at hom e D urin g thi s p e riod Of

.

A s s yria s d e cl i n e t h e Syrian s tat e s probably all r e

’

cov e re d th e ir i n d e p e n d e n c e an d whe n Ti gl at h pil e s e r

,
-

III b e gan an e w the work Of co n qu e s t h e foun d th e m

.
,

almo s t a s s tron g as th e y h ad b e e n wh e n Shalman e s e r

II cam e agai n s t th e m How far th e se s tat e s w e r e
. .

m e n ac e d by A rm e n ia an d wh e th e r D amas cu s was
,

9
1
K e i li n sch r iftl i ch e B i bl i ot hek , i . 2 08 if . Se e p 73 1
. .
 TH E A D V A N CE OF A SS YR IA 2 25

forc e d to co n t e n d agai n s t thi s e n e my whe n it was ,

n ot fighti n g with A s s yria we do n ot k n ow , .

W ithi n thi s p e riod which i s cov e r e d by th e lon g

,

re ign s of J e r ob oam II Of I s ra e l an d Uzziah of J udah

.
,

fall s t he high e s t d e ve lo p m e n t of t h e H e br e w p e opl e s

s i n c e t he day s of D avid an d Solomo n D amas c u s .

was too crippl e d by her war s with A s s yria to hold

th e m lo n ge r i n s u bj e ctio n an d A s syria was too w e ak
,

to coll e ct trib u t e of t h e Pal e s ti n ian s tat e s The re s u lt .

was that both I s rae l an d Judah e nj oy e d a bri e f s e as on

of u n parall e l e d pro s p e rity J e r ob oam i n accordan ce
.
,

with a pre dictio n of t h e proph e t Jo n ah s on of A mit

tai r e s tor e d th e bord e r of I s ra e l from th e E n tran c e
,

of Hamath to t h e Se a of the A rabah (D e ad

1 9

To hi s co n qu e s t s e as t of th e Jordan A mo s probably
all u de s wh e n h e s p e ak s of I s rae l as r e j oici n g i n Lode
b ar ; an d s ayi n g Hav e we n ot tak e n K arn aim by our
,

own s tr e n gth ?
3
Th e t e x t of 2 K i n g s x iv 2 8 i s ho p e .

le s s ly corru pt s till it poi n t s to s ucc e s s e s of s om e s ort

,

agai n s t D am a s cu s It i s cl e ar from 2 K i n g s xi v 2 6 f
. . .

that the editor of the B ook of K i n g s although he ,

record s littl e about J e r ob oam re gard s him as on e of ,

t he gr e at e s t ki n g s that r e ig n ed ove r I s rael It i s a .

plau s ible con j e ct u r e s i n c e h e r e s tor e d the border of

,

I s ra e l as far as th e Se a of th e A rabah that he re co n ,

qu e red Moab an d t o thi s e v e n t th e old oracl e qu ot e d

,

by I s aiah i n x v 1 —1 2 i s s uppo s e d by man y to r e fe r

. .

C on t e mporan e ou sly with th e se e ve n t s Uzziah was

bu s y stre n gth e n i n g the ki n gdom of J u dah He took .

Se e p 1 84
. .
9
2 K i n gs x i v . 25 .

3
A m vi 1 3, wi t h
. . am e n de d vowe l - poi n t i n g, ac c or di n g t o the
c on e c t u r e of
j G r at z .
2 26 S YR IA AND P ALE S TI N E

adva n tag e of hi s fath e r s victory ov e r E dom to occup y ’

an d r e fortify t h e p ort of E lath on t h e R e d Se a n e ar

E z i on g e b e r an d thu s h e e n rich e d Judah o n c e more

-
,

through trad e with t h e E a s t ? T hi s i s th e o n ly it e m

i n r e gar d to hi s r e i gn that th e e ditor of K in g s h as
pre s e rv e d b u t t h e Chron icl e r who mu s t hav e had
, ,

acc e ss to an ci e n t s ou rc e s r e cord s that h e fou ght su c ,

c e s s fu l ly agai n s t th e Phili s ti n e s an d brok e dow n t h e

wall s of Gath Jab n e h an d As hdod al s o that h e

, ,

2
d e fe at e d th e A rabian s who dw e lt i n G u r (G e rar
an d t h e M e un im ( Mi n ae an s ) an d that t h e Am m o n it e s ,

paid him tribut e The Ar abian s we h av e m e t alre ad y

.

i n t h e army of B e n hadad at th e battl e of Qarqar ;

the r e i s n o di fficulty th e re for e i n s uppo s i n g that , ,

th e y cam e i n to con flict with Uzziah The Mi n ae an .

ki n gdom of So u th A rabia was s till s tan di n g an d that ,

it s hould hav e r e s e n t e d t h e i n t e rruption of i t s trade

cau s e d by the occupatio n Of E lath i s n ot r e m arkabl e .

Uzz i ah i s s aid al s o to have d e ve lop e d agricu ltu r e

an d cattl e br e edi n g-
an d to have r e for ti fie d J e r u
,

s al e m an d e quipp e d it with machi n e s for hurli n g

s to n e s an d arrow s
4
W h e th e r th e s e u n de rtaki n g s
w e re carri e d out i n the lat e r y e ar s of hi s life aft e r t h e
d e ath Of J e roboam an d t he br e ak u p of th e n orth e rn -

ki n gdom or wh e th e r J e r ob oam p e rmitt e d th e r e b u ild

,

i n g of th e s tro n ghold that h i s fath e r had di s ma n tl e d ,

we do n ot k n ow T he acco un t s of t h e re ign s of
.

Uzziah an d of J e r ob oam II are both m e agr e an d the .

,

A ss y r ian record s for thi s p e riod ar e s o fe w that it i s ,

1 2 K i n g s xi v . 22 .

9
On t h e t e t x Wi se e n ckl e r , G esak I sr
. .
, i .
, p 46 , n ot e
. .

3
2 Ch r on . xx vi 6 —8 . .
4
2 Chr on . xx vi 9 —1 5
. .
 S Y R IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

For the co n t e mporary hi s tory of t he n eighbouri n g

n atio n s we hav e littl e i n formatio n A mo s r e cord s .

that th e A ram ae an s w e r e gui lty of t h e un parall e l e d

barbarity of putti n g t h e p e opl e of Gil e ad u n d e r iron
thr e s hi n g sl e dg e s ; that both the Phili s ti n e s an d t h e
-

Tyrian s w e re i n t he habit Of Obtai n in g s lav e s by

razzia s i n to th e t e rritory of I s rael that the A mmo n
it e s m e re ly to e n larg e their bord e rs had ripp e d up
, ,

the wom e n of Gilead ; an d that t he Moabit e s h ad

i n vad e d E dom an d burn ed the bon e s of i ts kin g to
?
lim e Ho s ea add s t h e i n formation that Shalma n
(p e rhap s th e s am e as Sal am an u ki n g of Moab m e n
, ,

t i on e d i n t h e i n s cription s of Ti gl ath p il e s e r III ) -

.

s poil e d B e th arb e l an d da s hed moth e r s an d childr e n

-

to piec e s ?
B e yon d thi s we kn ow n othi n g of I s ra e l s ’

n eighbour s duri n g t h e period of A s s yrian i n act i v i t y .

1
Am os i .
9
H os . x
. 14 .
 C H AP T E R X II
TH E A SSYR I AN U
S PR EM ACY

745 6 2 5
-
B C..

I N 745 of A shu r n i r ar i s ge n e ral s taki n g advan

on e
’

tag e of a re volt i n the cit y of Cal e h u s urp e d t h e ,

thron e an d ass um e d th e n am e of Ti gl ath p i l e s e r i n

,
-

tok e n of hi s d e t e rmi n atio n to rival the co n q u e s t s of

h i s great n am e s ak e ? I n h i s coro n ation y e ar h e
march e d i n to Babylo n ia o s t e n s ibly to d e fe n d it from
,

t h e i n cur s io n s of th e n om adic A ra m ae an s b u t r e ally ,

to mak e him s e lf mas t e r of t he cou n try The follow .

i n g y e ar h e cha s ti s e d th e r e b e l lio u s trib e s Of t h e E a s t .

T h e n he was r e ady for co n qu e s t s i n t he W e s t .

D uri n g t he r e ig n of h i s fe e bl e pr e de c e s s or s t he
provi n c e s had throw n off th e ir all e gian c e an d t h e ,

mor e n orth e rly o n e s had b e com e tributary to A rm e n ia .

A c e rtai n M ati e l h ad e s tabli s h e d him s e lf at A rpad

with t h e h e l p of t h e A rm e n ian Sard u ri II an d had .
,

m ad e it a c e n tr e O f r e b e llio n A gai n s t him Ti gl ath .

?
i l s m arch e d i n 743 a n d b e s i e g e d h i s city S a
p e e r ,
r

duri th e r e fore i n vad e d M e s opotam ia with h i s alli e s ,

Sal u m al of M e lit e n e Tar k hu l ar a Of G u rgum an d

, ,

1
Th e i n s c r i pt i on s of Ti gl at h pi l e s e r
-
III
h ave b e e n p u b l i s h e d i n
.

a c r i t i c al e di t i on w i t h t r a n sl i t e r at i on an d t r an sl at i on by R ost , D i e
K ei l s ch r i f t t ez t e Ti g l a t P i l es er s I l l
-
, 1 89 3 .

9
Ep on ym L i s t f or t h e y e a r 743 .

22 9
2 30 S YR IA A ND PA LE S TI N E

K u s h t as h p i of K u m m u kh ? Ti gl ath pil e s e r was com -

p e l l e d to r e tre at from A rpad b u t i n N orth e r n M e s o ,

p ot a nn a h e won a gr e at victory which brok e t h e

p owe r of Arm e n ia an d pr e ve n ted furth e r i n t e rf e r e n c e

i n the W e s t Th e n h e r e tu rn ed to t he s i e ge of A rp ad
. .

Wh e n aft e r thre e y e ar s fighti n g i t fell n e arly all t h e

’

s tat e s of Syria s ubmitt e d A mon g th e tributari e s ar e

.

me n tio n e d R e zon of D ama s cu s Hiram of T yre an d , ,

P i s i r i s of Carch e mi s h Tar khul ar a of Gurg u m an d

.

K u sh t ash pi O f K u m m u kh aban do n e d th e ir all i an c e

with Sarduri an d mad e th e ir p eac e with A s s yria .

O n ly Tu tam m u ki n g of U n q i
,
refu s ed to
s ubmit b u t h e was Sp e e dily co n quer e d an d hi s capital
,

raz e d to the grou n d I n hi s ca s e Ti gl ath pi l e s e r

.
-

i n au gurat e d t h e p olicy of d e p ortation H i s pr e d .

e ce s s or s mad e r e p e at e d e x peditio n s t o cha s ti s e r e b

e l s ; but h e pr e v e n t e d r e b e llio n by removi n g s tub

born n atio n s to di s tan t part s of hi s e mpir e wh e r e ,

th e y w e re los t amon g a het e rogen eou s population .

Cru e l as thi s policy was i t was e mi n e n tly practical , ,

for it gave a u n ity to t h e Assy rian empir e s uch as it

had n e ve r b e fore attai n e d .

Amo n g t h e k i n g s who took s i d e s w i th Sarduri was

probably P an am m u s on of K ara] who s e s tatu e Of the
, ,

god Hadad was fou n d by t h e G e rman e x p e dition i n

1 890 at G e r ji n n e ar Z e n ji r l i i n N orthw e s t Syria .

T hi s P an am m u who was d e p o s ed by Ti gl ath pil e s e r

,
-

2
i n favour of a n other P an am m u s on of Bar T s ur h as ,
-
,

left on the s t atue j u s t me n tion ed the e arli e s t k n o wn

1
R e st , A n n a l s , l i n e s 5 9
9
P a n a m m n I n s cr i p ti on , li n e 5 ; W
i n c k l e r , A l tor . F or schu n g en , i
1, p 1 06 ; M ar q u ar t , F u n d a m en t e , p 2 3
. . .
2 32 S Y R IA AND PA LES TI N E

T he ci ty of Tiph s ah (T appuah whi ch r e fus ed to

O p e n to him h e raz e d an d ripp e d u p i t s pr e g n a n t
, ,

wom en ? I s ra e l was r e n t i n to ho s til e par ti e s on e ,

favouri n g an allian c e with D amas cu s ; a n oth e r with ,

As s yria ; an d a third with M u t s r i (N orth Arabia) , .

Civil war raged an d th e n ation was s o w e ak e n e d

,

that it was certain to fall before th e fir s t on s et of the

A s syria n s .

T he decli n e of I s rae l brought for a s ea s on i n creas e d

pro sperity to Judah For t he fir s t tim e s in c e th e
.

r e ign O f J e h osh aphat it c e as ed to be a vas s al .

Uzziah was s mitt e n with l e pro s y i n th e later year s of

hi s reig n but h i s s on J otham was a s s ociated with
2
,

him i n the gove rn m e n t an d s e e m s to have b e e n a wi s e

an d s ucc e s s ful rul e r Th e e x act y e ar Of h i s d e ath we
.

un fortun at e ly do n ot k n ow If as s ugg e s t e d above .

, ,

we giv e Amaziah n i n e i n s t e ad of tw e n ty n in e y e ar s -
,

he mu s t hav e di e d i n 739 T hi s agre e s w e ll with t h e

.

s tateme n t of I sa vi 1 Of Jotham s r e ig n th e Book

. . .
’

Of K i n g s r e cord s o n ly that h e built th e u pp e r gat e of

the t e mple but t h e Chro n icl e which e vi d e n tl y r e s t s

3
, ,

here upon an cie n t s ourc e s n arrat e s al s o that h e b u ilt ,

t h e wal l of O p hel an d that he e r e ct e d s tro n ghold s

throughout th e lan d of Ju dah H e al s o d e f e at e d t h e .

A mmo n ite s an d e x act e d from th e m 1 00 tal e n t s of s i l

ve r,
m e as ur e s of wh e at an d m e a s ur e s Of ,

barl e y as an an n u al tribut e 4
T he earl y propheci e s .

of I s aiah s ho w that the pro s p e rity i n au g u rat e d b y

h i s fath e r co n ti n u e d thro u ghout t h e whol e of h i s own
r e ig n. T h e ir lan d i s full of S ilver an d gold n either ,

1
2 K i n gs x v . 8 18
-
.
9
2 K i n gs xv . 5 .

3
2 K i n gs x v . 35 .
4
2 Ch r on . xx vii . 3—6 .
 TH E A SS YR IA N S U P R E M A CY 2 33

is th e r e an y e n d of th e ir tre a s u re s ; th e ir lan d al s o
i s f u ll Of hor s e s n e ith e r i s th e r e an y e n d Of th e ir
,
” 1
chariot s .

I n 739 Ti gl ath pi l e s e r i n vad e d Arm e n ia an d an

-

n e x e d a portio n of it to A s s yria Th e followi n g y e ar .

h e mad e a campaig n agai n s t Pati n i n N orth Syria

9
.

A c e rtai n A z r i yau of t h e lan d of Y au di had i n s ti

gat e d a re volt i n to which h e had drawn n i n e t e e n
,

di s trict s of Hamath Thi s A z r i yau of Yau di h as .

lo n g b e e n id e n tifi e d with A zariah (Uzziah ) of Y e h u da

( Judah , ) b u t s i n c e R o st s p u blicatio n of a mor e ’

corre ct t e x t of the i n s criptio n s ? an d s i n c e the I n ve s

t i gat i on s of Wi n ckl e r thi s id e n tificatio n h as b e com e
4
,

an impo s s ibility Th e c e n tr e of Az r i yau s r e volt wa s

’
.

K ullan i a city which i s m e n tion ed i n th e Ep on ym

,
5

L i s t as t h e goal of th e e x p e ditio n i n 738 Thi s wa s .

occ u pi e d by Az r i yau him s e lf an d h e r e h e fo u ght ,

agai n s t Ti gl ath pil e s e r With h i s d e fe at t he coali

-
.

tio n at o n ce f e ll to pi e c e s an d t he n i n e t e e n di s trict s ,

O f Hamath w e r e e a s ily s ubdu e d N ow it i s i n c on .

c e i vab l e that A zariah of J udah who accordi n g to , ,

2 K i n g s x v 5 was a l e p e r d u ri n g t h e latt e r part of

.
,

h i s r e ign an d dw e l t apart s ho ul d have l e d an army i n ,

p ers o n thro u gh the i n d e pe n d e n t s tat e s of I s ra e l ,

D amas cus an d Hamath as far as Kul la n i i n N orth

,

Syria an d th e r e have h e ad e d a r e volt agai n s t the k i n g

,

of A s syria .It i s v e ry do u btf u l mor e ove r wh e th e r , ,

A zariah was aliv e as lat e as 738 S i n c e i n 734 h i s ,

1 9
I sa ii . . 7 . Se e p 2 00 . .

3
R e s t , Ti g l a t P i l es er , A n n a l s , l i n e s 1 03—1 33
-
.

A l t or i en ta l i s ch e F or schu n g e n , i 1 , 1 —2 3 . .

5
P e r haps t h e Ca l n o of I sa
. x . 9 .
2 34 Y I
S R A A ND P A LE S TI N E

gran d s on Ahaz was alre ady on th e thro n e an d s i n c e ,

s om e tim e mu s t b e allow e d for t h e s ol e r e ign Of h i s

s on Jotham A ccordi n gly we mu s t follow Wi n ckl e r

.
,

i n r e gardi n g A z r i yau n ot a s t h e ki n g of Judah b u t

, ,

as t h e ki n g of a N orth Syria n s tat e by t h e n am e of

Ya u di .

T he e x i s t e n c e of s uch a s tat e h asb e e n prove d by

th e r e c e n t di s cov e ry i n Z e nji r l i an d i t s vi ci n ity of

Aramaic i n s criptio n s of th e tim e O f Ti gl ath p i l e s e r -

e re ct e d by ki n g s who s tyl e th e m s e lv e s K i n g of Ya di ’

(or as it m ay b e r e ad
, ,
Y au di accord ,

i n gl y wa s a s mall di s trict of t h e la n d of Pati n an d

, ,

lay b e tw e e n t he ki n gdo m s of Sam al an d U n q i T hat ’

.

a ki n g of Y au di Should have e x actly th e s am e n am e

a s a co n t e mporary ki n g of Y e h u da ( As s yrian Y au du )
i s as urpri s i n g coi n cid e n c e ; but s e e m s n eve rth e l e s s , ,

to b e an e s tabli s h e d fact .

Th e divi n e n am e Yahu (Yahw e h) as a n e l e m e n t of

prop e r n am e s was n ot limit e d to t h e I s ra e lit e s but ,

was k n own al s o to th e ir Syrian n e ighbo u r s as i s ,

prove d by th e n am e Yau —bi di (Ilu bi di ) born e b y a ’

-
’

ki n g of Hamath i n t h e time of Sargon ?

Th e s tate s which had j oi n e d A z r i yau i n hi s r e volt ,

Ti gl at h pil e s e r d e priv e d of a u to n omy an d form e d i n to

-

an A s syrian provi n c e which h e plac e d u n d e r t h e ru l e

,

of hi s s on Shalman e s e r A larg e n u mb e r of th e
.

i n habitan t s h e tran s port e d to A rm e n ia an d i n th e ir ,

plac e h e s e ttl e d A rm e n ian s whom h e had c on

q u e r e d i n t h e campaig n of t h e y e ar 739 The ki n g s .

of Syria s e e i n g Ti gl ath pi l e s e r s s u cc e s s s e n t m e s
,
-
’

s e n e r s b e ari n g th e ir trib u t e A mo n g th e se ar e m e n
g .

9
1
Se e pp 2 3 1 , 2 36
. . Se e p 2 46 . .
2 36 S Y R IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

in s tall e d by him u p on t h e thron e of h i s fath e r H e .

th e n att e n ded t he A s s yrian ki n g on h i s campaign s ,

an d wh e n he di e d duri n g t h e S i e g e of D amas cu s was

buri e d with military ho n our s The portio n of th e .

i n s criptio n which r e f e r s to P an am m u 1
r e ad s as

follow s :

B ar R e ku b h as
-
i s m on u m e n t f or hi s fath e r
r
e e c te d th ,

P an am m u t h e s on of B ar Ts u r k i n g of Ya u di (i n m e m or y of)
’
-
, , ,

t h e ye ar of (t h e e s c ap e of) m y fat h e r P an am m u (from t h e f at e

of) h i s f at h e r Th e gods O f Ya u di d e live r e d h i m from t h e
’
.

d e s tru c t i on t h at b e fe ll t h e h ou se of h i s f at h e r an d hi s g od ,

H adad h e lp e d h i m (an d e s t ab li sh e d) h i s t h ron e (A c on sp ira .

t or aros e ) an d wrou gh t d e s t ru c t i on i n t h e h ou s e of hi s f ath e rs .

An d h e s l e w B ar Ts u r h i s f at h e r an d s e ve n ty (m e n ) t h e
-
, ,

b re t hr e n of h i s fat h e r . An d ve rily wi t h t h e r e st of
t h e m h e fi l l e d t h e p ri s on s an d h e m ade t h e ru in e d c i t i e s
,

m or e n u m e rou s t h an t h e i n h ab i t e d on e s (An d t h e .

g o d H adad sai d : B e c au se ) ye h ave b rou g h t a sword in t o m y

h ou s e an d h ave S l ai n on e of m y s on s I al s o will b r i n g a swor d
, ,

i n t o t h e l an d of Ya u di ’
ag ai n st P an am m u s on of K aral ,

an d g rai n du rra wh e at an d b ar l e y we re d e s t roye d ;

, , ,

an d a p e r es ( of wh e at) c os t a Sh e k e l an d a sha tr b ( of b arl e y),

a

c os t a Sh e k e l an d an as a b of d ri n k a Sh e k e l An d m y f at h e r
’

,
n , .

b rou g h t (t ri b u t e ) t o t h e k i n g of As syri a ; an d h e m ade hi m

k in g ove r t h e h ou se of h i s f at h e r an d re m ove d th e st on e of
,

d e s tru c t i on from t h e h ou s e of h i s fat h e r (An d h e b rou gh t .

ou t) from d i s tre ss t h e g od s of Ya u di f r om An d h e
’
.

O p e n e d t h e p ri s on s an d se t at lib e rty t h e p ri s on e rs of Y a n di
’
.
,

An d m y f at h e r ros e u p an d re l e as e d t h e wom e n of
t h e h ou se of t h e s l ai n an d t h e (An d h e re b u il t) t h e
h ou se of h i s fat h e r an d m ade it m ore b e au t i fu l t h an at t h e
firs t An d wh e at an d b arl ey an d g rai n an d durra we re
.
, , ,

1
P an am m u I n s cr ip ti on , l i n e s 1 —1 5 . T h e t r an sl at i on i s m ad e
f r om th e te tx of L id z b ar k si , H a n d bu ch , p . 442 ; pl at e XX III .

P as s ag e s i n p ar e n t h e s e s ar e c on e c t u r al r e s t or at i on s
j .
 TH E A SS YR I A N S U PR EM A CY 2 37

ab u n dan t i n hi s days Th e n . food an d dr i n k (w er e pl e n ti fu l )

we re s ol d c h e apl y An d i n t h e d ays of m y f at h e r
P an am m u , ve ri l y h e (Ti gl at h p i l e se r ) app oi n t e d m as t e r s
-
of th e
to wn s an d m as t e r s of t h e c h ar i ot s
b ut m y , f at h er P an am m u
he se at e d am on g th e ki n gs of K e b ar (Al t h ou g h ) my

f at h er (was i t h e r a p osse s s or of silve r or a p os s e s s or of

n ot ) e

g ol d ye t i n h i s wi s dom an d i n h i s r i g h t e ou sn e ss h e h e l d t o
,

t h e s i de of h i s l ord t h e k in g of A ss yri a , (An d t h e k i n g of) .

A ssyri a ( s e t h i m ove r) t h e p re f e c t s an d t h e b re t h re n O f Ya u di
’

an d h i s l ord t h e k i n g of A ss ri a s h owe d hi m favou r ab ove t h e

, y ,

k i n gs of K e b ar (An d h e r an ) b y t h e wh e e l of hi s
l or d Ti g l a t h p i l e se r k i n g of A s s yri a (
,
-
wh e n h e p i t c h e d) h i s
, ,

c am p f r om t h e ri s i n g of t h e s u n u n t o i t s s e t t i n g (A n d Ti g l at h .

p i l e s e r c on q u e re d) t h e f ou r q u art e rs of t h e worl d ; an d t h e
dau g h t e rs (p op u l at i on s ) of t h e s u n ri s e h e c arri e d t o t h e s u n
s e t an d t h e dau g h t e rs of t h e s u n s e t h e c arri e d t o t h e s u n ri se
, .

An d m y fat he r an d h i s l ord Ti g l at h p i l e s e r k in g ,
-
,

o f As s yri a adde d t o h i s t e rri t ory c i t i e s of t h e t e rri t ory of

,

G u rg u m . An d m y f at h e r P anam m u s on of B ar
Ts u r .

