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University of Northeastern Philippines School of Graduate Studies Iriga City

This document discusses key concepts related to population and sampling in statistics. It defines a population as the entire group being studied, while a sample is a subset of the population. It describes different types of samples, including probability samples like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, as well as non-probability samples like convenience sampling and snowball sampling. The document also discusses population parameters, bias, precision, randomization, and blocked randomization.

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Kim Nobleza
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96 views4 pages

University of Northeastern Philippines School of Graduate Studies Iriga City

This document discusses key concepts related to population and sampling in statistics. It defines a population as the entire group being studied, while a sample is a subset of the population. It describes different types of samples, including probability samples like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, as well as non-probability samples like convenience sampling and snowball sampling. The document also discusses population parameters, bias, precision, randomization, and blocked randomization.

Uploaded by

Kim Nobleza
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIVERSITY OF NORTHEASTERN PHILIPPINES

School of Graduate Studies


Iriga City

Subject: ED-202 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS


Name of Professor: DR. MARIA P. DELA VEGA
Name of Reporter: MARIEJOY B. BARCENAS
Topic: POPULATION AND SAMPLE

POPULATION AND SAMPLE


POPULATION
Is the entire pool from which a statisical sample is drawn. A population may refer
to an entire group of people, objects, events, hospital viisits, or measurements.
In sampling, the population may refer to the units, from which the sample is
drawn.
A populaion of interest may be the universe of nations or cities.
This is one of the first things the analysts needs to define propely while
conducting a business research.
“N” represents the size of the population.

Population Parameters
 Is a quantity entering into the prrobability distribution of a statistic or a randm
variable. It can be regarded as numerical characteristic of a statistical populaion
or a staistical model.
 Statisics such as averages and standard deviations, median, mode ec ae
population parameters.

Bias
 Is a term which refers to how far the average statistic lies from the parameter it
is estimating, that is, the error which arises when estimating a quantity.
 Refers to the tendency of a measurement process o over-or-under estimate the
value of a population parameter. In survey sampling, for example, bias would be
the tendency of a sample statistic o systematically over- or-under-estimate a
population parameter.

Unbiasedness

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 This means that sample estimate of a population parameter whose sampling
disrribution has a mean that is equal to the parameter being estimated.

Precision
 This means that repeated measurements would be close to one another but not
necessarily o true value.

Randomizaion
 The allocation of patients to both treatment and control groups in a random
manner. This enables the minimzation of selection bias.

Blocked Randomization
 When participants are allocated to two groups as blocks of 2, 4, 6 or 8 and so on
and both groups contain equal number of blocks at each time interval.

SAMPLE

Is a set of individuals or objects collected or selected from a statistical population


by a defined procedure.
The elements of sample are known as sample points, sampling units or
observations.
Conisists one or more observations drawn from the population.

Kinds of Sample

Complete Sample- is a set of objects from a parent population that includes all such
objects that saisfy a set of well-defined selection criteria.

Unbiased or Representative Sample- is a set of objects chosen from a complete sample


using a selection process that does not depend on the properties of the object.

SAMPLE DESIGN

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NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLES PROBABILITY SAMPLES

CONVENIENCE SAMPLE RANDOM


JUDGMENTAL STRATIFED
QUOTA CLUSTER
SNOWBALL SYSTEMATIC

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 The probability of any partcular member being chosen for the sample is unknown

Convenience Sampling
o The sampling procedure of obtaining the people or units that are most
conveniently available
o Accidental sampling is a type of non-probability sampling which involves the
sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand.

Quota Sampling
o In quota sampling, the population is first sigmented into mutually exclusive in
quota sampling I non-random sub-groups.
o In the quota sampling the interviewers are instructed to interview a specified no
of persons from each category. In studying peoples status, living conditions,
preferences, opinions, attitudes, etc.
Judgment Sampling
o Samples in which the selection criteria are based on personal judgment that the
element is representative of the population under study.

Snowball Sampling
o Samples in which selection of additional respondeds is based on refferals from
the initial respondents
o Initial respondents are selected by probability methods

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o Additional respondents are obtained from information provided by the initial
respondents.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 Every member of the population has a known, non-zero probability of being
selceted

Simple Random Sampling


o Random sampling mean, the arrangement of conditions in such a manner tha
every item of the whole universe from which we are to select the sample shall
have the same chance of being seleced as any other item.
o Among all the probability sampling procedures random sampling is he most basic
and least complicated.
Systematic Sampling
o Prepare a list of all the elements in the universe and number them. This list can
be according to alphabetical order, as in records etc.
o Then from the list, every third/every 8th / or any other number in the like manner
can be selected.
o For this method, population needs to be homogenous. This method is frequently
used, because it is simple, direct and inexpensive. Also known as patterned,
serial or chain sampling.
Stratifed Sampling
o When the population is divided into different stratas or groups and then samples
are selected from each stratum by simple random sampling procedure, we call it
as stratifed random sampling.
Cluster Sampling
o The whole population is divided in small clusters it may be according to location.
Then clusters are selected sample.
o The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample economically whhile retaining the
characterisics of a probabiliy sample.

Thank you!

Mbb1183

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