Havi n g re duced N orth e r n Syria to s ubmi ss ion T ig ,

lath pi l e s e r Sp e n t t he y e ars 737—735 i n camp aign s

-

agai n s t M e dia an d A rm e n ia M e an whil e i n 735 .

M e n ahem di e d an d h i s s on P e kahiah s ucc e e d e d him .

M e n ah e m s paym e n t of trib u t e to t h e A ss yrian s had

’

mad e h i s dyn as ty u n p o p ular an d within a y ear P e kah ,

iah was ass a s s i n at e d by P e kah s on of R e maliah a , ,

r e pre s e n tativ e of t h e p arty that favour e d allian c e with

D am as c u s ?
H i s fir s t act was to m ak e a tr e aty with
R e zon ? kin g of D ama s cu s i n comp an y with the ,

Phili s tin e s an d T yrian s to re volt agai n s t Ti gl ath

1
2 K i ngs x v. 2 1 —2 5 .

9
In vi e w of t h e A ssyr i an r e c or ds t hi s s pe lli n g of t he n am e is

pr e f e r abl e t o R e z i n of t h e B ook of Ki ngs .

2 38 S Y R IA A ND P ALE S TI N E

pi l e s e r . alli e s w e r e an x iou s that J udah al s o

Th e
s ho u ld e n t e r t h e coalitio n ; an d wh e n J otham r e fu s e d ,

R e zo n an d P e kah i n vad e d h i s la n d ?
W hil e the Syro E phraimitic war was i n progr e s s
-

Jotha m di e d an d h i s s on Ahaz s u cc e e de d him H e

,
.

was u n fort u n at e i n all that h e u n d e rtook ; h i s army

was d e feat e d h i s citi e s w e r e d e s troy e d an d m an y of
, ,

hi s p e opl e wer e tak e n captiv e A t la s t t h e alli e s .

m arch e d agai n s t Je ru s al e m with th e i n t e n tio n of

bre aki n g down i t s wall an d of de po s i n g Ahaz ?
The
s it u atio n wa s de s p e rat e an d at thi s cri s i s A haz a ,p
ar e n tl s acrific e d h i s s on to propitiat e t h e d e ity ? as
p y
M e s ha ki n g of Moab had don e u n de r Similar circ u m
, ,

s ta n c e s ? Th e E domit e s taki n g advan tag e of J u dah s

’

r e v e rs e s r e volt e d an d r e cover e d t h e port of E lath

, ,

which from thi s tim e on ward th e y r e tai n e d 5

Th e .

Phili s ti n e s al s o i n vad e d th e s outh an d captu r e d a

n umb e r of tow n s
6
T h e r e was n othi n g l e ft for Ah az
.

but to mak e an a p p e al to Ti gl ath pil e s e r An d -

A haz s e n t m e s s e n g e r s to Ti gl ath p i l e s e r ki n g of A s -

s y ria s ayi n g I am thy s ervan t an d th y s on : com e u p

, ,

an d s av e m e out of th e han d of t h e ki n g of Syria an d ,

out of th e han d of th e ki n g of I s rae l which ri s e u p ,

agai n s t m e An d Ahaz took th e s ilv e r an d gold that

.

was fou n d i n t he hou s e of Yahw e h an d i n t h e tr e a s ,

ure s of the k i n g s hou s e an d s en t it for a pre s e n t to

’

,
”
t h e ki n g of As sy ria 7
.

1
2 Ch r on . xx vii i . 5 —1 5 ; 2 K i n gs x vi 5 ; I sa . . vii . 1 f .

9
I sa. vi i . 6 .
3
2 K i n gs x vi 3 . .
4
Se e p 2 1 3 . .

5
2 Chr on . xx vi ii . 17 2 Ki n gs x vi . 6 . H er e Edom s h ou l d be r e ad

i nst e ad of Ar am . R ez in is a gl oss t h at h a s c om e i nt o t he t e t i n x
c on s e q u e n c e of t h e r e adi n g Ar am .

xx vi ii K i n gs f
'

x vi 7
9
5
2 Chr on . . 18 . 2 . .
2 40 S Y R IA AND P A L E ST INE
?
l w P e kah an d made Ho s h e a ki n g H e at o n c e s ub
s e

m i tte d to A s s yria an d was co n firm e d i n th e ki n gdom

by Ti gl ath pi l e se r Th e As syrian v e rs io n of thi s i n
-
.

e id e n t r e ad s a s follow s P e kah th e ir ki n g th e y ove r , ,

thr e w ; an d Ho s hea I appoi n t e d (to the s ov e re ign ty )

over th e m Te n tal e n t s of gold
. tal e n t s of
”
s ilv e r I r e c e iv e d an d brou ght th e m to As s yria
,
9
.

Th e fall of Samaria was thu s p o s t p o n ed for a fe w

y e ar s .

M e an whil e th e Si e g e of D ama s cu s we n t on R e zon .

“ ”
was Sh u t i n like a bird i n a cage H i s gard e n s .

an d park s w e re d e s troy e d h i s s mall e r tow n s w e r e r e ,

du c e d to h e ap s of ru bbi s h an d th e ir i n habitan t s w e r e ,

impal e d on s tak e s about the wall s of the capital I n 3

.

t h e progre s s of th i s s i e ge P an am m u s on of Bar T s ur ,
-
,

who was a ss i s ti n g Ti gl ath pi l e s e r with hi s troo p s di e d -

, .

An accou n t of h i s la s t hon ours i s pr e s erved i n the c on

cl udi n g p orti o n of the i n s cript i on of Bar R e ka b : 4 -

f
M ore ove r m y at h e r P an am m u di e d wh il e oll owi n g hi s f
-
k
l ord, Ti gl at h p i l e s e r , in g of A ssyri a, i n t h e c am p .

An d t h e h e ir of t h e k in g dom b e wail e d h i m an d al l t h e c am p ,

of hi s l ord t h e k i n g o f A ss yri a b e wail e d hi m

,
An d hi s l ord , .
,

t h e k i n g of A s syri a (affli c t e d) hi s s ou l an d h e l d a we e p i n g f or
, ,

h i m on t h e way ; an d h e b rou gh t m y fat h e r from D am asc u s t o

t h i s p lac e I n m y days (h e was b u ri e d) an d al l hi s h ou s e (b e
.
,

wail e d) hi m An d I B ar R e kub son of P an am m u b e c au s e of

.
,
-

, ,

1
2 Ki ngs x v . 30
. Th e B ook of K i n gs as si gn s P e k ah a r e i gn of

t we n t y ye ar s , b u t t h i s i s m an i f e st l y a m i s t ak e , si n c e M e n ah e m i s
m e n t i on e d b y T i gl at h pi l e se r i n 73 8 an d H osh e a i n 733,
-
or 730 at
t h e l at e st . T
we n t y i s pr ob ab ly a m i st ak e f or t wo .

9
R e st , p 81 , l i n e 1 7
. f .

3
An n a l s , 1 97—209 .

4
P a/na/m/m n I n scr ip ti on , 1 6 —2 3 . Se e p 2 36. .
 TH E A SS Y R IA N S U P R E M ACY 2 41

th e ri gh t e ou sn e s s of m y fat h e r an d ri gh t e ou s ,
b e c au s e of my
n e ss m y l or d (
,
t h e k i n g o f A s s y i a),
u p on t h e t h ron e )
s e at e d ( r ,

o f m y f at h e r P an am m u s on of B a r Ts u r
,
an d I h ave e re c t e d
,
-

t h i s m on u m e t f or m y f a th e r P an a m m u s on of B ar T s u r an d
n , ,
-
,

I h ave b u il t b e f or e t h e g rave of m y fath e r P an am ,

A n d as f or t h i m on u m e n t m ay H adad an d R l an d ’
mu . s , ,

R e k u b e l t h e B aal of t h e h ou se an d Sh e m e sh an d all t h e
’
-
, , ,

g ods of Y a n di (c u r s e an yon e wh o i n j u re s i t ) b e f ore g ods an d

’
,

be fo re m en .
”

F rom thi s we gath e r that m u s t h av e di e d P an am m u

abou t 732 an d that h e was s ucc e e de d by h i s s on Bar
,

R e ku b who follow e d hi s fath e r s policy of adh e ri n g

’

to A s s yria A n oth e r i n s criptio n that throw s light

.

upon hi s r e latio n to Ti gl ath p i l e s e r an d that e x plain s ,

how h e obtai n e d fun d s to e re ct a mo n um e n t to hi s fa

th e r an d to b u ild a mau s ol e u m for the ki n g s of Ya u di ’

was fou n d i n 1 89 1 at Z e n ji r l i ? It r e a ds as fo l low s

I am B ar R e k u b , -
s on of P an am m u , ki ng Of Sam
’
l
a , se r

van t Ti g l at h p i l e s e r , l or d of t h e
of -
fou r q u a t e rs of t h e
r ea r th .

B e c au s e of t h e ri g h t e ou sn e s s of m y fat h e r an d b e c au e
, s of my
ri g h t e ou sn e s s l or d R e ku b e l an d m y l ord Ti gl ath p i l e s e r
, my -
’
-

s e at e d m e on t h e t h ron e of m y f at h e r An d t h e h ou s e of m y .

fath e r was de st it u te of e ve ryth i n g b u t I r an b y t h e wh e e l ,

o f m y l or d t h e k i n g of As s yr i a a m on g g r e at k i n g s p osse ss ors
, , ,

o f s il ve r an d p osse s s or s of g ol d An d I h ave u n de r tak e n (t o .

b u il d) th e h ou s e of m v f at h e r an d h ave m ad e i t m ore b e au t i ,

f u l t h an t h e h ou s e of an y on e of t h e g r e at k i n g s And m y .

b r e t h r e n t h e k i n g s h ave e n vi e d al l t h e b e au ty of m y h ou s e

an d t h r ou gh m e i t s b e au ty i s s u c h as m y f ath e rs t h e k i n g s of ,

Sam al n e ve r h ad I t i s a h ou se Of re s t f or t h e m an d i t i s
’
.
, ,

a wi n t e r h ou s e f or t h e m
-
an d i t i s a s u m m e r h ou s e ; an d I ,
-

h ave b u il t t h i s h ou s e
”
.

L i dz b ar ski , p 443 ; pl at e
1
. XX I V .
; Wi nc kl e , r M i tt ei l . d . vor
der a s G es ell , 1 89 6 , 4, p 2 2
. . . .
2 42 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

I n 732 D ama s c u s fe ll
R e zon was Slain a m u lti
.
,

t u d e Of h i s p e opl e w e r e d e port e d to K ir an d h i s ,

ki n gdom b e cam e an A s syrian provi n c e M i t i n n a .

,

ki n g of Tyr e s e e i n g that hi s ally was d e f e at e d has

, ,

t e n e d to mak e p e ac e with A s syria by t h e paym e n t of

1 5 0 tal e n t s of gold M i ti n t i of A s hk e lo n who had
.
,

tru s t e d that D ama s cu s wo u ld prove s tro n g e n ou gh to

with s tan d Ti gl ath pi l e s e r on h e ari n g of i t s fall lo s t
-
,

h i s r e a s o n an d had to b e d e po s e d i n favo u r of h i s s on
,

R u ki b tu Th e whol e of Syri a an d P al e s ti n e n ow l ay
.

at t h e f e e t of Ti gl ath pi l e s e r I n D ama s cu s h e h e l d
-
.

cour t an d thith e r w e n t u p all th e co n qu e r e d p ri n c e s

,

to o ffe r th e ir co n grat u latio n s an d th e ir pr e s e n t s .

A mo n g th e m cam e A haz of J u dah an d on hi s r e t u rn ,

h e brought back t h e d e s ig n of an A s s yrian altar ,

which h e e r e ct e d i n t he t e mpl e at Je r u s al e m N ow .

th at he was an As s yrian s ubj e ct he m u s t pay hi s ,

homag e to A s hur the god of hi s con qu e ror?,

D uri n g th e n e x t Si x y e ars t h e s mall n ati o n s of

We s t e rn As ia e n joy e d p e ac e Ti gl ath pil e s e r was .
-

b u sy with t h e s ubj u gatio n of Babylon ia an d m ad e ,

n o e x p e ditio n s i n to Syria Th e ki n g s had l e ar n e d a

.

?
l e s s o n an d paid th e ir trib u t e promptly
,
A ll was
qu i e t u n til t h e y e ar 72 7 wh e n Ti gl ath pi l e s e r di e d
,
-

an d h i s s on Shalm a r IV cam e to t he thron e ?

n e s e .

Th e n as was to b e e x p e ct e d r e volt brok e ou t i n va

, ,

r i ou s part s Of t h e empir e Ho s h e a mad e an alli an c e

.

1
A n n a l s , 2 35 ff . Cl a y Ta bl et I n s cr ip t i on , r ev . 16 ; 2 Ki n gs x vi .

9 16
-
.

9
T hi s i s st at e d e xp
r e s s l y of H osh e a in 2 K i n gs x vn . 4 .

3
Ou r on l y A s syr i an s ou r c e f or t h e r e i gn of Sh al m ane s e r IV i s .

t h e Ep on ym Ca n on ,
2 44 S Y R IA A ND PA LE S TI N E

Oth e r Syrian pri n c e s b e s id e s Ho s h e a do u btl e s s

w e n t i n to th e allia n ce altho u gh we hav e n o r e cord ,

to thi s effect an d Shalman e s e r s aw him s e lf comp e l l e d

,

to r e con qu e r th e lan d s that had b e e n s u bdu e d by hi s

fath e r Th e y e ar 72 6 was Sp e n t i n e s tabli s hi n g h i s
.

au thority at hom e b u t the followi n g y e ar h e proba,

bly i n vad e d Syria J o s e ph u s cit e s M e n an d e r t h e

1
.
,

Tyrian chro n icl e r a s authority for an attack of Shal

,

m an e s e r on T yr e
“
H i s word s ar e as follow s : E l u
.

laio s (L u li i n t he A s s yrian i n s criptio n s )

r u l e d thirty s ix (tw e n ty s i x ) y e ar s H e s ubdu e d th e
- -
.

p e opl e of K i t t i u m (i n C ypru s ) when th e y re volt e d , .

I n hi s day Shalman e s e r ki n g of A s syria ove rran th e , ,

whol e of Ph oen icia ; an d th e n march e d away aft e r h e ,

h ad m ad e tr e ati e s an d p e ac e with all 9

From th i s .
”

it a pp ear s th at Shalman e s e r although h e did n ot ,

ca p ture T y r e at l e a s t comp e lled it to pay tribut e

,
.

I n 72 4 h e e n cou n t e r e d Ho s h e a d e f e at e d him an d , ,

took him pri s o n e r 3

T h e n b e gan a thre e y e ar s iege
.
-

of Sam aria B e fore it was fi n i s h e d Shalman e s e r

.
,

di e d an d Sargo n a u s u rp e r s e i z e d th e thron e
,
4
, ,
.

At the b e gi n n i n g of h i s r e ig n Samaria f e ll an d the ,

ki n gdom of I s ra e l cam e to an e n d T w e n ty s e v e n .
-

1
A n t i q u i ti es , i x . 1 4, 2 .

9
Th e r e m ai n d e r of t he a c c ou n t of M e n an de r , as h as b e e n sh own

by L an dau , B ei tr a g e, i 9 ii , an d b y . . Wi nckler , A l t or i en t . F or sch

un g en , ii . f
1 , 6 5 if , r e e r s t o t h e t i m e s of Se n n ac h e r i b an d of E s ar o

h addon .

3
2 K i n gs xvi i . 5 . Som e h i st or i an s h ol d t h at H osh e a was n ot c apt

u r e d u n ti l the f al l of Sam ar i a i n 72 2 .

4
Th e i n sc r i pt i on s of Sar gon h ave b e e n e di t e d, t r an s c r i b e d, an d

t r an sl at e d m ost r e c e n t ly by Wi n c kl e r , D i e K ei l schr ifit ext e Sa r gon s ,

 TH E A SS YR IA N SU P R E M A C Y 2 45

tho u s a n d two h u n dr e d an d n i n e ty p e opl e th e flow e r ,

of t h e n atio n w e re carri e d i n to captivity an d w e re

.
, ,

s e ttl e d i n t h e M e s opotamia n provi n c e of Goza n an d

i n M e dia T h e ir place was fill e d i n 721 by Aram ae a n s

.

tra n s port e d from B abylo n ia ; an d i n 6 47 A s h u r b an i ,

pal s e ttl e d oth e r colo n i s t s brought from Babylo n ,

K u tb a Sippar Su s a an d E lam ? Th e n orth e rn

, , ,

ki n gdom b e cam e an A s syria n provi n ce with S amaria ,

as t h e r e s id e n c e O f i t s gov e r n or J udah co n ti n u e d to .

pay trib u t e an d th e r e for e for the p r e se n t was l e ft

, ,

un mol e s t e d To t h e paym e n t of th i s tribut e Sargon

.

probably r e fe rs wh e n he call s him s e lf Con q u e ror of

9 ”
t he lan d Of Yan du who s e locatio n i s di s tan t ,
It i s .

po s s ibl e how e ver that he mean s the N orth Sy rian

, ,

lan d of Yan di s
.

The y e ar 72 1 was occu p i e d with con flict s i n Baby

lon ia M e r odac h b al adan a C haldean pri n c e of Bit
.
,

Yaki n on the s hor e of the Pers ian Gulf took a dvan ,

tag e of t h e d e ath of Shalman e se r an d th e di s turban ce s

i n cid e n tal to Sargo n s acc e s s i o n to form an o ff e n s ive
’

an d d e fe n s iv e allia n ce w ith t he E lamit e s an d fi n all y ,

to se iz e t he thro n e of Babylon ? Sargo n as s oo n as ,

h e had r e s tored ord e r at hom e attack e d him an d h i s ,

ally K hum b an i gash but with l ittl e s ucc e ss Both , .

S id e s clai med a victory but both r e tr e at e d i m m e di ,

at e ly aft e r t he battl e .

1
2 Ki n gs x vn . 6; x viii . 11 ; x vi i . 2 4 ; E z r a i v 2 , 8—1 0
. . Wi n ek

l e r , K ei l schr ifttext e Sa r g on s , p 4, li n e 1 1 ; p 1 00, l i n e 2 3 f ; p

. . . .

1 48, li n e 3 1 .

9
N i m r ii d I n s cr i p ti on , 8 ; Wi n c kl e r , Sa r g on , p 1 6 8 . f .

3
Se e p 2 34 . .

1
‘
B ab . Ch r on i cl e , i . 32 ; K ei l i n s ch r ift l i ch e B i bl i oth ek , 11 . 2 76 f ; .

Cyl i n d er I n s cr i p ti on , 1 , 1 7 ; K e i l i n sch r B i bl , ii 40 . . f .
246 S YR IA AND PALES TI N E

Th e ri s e of Me rodach baladan i n s pire d th e Syrian -

s tat e s o n c e mor e with a d e s ir e for i n d e p e n d e n c e an d

i n 72 0 a n e w coalitio n was form e d t h e prim e mov e r s ,

i n which w e r e Yau bi di of Ham ath Ha n n o of Gaza

’
-
, ,

an d Sib i t h e t ar tan of M u t s r i
’

,
T h e y we r e j oi n e d by .

A rpad Si m yr a D ama s cu s an d Sam aria Yau bi di

’
-
.
, , ,

was an u p s tart who had com e to t h e thron e of Ham ath

,

i n co n s e q u e n c e of a r e volt of t h e n atio n al p arty agai n s t

I n i i lu (
-
E n i e l ) a parti s an of A s syria
-
,
Han n o was .

t he ki n g wh om Ti gl at h p il e s e r had h u n t e d ou t of -

Gaza an d wh o had take n re fu ge i n M u ts r i N ow we

, .

fin d him back i n Gaza whith e r h e had b e e n r e s tor e d

, ,
’
pr e s umably by th e arm s of Sib i Sib i t h e tar tan
,
.
’

O f P ir u ki n g Of M u t s r i i s as we hav e s e e n
’
1
, n ot t h e
, , ,

ki n g of E gypt (M i t sr i ) b u t th e ru l e r of a di s trict of
,

N orth we s t A rabia of which Pir u who s e cap ital lay

,
’

farth e r s ou th was t he ov e r lord Th e n am e Pir u

,
-
.
’

h as n othi n g to do with Pharaoh but i s the p e r s o n al ,

n am e of t h e A rabian s ov e r e ign .

Wh e th e r M e rodach b aladan of B abyl o n h ad a ha n d

-

i n t h i s r e b e llio n i s u n c e rtai n A n u mb e r of critic s .

a s s ign to thi s tim e hi s embas sy to H e z e kiah r e corde d

i n 2 K i n g s xx 1 2 —1 9 b u t it i s d o u btfu l wh e th e r
.
,

H e z e kiah cam e to th e thron e as e arly as 72 0 Tho s e .

who follow t h e s yn chron i s m i n 2 K i n g s x viii 9 plac e .

t h e b e gi n n i n g of h i s r e ign i n 72 7 an d tho se who ,

follo w th e s yn chron i s m i n 2 K i n g s x viii 1 3 plac e .

it i n 71 4 B oth sy n chro n i s m s how e v e r c an b e Show n

.
, ,

t o r e s t upo n e ditorial calc u lation of t he data Of t h e

origi n al r e cord s an d n e ith e r h as great e r hi s torical
,

val u e than t h e r e s t of the syn chro n i s m s i n t h e Book

1
P age 2 43 .
2 48 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

I t am ar a, t h e Sab ae an ,
1
bo ught Sargo n off from fu rth e r
adva n c e by s e n di n g him pre s e n t s of gold produ ct s of ,

t h e mo u n tai n s an d cam e l s ?
Th e combi n ation of
,

M u t s r i with A rabia an d Sab as a i n thi s pa s s ag e i s

alo n e s uffici e n t to prove that M u ts r i i s n ot E gypt an d
that Pir u i s n ot P haraoh Al l Syria n ow s u bmitt e d
’
.

to Sargo n Th e r e b e l s w e re pun i s h e d with lo s s of

.

privil e g e s an d with h e avi e r impo s itio n s Th e ki n g s .

w e r e d e po s e d an d A s syrian p arti s an s w e r e appoi n t e d

,

i n th e ir plac e s Thu s t he pre s tig e of A s syria was

.

o n c e more r e s tore d .

Th e p e riod from 71 9 to 71 2 wa s occupi e d chi e fly

with t h e s u bj ugation of t h e n orth e rn p e Opl e s from
Lak e U r u m i a on th e e as t to Phrygia on th e w e s t .

H e re R u s a ki n g Of A rm e n ia was the chi e f di s turber

, ,

of the peac e I n th e mai n Sargon was s u cc e s s fu l

.

agai n s t him but the con qu e s t of thi s r e gio n co s t

,

him m u ch trou bl e Th e captiv e s w e re d e ported i n

.

part to Syria an d w e r e s e ttl e d i n t h e n e ighbour hood

,

of Hamath I n 71 5 th e r e was war with s om e of the

.

’
A rabian trib e s at t h e co n clu s io n of which Pir u of
,

M u t s r i Sam s e of A rabia an d I tam ar a of Sh e b a o n ce

, ,

m ore paid trib u t e Th e captiv e Ar abian s Sargo n

.

s e ttl e d i n t h e di s trict of Samaria to comp e n s at e ,

i n part for t h e p e opl e that h e had r e c e n tly de

port e d T he o n ly Syrian s tat e to r e volt du ri n g thi s
.

p e riod was Carch e mi sh th e old Hittit e s tro n ghold , ,

which i n 71 7 m ad e an allian c e with Mita ki n g of ,

1
T h e i de n t i fic at i on t hi s ki n g wi t h Y at h a of Sab ae an
’
of am i r t he

i n sc r i pt i on s b y L e n or m an t h a s f u r n i sh e d a b asi s f or t h e dat i n g of

t h e s e i n s c r i pt i on s .

9
G en er a l I n scr ip t i on , 2 5 —2 7 Wi n c kl e r , Sa r g on , p 1 00 . f .
 TH E A SS YR IA N S U P R E M A CY 2 49

M u s ki ? Sargo n promptly chas ti s e d it carryi n g away ,

captive i ts ki n g P i s i r i s an d tran s formi n g it i n to an ,

As s yrian provi n c e .

I n 71 1 th e re was a m or e formidabl e i n s urre tio n c

i n th e South Pir u ki n g of M u tsr i agai n e n c our

.
’

, ,

ag e d t h e Phili s ti n e s to b e li e v e that h e would h e lp

th e m an d on th e s tre n gth of thi s hop e A s hdo d r e
,

vol te d H e r e a c e rtai n Akh i m i t i had b e e n appoi n t e d

.

ki n g by Sargo n in 72 0 i n th e plac e of h i s broth e r

A z ur i Him th e p e opl e d e po s ed an d mad e Y atn a
.
, ,

who i s al s o d e s crib e d as Yaman i that i s a Y am an i te , ,

ki n g ov e r them Yatn an i s the A s s yrian n ame for

“

C ypru s an d it h as common ly b e e n s uppo se d that

,

thi s adve n t u r e r was a Cypriot e ; but i n vi e w of t h e

clo s e political r e lation s of P hili s tia with A rabia at thi s
tim e Wi n c kl e r s vi e w i s m or e probabl e that Yama n i
,
’

?
d e sign at e s him as a n ative of Y e m e n i n South A rabia
O n c e mor e t h e prompt n e s s of Sargon pre v e n t e d
t h e r e volt b e comi n g formidabl e Witho u t waiti n g .

to mobiliz e h i s e n tir e army he d e s patch e d an e lit e ,

corp s that was alway s i n r e adi n e s s an d s tr u ck A s h ,

dod b e fore it had tim e to s ummon i t s alli e s Th e .

citi e s w e re pl u n d e re d an d t he p e opl e w e re d e p ort e d

,
.

“
Yaman i s ucc e e d e d i n e s capi n g an d fle d to t h e bor ,

d e rs of M u t s r i which b e lon g s to th e lan d of M e

,

l u khkh a M e l u kh kh a i s W e s t e rn A rabia an d h e r e
.
,

on c e more it i s clear that M u tsr i can n ot b e E g y p t .

1
A c c or di n g t o Wi n ckl e r , A l t or i en t . F or s ch u n g en , 11. 2 , p 2 83,
.

M i t a i s M i das of G r e e k l e ge n d .

9
Th er e is no e vi d e n c e t h at M e r odac h - b al adan h ad a h an d i n t hi s
r e vol u t i on ; s om e c r i ti c s , h owe ve r , a ssi g n t o t hi s y e ar t h e ac c ou n t

of hi s em b as sy t o H e z e ki ah , 2 Ki n gs xx . 1 2 —1 9 .
2 50 S YR IA A ND PALE S TI N E

In thi s pa s s ag e we l e ar n for th e fir s t tim e th e r e s i

d e n c e of P ir u who hith e rto h as s tood i n t h e back
’

grou n d as t h e su pport e r of Sib i an d of th e P hili s ti n e s ’

.

H e wa s ki n g of M e l u kh kh a which probably i s to b e ,

id e n tifi e d with t h e Old T e s tam e n t Ma i n t h e Mi n ae an s ‘

, ,

an d was s u z e rai n of t h e ki n g of M u t s r i F rom him .

Sargo n d e man d e d t h e s u rr e n d e r of Yatua an d Pir u

’

n ot dari n g to r e f us e ca s t him i n to ch ai n s an d de li v
,

e r e d hi m up Th e Pal e s ti n ian s tat e s J u dah E dom

.
, , ,

an d Moab that had tak e n s ide wi th A s hdod n ow

, ,

humbl e d th e m s e lve s an d paid up th e ir d e li n qu e n t

tribut e For th e pr e se n t th e y w e r e allow e d to e s cap e
.

witho u t fu rth e r p e n alty ?

T o the camp aig n of thi s
ye ar t h e titl e of I s a xx all u d e s : Th e y e ar that T ar
. .

t an cam e to A s hdod wh e n Sargo n th e ki n g of A s s yr ia

,

”
s e n t him an d h e fought agai n s t A s hdod an d took it
, .

I n t h e N orth a s mall r e volt brok e ou t i n t he s ame

y e ar Tar kh u l ar a ki n g Of Gurgum who se capital
.
, ,

was Marqa s i t h e mod e rn Mara s h was de p os e d b y

'

, ,

h i s s on M u t al l u ? b u t h e was imm e diat e ly ov e rthrown

by Sargon an d G u rg u m was mad e an As s yrian prov
,

i n c e With i t s fall th e las t v e s tig e of Hittit e rul e i n

.

N orth e rn Syria cam e to an e n d 3

.

I n 71 0 Sargo n gath e r e d hi s forc e s for a s upr e me

e ff ort to cr u s h M e rodach baladan Th e Chald e a n -
.

an d A ram ae an a l li e s from So u th Baby l o n ia an d from

b e yon d th e Eu phrat e s w e re fir s t d e fe at e d Th e n h e .

1
A n n a l s , 2 1 5 —2 2 7 Wi n c kl e r , Sa r g on , pp 36 —39 ; G e n er a l I n
.

s cr ip t i on , 9 0—1 1 2 ; W
i n c kl e r , pp 1.1 4—1 1 7 ; A shdod Ca m p a i n ,
g
W i n c k l e r , p p 1 86 —1 89
. .

9
N ot e t he si m il ar i t y of t h e se n am e s t o t h os e of t h e H i tt i t e ki n gs

at t he t i m e of t h e E gypt i an s u pr e m ac y . Se e p . 1 06 .

3
Wi n c kl e r
,
Sa r g on , pp . 3 4 37
-
.
252 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

for hi s mbas s y to H e z e ki ah that i s r e cord e d in

e

2 K i n g s xx 1 2 — 1 9 ( . I sa Th e proph e tic docu

.

m e n t from which thi s e p i s ode i s drawn plac e s it i n

clo s e con n e ctio n with an accoun t of H e z e kiah s i ll ’

an d thi s accordi n g to 2 K i n g s xx 6 occurred

1
n e ss , ,
.
,

fift e e n ye ars b e for e hi s d e ath at a tim e wh e n h e was ,

dre adi n g an attack of th e A ss yria n s I n accordan c e .

with ou r pr e viou s calc u lation of th e b e gl n n i n g of

H e z e kiah s r e ign ? h e di e d i n 6 91 ; hi s ill n e s s mu s t
’

th e r e for e hav e fall e n i n 705 ju s t wh e n J udah b e gan

, ,

t o plot tr e a s o n agai n s t Se nn ach e rib Th e author of .

2 K i n g s xx h as s u pp o s e d that M e rod ach b al adan s

’
-
.

e mba s s y was m e r e ly to co n rat u lat e the ki n g upon

g
h i s r e cove ry b u t that th e r e was a d e e per motiv e i s
,

s how n by t h e fact that Hez e kiah s howed the m e s s e n

ge rs all hi s tr e a s ure s E vi d e n tly s om e military plan

.

was propo s e d an d he i n dicated h ow much he was

,

willi n g to con trib u te .

T hat M e rodach baladan had al s o an u n der s tan di n g

-

with t h e ki n g s of M u tsr i an d th at hi s ambas s ador s ,

vi s it e d oth e r Syrian pri n c e s b e s id e s H e z e kiah i s ,

lik e ly . I n an y ca se s oo n aft e r t h e acc e s s io n of

,

Se n n ach e rib Ph oe n icia Jud ac a an d P hili s tia w e re i n

, , ,

op e n revolt 3
H e z e kiah was t he l e adi n g s pirit an d
.
,

thos e of hi s n e ighbours wh o h e s itat e d to j oi n the c on

s p i r ac y h e s e e m s to have coerc e d
?
P adi ki n g of ,

E kro n an A s s yrian appoi n t e e was d e liv e r e d u p to

, ,

him by the n obl e s of E kron ; an d h e cas t him i n to a

dun g e on i n Je r u s al e m 5
B y th i s act h e committed .

1
2 K i n gs xx 1 —1 1 . I sa .
9
Se e p 2 47 . .

3
2 Ki n gs x vi i i 7 . .
1
‘
2 Ki n gs x viii . 8
.

5
P r i s m I n scr i p ti on , 11 . 6 9 —72 ; K ei l i n schr . B i bl .
, ii .
, p 92. f .
 TH E A SSYR IA N S U P R E M A CY 25 3

J u dah irr e vocably to war I n pr e paratio n for it b e .

s tr e n gth e n e d t h e fortificatio n s of J e r u s al e m provid e d ,

for an ab u n dan t wat e r s u pply an d con c e al e d t h e we ll s ,

o u t s id e of t h e city ? F rom th e proph e ci e s of I s aiah

we gath e r that at s om e tim e d u ri n g hi s mi n i s try t h e
Pal e s ti n ian s tat e s e n t e r e d i n to n e gotiation s with E gypt
?
as w e ll as with M u t s r i Un l e s s with Wi n ckl e r we
a s su m e a s e co n d campaig n of Se n n ach e rib agai n s t
Syria 3
,
we m u s t r e f e r th e s e n e gotiatio n s to t h e
p e riod u n d e r di s c u s s ion Sh ab ako th e fou n d e r of
.
,

t h e XXVt h ( E thiopia n ) dy n a s ty i s k n own t o hav e ,

b e e n a con t e mporary of Se n n ach e rib for s e al impr e s ,

-

s io n s of both mo n arch s hav e b e e n fo u n d tog e th e r o n

a fragm e n t of a clay tabl e t Un d e r thi s N ubian c on .

q u e r or E gypt w as un ifi e d an d b e ga n to tak e h e r ,

plac e agai n amo n g th e gre at pow e r s Th e pre s e n ce .

of hi s s e al impre s s io n i n N i n e v e h s how s th at h e
-

mai n tai n e d diplomatic r e latio n s with Se n n ach e ri b ,

but thi s would n ot pr e v e n t h i s al s o carryi n g on

s e cr e t n e gotiatio n s with t h e ki n g s of Syria If s o .
,

thi s i s the firs t kn own i n t e rfe re n c e of E gypt i n th e

p ol itic s of Pale s ti n e d u ri n g th e p e riod of th e A s s yria n
s u pr e m acy All oth e r s u ppo s e d e arli e r r e f e r e n c e s
.

to allian ce s with E gypt ar e as we h av e s e e n r e ally , ,

re fe r e n c e s to allia n c e s with th e A rabian M u ts r i an d

with t h e ki n gdom of Ma i n of which it was th e ‘

va s s al .

I n s t e ad of fir s t qu e lli n g th e r e volt i n th e W e s t as ,

1
2 Ch r on . xxxii . 2 8; 2
-
K i n gs xx . 20.

9
I sa . xxx . 1 5
-
c e r t ai n ly r e f er s t o E gypt ; ot h e r pass age s m ay
re f er to M ut s r i .
3
Se e p 2 5 8 . .
254 S Y R IA A ND P A LES TI N E

hi s pr e d e c e s s or s h ad do n e Se n n ach e rib advan c e d at ,

o n c e agai n s t M e rodach baladan A battl e was fou ght -

.

at K i s h i n t h e n e ighbou rhood of Babylon i n which ,

M e rodach baladan wa s d e fe at e d an d was comp e ll e d to

-

fle e aft e r a s e con d r e ign of o n ly n i n e mon th s Th e .

r e mai n d e r of th e y e ar 704 an d all of 703 w e r e occu pi e d

wi th t he pac i fic ati on of Babylo n ia 702 was fill e d .

with a campaign agai n s t th e r e m n an t of t h e K a s s i t e s l ,

who dw e lt i n t h e m ou n tai n s on th e e as t e rn fro n ti e r .

N ot u n til 701 was Se n n ach e rib fr e e to p u n i s h the

r e b e l s i n t h e W e s t N orth e r n Syria s e e m s to hav e
.

r e mai n e d loyal ; h e march e d th e r e fore witho u t Op , ,

?
po s ition as far a s Ph oen icia Th e alli e s had am pl e
tim e to p e rfe ct th e ir plan s an d to m as s th e ir forc e s ;
b u t as was alway s t h e cas e m u tu al j e alo u s y pr e v e n t e d
, ,

con c e rt e d action an d t h e r e s u lt was that t h e P h oe

,

n i c i an citi e s Gr e at Sido n Littl e Sidon B e th zi tti

, , ,
-
,

Sar e pta M akh al l i b a E c di pp a an d A cco w e r e e a s ily

, , ,

tak e n U s hu a city that lay on th e la n d O ppo s it e t he

.
,

i s lan d of Tyr e was al s o capt u r e d b u t Tyr e it s e lf was

, ,

impr e g n abl e L ul i (El u l ai os ) ki n g of Tyre an d Sidon

.
, ,

who had alr e ady s u cc e s s fu lly O ppo s e d Shalman e s e r

IV e s tabli s h e d hi s h e adqu art e r s i n Cypr u s an d
.
3
, ,

th e n c e s u ppli e d hi s capital with provi s ion s To thi s .

tim e probably b e lon g s t h e S tat e m e n t of M e n an d e r

pre s e rve d by J o s e phu s that Sidon A rka Old T yr e
4
, ,

U h an d man y oth e r citi e s r e volt e d from Tyr e

(2 s u
) ,

an d gav e them se lv e s u p to t h e A s s yr ian s Si n c e T yr e .

it s e lf wo u ld n ot s u bmit th e ki n g of A s syria attack e d

,

it with 60 war s hip s an d 800 mari n e s fu rn i s h e d b y

1
Se e p 63 .
9
P r i s m I n s cr i p ti on , 11 . 34—i i i . 40 .

3 4
See p 2 44
. . Se e p 2 44,
. n ot e .
25 6 S Y R IA AND P A LE S TI N E

er ib th e n r e t u rn e d to E kron took t he city by S torm

, ,

a n d impal e d t h e l e ad e r s of th e an ti A s s yrian party on -

s tak e s ro u n d abo u t t h e wall s Th e ir adh e r e n t s h e

.

carri e d i n to captivi ty but th e r e s t Of th e p e opl e who

, ,

w e r e n ot s u s p e ct e d of havi n g a s s i s t e d i n th e e x pul s ion

of P adi h e allow e d to re mai n i n th e ir lan d a n d ov e r
, ,

th e m h e su b s e qu e n tly r e i n s tat e d Padi as ki n g .

H e z e kiah alo n e n ow r e mai n e d un con que re d an d ,

agai n s t him Se n n ach e rib dir e ct e d all hi s e n e rgy .

Forty s i x citi e s of Ju dah w e r e tak e n by s torm an d

-

p e opl e we re captur e d b e s id e s hor s e s m u l e s

, , ,

as s e s cam e l s cattl e an d s h e e p witho u t n umb e r

, , ,
.

H e z e kiah was s h u t up i n J e ru s al e m li k e a bird i n a

cag e an d tho s e of h i s p e opl e that att e m p t e d to d e s e rt
w e r e s e n t back i n ord e r to r e du c e t h e supply of food
,

more quickly H e z e kiah th e n s u bmitt e d an d p aid 30

.
,

tal e n t s of gold 6 00 tal e n ts of s ilve r pr e ciou s s ton e s

, , ,

ivory e l e phan t hid e s co s tly wood s hi s daughter s

, , , ,

th e wom e n of hi s har e m an d mal e an d f e mal e s lav e s

,
.

Padi ki n g of E kron was al s o s urren de red Je r u s a

, ,
.

l e m h ow e v e r did n o t fall i n to Se n n ach e rib s ha n d s

’
.
, ,

Such i n o u t l i n e i s th e A s syrian accou n t of thi s

campaign T hat it fol low s i n th e m ai n t he chron o
.

logical ord e r of e v e n t s th e r e i s n o re a s on to doubt .

Th e o n ly e x c e ptio n i s t h e m e n tio n of t h e r e i n s tat e

m e n t Of Padi ov e r E kron b e for e t h e s ubmi s s ion of
H e z e kiah who h e ld him captiv e T hi s how e v e r i s
,
.
, ,

n aturally e x plai n e d by t h e d e s ir e to fi n i s h up at on e

t im e t h e acco u n t of Se n n a ch e rib s deali n g s with

’

E kro n .

I n to thi s A ssyrian accou n t it i s difficult to fit t h e

i n ci de n t s of the war that ar e r e c or d e d i n the B ook of
 TIl E A SS YR IA N S U P R E M A CY 257

K in gs . di s c u s s io n of Stad e it h as b e e n
Si n c e th e l

g e n e rally r e cog n iz e d that the Book of K i n g s co n tai n s

e x tract s from thr e e origi n ally i n d e p e n d e n t accoun t s

of th e campaig n of Se n n ach e rib : n am e ly (1 ) 2 K i n g s ,

x viii 1 4—1 6 ; (2 ) 2 K i n g s xviii 1 3 1 7—xi x 9a (or

. .
,
.

()
3 2 K i n g s x ix 9 b (
or 9
. a ) —37 Th e pr e s e n t po s itio n
.

of th e s e pas s ag e s i s du e to th e e ditor of th e Book of

K i n g s an d it i s by n o m e an s c e rtai n that h e h as
,

arran g e d th e m i n chron ological ord e r .

Th e fir s t e pi s od e which i s n ot foun d i n t h e parall e l

,

hi s tory I sa xxxvi an d which i n oth e r way s s how s

,
. .
,

i t s i n d e p e n d e n t origi n r e cord s that H e z e kiah s e n t

,

m e s s e n g e r s to Se n n ach e rib whil e he was at Lachi s h ,

“
s ayi n g ,
I hav e o ff e n d e d r e t u rn from m e : that
”
which tho u p u tt e s t on m e I will b e ar Se n n ach e rib .

th e n imp o s e d 30 tal e n t s of gold an d 300 tal e n t s of

S ilv e r which H e z e kiah rai s e d by s trippi n g h i s palac e
,

an d by c u tti n g off t h e plat e s of gold that de corat e d

t h e t e mpl e Th e re i s n o doubt that thi s paym e n t of

.

tribut e i s th e s am e that Se n n ach e rib r e cord s at t he

clo s e of h i s cam paign Th e on ly di ff e r e n c e that .
,

H e z e kiah paid 300 tal e n t s of s ilv e r i n s t e ad of 800 i s ,

pla u s ibly e x plai n e d by Bran di s as du e to a di ffe re n c e

i n w e ight b e tw e e n th e H e br e w an d t h e A s syrian s ilv e r
tal e n t ?
Th e s e n co d n arrativ e 2 K i n g s x viii 1 7 x ix 9 a
,
— . .
,

r e lat e s that Se n n ach e rib s e n t to d e man d t he s u rr e n

de r of J e ru s al e m ; but that at t h e advi c e of I s aiah , ,

H e z e kiah re fu s e d to yi e ld ; an d that Se n n ach e rib

wa s pr e s e n tly oblig e d to aban do n t h e s i e g e i n c on s e
1
Z ei tsch r if t f . a l t t es t. Wi s s e n s chaf t , 1 886 , pp . 1 72 ff
.

9
M ii n t z we s e n , p 9 1 . .
258 S YR IA AND P ALE S TI N E

que n ce of th e advan c e of Ti r h aq a ki n g of E thiopia , .

T hi s e pi s od e i s plac e d by man y critic s b e for e t h e '

paym e n t of trib u t e r e corde d i n x viii 1 4—1 6 th e .

,

a s s umption b e i n g that through paym e n t H e z e kiah

e s cap e d t h e n e c e s s ity of s u rr e n d e ri n g h i s capital If .

thi s h ad b e e n t h e actual co u r s e of e v e n t s it i s dith ,

cult to s e e how s uch an e s cap e cou ld h ave b e e n c e l e

b r a t e d by th e Judae a n s as a gloriou s man if e s tatio n
of th e pow e r of Yahw e h It s e e m s n e c e s s ary th e r e
.
,

for e to a ss u m e that aft e r r e c e ivi n g t h e tribut e

, , ,

Se n n ach e rib p e r fidi ou s l y d e man d e d the s urre n d e r of

Je ru s al e m H e z e kiah was n ow h e lpl e s s but through
.
,

t h e approach of Ti r h aq a ki n g of E thiopia Se n n ac h , ,

e r i b was forc e d to r e tir e an d s u b s e qu e n tl y r e tur n ed

,

to N i n e v e h witho u t taki n g th e city .

Th e third n arrative 2 K i n g s x i x 9b —37 i s u su al l y

, .
,

re gard e d a s a duplicat e to th e s e con d Si n c e it cov e r s ,

t h e s am e gro u n d oft e n i n id e n tical word s

,
W i n ckl e r 1
. .

however attach e s xi x 9 to th e followi n g p a s s ag e an d

,
.

r e gard s the third n arrativ e n ot as a du plicat e to th e ,

s e con d ,
b u t as an accoun t of a lat e r campaign of
Se n n ach e rib .

Th e b as i s for thi s vi e w i s th at Ti r haq a was n ot

'

ki n g b e for e 6 91 an d th e re for e could n ot hav e r e li e v e d

,

J e ru s al e m i n 701 It i s tru e that h e did n ot o fficially

.

as s um e t h e crow n b e for e 6 91 but we do n ot k n ow ,

that h e was n ot alr e ady practically th e r u l e r of E gypt

as e arly a s 701 It i s c e rtai n ly n ot e worthy that i n
.

2 K i n g s x i x 9 h e i s call e d ki n g of E thiopia (Cu s h )

.

an d n ot ki n g of E gypt which may i n dicate that , ,

1 A l tte st . Un t er s u chu n g en , pp . 2 7—49 . F ol l owe d b y B e n z i n ge r ,

G ut he , an d K r all .
260 S YR I A A ND PALES TI N E

I co n clud e accordi n gly that 2 K i n g s x i x 9b—37

, , .

do e s n ot re fe r to a s e co n d campaign of Se n n ach e rib ,

b u t i s a parall e l accoun t to x viii 1 7— x i x 9a of h i s . .

d e man d for t he s urre n d e r of J e rus al e m i n 701 I n .

thi s ca s e i ts s tat e m e n t s may b e u s e d to s u ppl e m e n t

a n d to ch e ck tho s e of i t s dou bl e t Th e on ly i m .

portan t di ffe r e n c e b e tw e e n th e two p a s s ag e s i s in

re gard to t he re a s on for Se n n ach e ri b s s udd e n d e part ’

ur e. On e co n n e ct s it with t h e comi n g of Ti r h a q a ;
th e oth e r with t h e outbreak of a p e s til e n c e
,
P e rhap s .

t h e two r e port s are s u ppl e me n tary ; t h e r e as o n wh y

Se n n ach e rib fle d was that h i s army was s o w e ak e n e d
by di s e a s e that h e did n ot car e to e n cou n t e r Ti r h aq a .

With t h e n arrative of th e p e s til e n c e a s tory of H e ro

1
dotu s h as O ft e n b e e n compar e d which r e lat e s that ,

Se n n ach e rib ki n g of t h e A rabian s an d A s syrian s

, ,

thr e aten e d E gypt an d that Se th os w e n t to me e t him

with a s mall army I n the n e ighbourhood Of P e l u si u m
.

a s warm of fie l d mic e i n vad e d the camp of th e A S

-

s yrian s d u ri n g th e n ight an d d e s troy e d th e ir qui ve r s ,

bow s an d s hi e ld han dl e s s o that t h e n e x t day t he y

,
-
,

w e r e un abl e to fight an d wer e oblig e d to r e tre at i n

,

di s ord e r By ma n y thi s s tory i s r e garde d as a di s

.

t or te d traditio n of the d e f e at of Se n n ach e rib b y

Ti r haq a ; it i s doubtful how e v e r wh e th e r it r e all y
, ,

h as an y co n n e ctio n with thi s e v e n t Th e p ri e s t ki n g .

-

Se t h os h as n othi n g i n com m on with Ti r haq a e x c e pt ,

that H e rodotu s mak e s hi m follow Shab ako .

What e v e r may hav e b e e n t h e r e a s o n for Se n n ac h

e r i b s d e p art u r e t h e fact r e mai n s that con trary to
’

, ,

all an ticipation h e fail e d to capture J e ru s alem

,
.

1
Ii . 1 41 .
 TH E A SS YR IAN S UP R EM ACY 261

’
I s aiah s pre diction s w e re f u lfill e d an d th e t e mpl e was ,

crow n e d with glory a s t h e abod e of a god wh o wa s

pow e rfu l e n ou gh to d e f e at t h e gre at go ds of A s s yria .

Th e y e ar s b e twe e n 700 an d 6 89 w e r e S p e n t i n c on
fli c t with Babylo n ia an d E lam D u ri n g thi s i n t e rval
.

t h e W e s t e n j oy e d p e ac e an d Se n n ach e rib co u ld mak e

,

n o f urth e r att e mpt to capt u r e J e r u s al e m I n 6 9 1 .

Ti r h aq a (Tar q u ) had s uffici e n tly e s tabli s h e d hi s au

thori ty ove r E gypt to as s u m e th e titl e of P hara oh .

I n th e s a m e y e ar probably H e z e kiah di e d an d Ma ,

n a s s e h h i s s on a s c e n d e d t h e thro n e of J u dah
, ,
In .

6 89 Se n n ach e rib capt u re d Babylo n an d i n r e v e n g e ,

for i ts re p e at e d r e b e llio n s raz e d it to th e groun d .

Th e way wa s n ow cl e ar for an oth e r i n va s io n of th e

W e s t b u t wh e th e r it was act u ally u n d e rtak e n we do
,

n ot k n ow s i n c e at thi s poi n t t h e An n al s br e ak O ff
,
.

I n an y ca s e it i s probabl e that aft e r t h e capt u re of

Babylo n Ma n a s s e h ki n g of Ju dah an d Baal ki n g of
, , , ,

Tyr e s u bm itt e d to A s s yria an d th u s avoid e d a r e p

, ,

e t i ti on of t h e e x p e ri e n c e s of t he y e ar 701 Both .

ki n g s ar e m e n tion e d as tributari e s i n an i n s criptio n

that b e lo n g s to t he e arly part of the re ig n of E s ar
haddo n ?

Man as s e h was a m an Of a v e ry diffe re n t typ e

from H e z e kiah H e p e r s e cu t e d t h e proph e tical
.

party which advocated an i n d e p e n d e n t n atio n al

,

p olicy an d mad e it hi s ambitio n to con form J u dah

,

to the patt e r n Of her h e ath e n n e ighbour s It i s e v e n .

po s s ibl e that he cam e to th e thron e i n co n se qu e n c e

of a r e actio n agai n s t t he a n ti A s syrian policy of hi s -

fath e r P robably th e re fore on e of t he firs t act s of

.
, ,

1
B r ok e n P r i s m ,
v
. 13 .
262 S Y R IA AND PALES TI N E

hi s r e ig n was to mak e p e ac e with Se n n ach e rib an d ,

to i n gratiat e him s e lf by i n trod u ci n g A s syrian r e lig

io u s rit e s i n to J e r u s al e m ?
I n 6 81 Se n n ach e rib wa s a s s a s s i n at e d by two of h i s
s o n s as h e wa s wor s hippi n g i n on e of t h e t e mpl e s an d ,

E s arhaddo n ? an oth e r s on whom h e had mad e gov

e r n or of Babylo n ia s u cc e e d e d to th e thro n e
3
.
,

For t h e firs t ti m e i n A s s yrian hi s tory th e r e was n o

g e n e ral r e volt of the provi n c e s followi n g t h e acc e s s io n
O f a n e w mo n arch A S gov e r n or of Babylon E s ar
.

haddo n had won th e affe ction of h i s s ubj e ct s ; an d

wh e n h e b e cam e ki n g h e e n de avoure d to m ak e good,

th e rui n that hi s fath e r had wrought by r e b u ildi n g th e

holy city an d e n dovvi n g i ts t e mpl e s A s a r e s ult Of
,
.

thi s policy th e r e was n o Babylo n i a n r e volt du ri n g hi s

“
r e ig n . Th e tw e n ty two ki n g s of t h e Hittit e la n d
-
,

of th e se a coas t an d of th e m id s t of the s e a al s o
, ,

paid th e ir tribu t e ; an d wh e n h e u n d e rtook to b u ild a

palac e for him s e lf i n N i n e ve h th e y furn i s h e d mat e rial s ,

to b e au tify it A m on g th e m ar e m e n tio n e d Baal

.
,

ki n g of Tyr e ; M e n as e (Man as s e h ) ki n g of Ju dah ; ,

Qau s h gabri ki n g of E dom M ut s u r i ki n g of Moab

-
, ,

P u du i l u ki n g of A mmo n
, .

O n ly Sido n i s ab s e n t from thi s li s t A S e arly as .

6 78 appar e n tly A b d m i l kot t he s on of E thbaal

, ,
-
, ,

whom Se n n ach e rib had i n s tall e d as k i n g e n t e r e d i n to ,

n e gotiation s with Ti r h aq a ki n g of E gypt an d r e , ,

1
2 K i n gs xx i .
; M i c ah v i —v1 1
. .

9
Th e c hi e f i n s c r i pt i on s of E sar h addon ar e t r an s l at e d b y B u dge ,
Th e H i s t or y f
o E s a r h a dd on ,
an d by A b e l an d Wi n c kl e r i n t he
K ei l i n s ch r ift l i c h e B i bl i ot hek , 11 . 1 2 0—1 5 3 .

3
2 K i n gs x i x . 36 f . B a by l on i a n Ch r on i cl e , i ii . 34 .
2 64 S Y R IA A ND P AL E S TI N E

haddo n cam e up again s t him an d b e s i e g e d h i s

capital .

Thi s was probabl y th e five y e ar s i e ge of Tyre that -

M e n an d e r i n Jo s eph u s app e n d s to t he accoun t of

1
Sh al m an e s e r s i n va s ion of Ph oe n icia M e n an d e r r e
’
.

port s that t h e ki n g Of A s s yria fi n di n g that he co u ld ,

n ot s torm t h e city s e t g u ard s ov e r all t h e S pri n g s an d

,

riv e r s of th e mai n lan d wh e n c e th e Tyr ian s w e r e

acc u s tom e d to fe tch wat e r ; b u t that th e y made c i s
t e rn s for rain an d thu s h e ld out agai n s t him At thi s .

tim e as duri n g th e whol e p e riod of th e A s syrian an d

,

of th e P e r s ian s upr e m acy th e i s lan d fortr e s s of Tyr e ,

prov e d impre gn abl e Al e x an d e r was th e fir s t t o

.

r e duc e it by buildi n g a mol e that con n e ct e d it with

t h e m ai n lan d .

I n th e s am e y e ar i n which t h e s i e g e of T yr e b e gan an ,

e xp e ditio n was s e n t agai n s t E gypt b u t it m e t with n o ,

s ucc e s s I n 6 70 E s arhaddo n r e n e w e d the attack an d

.
,

thi s tim e s w e pt all b e for e him Ti r h aq a was d e fe at e d .

at I s kh upr i n e ar th e fro n ti e r an d fe ll back u pon ,

M e mphi s Fift e e n day s lat e r thi s city fe ll an d was

.
,

giv e n ov e r to d e s truction Ti r h aq a s wive s an d chil .

’

dre n w e r e capture d an d h e him s e lf m ad e h i s e s cap e

,

to h i s n ative l an d of K u s h E s arhaddo n th e n divid e d .

E gypt i n to tw e n ty two provi n c e s which h e plac e d u n

-
,

?
d e r t h e r u l e of trib u tary n ativ e pri n c e s Baal ki n g ,

of Tyre h e arin g of th e rout of h i s ally co n clud e d that

, ,

furth e r o p po s ition wa s u s e l e s s an d b e gan to e n t e r ,

i n to n e gotiation s for pe ac e .

1
Se e p 2 44 . .

9
Ste l e of Z enji r l i , l i n e s 35 —49 ; s e e von L u s c h au , A u sg r a bu n g en
i n S en ds chi r l i , p 41 . .
 TH E A SS Y R IA N S U P R E M A CY 265

J u s t at thi s tim e the s t e l e of E s arhaddo n r e c e n tly ,

di s cov e r e d by the G e rma n e x p e ditio n at Z e n ji r l i wa s ,

e r e ct e d . Th e arti s t r e pr e s e n t s t h e ki n g i n h e roic
s iz e
,
s ta n di n g with cord s i n h i s ha n d s that pa s s
thro ugh ri n g s i n th e lip s O f Ti r h a q a an d of Baal who ,

cro u ch b e for e him i n a s u pplia n t attitude Th e i n .

s criptio n record s t h e co n qu e s t of E gypt an d do u btl e s s ,

t h e s c u lptor i n t e n d e d to add t h e s u bj u gatio n of Baal

b u t b e for e t he m o n u m e n t was fi n i s h e d e v e n t s took a
n e w tur n .NO s oo n e r h ad E s arhaddo n l e ft E g y pt
than Ti r haq a re turn e d at th e h e ad of a N u bian army ,

re occu pi e d Me mphi s an d ov er thr e w th e As syria n

gove rn ors H e ari n g of thi s Baal of Tyr e on c e mor e
.
,

d e fi e d E s arhaddo n t he Si e g e th e r e fore was r e s u m e d

, , .

Th e s c ul ptor at Z e n ji r l i who had d e pict e d Baal with

a ri n g i n hi s lip s was oblige d to omit r e fe re n c e to hi s
capt u re i n th e accomp a n yi n g t e x t .

I n 6 6 8 E s arhaddo n u n d e rtook an oth e r E gyptian

campaig n an d havi n g a pr e s e n tim e n t of hi s approach
,

i n g d e ath appoi n t e d b e for e s e tti n g ou t hi s s on A s h u r

,

b an i pal h i s s u cc e s s or i n N i n e v e h an d a n oth e r s on
, ,

Sham as h sh u m uk i n h i s s u cc e s s or i n Babylo n
,
Th e .

ro u t e l e d through Syria an d P al e s ti n e an d th e ,

t we n ty two ki n g s that had previo u s ly f u rn i s h e d ma

-

t e r i al s for t h e b u ildi n g of t he palac e bro u ght gift s ,

an d j o i n e d th e ir force s to t he army B aal of Tyr e

.

n ow s u bmitt e d paid hi s tribut e an d fu rn i sh e d hi s

, ,

co n ti n ge n t of troop s Tyr e it s e lf r e mai n e d i n hi s

.

h an d s b ut all t h e citi e s on t h e m ai n la n d that h ad

,

form e rly b e lo n g e d to him w e re tak e n away an d

w e re i n cl u d e d i n t h e A s s yrian provi n c e of Sido n .

B e fore e n t e ri n g E gypt E s arhaddo n di e d an d A s h u r ,

266 S YR IA AND P ALE S TI N E

b an i pal 1
ith e r took th e l e ad i n p e r s on or orde r e d
e ,

t h e army t o proc e e d u n d e r t h e comman d of a g e n e ral .

A t K ar b an i t i n th e D e lta th e E gyptia n army was de

f e at e d an d Ti r haq a who had r e m ai n e d i n M e mphi s
, , ,

fle d to Th e b e s an d th e n to a s tron ghold i n N ubia

,
.

M e mphi s was agai n occupi e d an d t he tw e n ty two ,

-

n om arch s that E s arhaddo n had appoi n t e d w e re r e

i n s tat e d .

A s s oo n as A s hurban ipal de part e d t he n omarch s

b e gan agai n to tre at with Ti r h aq a But for hi s .

d e ath which occ u rr e d whil e t h e n e gotiation s w e re i n

,

progr e s s h e wou ld doubtl e s s have r e turn e d o n c e mor e

,

to E gypt T an u t —A m e n (Tan dam an e ) h i s s u cc e s s or

.
, ,

carri e d out hi s programm e occupyi n g Th e b e s an d , ,

b e s i e gi n g t he A s syrian garri s on that had b e e n l e ft

i n M e mphi s A s wift m e s s e n g e r brought ti di n g s to
.

A s h u rban ipal an d h e at o n c e d e s patch e d an arm y

,

u n d e r t he comman d of t h e tar ta n On i t s a p proach .

Tan ut A m e n r e tre at e d from M e mphi s to Th e b e s an d

-
,

fin ally was oblig e d to tak e r e fu g e i n N u bia I n 6 6 7 .

or 6 6 6 Th e b e s th e proud capital of t h e XVI I I th

, ,

an d X I Xth dy n a s ti e s wa s captur e d an d d e s troy e d , .

I t s pl u n d e r was tran s port e d to N i n e v e h th e A s s yrian ,

provin cial gove rn ors w e r e re i n s tat e d an d th e army ,

r e t u rn e d to N i n e veh .

I n 6 6 0 war brok e out with E lam an d rage d u n til

6 45 . P s am m e ti k I t h e s on of N e cho I wh om E s ar
.
,
.
,

haddo n had appoi n t e d gov e rn or of M e mphi s an d

Sai s took advan tag e of A s h u r b an i pal s pr e occ u pa
’

A s h u r b a n i p al pu b l i s h e d i n par t by G
1
Th e i n sc r i pt i on s of ar e .

Sm i t h, H i s t or y f
o A s s u r ba n i p a l ; S A . . S m i t h , D i e K e i l s ch r i f tt er t e
A ss a r ba n i p al s J e n se n , K ei l i n sch r i ft l i che B i bl i ot h ek, i i . 1 5 2 —2 6 9 .
268 S YR IA AND P A LES TI N E

re n ou n c e d hi s all e gian c e to A s syria he n at u rally ,

s u s p e n d e d t h e wor s hip of i t s d e iti e s .

If t h e alli e s had o n ly S tood tog e th e r A s h u rban ipal ,

m u s t i n e vitably hav e b e e n d e f e at e d ; b u t E lam an d

A ribi alon e s e n t troop s to t h e aid of Sham as h shu m
uki n an d although h e m ade a s tubborn fight h e was
, ,

at las t s h u t up withi n t he wall s of hi s capital Af t e r .

s uffe ri n g all t h e horror s of starvation Babylon f e ll i n ,

6 48 an d Sham as h s h u m u ki n p e ri s h e d i n the flam e s of

,

h i s palac e .On h e ari n g of hi s fat e t h e prin c e s of

Syria an d Pal e s ti n e e x c e pt tho se of U s hu (Tyr e on
,

t h e m ai n lan d ) an d A kko 1
has t e n e d to r e n e w th e ir
,

all e gian c e an d to pre s e n t th e m s e lve s i n p e rs o n to b e g

pardo n for th e ir r e volt A ccordi n g to 2 Chro n xxxiii
. . .

1 1 f Man a s s e h was bro u ght i n chai n s to Babyl o n but

.
,

was s u b s e qu e n tly r e s tor e d to h i s thro n e T h e re m ay .

b e s om e e x agg e ration i n th e s tat e m e n t that h e was

brought i n chai n s but that h e had to a p p e ar b e fore
,

t h e ki n g of A s s yria an d b e rei n s tat e d i s altog e th e r

probabl e I n 6 47 A s h u rban ipal was pr e s e n t i n Baby
.

l on to b e crow n e d u n d e r th e n am e of K an dal an u an d ,

i n thi s y e ar we fin d the mo s t probable dat e for t h e

vi s it of Man a s s e h .

A bo u t the s ame tim e As h u rba n ipal O s n appar)

s e ttl e d i n S amaria p e opl e of Babylo n C uth a Sippar , , ,

Su s a an d E lam that h e had tak e n captive durin g hi s

,

r e c e n t campai gn Ou t of the m i xt u re of th e s e s e ttl e r s

.

with t h e r e m n an t s of t h e old He br e w po p u lation

aro s e t h e lat e r n ation of the Samaritan s Si n ce th e .

d e portatio n of I s ra e l i n 722 lion s an d oth e r w i ld

,

b e as t s had m u ltipli e d i n the lan d an d th e y wro u ght ,

1
R a s s a m Cy l i n de r , i x . 1 1 7—1 2 3 .
 TII E A SS YR IA N S U P R E M A CY 269

havoc a m o n g the colo n i s t s Attrib u ti n g thi s to the .

wrath of th e local god th e y app e al e d to A s hu r b an i

,

pal an d h e s e n t th e m a pri e s t fro m am o n g t h e e x il e s

,

that Sargo n had de port e d to t e ach th e m the r e ligio n

of Yahw e h ?
A ft e r t he ca p tur e of B abylo n A s h u rban ipal s e t ou t
to p u n i s h t h e A rabian trib e s that had a s s i s t e d Sham
a s h s h u m uk i n Gre at cha n ge s had tak e n plac e in t he
.

political ge ograph y of A rabia S i n c e t h e e x p e ditio n s of

Se nn ach e rib an d of E s arhaddon M e l ukh kh a (Ma i n .
‘

of th e O T ) had fall e n an d th e h e g e mon y i n N orth

. .
,

A rabia had p a s s e d to A ribi t h e trib e from which our ,

n am e of A rabia i s d e rive d of which Qi dr ai an d ,

Nab ayati (K e dar an d N e baioth of t h e O T ) w e r e a . .

part . Th e s e trib e s had occu pi e d M u ts r i an d t he

Ha u ran an d had s e iz e d m an y town s i n E dom Moab , ,

A mmo n an d Z ub i tu (Zobah
, I n th e ir advan c e
we s e e t h e b e gi n n i n g of t h e N abat ae an or fo ur th ,

gre at Se mitic migration that i n t he n e x t c e n t u ry ,

ove r flo we d a larg e part of Syria an d P al e s ti n e .

A s h u rba n ipal trav e r s e d th e Syrian d e se rt d e s troyi n g ,

t h e e n campm e n t s of t h e B e dawi n an d capt u ri n g th e ir

ca m e l s as far as Moab an d E dom Yauta ki n g of .
,

K e dar fle d to th e N ab ataean s an d hi s gran d n e p h e w

, ,
-

Uait e who con ti n u e d to O ppo s e th e A ssy ria n s was

, ,

tak e n an d carri e d to N i n e v e h wh e re h e was s e t i n a ,

cag e at the door of t he palac e to act as a watch dog -

.

A c e rtai n Ab i ya te was appoi n t e d ki n g i n hi s place .

Ab i yat e s oo n u n it e d with t h e N abat ae a n s an d th e

K e dar e n e s to r e s i s t A s syri a an d As hurban ipal was ,

oblig e d to m ak e a s e con d e x p e dition i n to A rabia .

1
2 Ki n gs x vii . 2 4—41 ; E z r a i v 8 1 0 .
-
.
2 70 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

Ar i bi an d K e dar w e re cha s ti s e d ,
b u t th e N abatae an s
w e r e n ot to u ch e d On t h e r e t u rn march he trave rs e d
.

Pal e s ti n e an d r e d u ce d t h e Ph oe n ician citi e s of Us h u

an d A kko that had probably r e volt e d at t h e ti m e of

Sh am ash s h u m u ki n s r e b e ll ion an d had r e mai n e d i n

’

l
d e p e n d e n t e ve r S i n c e .

I n r e gard to th e p e riod b e tw e e n the A rabia n cam

n s a n d A s h u r b an i p al s d e ath i n 6 2 6 we hav e n o
’

p gai
s ourc e s of i n formatio n A ppar e n tly t h e ki n g s p e n t
.

t h e r e mai n d e r of h i s day s i n t h e tran qu il e n j oym e n t

of th e fr u it Of h i s labou r s an d the provi n c e s r e main e d
,

s ubmi s s iv e . I n 6 37 t h e lon g r e ign of Man a s s e h cam e

to an e n d an d h i s s on Am on su cc e e d e d him Ao
,
.

cordin g to th e Book of K i n g s ? A mon walk e d i n t h e

way of hi s fath e r an d s e rve d t h e idol s that h e s e rve d ,

from which we m ay i n f e r that h e re m ai n e d a vas s al of

A s hurban ipal Th e co n s piracy to which h e f e ll a
.

victim was probably du e to a d e s ir e of th e n obl e s of

Judah to e s cap e from t h e b u rd e n s om e e x actio n s of
A s s y ria . Th e p e opl e of th e lan d h ow e ve r took th e , ,

s id e of t h e hou s e of D avid s l e w t h e con s pirator s

, ,

an d mad e t h e child Jo s iah ki n g Th e r e latio n to

3
.

A s s yria accordi n gly r e m ai n ed as it had b e e n b e for e

, ,
.

1
Se e p 2 6 7
. .
9
2 K i ngs xxi . 20 .
3
2 Ki n gs xx i . 23 f .
2 72 S Y R IA A ND P A LES TI N E

Babylon . At
firs t h e ack n owl e dg e d th e s uz e rai n ty of
A s h u r e tilil an i (u ki n i
) t h e s ucc e s s or of A s hurban ipal ;
,

b u t s oo n h e form e d an allian c e with t h e I n do G e r -

man i c M e d e s who had rec e n tly d e stroy e d the an ci e n t

,

ki n gdom of E lam to p artition t he A s syri an E mpir e

,

b e tw e e n th e m s e lve s Nab Op ol as sar took th e plai n of

.

M e s op otam ia an d Cyaxar e s took the moun tai n r e gion s

,

e n clo s i n g it on t h e e a s t an d n orth Jo s iah ki n g of .

,

Judah was n ow of age an d was an imat e d with the

, ,

patriotic id e al s of th e pr Oph e ti c party Soon aft e r .

th e d e ath of A s hurban i pal probably b e d e clar e d hi s , ,

i n d e p e n d e n c e an d th e re form s which 2 Chro n xxx iv

,
. .

a s s ig n s to the b e gi n n i n g of hi s r e ig n w e re appar e n tly

n othi n g mor e tha n a r e pudiatio n of th e A s s yrian c u lt

that had b e e n i n trod u c e d by hi s fore fath e r s Th e .

e x t e n s io n of hi s ico n ocla s m i n to th e provi n c e of

Samaria i s an addition al e vid e n c e of hi s ho s tility to
A s s yria I n th e e ight e e n th y e ar of h i s r e ig n t h e di s
.

c ove r y of the Book of D e ut e ro n omy i n t h e t e mpl e

1

gav e a pow e rfu l impul s e to t h e r e formi n g t e n d e n cy

an d to t h e pr O h e t i c n atio n al p arty that r e pudiat e d
p
fore ig n allian c e s as di s loyalty to Yahw e h Th e oth e r .

ki n g s of Syria an d P al e s ti n e doubtl e s s follow e d t he

e x ampl e of J udah a n d thr e w off th e ir all e gia n c e to a

dyi n g e mpir e ; of thi s how e v e r we have n o e xplicit , ,

record By the y e ar 6 09 M e s opotamia had p a s s e d

.

i n to th e han d s of Nab opol as s ar an d all th e provi n c e s ,

i n the N orth an d i n th e We s t were lo s t Si n shar i sh .

1
2 K i n gs xx n —xxi ii
. . T hi
was i n t h e ye ar 6 2 1 , i f we oll ow t h e
s f
B ab yl on i an m e t h od of r e c k on i n g u se d b y l at e wr i t e r s ; 6 1 9 , i f we
was t h e l ast
’
s u ppos e t h at t h e fir s t ye ar of on e ki n g s r e i gn of hi s

pr e de c e ssor .
 TH E NE W BA B Y L ON I A N S U P R EM A CY 2
A 73

ku n (Sar akos ) th e las t ki n g of A ss yria r u l e d ove r littl e

, ,

mor e than t h e old hom e la n d of A s h s h u r -

.

I n 6 09 P s am m e ti k I di e d an d hi s s on N e ch o II . .

s ucc e e d e d him A ccordi n g to H e rodot u s he a t

.

t e mpt e d to bri n g th e trad e of A rabia an d I n di a i n to

h i s ha n d s by c u tti n g a ca n al b e t we e n th e N il e an d
t h e R e d Se a F aili n g i n thi s h e d e t e rmi n e d to capt
.
,

ur e t h e la n d rout e b e tw e e n I n dia an d t h e M e di t e r
-

r an e an I n 6 08 probabl y b e s e t out to co n qu e r
.
, ,

Syria an d to giv e t h e c oup dc gr dcc to A s s yria ? Th e

Phili s ti n e citi e s s u bmitt e d an d he advan c e d without ,

oppo s ition lik e on e of t he old E gyptian co n qu e ror s

, ,

as far a s t h e P lai n of E s dra e lo n t h e an ci e n t battl e ,

fi e ld of Syria wh e r e h e was m e t by J o s iah ki n g of

, ,

Ju dah It was n ot loyalty to A s s yria that imp e ll e d

.

Jo s iah to fight with hi m b u t rath e r u n willi n g n e s s to ,

acc e pt a n e w ma s t e r wh e n he had s o lat e ly e s cap e d

from t he ol d on e an d al s o a r e ligio u s e n thu s ias m
,

which l e d him to b e li e v e that the God of I s ra e l wo u ld

n ot s u ffe r hi s tru e wor s hipp e r t o b e co n qu e r e d In .

t h e battl e of M e giddo J o s iah was d e f e at e d an d s lai n

9
,

an d with h i s death t h e hop e of a bright e r f u tur e for

Ju dah cam e to an e n d N e cho th e n pr e s s e d on i n to.

N orth e rn Syria capture d K adyti s (probably Qade sh

,

on t h e Oro n t e s ) a n d mad e h i s h e adq u art e r s at R iblah

,

i n th e la n d of Ham ath .

M e an whil e the J u d ae an s cho s e Je hoah az th e s on ,

of J o s iah ki n g b u t N e cho r e fu s e d to co n firm him

, , ,

1
2 K i n g s xxi ii . 2 9 —30 ; 2 Ch r on . xxx v. 20—2 5 .

9
H e r od ot u s , 11 . 1 59, se e m s t o pl a c e t h e b at t l e at M i gdol on the
b or de r of E gyp t r at h e r t h an at M e giddo, b u t t hi s i s pr ob ably l e ss

ac c u r at e .
2 74 S Y R IA AN D P ALES TI N E

ca s t him i n to chai n s at Riblah a n d s e n t him a pri s ,

on e r to E gypt H i s broth e r E liakim was appoi n t e d

.

u n d e r th e thron e n am e of J e h oi aki m an d a trib u t e

-
,

of on e h u n dre d tal e n t s of s ilve r an d on e tal e n t of

gold y e arly wa s lai d u po n h i m Thi s J e h oi aki m .

rai s e d by an e x traordi n ary ta x u pon all lan d own e rs ?

B e for e N e cho cou ld co m e i n to co n flict w ith A s s yria
N i n e ve h fe ll probably i n t h e y e ar 607 Th e M e d e s
,
.

u n d e r Cyax ar e s with t h e co n n iva n c e if n ot with t h e

, ,

actual s upport Of th e B abylon ian s forc e d Si n s h ar i sh ,

ku n back withi n h i s capital d e f e at e d hi s ally M adyas , ,

ki n g of th e A s hku z a (an oth e r In do G e rman ic p e opl e -

,

t h e e n e mi e s of th e M e d e s ) an d fi n ally captur e d N i n e
,

ve h it s e lf
. For a thou s an d y e ar s thi s city had b e e n
u n con q u e re d an d all th e rich e s of the e arth had
,

flow e d i n to i t It was n ow raz e d to th e gro u n d an d

.
,

i t s tre a s u re s w e r e d ivided amon g t h e n orth e r n bar

b ar i an s Th e gr e at A ss yrian e mpir e that for c e n turi e s
.
,

had trodde n down th e n atio n s was fall e n n e v e r to , ,

r i s e agai n . Fro m that day to thi s N in ev e h h as n ot

b e e n r e b u ilt .

N e cho had com e out with th e e xp e ctation of gain

i n g part of t h e s poil but h e was too lat e an d h e n ow
,

fo u n d that i n s t e ad of fighti n g with t h e d e cr e pit A s

s yrian empir e h e m u s t e n cou n t e r t h e vigoro u s you n g

Chald e an e mpir e N ab op ol as s ar had n o i n t e n tio n of

.

allowi n g t h e pri z e that was abo u t to fall i n to hi s

han d s to b e wr e s ted from him by E gypt accordi n gly
h e s e n t an army agai n s t N e cho u n d e r t h e comman d
of hi s s on N e b u chadre zzar A battl e was fo u ght i n .

6 05 at Carch e mi s h on t h e E u phrat e s i n which it was

1
2 K i n gs xxi ii . 3 1 —35 .
2 76 S Y R IA A ND P A LE S TI N E

c h adr e z z ar cam e u p again s t him B e fore hi s arrival .

,

howe v e r Je hoiakim di e d an d J e h o i ac h i n h i s s on
, , ,

s u cc e e d e d him H e was u n abl e to mak e a s ta n d

.

agai n s t th e Chaldea n s an d t h e e x p e ct e d h e lp from

,

E gypt did n ot arrive ; s o that h e was co n s trai n e d to

go ou t from J e ru s al e m an d to ca s t him s e lf u po n t h e
m e rcy of the con qu e ror N e b u c hadr e z z ar s pare d hi s .

life but d e po s e d h i m an d appoi n t e d hi s u n cl e Mat

,

t an i ah ki n g u n d e r t h e thro n e n am e of Z e d e kiah -
.

Je h oi ac h i n hi s moth e r hi s wiv e s an d all t he b e tt e r

, , ,

portio n of the pop u lation of J e ru s al e m h e carri e d

captiv e to Babylon ia an d s e ttl e d th e m on vacan t ,

lan d s n e ar hi s capital By the r e moval of th e u pp e r

.

cla s s e s an d of th e army b e trus t e d th at t he s pirit of

J e r u s al e m would b e brok e n an d that it wo u ld n o
mor e r e volt b u t i n thi s e x p e ctation h e was di s ap
,

po i n t e d Th e r e m n an t of th e pop u latio n flatt e r e d

.

i t s e lf that it had e s cap e d on accou n t of i t s s up e rior

right e o us n e s s an d b e li e ve d t h e fal se prophet s who
,

d e clar e d that t he yok e of Babylon wo u ld pre se n tly b e

brok e n I n 5 93 amba ss ador s of Moab E dom A mmon
.
, , ,

T yre an d Si do n arrive d i n J e ru s al e m to arr an ge for a

,

g e n e ral r e volt ; b u t at t h e e arn e s t e n tr e aty of J e r e

miah Z e d e kiah r e frai n e d from committi n g him s e lf ?
,

Havi n g n e ve r th e l e s s fall e n un d e r s u s picion of c on

s pi r a c y h e was oblig e d to go to Babylo n i n order to
,

cl e ar him s e lf?
I n 5 88 H oph r a came to the thro n e of E gy p t an d at
o n c e i n augurat e d a vigorous an ti Babylon ian p olicy -
.

Th e m aj ority of t h e Syrian S tat e s w e r e r e ady to form

an allia n c e with him an d tho s e that r e fu s e d h e
,

1
J er . xx vii xx vii i
.
, .
9
J e r li
. . 59 .
 TH E NEW BAB YLONIA N S U P R E M A CY 2 77

co e rc e d H e rodot u s re cord s an e x p e ditio n agai n s t

.
1

t h e Syrian s a n d t h e Sidon ian s Z e d e kiah j oi n e d .

t h e coalitio n an d N e b u chadr e zzar p e rc e iv e d that

,

prompt i n t e rve n tio n was n e c e s s ary or E gypt would

rob him of h i s w e s t e r n provi n c e s I n 5 88 h e e s tab .

li s h e d hi s h e adqu art e r s at Riblah i n t h e la n d of

Hamath an d s e n t an army to s tarve J e r u s ale m i n to
s u bmi s s io n Th e followi n g s pri n g (5 87) H o ph r a s e n t
.

a forc e to th e r e li e f of hi s ally an d t h e Chald e an s ,

w e r e oblig e d t e mp orarily to rai s e t h e s i e g e Th e j oy .

of the J u daean s k n e w n o bou n d s b u t it was s hort ,

liv e d H oph r a pr e s e n tly r e tr e at e d an d t h e Chal

.
,

d e an s r e t u rn ed I n J u ly 5 86 a bre ach was mad e i n

.

t h e wall s a n d t h e city was t ak e n by s torm Ze de .

kiah tri e d to fle e but was capt ur e d an d brought to

,

Riblah wh e re h i s e y e s wer e p u t ou t A s e co n d
,
.

d e portatio n of th e upp e r clas s e s was th e n m ad e an d ,

n n w
o ly t e poore s t p e a s a try as l e ft
h i n t h e la d
n
?

Thu s t h e littl e ki n g dom of Judah that had s urvive d ,

t h e A s s yria n s u pr e macy f e ll at la s t Moab A mmo n ,

.
, ,

an d E dom m u s t hav e com e to t e rm s with Ne b u c h a d

r e zzar i n tim e to s ave th e m s e lve s from a s imilar

fat e. Th e ir troop s wer e pr e s e n t at t h e s i e ge of
Je ru s al e m an d th e ir j o y ov e r the fate of their old
,

e n e my wa s on e of the hard e s t thi n g s that th e J e w s

had to b e ar .

I n s pit e of N e b u chadr e zzar s doubl e d e portatio n a

’

larg e proportion of th e populatio n s till r e mai n e d i n

t h e lan d but thi s co n s i s t e d of t h e low e s t clas s e s an d
,

was i n capabl e of political organ izatio n Ov e r thi s .

rem n an t G e daliah a fri e n d of t he proph e tical party

, ,

1
11 . 161 .
9
2 Ki n gs xx v . 4—2 1 .
2 78 S YR IA AND P A LE S TI N E

was appoi n t e d gov e rn or H e w e n t brav e ly to work .

to build up a common w e alth u pon t h e r u i n s of t h e

old ki n gdom b u t was pr e s e n tly as s as s i n at e d by
,

I s hma e l a r e pr e se n tative of th e hou s e of D avid who

, ,

wa s j e alou s of t h e growi n g pro s p e rity of t h e com

m u n ity u n d e r Babylon ian rul e Th e fe w r e mai n in g .

n obl e s f e ari n g t h e v e n g e an c e of N e b u chadr e zzar fle d

, ,

to E gypt taki n g J e r e miah an d Baruch with th e m ?

,

I n pu n i s hm e n t probably for thi s r e volt a third de

p or tat i on m e n tio n e d i n J e r lii 30 was mad e i n 5 81
,
. .
, .

Whil e th e s e e ve n t s w e re taki n g plac e Tyr e wa s ,

b e i n g b e s i e g e d for thirt e en y e ar s ?
Th e ordi n ary
vi e w i s that thi s s i e g e b e gan i n 5 85 but it i s po s s ibl e ,

that it b e gan as e arly as 5 98 N e buch adr e zzar was .

a s u n s u cc e s s f u l a s all t h e A s s yria n ki n g s had b e e n .

Tyre pr e s e rve d i ts i n d e p e n d e n c e an d liv e d to s e e t he ,

fall of t h e n e w Babylon ian e mpire .

About 5 70 A m as i s s ucc e ed e d H oph r a an d n e goti a ,

tion s w e r e probably b e gu n o n c e mor e t o i n du c e t h e

p e opl e s of Syria to r e volt I n 5 6 8 accordi n gly .
, ,

N e buchadre zzar s e n t an e x p e ditio n which def e ated

Am as i s an d capt u r e d hi s hor s e s an d tro op s ?
A ft e r t h e d e ath of N e b u chadre zzar i n 5 6 2 t h e
e mpir e that h e had b u ilt u p w e n t q ui ckly to pi e c e s .

H i s s on A mil — Mard u k (E vil M e rodach ) was s lain at -

t h e e n d of a two y e ar s r e ig n by th e pri e s thood an d

’

hi s broth e r i n law N e rgal s har u tsu r (

- -
,
Ne r i gli s s or )
- -
,

was mad e ki n g D u ri n g hi s r e ign the i n e vi table

.

s truggl e for s upr e macy with M e dia that Nab op o ,

1
J et . x li .
—x l iii . 2 K i n gs xx v . 1 2 , 2 2 —2 6 .

3
J os e ph u s . Con t Ap i on em , i 2 1
. .

3
St r ass m e i e r , B a byl on i sche Text e , vi .
, N o 32 9 . .
2 80 S YR IA A ND P ALESTI N E

hi m u
p to C yru s Cyr us th e n capt
. u r e d E cbata n a

a n d carri e d i t s s poil to A n za n a n d t h e M e dia n e m ,

pir e was at an e n d .

“
I n 5 47 t h e A n n al s call Cyr u s ki n g of P e r s ia as
w e ll as ki n g of An zan Th e n at u ral i n f e r e n c e i s
.

that b e t we e n 5 5 0 an d 5 47 h e add e d P e r s ia to hi s
domai n I n th e s am e ye ar probably h e b e gan hi s
.

attack u pon Croesu s ki n g of Lydia who s e ki n gdom, ,

i n th e W e s t h e dr e ad e d as a po s s ibl e rival to hi s own .

Croe s u s form e d an allian c e with A m as i s kin g of ,

E gypt N ab u n a i d ki n g of Bab ylo n an d oth e r p ri n c e s

’

, , ,

of t he W e s t to re s i s t furth e r advan c e on t h e part of

P e rs ia ; but b e for e troop s cou ld b e s e n t from the
variou s coun tri e s Cyr u s app e ar e d i n A s ia Mi n or
, ,

an d Cr oe s u s ra s hl y fo u ght him S i n gl e ha n d e d H e -
.

wa s d e fe at e d an d with h i s fall t h e mo s t formidable

,

ob s tacl e to t h e con qu e s t of As ia was r e mov e d .

For the y e ar s 5 46 an d 5 45 t h e A n n al s r e port m e r e ly

that Nab u n a i d was i n r e tire m e n t at T e ma wh il e hi s
’

s on B e l s hazzar was i n N orth Babylo n ia E vid e n tly .

h e was with the army waiti n g for t h e imp e n d i n g ,

attack of Cyr u s Th e r e cord of t h e n e x t s i x y e ar s i s

.

brok e n out of th e An n al s but i n 5 39 we ar e i n form e d

that Nab u n a i d t e rr ifi e d at the n e ar approach of
’

Cyru s brou ght i n to Babylon th e imag e s of the god s

,

from all part s of t he lan d Th e army of B e l s hazzar .

was d e f e at e d at Upi (Opi s ) an d Cyr u s advan c e d upo n

Sippar wh e r e N ab u n a i d wa s re s idi ng N ab u n a i d fle d
’ ’
.
,

to Babylo n an d Sippar fe ll i n to t h e h an d s of the

,
’
P e rs ian s Th e m ai n body of Cyru s s army th e n
.

march e d agai n s t Babylon un d e r t h e comman d of

U gb ar u (G ob r yas ) the cit y s urr e n d e r e d without a
,
 TH E NE W B AB Y L ON I A N S U P R E M A CY 2 81

s truggl e an d Nab u n a i d was tak e n pri s o n e r

,
’
In .

O ctob e r 5 39 Cyr u s e n t e re d Babylon an d was we l

com e d as a d e live r e r by t h e i n habitan t s H e ap .

poi n t e d G ob r yas gov e rn or ; an d a littl e lat e r appar ,

e n tly mad e hi s s on Camby s e s vic e roy

, .

With t h e fall of Babylo n t h e an ci e n t hi s tory of th e

Ori e n t com e s to an e n d Up to thi s ti m e i n s pit e of
.
,

all political ch an ge s t h e Se mit e s i n o n e bran ch or

, ,

a n oth e r hav e b e e n the domi n a n t rac e N ow for the

,
.

firs t tim e th e s c e ptre p a s se s to t h e A ryan s an d a ,

n e w e r a i s i n augurat e d Th e s tup e n do u s e v e n t by
.

which t he city that for two tho u s an d y e ar s had b e e n

at o n ce t h e A th e n s an d t h e Rom e of We s t e rn A s ia
lo s t i ts i m portan c e m ark s al s o t h e con clu s ion of t h e
,

e arly hi s tory of Syria an d Pal e s ti n e .

D ur i n g t h e p e riod of civil s trife an d of growi n g

aggr e s s ion on t he part of t h e A ryan s Babylo n ian ,

au thority i n Syria an d Pal e s ti n e was r e d u c e d to a

m e r e n am e Th e w e st e rn n atio n s might e as ily hav e
.

e s tabli s h e d th e ir i n d e p e n d e n c e but throu gh r e p e at e d

d e portation s an d thro u gh i n fu s io n s of fore ig n colo
n i s t s th e y had lo s t th e ir n atio n al co n s ciou sn e s s an d ,

th e y pr e f e rr e d to r e main i n bon dag e M e an whil e the .

A rabian s who s e advan c e A s hurban ipal had ch e ck e d

, ,

an d who had a whol e s om e r e s p e ct for t h e pow e r of

N e b u chadre zzar b e gan o n ce more to pr e ss forward

,

i n to Pal e s ti n e Th e E domit e s w e r e driv e n ou t of

.

th e ir old hom e an d s e ttl e d i n t he s outh of Judah i n

,

t he vici n ity of H e bron ?

Moab al s o s e e m s to have
lo s t i ts n atio n al e xi s t e n c e W h e n N e h e miah u n d e r
.

took to r e b u ild th e wall of J e r u s al e m h i s chi e f op ,

1
Ob ad i 7 ; 1 Ch r on i i 5 0 if
.
. . . .
2 82 S Y R IA A ND P ALE S TI N E

pon e n t was n e ith e r E dom n or Moab b u t G e s h e m the

A rabian ?
Th e Babylo n ian p e riod clo se s with an almo s t com
l e t e di s i n t e gratio n of t h e n atio n s that had com e i n to
p
e x i s t e n c e i n con s e qu e n c e of t h e A ram ae a n migratio n .

Th e old s tat e s wh o s e hi s tory we h ave trac e d for s o

,

m an y c e n t u ri e s w e re d e ad an d un d e r t he s tim u lu s
, , ,

firs t of P e rs ia an d th e n of Gre e c e n e w s tat e s w e r e ,

abo u t to com e i n to e x i s te n ce The s tory of th e s e

.

commo n w e alth s b e lon g s howe ve r n ot to t he an ci e n t

, ,

b u t to t h e m e di ae val p e riod of t h e hi s tory of Syr ia

an d P al e s tin e
.

1
N eh . 11 . 1 9 ; i v 7 ; vi
. . 1, 2, 6 .
2 84 I ND E X
Am e n m e ss u, 1 36 26 7, 26 9 , 2 73, 2 81 , 2 82 ; s e e N or t h
A m i l M ar d u k 2 78
fi
A rabia Arabia
Sou t h
A ra b ia n migra io n
,

A m m at u , 2 09 t 4, 2 6 9
‘
A m m i , i n p r op e r n am e s , 2 5 26 A rado s , 90

A rad
,

A m m i a, 1 1 6 Si n 30 -

A ram
,

A m m i an s hi , 2 8, 5 8
A ram d E d om
,

A m m i s a d u gga, 2 5 2 6 , 2 8 f c on u s e d, 1 5 3,
‘
, an

A m m i s at an a, 2 5 , 48
‘

A m m 1 t sadu q a, 2 6
-
A am a n
r ae s

A m m on , x
vi i , xi x , 36 , 37, 40 42 , ,
,

43, 1 1 4 1 23 1 48, 1 5 0 1 5 3, 1 5 5 ,
, , , 202 ,
1 6 6 , 1 74, 1 75 , 1 77, 1 82 , 1 92 , 2 09, 2 1 1 . 22 8, 2 2 9, 26 7
2 1 0, 2 2 1 , 22 6 , 2 2 8, 232 , 239, 2 5 5 , A ram aic lan guag 1 56 2 31 e,
A am N h i m
,
2 6 2 , 2 6 9 , 2 76 , 2 77 r a ar a
Ara t u 90
,
—
A m m u e n s hi , 2 8
’
-
,

A m on , 270 A r azi q 1 79
A rch ology mall r ult S yria
,

A m or 6 7, 68, 1 1 3
’
ae s es s ln
d P al t i n 1 ; b in g o n
, ,

A m or i t e s , 2 5 , 32 , 35 38 45 , 6 0, 6 1 , an es e, e ar
Syri
, ,

6 7, 6 8 70, 78, 82 90 9 7, 1 05 , 1 1 5 ,
, , , a, x
1 1 9 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 8, 1 30, 1 47, 1 48, 1 5 0, A r dat a , 1 1 6
1 5 1 , 1 5 8, 1 6 0, 1 72 , 201 A r gi s t i s I , 2 2 3
r i bi
.

A m or i t e s , l an gu ag e , 6 9 A .

A m or i t i c m i gr at i on 2 5— 46 i n B ab ~
A r 1 b u a, 2 00
A rioch
,

yloni a 2 5 ; e fie c t on Syr i a , 2 9 ; 31 , 3 2 , 33, 34, 35

A ri u
, ,

on B ab yl on i a , 2 9 ; i n E gyp t , 2 7, s , 1 36
Ark 1 52
Arka
,

A m os , 2 25 , 2 27, 22 8 254
A r n ia
,
‘
A m q , 2 00 me 205 ,
A m q i , 9 7, 1 05
‘
A m r ap h e l , 32 , 34, 35 , 47 A rm i a n d Hi t t i t 1 08
en an e,
‘
A m u , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3, 2 7, 5 6 , 62 , 6 7 A rm n ia n lan g ag 223
e u e,
A m u r r u , 1 6 , 2 8, 2 9, 36 , 6 7, 9 7, 1 72 , A rn o n 21 7 2 1 9
A roa n a 92
, ,

1 79
A n a h ar at h , 81 ro r 2 1 7 2 1 9
e
,

A rp a d 2 01 220 224 22 9 230

, ,

A n ak i m 3 6
Ar u 20
, , , , , , ,

A n at h , 1 5 8 s s,

A n au gas a, 82 , 92 , 93, 1 2 7 A t f S yria 5 5

r o ,

A n e r , 45 A t t m
r 95
a a a,

A n k h s e n am e n , 1 22 A rvad 90 , ,

A n k h s e n at e n , 1 22 239 25 5 ,

A n n al s of Ta h u t i m e s 111 . 77—82, A r wa da 98
A r z an a
,

88—93 1 04 1 07 , ,

A n oi n t i n g 83, 84, 1 73, 1 80,

A s a 1 95 —1 97, 2 03—204
,

A n r at h u . 9 0 A s ar u , 1 2 5
A n s h an , 20—22 A sh dod , 2 26 , 2 49, 2 5 0, 255
A n t e di l u vi an s , 52 Ah r
s e , 1 26 , 1 5 1

A n t i L e b an on , 2 0
- A hk lo n
s e , 98, 1 01 , 1 30 1 34 239, ,

A n u k h e r t u , 81 242 , 2 5 5
A n z an , 2 79, 280 A s hku z a , 2 74
A p e p a , r om an c e of , 71 A h ar Ch
s t em s 21 6 -
oh
A h aro h
,

A ph e k 1 6 7, 208. s t t , 49 , 5 1 , 81
A p i r ak , 1 7 A s h t ar t , 51 , 5 5 1 1 0 ,

A p r i , 2 00 A sh t ar t i 49
A h or h
,

A q ar 81 s t et 51
hu
, ,

A q a yw ash a , 1 33 As r 1 79
A hurba n i p al
,

A r abi a 11 , 3 , 4, 2 5 , 2 6 , 2 09, 2 1 1 , 2 1 4 s 1 6 30 245 , 2 6 5 ; i n

ih
, , , , ,

22 2 , 2 26 , 235 , 247, 248, 25 9, 2 63, vas i on of E gypt , 2 66 ; war W t

 I ND E X 2 85

E lam i h Ba b ylo n 26 6 ; war w t r ligiou u p r m acy 48 cut

47 ; e s s e ;
2 6 7 ; i n va io of A a b i a S yria by Mi t a nn i 6 5 ;
, , ,

s n r o ff f r o m
la t r y ar 2 70 rif i h A yria 6 6 ; r la t io n
, ,

e e s, st e w t ss e s
i h E gy p Chald a n dy
,

A h b l
s h h
ur 66 e ni s es u, w t t , 76 ; e

A hur da n I 1 78
s -
na y st co n qu r d by
2 45 ; e e
A h ur da n II 1 80 go n b y A hurban i pal 2 68 ;
.
, ,

s -
251 s

A hu d I I I 2 2 4 hald a n dy n a t y 2 72 2 74 ;
, ,

s r -
an new C e s

i (n ki i ) 2 72 ca p t ur d by Cyru — 280
.
, .
,

A h
s t ilil ur e an m e s,

t i p l 1 5 8 1 9 9 ; co n qu r Ba b ylo n ia
,

A h
s ur n a s r a e s 25 47 x 1, x1 1 1 x v1 1 1 ,
2 0 co n qu r Sy
, , , , ,

M p t esa o am i a , 0 e s 48 6 3 , 9 9 , 1 02 , 1 1 5 , 1 5 7, 1 72 , 1 78,
ria 2 00; gov rn m n t 2 01
,

e e 22 9 2 6 2 , 2 81
Bab ylo n ia n d i i
, , ,

A s h u r n i r a r i I I 2 24 e t e s , 49
Ba b ylo n ia n n u n c i n n am of
.
,

A s h n r r e s hi s h i 1 79 i fl e e es
Syria Egy p ia n
, ,

A s h u r u b a l l i t , 1 78 49 , 5 0 ; i n t or
i n S y ian r lig
,

A s i 1 46 t h ogr ap h y 5 0; r e
io n o n H b r radi
, ,

A s q al u n a 98 s , 5 0 2 00 ; e ew t

A yria chro n ology x v—x viii ; b io n o n r lig o n of I ra l

, .

ss e t s, 52 ; e i s e
gi nni n g 6 5 ; t ri f wi t h Ba b ylo n o n dr of S yria
, , ,

s e 54; e ss 5 5 ; on
6 6 ; r lat io n w i t h E gy p t 1 02 civiliza io n on
, , ,

e s ar t 5 5 ; on t 57;
1 5 7 1 78 ; p io d of Hi i
. , , ,

1 30 ; i r se , er s t t t e s , 1 09
d cli n 1 78 1 80; i n vad d by B a b ylo n ia n la n guag i n A marn a
,

e e. e e
A ram an 1 99 ; pp o d b y A r l t t r 49 96 lan guag of di p lo
,

ae s, O se e e s, e
m n ia 2 1 9 p riod of d cli n m acy 5 7
,

e e e e,
u p r macy B a b ylo n ia n m o n u m n t valu for
, ,

2 23 , 2 24 ; s e e s, e
fal hi t ory of S yr i a x 2 1 4
,

l 2 71 —2 74 s

A yria n m o n u m n t val u for B abylo n ian S mi t ic m igrat ion 6 ;

, , , ,

ss e s, e e
hi t ory of Syria i t da t 7 x t n t 8 ; r p r nt
,

s x s e, e e e e se
A t ar t 5 1 at io n i n E gy p t ian mo n um n t 9
, ,

s e, e s,
A s t i r at u 81 Badir 1 6 8
B alaam 1 43 1 5 2
, ,

A s t yag e s 2 79
Balak 1 5 2
, , ,

A t ar ga t i s 1 1 0
A aro h Bara k 1 84
, ,

t t , 203 2 1 5
Bar R k b 2 35 240 2 41
, ,

A n
te 1 03, 1 2 2 1 24 -
e u
A tha iah B ar R k b i n cri p t io n of 241
, , , , ,

l , 20 4, 2 1 8 -
e u s

A uari , ,
s 66 71 , 72 , 75 B ar sip 19
Bar T ur 230 2 36 2 40 241
, , ,

A u di r a a 81
’
-
s
A u t horit i cita t io n of B aruc h 2 78
, , , , ,
e s, x
A vi t h 1 6 3 Ba ha n 98 1 5 0 1 5 2 2 1 9
, ,

B rot h 81
, , , , ,
A y 124 ee
A za iah 223 225 —2 27 233 B iru t 81 98 1 06 1 27 2 1 8
, ,

r e
A zaz 2 00 2 5 1 B la 38 1 43 1 53
. , , , , , , ,
‘

, , e , , ,

A i 1 01 1 05 1 1 5 1 1 8 1 1 9
u, 1 20 B l i i 1 78
1 zr
z e -
n r ar

B l hazzar 280
, , , , , ,
“
6 e s
B n Q d m 58
,

A z r i yau 2 33, 234 e e e e

B n hadad I 1 87 1 95 1 96 203
, ,

A z u r i 249 e
B n hadad II 2 04 207 2 08—2 1 0
, .
, , .
,

A z z at i , 9 8 e .
, , , ,
2 13 2 15
B A go d 1 86 241 B n hadad III 2 20—222
,

A L, e
Baal k i ng 255 2 62 265 B jami n 1 5 9
, , .
,
-
en
B t h Ana t h 81 1 20 1 93
, , , ,

B l t 1 17
‘
a a a e -

Baal —b ri t h 1 6 5 B t h A r b l 228
, , , ,

e e -
e
Ba l z r 2 09 B t l Baal —Maon 2 1 7
, ,

a -
e e e i -

Baal m o n 2 1 6 ,

B t h bamo t h 2 1 7
,

-
e , e -
,

B t 81
aa r u u , B t h d b l th i
e ~
21 7 1 a a m
B a h a of I ra l 1 95 1 97 B t h Ed n 1 55
,

a s s e -
e -
e

Baa ha of A mmo n 209 B t h l 81 1 5 3 1 5 4 1 95

, , ,

s e e
Babylo n b g i nn i n g of im p or an c
,

B t h h ro n 1 93
, , , , ,

,
e t e, e -
e ,
2 86 I ND E X

B th l h m 5 2
e -
e e Ca p h t or 1 45
B t h —R ho b 1 82 Ca p t ivi t y D p or t at io n
, ,

e e se e e
B t h S h m h 5 1 223 ,

Caravan 6 2 86 1 1 5 1 5 8
,

e -
e es
B t hu l 39 Carch mi h 1 04 1 06 1 27 1 30 1 45
, , , , , ,

e e e s
B t h zi t t i 254
, , , , , , ,

£2
e -
4 1 5 8, 1 79 , 200, 206 , 235 , 248,
B z k 151
, ,

e e 7
B z r 217 Car hag i n Cyp ru 1 86
,

e e t e s,
B i lhah 1 5 1 ,

Ca iu Mou n t 20
ss s,
Bir bidri 1 95 209 Cat t l 226
, ,
-
e,
Biru t a 98 C dar 92 1 86 2 01 2 24
, ,

e s,
al di cov r d b y 1 8
, , , ,

Bi tru 81 u C l
e sn o a , s e s e e
B i t A d i n i 1 5 5 200 2 06 Chal d an 245 2 5 0 2 67 2 71 2 74
,

e s,
Bi t i A u i t i 81 1 29 1 93
, , , , , , ,
-
2 76 2 77 2 79
C h an t r di cov ri 1 04
, , , , ,

B i t i hu ar u n , 1 93 e, s e es.
B i t i s h a li 81
’
Chario t 74 79 82 1 1 0 s,

Ch dorlaom r 32 33 34 39
, , , ,

B i t K h u m r i 204
~
e e
N i ni b Ch o h 203 21 3 2 1 5 2 1 6
, , , , ,

Bit— , 49,
51 em s
ilu Ch mo h m l k 203 2 1 5
, , , ,

B i t s ha
-
, 49
-
e s -
e e
Bi t r La k Ch o p 1 0
, ,

t e e s , 5 8, 1 40 e s,

B it Ya ki n
-
245 C h r t hi t 1 49 1 81
e e es,
B l o n d rac i n S yria 5 Ch rubim 5 2
, ,

e e
Bogh az K ui 1 04 Chi nn ro t h 81
, ,

e e
Boom ran g 1 2 6 1 6 2 Chro n ology x i
, ,

e 2 1 6 2 23 233 x11 ,
Bo t 1 09
, , , , , , , ,

o s, 246 247 2 5 2 2 5 9
Boo t y S p oi l Cili cia 92 2 01 207
, , ,

se e

B orc h ard t o n E gy p tian c h ro n ol Ci t i i n li t of T h t i III 81

, , , ,

es, s a u m es
of N ort h r n S yria 92 ; i n A mar
,

o gy x11 e
Bo of T ar q n a l t t r 98 ; i n li t of S hi hak
, ,

ss —m 1 08 -
u e, e e s, s s ,

B u m ab u l a 1 16 1 93
B u r n a b u r i a s h , 76 , 97, 1 02 , 1 1 5 Civili zat io n 70 88 1 02
Bur S i n Clay t abl t 5 7 1 70
, , ,

—
, 23 e s, ,

C om a e n e ,
g 1 06
CA M B Y SE S , 281 Comm rc e Tra d e , se e e
Cam l 248 e s, Con cubi n 6 1 86 es,

Can aan i n vad d by Am orit 28 Co

,
’

e es, r ve e ,1 32
i n E gy pt ian r cord 6 8 ; m an Couri r 5 6 5 7 83 86 1 1 4 1 1 8
,

e s, e e

i n g 6 8 ; i n A m ar n a l t t r 97 Cr at io n accou n t of 52
, , , , , ,
“

e e s, e

p t h i n cri p t io n 1 34 Cr t 92 1 09 1 45
, , ,

i n M er en a s e e,

i n vad d by A ori t 1 46 ; i Croco di l 1 80

, , , ,

e m es, n e,
vad d by Am ori t an d Hi t t it
e es e s, Cro u 280
es s,

1 48 ; b y P h il i t i n 1 49 ; by I s e s, s Cu han R i h t h i 1 6 1
s s a a m
ra l 1 50 Cu h (Et hio p ia) 25 8 2 64
,

e s

i n n am of fir t dy Cu hi t A rabian 1 96 1 97 2 1 4
, , ,

C i
an aan s m s es s s e s,
n a t y f Babylo n 2 5 ; i n l t t r
, , , ,

s o e e s 26 8
of fir t dyn a t y 26 ; i n A marn a
,

s s C y axa r e s, 2 72 , 374
l t t r 49 96 Cy p ru
,

e e s, s, 1 46 , 1 71 , 1 86 , 244, 249.
Can aan i t m igrat io n 67 70 ; i
,

es, n 25 1 , 2 54, 2 6 3, 2 79—281

0 T 6 8 ; r la t io n t A mori t
, ,

e o es,
6 9 ; la n guag 70; origi n 73 ;
. .
,

e re D AD K A R A , 1 0
vol t from Am n h ot p III 1 02 ; D aga n
, ,

e e 51
u n it agai n t I ra l 1 5 1 agai n t D ago n
.
, ,

e s s e s 51
J o hua 1 54 ; u n io n w it h I ra l D ama cu
, ,

s s e s s , x v i , 32 , 38 81 , 97, 98

44 1 5 5 ; i n flu n c o n I ra l 44 ;
, , , ,

e e s e 1 05 1 1 3, 1 5 5 , 1 80, 1 83 , 1 87 1 94
ab orb d by I ra l 1 65
, , , , ,

s e s e 1 95 2 01 203, 2 06 —2 1 0 2 1 3, 2 1 5
Ca n aan i t ic loan wor d i n E gyp tian
.
, , , ,

-
s , 22 4 2 1 8—2 2 1 2 2 5 , 23 2 , 235 236
, , , .

28 2 37 2 39 2 40, 242 , 246

Can al 273 Dan
,

, , 39 , 1 5 1
2 88 I N DE X

E l t k h 25 5
e e , Gazira 81 ,

El l i 2 44 2 5 4
u a os , G az z at u 78, 1 93
E mi m 36 37 ba
, ,

E
e 1 96
bal 85 98 1 27 1 72 201 235
, , ,

E m t b l 30 31 47
‘
u a e
En i l 2 46
, , , , , , , , ,

-
e C d li h 2 77
e a a
x iv ourc 31 co n t n t 32
, ,

E n i n n u , 1 9, 2 0 en . s e, e s
'

giv orr ct ly n am of Ba b
, .

En — m i s h p a t , 38 es c e es
En t ri n g i n f Ham at h 1 84 22 5 ki n g 32 ; giv ki n gdom cor
.

e o s, es s
E p hrai m 1 24 1 5 4 1 5 9 1 6 1 1 62 t ly 34 ; giv co nt m p orary
, ,

rec es e
corr ct ly 35 ; r t o n
, , ,

ki n g
, , , ,

1 67 s e es s
E p hraim a n d Ma n a h i d n t ifi d docum nt ary au t h ori t y 35
,

sse e e et no
w i t h J o p h 42 43 1 54 borro w d duri g t h x il ; d
, ,

se e n e e e e
E p hro n 1 95 riv d from an c nt P al t ini a n
, , ,

e re es
o 1 99 224 333 ourc n am of t rib
,

Ep ym C
on an n s e es es
r ch x iv 30 arc h aic 36 ; obj c t io n t t h i
, , , ,

e e s o e r
E ri —A k u 30 31 32 33 34 35 47 hi t orici t y 2 7 ; do t n am
, , ,

s es no e
A roo h lat rac 37 ; n am of p lac
, , , , , , , ,

rr i —E k -
a -
u, e e s, es es
E arhaddo n acc io n 2 62 ; t a k
s ess es archaic 38 ; furt h r ob j ct ion e e s,

S ido n 2 6 2 2 63 i n vad A ra b ia 39 ; id n t ificat io n of A bram a n d

, , ,

es e
2 63 ; i g of T yr 264 ; i va io n A braham 39
, , ,

s e e e, n s
of Egy pt 2 6 4 26 5 t l of L G n t u 81
,

s e e en e
G rar 81 226
, , ,

ji li 2 6 5
r e
E au id n ti fi d wi t h E dom 42 43 G rara 82
, , ,

s e e e
E d ra lo n 78 82 1 67 1 77 2 73
, , , ,

s e G ji er 23 0 n,
E h col 45 G h m 282
, , , , ,

s es e
E t h baal of S i d o n 25 5 26 2 G hur 1 5 5
, ,

es
E t hbaal of T yr 202 G z r 81 1 34 1 89
, , ,

e, e e
Gibb t h o n 1 95 1 97
, , ,

t h i pi 99 2 5 8 2 6 6
o a, e
E t ymologi of H br w n am 37 Gi b ah 1 73 1 74
, , , ,

es e e e s, e
u p hr at e s ,9 1 1 78, 1 79, 1 84, 2 00, Gib o n 1 48 1 93
e
, ,

206 , 2 08, 2 1 3 2 75
,

Gid o n 1 6 2 —1 64
e
, ,

E vil M ro d ac h Gilboa 1 77 1 78 ,
,

— e 2 78 ,

Ex l of J
, ,

i e e ws 276 — 2 78 G i l d 1 5 2 1 6 5 1 66 1 74 2 1 9 2 28
2 3g
e ,

Ex odu of I ra l
, , , , , , ,

s s e , 1 33 , 1 34, 1 37, 1 40
Ex radi io n
t t 1 31 Gilgal 1 53
p ai n Gil gam h 53
, ,

ye t 62
-
es ,

Ez k l
,

e i e , 2 71 G il kh i p
u 1 08 a,
-
gbr
E z i on e e , 1 88, 1 90, 2 1 2 , 2 1 4, 226 Gimil S i n 23 -
,

G i di b n 209 u,

F E N K H U , 73 Gi h u khs -
chro n ology m x
Gla r d i cov i i A rabia 26
,

Fl e e t , 1 9 0 21 2 se s er e s n , ,

F loo d t ory 5 2
, ,

-
s 65
F orm u l of ad dr e
i n Am ar n a l t Glo i n A m ar n a l t t r 96
,

ae ss e s se s e e s,
t r 99
e s, G ob r y a s 2 80, 2 81
F ort r of Egyp tian i n S yria
,

e s se s s G oii m 32
82 ; of A yria n 2 02 Gold of brav ry 72 75 76
, ,

ss s, e
Go m o rah 22
, , ,

r
Go h n 1 2 4
,

G AB U L A , 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 s e
Gov r nm nt by arly B abylo n ian
,

Gad 1 5 0 1 5 1 , 1 55 , 2 1 6 , 2 1 9 e e e

Galil
,

ee , 239
,

k i n g 23 ; by E gy p t ian 82 ; by
s,
,
s,

G al ur u d a 1 9 A yria n 201ss s,
G a n d a s h , 63
,

Gozan 245
Gr c 282
,

Gar 97 ee e,
,

G a r g i s h a, 1 2 7 Gubi n 1 9 ,

Gar imiri—h 38
-
s u, G bl u 1 05 1 06 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 1 7
a,
Gud a t ra d wit h S yria 1 9 2 1
, , , , ,

Ga t h 81 1 81 2 26 e e
Gur 226
, ,

Gaza 78 98 1 00 1 93
, , , ,

, , , , ,
22 0, 239, 246 ,
 INDE X 2 89

Gurgum 1 06 1 07 206 22 9 2 35 H zio n 1 87

e
H i l 2 04
, , , , , , ,

2 37 25 0 e
H i rog l y p h f Hi t t i t 1 07
,

Gu t i 1 6
,

e s o e s,
,
Hi pp o po amu 1 80 t s,

HA A I 1 6 3
D D Hira m I 1 86 1 89
Hiram IL 2 35
.
,

Hadad II 1 75 1 85
.
, ,

H i t t i t x v 3 8 91 1 03—1 1 0
,

Hadad III 1 88
,

es, , 1 16 ,

Hadad god 23 1 236

, , ,

1 1 8, 1 1 9 1 2 1 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 6 ,
Hadad i n cri pt io n 230 2 31 241
, , , ,

s 1 34, 1 45 , 1 47, 1 48, 1 5 5 , 1 5 9 , 1 79

Hadad z r 1 83 1 87
.
, , ,

e e 2 07, 2 08, 2 1 3 22 0, 2 2 4,
Hadar 1 75 1 85 i n vad S yria
, , ,

2 48 2 5 0, 26 2 ; e , 1 03
id n i y i h K ha
,

Hadoram 1 83
, ,

1 05 ; e t t w t t e , 1 06 ;
Hadrach 1 5 5 22 4 n am hi rogly p h
,

es 1 06 , 1 08 ; e s,

Hagar 1 23 lan guag rac

, , ,

1 07 ; e , 1 08 ; e 1 09 ;
Hair mann r of w ari g 6 1 6 2 r pr n a io n i n E gy p ia n
, ,

e e n e e se t t t
Ha l evy di cov ri i A rabia 65 mo num n ar am n
, , ,

s e es n e ts 1 09 ; m e t,

H l t g p lac r l igio n ar i h
, , ,

a m 82 - es , 1 00 ; e 1 1 0; w s w t
Hama t h 81 92 1 5 5 1 83 2 01 209 II ray
,

R am e s s u 1 2 7—1 30 ; t e t
ih igra io n i n o
, , .
, , , , , .

233 2 34 235 2 46 247 2 73 2 77 w t R am e s s u m t t

Hamat hi t i n cri p t io n 1 08 P al i n
, , , , , ,

e s s, est e 1 48
Ham at h Zobah 1 83 1 87 Hi i hi rogly p h of
,

, 10
t t t e s, e s 7
Ha or 1 65 Hivi
, ,

m t es , 1 47
Hann o 239 247 426 Hoba h 32
,

Han u n 1 82
, , , ,

H ph o 2 76 2 78 r a, -

H ap a r u m a , 1 9 3
,

Hor m h b 1 24
e e
Horim 37
,

H ap h ar ai m 1 93
Hara n Hori t 37
, ,

42 2 79 e s,
Horo n aim 2 1 7
, ,

H a r r i s P ap y r u s 1 36
Harv t r ap d by co n qu ror 82 90 Hor 73 82 93
, ,

es e e e ses,

Ho a 227 228
, , , ,

H t i b i 1 71
a se
Hat 1 1 0 Ho h a 240 242 —2 44
, ,

s, s e
Ha t h p ut 77 Ho t ag 83 84 86 223
, .

s e s s es,
Human acrific 1 6 6 2 1 3 238
, , , .

H t
a u ar t 72 s e,
Hauran 2 6 9 Hu n t i n g 91 96 1 79
, ,

Haza l 1 87 2 1 5 2 1 7 2 1 8 2 1 9 22 0
, , , ,

e H k
ur e n 82 er u,
Hazor 1 54 2 39 Hu ha 1 6—1 1 62
, , , , , ,

s m
H brai m i n A m a a L t t r 6 9 Hy k o 66 73
, , , ,

e s s rn e e s, s s,

H br w lan guag 6 9 1 5 5
e e e,
H br w p o k n by writ r of I u d p r for m at iv 26
,

e e s e e s se as e e,
A mar n a l t t r 96
.
,

e e s, IBLA, 1 9 20
H br w a pp li d t A bram 45 Ibl am 81 2 1 8
,

e e e o e
H br w t radi t io n of p at riarch A bi h ai 28
, , , ,
’
e e s, s s, Ib h s a s

3 1 fir t a p p ara n c 40 r lat i o n Idi b i i l 2 39

,
’
s e e, e -

K h abiri 40 1 1 3 A ram a n Ijo n 1 84 2 39

,

t o ae
origi n 39 1 1 4 d c n t f o m Ilu —ban i 1 8
, , , ,

es e r

A braham 39 41 t radi t ion 5 2 ; Ilu —bi di 234

, , ,
’
s,

i n flu n c d by Ba b ylo ia 5 3
.

Imag of Pharao h 85
, ,

e e n es
H b ro n 46 6 6 1 5 4 1 80 2 81 I n c n ff d t Ph arao h 85 94
, ,

e e se o ere o
H ir t Syrian t h ro n 84 In dia 2 73
, , , , ,

e s o es,
H rakl 1 1 0 I n i ilu 246
,

e e s, -

Iui l u 235
,

H er akl p l i 2 7 eo o s,
H r 22 Int i 9
.

e es,
H rmo n 20 22 1 82 1 84 Io n ian 1 27
,

e s,
H rodo t u 26 0 2 7 2 77
, , , ,

e s. I r k h u l i n a 2 09
H ru h 1 1 1 2
, .

e -
s a, I r q an a 209
H z k iah 247 249 25 2 25 5 25 6
, ,

e e I r q a t a 85
I aac
, , , , , ,

s ,
44, 1 2 4
2 90 INDEX
I s aiah 22 5 22 7 2 32 25 3
, , , , , 26 1 J h h p h t 203 204 2 1 0 2 13
e os a a — —

J h h b h 21 8
, ,

I s h b l 1 81
aa e os e a
I hbo h t h 1 81 J hu 2 1 7 2 1 8 2 1 9
, ,

s s e e

I hm a l 41 1 24 2 77
,

J n n o n g ograp hy of Gu d a 20
, , ,

s e e se e e
I hmi D agan 66
, ,

J n n Hi t t i t d ci ph rm nt 1 08
, , ,

s -
e se e e e e
I h t ar 5 1 J p h t hah 1 6 6
, , ,

s e
J r m iah 271 2 76 278
, ,

I s k hu p r i , 26 4 e e
J richo 1 5 3 2 04
, , ,

I sp ui n i s , 2 1 9 2 23 e
I ra l c h ro n ology
, ,

J b m I 1 9 1 —1 95
,

s e , 1 1 4, 1 24 1 54 ; er o oa
x v x vii ; r lat io n t K habiri
.

J b m II 2 23 2 2 5 226 227 231

, , ,

e o ero oa
40 ; a n c t or of n a t io n 41 id n J ru al m 38 49 98 1 1 1
, , , , ,

es e e s e
t i fi d wi t h J acob 42 43 ; r la
, , , , , ,

e e 1 93 , 1 94, 21 5 , 220, 2 2 3, 2 26 , 2 5 2 ,
t io n t E do m 44 fir t a pp ar
, ,

o ; s e 25 5 , 2 5 6 , 2 76 , 2 77
an c 1 24 ; m igrat io n t E gy pt
,

e, o J e s h an ah , 1 95
1 24 ; n lav d 1 32 ; x odu 1 33 ; Jzbl
,

e s e e s, e e e , 2 02 , 204, 2 1 8
i n M pt h t l 1 34 ; r lat io n J
,

er en a s e e, e e z r e e l , 21 7

t Yah w h 1 38 1 41 ; r ligio n
o e e J oab , 1 81 , 1 8 2 , 1 83, 1 84
1 41 r id n c i n d rt 1 42 J baal
, , ,

o , 1 64
es e e e se en -

t ra n c i nt o Can aan 1 50; w J ca h of J udah

,

, 2 1 8, 220 , 2 22
e ar s

w i t h Ca n aa n i t 1 5 1 u n io n wi t h J o n ah
,

es, , 2 25

Can aa it 1 55 ; w wi t h S i ra n es, ar se Jo n a han

t , 1 76 , 1 78

1 5 8 ; d f at d by P h i l i t i n J o pp a
,

e e e s es, , 81 , 98 1 00
1 6 7 ; d liv r d by S aul 1 76 ; J oram of I ra l
,

e p e e se s e , 2 07 2 1 2 , 21 3 , 2 1 7
t d f rom J u d a h 1 91 co n t rol J o ph i n i n cri p io n of
,

ar a e se s t T ah u t i m e s
of J udah 2 05 ; wa t d by B III
, ,

s e en , 42 ; .

h adad III 220 t r i bu t ary t A J o p h id n ifi d i h E p h ra

,

o s se e t e w t im
yria 2 21 p ro p ri t y u n d r J a n d Man a h
. ,

s s e e e s se , 42 , 43 , 1 54
u n d r J roboam Jo p h
,

h h 22 2 ;
oa s e e se e ] , 81 , 1 54
-

2 2 5 227 civil t rif J god

,

II 232 ; s e, ose p h 2 6 , 42
-

Syro Ep h raimi t ic w 238 d J o h ua

, ,

-
ar en s , 1 53
—1 5 4
of ki ngdom 245 J o iah
,

s 2 72 , 2 73
J o ham
.

I ac h ar 1 5 2 1 59
, ,

, 2 32 , 2 38
ss t
J udah c h ro n olo y
, ,

I t ak k am a 1 1 1 1 5 0, 1 5 1 , 1 6 0 ; g ,
x v i x i x rri ory af r divi io n
, ,

I t am ar a, 248 i te t te s

of k i n gdo va al of I ra l
,

m , 1 91 ss s e
J P n tat uc h al d ocu m n t 6 8 n am d i n arli r A y
,

e e e 2 05 n o t e e e ss
J ab h 1 74 1 75 rian r cord ak
, ,

es e s , 2 05 , 2 09 , 2 2 1 we
Jab n h 226 n u d r J hora p ro
, ,

e e ss n e e m , 21 5 ; s

J abi n 1 54 1 5 8 u n d r zziah
,

pe r it y e U 225 , 22 7 ;
Jacob 1 1 4 1 26 1 54 ; i n i n cri pt ion i n d p n d n c u n d r U z ziah an d
, , ,

s e e e e e
of T h t i m III 42 43 ; id n J ot h am 232 ; S yro —E p hraimi t ic
, , ,

a u es e

t i fi d wi t h I ra l 42 43 2 38 ; t ribu t ary t S argo n

.
, , ,

e s e w ar o

J acob —god 26 42 81 245 ; va al of S argo n 2 5 0; r vol t

, , , ,

ss e

Ja l 1 60 from S nn ac h rib 2 5 2 ; n go t i
, , , ,

e e e e
J aha z 2 03 21 6 at wi t h E gy pt 25 3 ; i n vad d by
, ,

es e

J air 1 6 5 S nn ac h rib 25 6 ; ubj ct io n t

, , ,

e e s e o
A yria 2 70 fall 2 77
,

J h 2 39
,

an oa ,
ss , ,

J ph t 5
a e
J arm ut h 1 5 4 o n t h O ro nt
,

K AD E SH Q e es, see a
J bu 38 d h
,

e s, es
J b i t 1 48
e us e s, K ad h Bar n a 38 1 24 1 38 1 41
es e , , , , ,

J h h 2 1 9 2 20 222 2 73
e oa az 1 5 2 2 39
J h h (J ca h ) of I ra l 222 223
, , , , ,

e oa s s s e , , K a dyt i s 2 73 ,

J h i hi 2 76
e o ac n, K agal a d (k i ) 1 9, 2 0
J h oia ki m 2 74—276
,

e K a n d al an u , 2 6 8
J h m (J m ) of J udah 204
,

e or a cr a K a r ai n das h , 6 3 , 6 6 , 76
K aral
, ,

2 1 3—2 1 5 , 2 30, 2 31
2 92 I N DEX

Lib n ah 2 1 4 M at -
K hum ri 204 22 1
Libyan 1 34 1 44 1 96 ,

Mat r d
, ,

s, e 1 75
Lima ol 1 86 , , ,

ss M au r ase r a 1 06 1 26 , 1 2 7, 1 5 9
Lio n 5 6 96 26 8
, , ,

s, M au t al l u , 1 06 1 2 7
Lod b ar 225 M d ba
, , ,

e e e 203, 2 1 6 2 1 7
M dia x viii
, , ,

L t 38 42 43 59 1 2 3
o e 245 2 71 , 2 74 2 78—280
Lo t an 38 42 5 9 1 2 3 M d rran a n r ach d b y
, , , , , , , ,

e i te e e e L u g al
Loyalt y p rof d by S yrian cro d by S argo n
, , , , ,

e ss e s, 99 z aggi s i , 1 5 ; s se I ,
r ach d by Gud a b y
, .

L b
u 200 2 06
ar n a , 17; e e e 19; Ti g
Lubi m 1 96 la h I by
.
,

t p i le s e r 1 79 ; A s hur n
-

by S h alma n r
.
,

L g l ggi i 1 4 1 5
u a za s a t s i r p al 2 01 e se
Lu i a 81 ,

IL
, ,

s 206
Lu k a 1 2 7 1 33 M gal ic r ai n
, ,

e i th em s 5
Luli 2 44 254 255
, , ,

M gi ddo, 78—81 , 98, 1 60, 1 93 2 1 8,

g
, , , ,

Lul u b u , 22 73
L u t i pr i s , 2 1 9 M lc h z d k
e i e e 32 , 39, 45
Lycian M li n
,

s , 1 2 , 1 7, 1 33 e t e e , 229
Lydia , 2 80 M e l u k h k h a , 1 9, 20, 249 , 2 50, 255 ,
L yk osriv r e , 1 27 2 63 26 9
M m p hi
,

e s 26 4 266

MAA A 1 5 5 1 82 M n ah
, ,

C H e e m , 2 31 , 235
Ma al 1 4 M n and r
, ,
1 86 — 202 , 244, 254, 264
’
e e
Mac h i 1 59 1 6 5
, ,

r M e n as e , 26 2
Madga 1 9 , ,
M e t n iu 67
,
M nu
,

M adya s , 2 74 e t 9 11 , ,

M af k , 9 M e n u a s 223
Maga n M nu
,

, 1 7
e s 20

Magdal M rc n ari
,

, 81
e e e s 60
M rc h an
,

M agdal i , 98 e t s 5 7 6 1 , 1 39, 1 5 8
pa h Hi i
, ,

M ag i dda, 9 8 M e r e n pt ah e c e wi t t t t es,
Maha n ai i h Libyan a n d
,

m , 1 81 , 1 93 1 32 ; war w t s Se a
M ah an ai m a, 1 93 p opl
e P haraoh of
e s 1 33 ; n ot t he
Ma i n x odu I ra l l
,

2 5 0, 2 5 3, 2 69 s , 1 33—1 35 ; e st e e 1 34
‘
e s

M rodach bala d an
, ,

M ak e t a 78, 81 , 1 93 ,
e — 245 , 246 , 249 , ,

M akh alli b a , 2 54 2 5 0, 2 5 1 2 5 2 , 2 54
Mamr M rom
,

e 32 , 45 ,
e , 81 1 28, 1 2 9 ,

M an ak hb i r i a 83, 88 M e r t at e n 1 22
Man a h
, ,

s s e , 1 2 4, 1 5 4 1 59 , 1 6 5 , 2 1 9 M e r yr a 1 0 94
Man a h k i n g M ha
, , ,

ss e , , 26 1 , 26 2 2 6 7, 26 8 es 2 03 2 1 0, 2 1 3 2 1 5 2 2 2
M ha I n cri p io n
, , , , , ,

2 70 es s t 1 5 0 2 02 2 1 5
Mann i
, , ,

1 30 M opot am i a 64, 1 78 1 79, 2 06 , 2 29 ,

Mara a g s
, , ,

m 81 , 1 29 y2
Mar a h M ng r Couri r
,

s
‘
2 2 2 06 , 1 5 0 e s se e s , se e e s
Mardu k
, ,

63 M th
e h l 52
us ae
M u ni m 2 1 0 2 1 1 226
, ,

M ar du k n a di n ak h e 1 80 e
Micaia h 2 1 0
,

Mardu k z a kir hu
, , ,

—s m , 25 1-

Mari Mi c hm a h 1 76
,
’

22 0 2 2 1 22 2 s

Mida 249
, , , ,

M ar kha s h i 2 2 s,

Marqa i Middl m pir i n E gyp t 55

,

s 2 50 e e e,
M i dia n 1 24 1 39 1 52 1 60 1 6 2 1 63
, ,

M ar t su at i 2 2 2 , , , ,

Mar
, , , ,

t u 1 6 , 1 9 , 20, 23 , 28—30, 36 48 1 85
Migdol 81
,

97, 1 05
Ma a Might y Ki n g 1 1 6
,

s 1 27
Ma an Baal Migrat ion of t h S mi t 4 ; of
, ,

t 239 -
s, e e e s,

E uro p an t rib 1 33 1 44
,

M a t an i a h 2 76 e e s,
Mi n an 26 41 6 5 1 90 1 97 2 1 1
, ,

M at i e l 2 2 9 a
e s, ,
Ma i n Baal
, , , , , ,

t — 2 09 22 6 , 243, 2 5 0, 263
,
 INDEX 2 93

Mi n u 1 9 2 0 23 N aha h 1 74 1 82 s

Mi t a 248 N ahor 1 1 4
, , , , ,

Mi t ann i x v 6 4 N ahr l K lb 1 27
, ,

6 5 , 70 74 9 1 92 -
e -
e 2 01
N airi 1 79
, , , , , , , , ,

95 1 02 1 04
, , , 1 08, 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 , 1 30, ,

1 46 1 5 5 178 N ak h r i m a, 97, 99
N am in x iv t Ba b y
, ,

M i t i n n a , 242 es, Gen no

lo n ian p llin g 35 ; of t rib i n
.
,

M i t i n t i 2 39 242 s e es

x v 36 ; of p lac i n G
, , ,

M 1 t s r (a ) i m 1 85 243 G en 1 es en
and co n fu d x v 38 ; Ba bylo n ia n forma t ion
, .
, , .

M i tsr i m M ut s i m se 5
, 18 ,
1 s,

49 ; of Hi t t i t 1 8 ; of
,

207 243 1 06 e s, 0
Miz p h p lac i n A m arn a l t t r 97 ; of
, ,

e , 1 66 es e e s,

t o wn i n Syria 92
'‘
M K h R l h, 2 1 6 s

Moa b x vi x i x
,

i, 36 , 37 40 42 , 43 N my w
a 111a az a,

N a p h t ali 1 5 1 1 5 9 239
, , , , ,

1 1 4, 1 2 3 , 1 44 1 48, 1 5 0 1 5 2 1 53 ,
N ara m S i n 1 6 1 7 1 8
, , , , ,

1 6 3 , 1 77, -

2 09— N arima 9 7
, , ,

2 1 3 , 2 1 5 2 1 6 22 1
N b aio t h 269
, .

2 2 8, 2 39 , 2 5 0, 2 5 5 , e
N bo 49 5 2 2 1 6
,

e
Moabi t lan guag 69 96 N buchad zzar I 1 72
, , ,

e e, e re

Moabi t S t o n 2 1 5 e e,
,
N b h d
e uc 2 75 2 79
a r e z z ar -

Moriah 1 6 N cho I 26 6
e
Mo chi 1 44 N c h o IL 2 73
.
, ,

s e
Mo bir t h 1 37 ; r id n c at
, ,

se s , es e e N f t i 71 75
e er ar

Sin ai 1 37 i n augural vi io n 1 40 N rgal h ar t

, , ,

s e 2 78-
s -
u su r
l ad r i n x odu 1 40 u ni t d
, , ,

e e e s, e Ne gl i s s or , 2 78
ri
I ra l 1 41 r id n c t K ad h
s e es e e a es N e s b i n de di , 1 6 8
o n qu t a t of J or d a n N r k ha
, ,

g
l 0
1g
; c es s ete , 1
e s -

N i i n A m ar n a l tt r
,

2 e e s, 98, 1 1 6 ; see
M ou n d of bric k wor k 55
,

s N iy
Mum m i fou d t D ir l B a h i N i n Bo w 1 34
,

e s, n a e e r e s,

N i n e v e h 1 78 1 99
,

71 2 01 , 25 3, 26 2 ,
Muriq Ti d im 23
, , ,

-
n 265 , 2 66 2 71 , 2 74
N in ib
, ,

M us h t 1 27 an , 1 79

Mu k i 249 N i n gir u
,

s s , 19
M t kkil N u k u 1 79 p lu d r d by E la it
,

u a -
s ,
N i p p ur , n e e m es ,
M t ll
u a 1 07 2 06 25 0 u, 29
Mu t mua 95 N irgal
, ,

e 1 79
M t i i n A rabia 1 53 1 75 1 81 Ni
, ,

u sr N i y 9 1 9 2 , 94 ; s e e
Nob
, , , , , , ,

1 85 , 2 43, 246 , 247, 248, 1 67

N obl
,

249, 2 5 0 2 5 2 , 25 3 2 55 2 69 e s , 2 27
Broo k of N or h A rabia
, , ,

M ut s r i , 1 5 3 , 275 t 207, 239 , 243, 246

i n Ci icia
, , ,

M ut sr i l ,
1 78, 1 79 , 2 07, 25 5
2 08, 2 09 N u kh as h s h i , 83 , 97, 1 04, 1 05
M ur
at s i , 262
My i an
s s, 1 27 O B ED 1 64
My hology of Syria d riv d f o
,

t e e r m 0 g 1 48 1 5 0
B abylo n ia 53 Om n abl t of— S argo n I
, , ,

e -
t e 16
O m ri
.
, ,

1 98, 2 02 2 04,
N A A A 2 1 1 269 2 70
,

B TE N S, O m r il an d 221
Op h l
, , ,

N b y ti 269
a a a e , 2 32 , 26 7
N abo n i du 2 9—281 O ph r
,

i , 21 2
7
s,

N b p l
a O 2 71 —2 74
o ass ar , O pi s , 280

N ab u 5 2 O racl e atK ad h e s , 1 42
Or b
,

N b i d 1 6 2 79—281 e , 1 62
’
a una
N a d ab 1 95 O ro n
, ,

t e s 2 00
O n a pp ar
, ,

N a h ar ai m 76 9 7 , 2 68
, . s

N ah ar i n a , 76 , 78, 92 , 94, 1 27 Os or k on , 1 96 , 1 97
539 4 I N DE X

P AB U K H 1 46 P ri sm In cri p t io n of Ti gl t h
s a
P ad I 1 79
,

i , 2 5 2 , 25 6 p i le s e r
P al i n l mi a io n of n am ix ; fu ni h d by E gy p t
,

e st e, i t t ti
P r i t e c on
é
e, r s e
in t M e of 5 7 co n
U se r t e s e n I 7
qu r d by Hy k o 6 6 ; by
.
,

e e s s, P sam m e t i k I 266 , 2 71
73 ; co n fu io n i n duc d II
.
,
'
A hm a es, s e P s u kh a e m n e 1 88
b y K h abiri 1 1 9 ; u n d r Hor m o b of
.
,

e e P t ahh o t e p , t m , 3
h b 1 24 ; u n d r S t y I
,

e 1 25 ; e e P u d u il u , 2 6 2
aft r M pt h 1 36 ; origi n of
, .
,

e er en a P u l a s at e , 1 45 1 48
n am 1 49 ; i n vad d by S h i h ak
, ,

e, e s P u r as at e , 1 45
P ur p o of t h i volum x
,

se s e,
P K a n a n a 1 34 P u u khi p a, 1 08 1 09
‘
a -

of Bar T r 230
, ,

P m m
“
an a u s on -
su , ,

2 35 —23 7 240 241 Q AD E SH 6 7 78 81 , 9 0 93, 97, 98,

i n cri p t io n 2 36 240
, , , , , ,

P an am m u s 1 1 1 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 8, 1 45 1 80 2 73
of K aral 230 231 Nap h al
, , ,

P an am m u s on Q a de s h t i 1 84
arqar
, , , ,

2 35 , 2 36 Q ,
2 08, 209, 247
P ap y r u s G ol e n i sc h efi 1 48, 1 6 8 Q ar t kh adas ht , 1 86
‘

P ara n a na
,

1 85 Q t 9 9 1 01 , 1 04
P a p or gabri
, , ,

ss t 97 Q a u sh -
2 62
Pa in mala k
, ,

t , 1 06 , 1 55 , 200, 2 06 , 2 33, Qa u s h -

,
2 39
234 e a an a 1 93
‘

P a r arc h al tra d i io n d riv d

,

t i t s e e Q e de m , 5 8
p ar ly fro Ca n aa n it
,

t m e s , 44 Qe d esh ot h 5 5
Pa u
,

Q i dawadan a, 1 09, 1 2 7
’

, 1 75

P da
e t e su 9 -
Q i d e s h u , 98
P kah
,

e , 2 37 2 38 240 -
Q i dr ai , 2 6 9
P ka h iah na
,

e 237 Qi 79 , 80
P l th
, ,

e e i t e s, 1 81 Q R K hH , 2 1 6 , 2 1 7
P e l u si u m , 2 6 0 Qu e , 209
P e n n e k he b , 75 , 76
P n aur
e t 1 28 R AAM SE S, 1 32
P or abbah
,

R 81 , 1 83
‘

e 1 75
P riod of O ri n al h o
, ,
e s e t i st r y , i x R ab b au, 81
P r ia
e s 2 80—281 R ab i m u r , 98, 1 06
P il n c ach l rib
,

est e e , 260 R e t e s , 1 24, 1 38, 1 42 , 1 43,

P n
et e , 58
P h or
et 1 53 R ae n u s e r 1 0
Ph l i i n a ah
, ,

i s t e s , 38, 1 45 , 1 48 1 49, 1 6 6 , R m ,
1 95 , 1 96
1 6 8, 1 78, 1 81 , 2 1 4 2 2 1 , 2 2 6 , 2 28, R am e s s u I , 1 2 5
n va io n of
, .

23 7, 239, 249, 2 5 2 2 73 R am e ssu IL , 6 6 , 1 78 ; i s

Ph n ic an P al i n ar i h
,

oe i s , 6 9 , 73 90 9 2 93, 96 e st e , 1 26 ; w s w t H it
ray ih
, , ,

1 5 5 , 1 69 , 1 70, 1 72 , 1 86 , 2 02 , 244 t i t e s , 1 2 7—1 30 ; t e t W t H it

25 2 , t i t e s , 1 30, 1 3 1 : m e, arriag 1 31 ;
P h ygian
r s 1 44, 2 51 , bu d ng
il i s 1 32 ,

P i da s a , 1 2 7 R am e s s u I II , 1 1 3, 1 1 9, 1 36 , 1 44
P i ria
e 20
P ir u a an
,
’
2 43 2 46 , 247, 248, 249, 25 0 R mm 209
a an k i n g of N k h h
, , ,

P i s i r i s 1 06 1 5 9 235 , 249 R mm ni r ar i ,
-
u as
P i ho
, , ,

t m 1 32 1 35 s h i , 83, 1 0 4
a an
, ,

P i t r u , 1 5 3 2 08 R mm n i r ar i a
-

Pi o h G l ad
,

-
Tu m , 1 32 R am t i e ,
P lu n d r eS p oi se e l R ap h ia , 24 8
P ov r y
,

e t , 2 27 R a p ikh u , 247
P r h i oric r ai n
e st em s, 4 Re eb k ah 1 24
P r of Mid a n b llio n p u n i h n t of 87 94
,

i est i 1 39 R e e s m e
P r n of S yria hair
, , , ,

i c es , 8 4, 86 R ed ,
5, 61
2 96 INDEX
S yria 2 06 ; w s w t m s ar i h Da a S i ra 1 58—1 6 0
se

S lav 6 1 72
, ,

c u s , 208, 209 , 2 1 3, 2 1 4, 2 1 8, 2 1 9 ; es,

la r y ar
,

te e s, 219 Sm d
en 1 6 8 1 69 es,
S hal a n r III S o 243
,

m ese 22 3 2 24
S halma n r I V co n S odom 32
.
, , ,

e se 2 34, 242 ;
qu S yria S olo m o n 1 87—1 9 1
,

e s t of 2 44
S o n of t h p ro p h t
, ,

Sh am an u , 1 9 , 20, 23 s e e s, 1 73, 2 1 7
S ha a h
m s , 5 1 , 1 1 1 , 1 79 SOp du 9
o
, ,

Sham a s h s h u m uk in , 2 65 , 26 7, 26 8 S r e n 1 45
S ha gar S ou t h A rabia 26 1 90 1 97
,

m 158
S ham hi am an I
, , , , ,
s R -
m 66 2 26 249
S ha hi amma n I V
.

S p oil 82 89 92
,
ms R -
2 19
S han ama
.

S t i d fi o n E gyp t ian c h ro n o l
, , ,

81 , 1 93
’
‘

, e n or

gy x i
,

S h ar gan i s h ar ali 1 5 . o ,

Sh ar h an a 72 82 1 2 7, 1 33 , , , ti 1 2 5 8
St on A g i n Syria 4 5
, ,

Sh ar r u I s hda gal , 1 8
-
e e
S haru h n St o n of J ob 1 2 7
, ,

e , 6 7 72 , 73, 78 e
St or —cit i 1 32 2 01 202
,

Sh as h r u 2 2 , 2 3 e e s,
S ha u
,

St ron ghold F or t r
, ,

s , 1 3 1 25 2 02 s, se e e ss e s ,
S haul
,

, 1 53 u b l l 1 9 2 0 23
sa a,
S hav h S uccot h 1 35
, ,

e , 38
S h ba
,

e , 1 90 Su e f e r u 1 0
Sh ch
,

e e m , 1 48, 1 64, 1 65 , 1 6 7 Sul u m al , 2 2 9

Sh em , 1 1 4 S ummo n t E gy p t 87 1 1 8 s o
Sh h Sum ra 2 2
,

e m e s , 241
S h m h aduma S u m u i n p ro p r n am 2 6
,

e es , 94 e e s,
-

S h p h rd i n g
e e k s , 66 Su n 1 1 0 ,

Sh e s h on q 1 92 Su r as ri 1 06
Suri i 1 6 1 8
, ,

Shi an a 209 x,
S u a 245 268
, , ,

Shi ga t a , 1 1 6 s

S h i lo h
, ,

, 1 67 S t k h 71 1 1 0
u e
S hi n ar S u t i 39 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 25
, ,

, 32 , 34, 91 , 1 30

S h i hak i n vad P al Sy h o o H i t o y 66
, , , ,

s I 1 47 1 6 1 es nc r n us s r

i n cri p io n Syria l i m i t at io n of n am i x ; g
. , , ,

e s t i n e 1 92 s t , 1 93 e, e
S h o b ach l co n figurat io n 1
, ,

1 83 g p hi
o ra ca c en
t ral loca t io n 2 1 02 ; i n vad d by
, ,

ShR N 2 1 6 e

1 1 co n qu r d by L g l g
, ,

Sh u ar da t a 1 05 U n a, e e u a za

S hu gi i 1 5 ; by S argo n I 1 7 rul d
,

n em 81 1 93 s e
Sib i by N aram S i n 1 8 ; fur n i h d
, , , .
,

247, 25 0
’

, 2 43 , 2 46 s e
-

Baal buil di n g m at rial for Gud a 1 9

, ,

Sib i t t i-
2 35 e s e

S ido n rul d by arly Bab ylo n ia n k in g

, ,

98 1 1 2 , 201 , 2 1 8, 22 1 , 2 5 4, e e s,

23 u n d r E la m i t rul 3 1 rul d
, ,

25 5 , 2 6 3 2 6 5 , 2 76 , 2 77 e e e, e
Siho by fir t an d co n d dyn a t i of
,

n , 1 48 1 5 0 s se s es
Si an u B abylo n 48 i n flu n c d by
,

m 23 e e
Si on Babylon ian civili zat io n 49 ; lan
, ,

me , 1 50 , 1 5 1 , 1 60

guag t t im of A marn a l t t r
,

Si m u r u , 22 e a e e e s,

Si m yr a 22 90 98, 1 1 6 , 1 1 7, 1 1 8 5 0 ; arly r li gio n 5 0; p rod c t

e e s, u s

Sin E gy p t 5 6 ; lav i n E gy pt
, , ,

, 50, 1 38 i n s es
S i n ai m rcha n t i n E gy p t 6 2
,

, 50 1 37, 1 38 1 40 -
61 e s
S i n ai ic mi n 11 fro m B abylo n by M i
, ,
'
t e s 9, 5 6 cu t 0
S i n gi n g g i rl t an i 6 5 ; i n vad d by T ahu
,

1 71 n e
t im 75 76 ; r vol t fro m
, ,

Si n i di n n a m , 33 , 34 I es e s
S i n im III 77 urr n d r
.
,

2 09 T h tim a u es s e e s
III dr
,

Si n m u b al l i t 35 t o T ah u t i m e s 82 ; u n e
2 8, 5 7—
rav l of rul of
, , .

Si n u hi t t e s 61 e T a h u t i m e s I I L 82 —88 ;
S i p p ar r iv u d r E y p ia n rul
, ,

, 245 , 268, 28 0 e st e n e g t e , 86

Si pt ah , 1 36 b n fi d by E gy ia n rul
e e te pt e , 88 ;
 IN DEX 29

r vol t agai n t T h t i
e III s a u m es T a r k h u n d a r a u s h 1 04 1 07
89 ; r vol t ag a i n t A m n ho t p
.
, . ,

e s e e T a r k on de m o s 1 08
IL 9 4 ; b m i io n t E gy p t ia
,

su ss o n Ta r q u 2 6 1
rul 94 ; ci t i n a m d i A mar T ar dim
, ,

e, es e n qu
- m e 1 08 -

n a l t t r 98 ; loyal t y t A T ar an T ur a n
,

e e s, o i ii c ii t 25 0 se c t
at t m pt d
, ,

h t p III
o e 98—101 ; e e T ar t e s s u s 1 9 0
r vol t i n vad d by Hi t t i t Tax
.
, ,

e e es, 1 91
es,

1 03 ; d cli n of E gy p t i a n p o w r
,

e e e T e k e m e t , 72
1 03 ; t hro wn i n t o d i ord r b y
,

s e T e k h o n u 1 34
H i t t i t an d K ha b iri 1 1 4—1 2 1 ; T l l cl A mar n a 1 03
,

es e - -
1 1 9 1 22
co n di t i o n u n d r A m n ho t p I V T ma 2 80
, , , ,

e e e e
con qu r d b Hi t t i t 1 23 ; T m an 1 6 2
.
,

121 e e v es, e
und r R II 1 32 ; oc n T m p l of S o l omo n
,

e a m e ss u e e e 1 90
p at iou b y A m 1 5 5 ; from T n t A m n 1 70
, ,

r ac an s , e -
e
in l v nt h
,

1 2 00 876 — 1 57 B C e e e Te n n 5 8 5 9 6 0
c n tury 1 72 i n vad d by A hur Th b
. .
, , , ,

e e s e es 5 5 70 1 03 1 6 4 26 6
i n vad d b y A ra Thr h n g l g
, , , , , ,

t i p l 1 99
na s r a : e es i s ed es 22 8 -

bian 2 1 1 ; w ak n d b y war
, ,

s, e e e s T h u ku 1 35
w i t h S halma n r IL 2 14 ; i T ib n i
,

e se n 202
vad d b y R amman i i III T ida l ki n g of
, ,

e -
n rar G on m 32 33
2 2 0 ; i n d p n d n t of A yria
, , ,

e e e ss T i d an u m 1 9 , 20, 2 3 , 5 9
r lig i o n of 23 1 ; r vo l t
, ,

e e s T id n i m 23
from S argo n 2 46 r vol t from
, ,

e s T i dn u m 58
S nn ach r i b 2 5 2 ; 1 l t E ar
, ,

e e 0 a o s T i gla t h p i l e s e r I , 66 1 06 , 1 72 1 78
-
.

haddo n 26 2 r volt i om A hur

, , ,

e
'
s —1 80
ubm i t t A hur III
,

b i p l 267 ;
an a s s o s Ti gl at h p i l e s e r -2 04 2 2 2 22 4
b i p l 26 8 i n vad d by S cy t h i h A r n ia
,
.
, , , ,

an a e 2 2 8 ; wa r w t me
ian 2 71 ; i n vad d b y N cho co n qu of S yria
, ,

s, e e e st 2 30; c am
IL 273 ; u b m i io n t N b agai n
,

s ss o e u p ai gn s st A z r i y au 2 33
IL alli an c r c iv t r bu t of M n ah m a n d
, ,
O r!
ch d a r e z z ar 2 4. e e e es i e e e
W i t h H ph d of arly of P 2 35 ; i n P
,

2 76 o r a, en e m an a m u, a n am m u
n a t io n 2 81 s d of a n ci n t p en e e i n cri p t io n 2 37—2 40 ; ca p ai gn
s m
agai n t P kah 2 38 240 ; i Bar
, ,

ri d 281
o s e -
n
Syro E p hra i m i t ic w 2 38 R k b i n cri p t io n 241 t ak
, ,

-
ar e u s es
D ama cu 2 42
, ,

s s,

TA B EE L , 22 3 T i khi s , 9 0 94 ,

T a b r i m m on 1 87, 1 94 , T i m as q i 81 ,

T a d ukhi p a , 1 08 Ti m as h gi 9 8
T imb r brough t from P h o n icia
,

T a hu t i m e s I , 73 75 , 76 e e
IL
.
, ,

T a hu t i m e s 77 92 1 26 1 6 8—1 71 1 86
III Ann al T i p h ah 232
, , , ,

T a hu t i m e s , 4 2 77 94 s -
s
fir x p di io n gov
.
, , ,

77 ; st e e t 78—82 , Ti h qr 25 7 —
266
a a,
of S yr i a la r T irzah 1 97 1 98 203
,

e rnm en t 82 —88 ; te
x p di i o n la r y ar
, , , ,

e e t s 89—93 ; te e s, T i h b 1 08
s u

fam i n S yria of Ph arao h i n Am ar n a l t

, ,

93 e , 94 Ti t l es e
IV t r
.

T ah u t i m e s , 9
5 99
e s,
T ak h aly Bu n ar T ob 1 6 6
.

t 235
T oi 1 83
, ,

T ak ht i m K h od shi , 1 84 -

T ola 1 6 5
,

T an a a c h 81 , 1 6 0 1 93
T an a k a T rad 9 1 4 1 9 21 5 6 5 7 6 1 73
, , , ,

, 79 , 81 1 93 , e, , , , , , , , ,

T an da m an e 2 6 6 88 1 1 4, 1 39, 1 89, 1 90, 2 2 6 , 2 6 3,

T an i
, ,

s 66 1 68 2 73
T an u Am n T radi io n of I ra l an ci n
, ,

t e -
26 6 t s s e n ot e t, 1 ,
T ar
,

e Ti s h u b u 1 08 1 30
-

T ra n cri p t io n of p rop r n a m
, ,

T a r k h u 1 07 1 08 1 1 0
, , , s e e s,

T ar k h u l ar a 1 07 2 29 , 2 35 , 2 5 0 x ii
T r a t y 1 30
, ,

T ar k h u n a z i , 1 07 e ,
2 98 I NDE X

T r e of lif e 5 2
e WAD r Magh ara roc k i n cri pt io n s s,
T r e broug ht to T h e b e s 89
, ,

e s 1O
T ribut e 82 85 89 92 94 96
,

, , , , , , 2 01 , W all of t h F or t 2 1 6 e e s s,
W all of t h Mou d 2 1 6
,

2 03 205 , 21 8, 220 2 21 , 232 ,

, , 234, e n
W al l of t h P ri c 9 58
,

235 , 239 242 , 2 5 6 , e n es, ,

T s i d u n a , 98 W h h 1 45
as as a,
Ts u m ur , 98, 1 1 6 W alt h 2 27
e
ur i
,

T s r 98 W of S yri n 1 2 6 1 62 82
on s
fl g
a a s,
N i nib
, , ,

T uk l at 1 78
-

Eg p n i n cri p io n
,

Tu n e p i n y t ia s t s W en -A m n 1 68 1 72 e —

W il d o x n 1 79
, , ,

89 9 2 , 1 30 1 46 e
i n A ar n a l t r
,

W i n 1 71
, ,

T un i p, m e t e s , 87, 88, e,
98, 1 1 6 1 18 , W or k m n 1 31 e ,

Tu r r a n os 1 45
T r ha
,

u s 1 33 Y a, u d p r form tiv 26
se as e a e
T ur a n
,

t , 243 246 , 26 6 Y b i t i i 1 00
a r
T u ca n
,

Ya d i A ddu 84
,

s s , 1 33 -

Yahu 234
,

T u s h pa , 2 1 9
T u a n kh a n Ya hw h 1 38 1 41 1 6 6 2 1 6
,

t m e , 1 22 e
T uta n k ha n 2 5 8 2 6 8 ; day of 22 7 2 71
, , , , ,

te 1 22
Tu k hu =
u d— Yam ani 249
, , , ,
-
l a Ti dal 33 -

T yr x v i
,

e, i xi x 98, 1 00 1 69 , 1 86 , Y m t b l 47
a u a
Yap 81 98
, , , ,

1 89 , 201 , 202 2 05 209 , 2 1 8, 2 2 1 , u,

Yaq h h =J b —god 28
.
, , ,

2 2 8, 235 , 2 37, 242 , 244, 25 4, 255 , e -

er ac o

Ya qub il 2 6 28
,

26 3, 26 4 2 76 , 2 78 ,
‘
-
u, ,

Tyr e ni , 1 33 Y im t
ar 117 u a,
Y h b—
as il u J o p h go d 26 u se -

A Yat a 249 25 0
,

U I TE ,26 9 u , ,

U ashdat a, 1 05 Y at n an , 249
U az e d , 28 Y at h a a m ir 2 48
’

Yau bi d
,

i 2 34, 2 46 , 247
’
U b i , 9 7, 1 1 1 -
,

U gb ar u , 280 Y au da 2 39, 2 45 ,

U ll az a 1 1 6 Y au dham ar u k 1 93
Ya d i
,

i n cri p tio n of
,

, 23 1 , 233, 2 34 2 36 , 237 241,

’
U n a, s , 11
n ,

U n q i 2 00, 2 34
, 245
U p i , 2 80 Y au kh az i , 2 39
U pp r
e Se a, 20 Yau a t , 2 69
U pp r T
e er m 58 , Y e b l am u 81 ,

U r 1 8 2 1 , 42 , 46 Y e h e m , 78
Ymn
, ,

U r b i l l u 22 23 e e , 249
Gur
, ,

Ur -
1 8 21 Y e n oam 1 2 6 , 1 34
ri an d T h u
, , ,

U m m m i m 54 Y en u om 82
Nin a
,

Ur -
14 Y e r uz a 78
ru , ,

U s , 1 9, 2 0 Y e wan n a, 1 27
U r u m i a 248 ,
Y ik h li a 1 1 6 ,

U r u s ali m 38, 49 , 98 , Y i t i a, 1 01
U s an at i , 2 09
U sert e se n , 6
2 IL Z ab ib i 235
hu
,

Us , 2 54, 2 6 8, 270
Z ab s al i 2 3
Za b u
,

t n api s h t i m 53
-
30
Za h i
, ,

z z i ah , 205 , 2 23, 2 25 —22 7, 232 , 92 ,

233 Z ak k al a , 1 45 , 1 49, 1 68, 1 6 9, 1 70

Zal u 78
VA of S al t 1 84 222 Zal u n a
,

LLE Y m n 1 62
V an 1 79 2 1 9 Za ara
, , ,

m 90
V a n io i n c i pt io n 223
, , ,

s r s, Z am z u m m im , 36
V w of J p h t h h 1 66
o , e a ,
Z bah
e , 1 62
 l ND EX TO O LD TESTAM ENT R EFER ENC ES

G en i 52 Ex i 1 1 1 32 J ud i 1 —3 1 5 1
Ex i 1 5 1 24 J ud i 5f —1 51
. . . .

ii 5 2
. . , ,

Gen
Ex iii 1 3f 1 38
. . .

iv 26 J ud iii 7 1 1 1 6 1
. . , . .
,

Gen 1 38
v 3 1 37 J ud iv 2 1 5 8
. .
. .
,
.
, . .
,

Gen x 1 4, 1 45
vi 2 1 38 J ud v 1 52
. .
. . , .
,

G en x 1 6 , 69
x ii 38 1 36 J ud v 4f 1 37
. . .
. ,

Gen x 1 34
Ex x iv 2 1 1 40 J ud v 6 1 5 8 1 84 200
. .
. .
, . .
,

G en xi v 3 1
Ex x ii 37 J ud v 1 4 1 65
. . .
. , , ,

x iv
.
,

G en 1 , 32 v
J ud
.

x iv
.
. . .
,

G en 5 , 36 vi i 1 60
-
vi
Jud
. . .

x iv
. .

G en 6 , 37 N um x 31 1 30 x 1 —5 1 65
Jud
. .
. . ,

N um x iii 2 2 6 6
. .
,

G en . xi v 7, 36 . xi 1 66.

x iv
.

N um x vi 1 2 1 4 1 5 b
.
.
,
G en 7, 45 J d u . xi 1 7f , 1 52
. .

x iv J ud
. .
. .
, , ,
G en 1 2 , 38 xi x 1 1 , 38
. .
1 43 . .

G en x i v 1 3, 3 6 N um xx 1 4—21 1 5 2
x iv
. .

N um
.
,
G en
x iv
. 1 3, 45
.
. xx 1 4 1 5 2 1 .
, 1 Sam . iv 1 1 6 8
x iii 2 1 76
.
,
Gen N um xx i 2 1 —2 5 1 48 1 Sam
x i x 30—38 1 23
. .

xxii 4 1 44
.
.
,

xi ii 3 1 6 8
. .
,
G en N um 1 Sam
xx ii
. .
,

xxi i 5 1 5 3
. .
,

x iv 47 1 76
. .
,
Gen Num 1 Sam
xxii 2 1 1 1 4
. .

xx ii 25 1 52
. .
, . .
,
G en Num 1 Sam xi v 5 2 , 1 76
xx v 2 1 39
. .
, . .

N um xx iii 7 1 5 3
,

S am x x
. .

G en 1 20, 1 73
x x v 2 0 39
. .
, .
1
xxx i 8 1 53
.
, . .

G en N um 1 S m x xi 1 68
xx v 2 0 1 1 4
. .
, .
a
N urn
.
,

xxxi 1 6 1 5 3
. .

G en 1 S m xx i i 3f , 1 82
xx viii 5 39
. .
,
a
x x ii 41 1 65
. .
, . . .

Gen N um x
xx i x 1 0 1 1 4
. .
, . .
,
G en
xxx i 20 1 1 4
. .
,

G en 2 Sam 3 1 81
De ut i -

2 712 , 36
. .

v
.
, ,

G en x xi 47 1 1 4
x
De ut
. .

ii 2—
2 Sam 1 1 f 1 86
xxx ii 28 43 8, 1 8f
. .

S am v
, . . .
,

G en 2 1 7—2 5 1 81
.
,
. .

x x iv 1 5 1 S m viii
,
1 50
. . . .
,

G en x 2 a 1 , 1 81
G xxxi v
. .

D e ut 1 1 1 0 36
2 S m viii
. .

2 1 82
D u ii 1 1 36
. .
,
en a
xxx v
.

S m vii i 3 5 , 7—
. .
,
e t
G 2 8,
D e u t ii 1 1 36
. .
,
en a -

xxx v 2fi 38
. . .
'
G 1 83
D u t ii 1 2 2 2 1 46
. .
,
en 1
x x vi 31 —39 1 33 2 S m viii 6 1 83
. . .

e
G
D e u t ii
.
.
, ,
en . x a
G ri xx vi 3 1—39 1 43 2 S m vii i 1 4 1 83
.
.
, .
,

D e u t ii
. .
e x a
xxx vi 3 1 39 1 6 1
. . . .

2 S m viii 9—1 1 1 83
, ,

G
D e u t ii 2 4—i ii 1 1 1 48
. .

en -
a
xxx vi 2 1 1
. . .
, .
,

G 2 S m vi i 1 3f 1 85
D e u t iii 9 69
. . .
,
en a
xxx vi 32 1 53
. .

2 S m viii 1 8 1 81
.
. .
,

G
D e u t xx iii 4 1 5 3
.
.
,
en . a
x x vi 34 1 6 2
. .
, . ,

Gen . x
D e u t xx vi 5 39 1 1 4
. .
,
2 Sam x 1 1 4 1 83 -

xxx vi 35 1 6 3
. , . .
,

Gen
D e u t xxx iii 2 1 37
. .
, ,
2 Sam x 1 5—1 9 1 83
xxx vi 37 1 5 3
. .
.
, . .

Gen
. .
,
2 Sam xii 31 1 83
x xvi 39 1 85
. . .

xx iv
, .
,

Gen. x 2 Sam
xxx vi 39 1 75
.

J o h i x 2 1 48
.

x xi v
, .

Gen. s 2 Sam
G ri xxx vii 28 36 1 39 J o h x 5 1 48
.

xv
, . . . .
,

e s 2 Sa m
x lviii 2 2 1 48
. .

J o h xi ii 2 2 1 53
.
, , . .
, .

Gen . .
, s . .
,
2 Sam . x v1 1.

300
 INDEX 3 01

1 Ki n g i 1 2 10
s 2 K ing i x 1 0 2 1 8
s 2 K i n g xx 1 2 —1 9 2 52
s

1 K ng i i i K i n g x 32 f 2 1 9 K i n g xx 2 0 2 5 3
. .
, , .
,

i s 2 s 2 s
1 K i n g v 8—1 1 1 9 0 K i n g x i 1 —3 2 1 8 K in g xx i 2 6 2
. . .
, .
,

s 2 s 2 s

1 K i n g vi 1 1 33 K i n g xii 1 7f 2 2 0 2 K i n g xx i 20 2 70
. .
, . .

s 2 s s
1 K i ng viii 2 3—2 5
.

2 K i n g x ii i 3 7 2 2
.

2 K i n g xx i 2 3f 2 70
, .
, .
,
‘
s . s s
2 K i n g xx i i —xx iii 2 72
, .
, . , , .
,

1 87 22 0 s
1 K i n g i x 1 1 —1 3 1 90 2 K i n g x iii 4f 2 2 1 2 King xx ii 1 2—1 9
.

s s s
1 King ix 2 K i n g x ii i 1 2 f 2 1 9
.
, .
,

s 1 89 s

1 K i ng i x 2 6 1 90 2 K i n g x iii 2 0 2 2 2
. . .
,

s s 2 K 1 n gs x xu i 2 9 30 -

1 K i ng x 2 5 1 9 0 2 K i n g x i i i 2 5 22 2
. .
, , .

s s 2 73
1 K i n g x 2 7—2 9 1 9 0 2 K i n g x iv 7 2 2 2 King
. .
, ,

s s 2 s x xn i 3 1 35 -

1 Ki n g x i 1 4 1 75 2 K i n g x v 8—1 4 2 23
. , . , .
,

s s 1

1 K i n g x i 1 4 2 2 1 88 2 K in g x iv 1 9—2 1 2 K ing xx iv l 2 75
. .
, ,

s -
s . s

1 K i n g xi 2 K in g xx iv 7 2 75
.
, , .
,

s 1 85 s

1 K i n g x i 1 7 1 85 2 K i n g x iv 2 2 2 2 6 2 K in g xx v 4—2 1 2 77
. . ,

s s s
1 K i n g x i 2 6 —40 1 9 1 2 K n g x iv 25 2 2 5 2 Ki ng xx v 1 2 2 2 26
. . .
, , ,

s i s s -

1 K i n g x ii 1 9 1 2 K i n g x i v 2 6 f 2 25
. . .
, , , ,

s s 2 78
1 K i n g x iii 2 4 22 0 2 K i n g x iv 28 2 2 5
. . . ,

s s

1 K i n g x iv 2 5 1 9 2 2 K i n g x v 5 2 32 Chro n 5 061 2 81
. . ,
,

s s 1 11
1 K i n g x iv 2 5 —2 8 1 9 3 2 K i n g x v 5 2 33 Chro n i 4—9 1 33
. . . .
, , ,

s s 1 v
1 K i n g x iv 30 1 92 K i n g x v 8—1 8 2 32 Chro n x i 5 3S
. . , . .
, ,

s s 1
1 K in g x v 6 1 92 2 K i n g x v 1 9 23 5 Chro n
. . .
, , .
,

s s 1 1 1 81 x vn
1 K i n g x v 7b 1 94 2 K i ng X Chro n x v 1i 1 2f
. , .
, . . ,

s s 2 1 25 2 37
v -
1 1
1 K i n g x v 1 6 1 96 2 K i n g x v 2 9 2 39
. , . , . . .
,

s s 1 85
1 K i n g x v 1 7—32 1 96 2 Ki n g x v 30 240
. .
, ,

s s

1 K i n g x v 1 8 1 87 2 K i n g x v 35 2 32 Chro n
. , .
,

s s 2 3 1 83 vi i 1
1 K ing xv 19 2 K i n g x vi 3 238 Chro n viii 3 1 87
. .
, .
,
.
,

s s 2
1 K i ng 2 K i n g x vi 5 2 38 C h ro n x i 5 —1 2 1 92
.
, .
, . .
,

s xvi 1 5 3 1 2 02 -
s 2
1 K in g 2 K i n g x vi 6 2 38 Chro n xi i i 2 —20 1 95
. . . .
, , ,

s x vi 24 2 03 s 2
1 K i n g x vi 34 2 04 2 K i n g x vi 7f 2 38 Chro n x iii 2 1 1 95
. . .
, , .
,

s s 2
1 K i n g x vii 2 05 2 K i n g x vi 9 —1 6 2 42 Chro n x iv 2 1 4
. .
.
, . .
, ,

s s 2
1 K i ng 2 K i n g x vii l 243 hro n x iv 9
. .
, . .

i
s x x. 8 1 37 s 2 C
1 K i n g xx 1 2 1 207 2 K i n g x vii 4 2 42 Chro n x vi 8 1 96
. . .
, ,

s — s 2
1 Ki n g xx 2 6 34 2 08 2 K i n g x vii 5 2 44 Chro n x vii 1 f 204
, .
. .
, .
,

s — s 2
1 K i n g xx 34 2 K i n g x vii 6 2 45 Chro n x vii 2 203
. , . , . . .
,

s s 2
1 K i n g xx ii 204 2 K i n g x vii 6 2 5 9 Chro n xx 2 10
. .
. , , .
,

s s 2
1 K i n g xx ii 1 — 2 K i n g x viii 1 3 1 7 Chro n
. . . .
,

s 40 2 1 0 s 2 10 211 xx
1 K i n g xx v 1 3 2 08 xix 9 257 25 9 Chro n xx i 4 2 1 3
. . . .
.
, ,

s 1 a, 2
1 K i n g xx ii 44 204 2 K i n g x vii 2 4 245 Chro n i 1 6 1 97
. . . .
, , ,

s s 2 xx
1 K i n g x ii 47 1 92 2 K i n g x vii 2 4— Chro n i 1 6 f 2 1 4
. . .
, .
, ,

s x s 41 2 xx

1 K i n g xx ii 47111 2 1 2 Chro n xx iv 2 3f 2 20
.
. . .
, . .
,

s 269 2
2 K ing m Chro n xx v 1 1 f 222
. . . .
, ,

s 7 25 2 u 2
2 K i n g i 1 2 03 2 K i n g x viii 8 2 5 2 Chro n xx vi 6 —8 2 2 6
. . . .
, ,

s s 2
2 K i n g iii 2 04 2 1 2 2 K i n g x vi i i 9 246 Chro n xx i 9
. . .
.
, , ,

s s 2 v
2 K i n g iii 4 2 03 2 K i n g x viii 1 1 2 45 2 Chro n xx vii 3
. , .
, . .

s s .

2 K i n g iii 5 2 03 2 K i ng 2 Chro n xx vii i 5 —1 5

. . .
. ,

s s x vni 1 3 246
2 K i n g vi 24—vii 20
. .

2 K i n g x vii i 1 4 1 6
.
, .
, ,

s s - 2 38
2 C h ro n
.
.
, .
,

2 07 25 7 2 5 8 1 7 2 38x x v1 1 1
2 K i n g viii 7—1 5 2 1 5 2 Chro n xx viii 1 8 238
.

2 K i n g x i x 9 25 8
.
, ,

s s
2 Ki ng viii 1 8 26 2 Chro n xxx ii 2
. .
.
, .
, , ,

s 2 59
2 King x i x 9 b —37 2 Chro n
. .
.
, ,

2 04 s iii 1 1 f xxx
2 K i n g viii 1 9 2 1 5
. . . .
,
,

s 2 5 7 25 8 2 5 9 2 6 0 2 68
2 K i ng i ii 2 0 1 85 2 Ki ng xi x 1 7 2 1 9 2 Chro n m m 1 4—1 6
.
, , , .

s V s
2 K in g viii 20 22 2 K i n g x i x 36 f 2 6 2
. . . . .
, ,

s -
s 267
K i n g xx 1 —1 1 2 5 2 2 Chro n xxx iv 2 72
. .
, .
,

2 14 s
2 K i n g viii 2 0—22 22 1 2 K i n g xx 6 2 52 2 Chro n xxx v 2 1 2 5
. , . .

s s 1—
2 K i n g vi i i 2 8 2 1 5 2 K i n g xx 1 2 —1 9 2 46
.
, . . .
, ,

s .
, s .
,
2 73
302 I N DE X
2 Chro n x x vi . x . 6f .
, I sa . ix 4, 1 63
. J er . 111 30 2 78
.

2 75 x. 9 , 2 33
I sa x 26 , 1 6 3 H os x 1 4, 22 8
E zra iv xv
. . . .

2 , 8—1 0 245 I sa 1 —1 2 , 22 5
E z ra iv xix Am o i 22 8
. , . .

8—1 0, 26 9 Isa 1 8, 6 9
. s .

Am o i 3 2 1 9
. .

I sa xx 1 , 25 0 s
Am o v 1 1 2 27
.
. .
,

N eh 1 9 282 I sa xxx 1 5 , 25 3 -
s
xxx v Am o i i i 1 2 22 7
.
11
. .
,

iv
. .
,
I sa i 25 7 s
Ne h 7, 2 82
Am o iii 1 5 2 27
. . . ,

vi
. .

I sa xx x vn i 2 5 2 s
N eh 1 , 2 , 6 , 2 82
xxx i x A m o vi 1 —
. . . ,
. .

I sa 2 52 6 13
s
x li x
. . ,
.
,

I sa 1 2 , 209 227
Ps . lxxx iii . 1 1 , 1 63
.

A mo i x 7 1 45 s ,

J 1 2—
.

er 1 4 1 68
v1 1
J xx vii 276 Ob d i 7 281
. .
,

I s a 11 6 —v 30, 2 27 er e
xx viii 2 76
. . .
. . .

I s a ii 7, 2 33 J et
J l i xli ii 2 78 Micah vi
. .

vi
. .

I sa 1 , 2 32 er x -
26 2 -
vi i
x lvii 4 1 45
. . . .

vii
. .

I sa 1 f , 238 J er
Hab 3 1 37
. .

J 11 5 9 276
. ,

vii
. .

I sa . 6 , 238 .
er . .
, . 111 .
,
 E di t e d b y E S A L E XA N D E R C R A I G Pr f r f
J A M , o e sso O

S m it i L g g
e d L it r t r
c and H ll i ti G r k U i
ua es an e a u e an e en s c ee n
r ity f M i h i g
,

ve s o c an

N i m p or t an t n e w se r i e s o f s t a d r d h a d b oo ks o
A Bab yl o n i ans A ssyr i an s an d al l i e d Se m i t i c rac es o f an c i e n t
t he n a n n

hi s t or y .

N ow R e a dy

S o c i a l L i fe o f t h e H e b r e w s
The
B y th e R ev ED W A RD D AY . P ri t p tp id . ce ne , os a

H I S v olu m tr H br w fro oci l p oi n t of vi w

T T h lif w h i h t h p o p l
e
t f th
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c
m th
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e

e
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ac u a
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.

tom h ir o u p t i o n
s, t e d di v r i o
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a d du
s an ti o n e s ns , e e a e an e ca ,

t h ir l w
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a s an th y d v l p ds p ci ll y b ro u gh
s as e e e o e ,
are e s e a t
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s e o i l ig
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can ce o ri fi d t t h p r t p l y d b y r li g io n
s ac ce , an o e a a e e .

B ab y l o n i a n s an d A s s y r i an s
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(W i h Sp ci l R
t o n r c T bl
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B y th e R e v A H SA Y C E Pr f
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, o e sso o ss r o o a

O xf rd Pi o .t p tp id r ce ne , os a

H I S v ol u m d l w i t h t h lif d c u t o m of t h p o p l i n d i t d
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s a
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p t I t d rib t h f m ily d u t i o n m n n r
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p o p l r co u n t of ci vili z t i o w h i h i k n o w n t m o d r n o n ly b y
u a ac a a n c s o e s

sca n t y r c rd d o th r r m i n
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an om pr h n i v e d e a s, an es a c e e s e an

liv l y p i t u r of t h t i m
e c d t h p o p l u d r co n i d
e e ti o n es an e e e n e s e ra .

T h e E a r l y H i s t or y of Sy r i a an d P al e st i n e
By L E W I S B A Y L E S P A T O N P h D Pr f r f O l d , . .
, o e sso o

T t m t Ex g
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i H rt f r d T h
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a o eo o t p tp id ca e na . ce ne , os a

H I S v ol u m o n t in h i t o y of S y ri d P l i n fro
T rli t t i m d o w n t t h t bli h m n t f t h P r i
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O n cc o u t f t h i
a n t r l lo t i o n t h
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r ce a ca e se a s s n e se s

co n t i n b o t h m m r i ll y d p oli t ic ll y w i t h l l h m p ir of t h
n ec o co e c a an a a t e e es e

a n i n t O ri t ; o n q u n t ly m h li g h t i t h w n u p o t h i h i t o ry
c e en c se e uc s ro n e r s

by r c n t e h el gi l di
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A rabi Th a.i m of h i b o o k i t g t h r p t h d i o v ri
e a t sd t s o a e u e sc e e s, an o

p r n t h m i l r d p o p u l r for m i n c o m b i t io w i t h t h f t
e se t e n c ea an a na n e ac s

a lr a d y k w n fr m t h B ibl
e no d fro m o t h r n i
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C H A R L E S SCR IB N E R
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1 5 7 F i f t h A v e n u e , N e w Y o r k
 r r
Unive s ity of C alifo nia
SO UTH ER N R EGIONAL LI B R AR Y FACILITY
r
3 05 De Ne ve D ive r
Pa ki ng Lot 1 7 0 Box 9 5 1 388
LOS ANG EL ES, C ALI FOR NIA 9 0095 - 1 3 88
rn this mate rial to the l ibrary from whic h it was borrowed
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