(Antimicrobial Immunity Handout) : B) Immunity To Bacteria C) Immunity To Fungi

IS LEC 18
(Antimicrobial Immunity Handout) B) Immunity to Bacteria C) Immunity to Fungi

 presents the general scheme where Bacteria is a representation of the Survival Mechanisms of Fungi to Evade IRs:
the different components of the extracellular pathogens. 1. Anti-phagocytic capsules
immune system would be working - as in the case of Cryptococcus
against specific pathogens Innate Immune Response
1) Phagocytosis 2. Resistance to Digestion
- can be avoided by some - in the case of Histoplasma
A) Immunity to Viruses pathogens through the following
Innate Immune Response mechanisms: 3. Destruction of PMNs
1) Interferon  Presence of capsule that - in the case of Coccidioides
- natural antiviral substance affects attachment
which prevents infection by  Presence of cell walls Depending on the fungi that would be
blocking viral transcription  Excretion of cytotoxins related with the infection, they would
 Production of aggresin generally be neutralized by the immune
2) Natural Killer Cells which are proteins that can system but their capability to thrive may
- can directly destroy virally dissolve host tissue not be due to a deficient immune response
infected cells; they are not MHC but may be due to a deficient immune cell.
restricted so there is no need for 2) Lysozyme
antigen presentation - natural antibiotic which will For example, HIV patients have low
directly attack the bacteria and immune systems so their ability to evade
3) Macrophages not the host cell fungal infections may be deficient due to
- could phagocytize the low number of immune cells.
virus or secrete interferons Adaptive Immune Response
1) Antibody Production
Adaptive Immune Response - may be T-Cell Independent or D) Immunity to Protozoa / Parasites
1) Antibody Production (IgA) T-Cell Dependent Survival Mechanisms of Parasites
- responds to viruses via neutralization - antibody production may lead to 1. Long Distance Spread
neutralization, opsonization, This is especially true with the bloodborne
2) Tc Cell Production complement activation, and parasites because long distance spread is
- directly kills the infected cells FC-mediated phagocytosis due to the vector. If the vector is a
mosquito, it will transfer the parasite from
**Prions 2) Activation of T-Helper Cells one place to another.
- there is also no immune response - leads to the production of
against it because the body knows cytokines which would stimulate 2. Intracellular Mechanism
that it is a self-antigen B-Cell response They commonly infect RBCs. They have
- also leads to the production of antigenic variation, thus if a vaccine would
Gamma-interferon responsible be produced against them, it may be
for macrophage activation protective against the different varieties
of antigens.
3) Tumor Necrotic Factor
- for inflammatory responses 3. Immunosuppression
They are highly developed and they have
Innate Immune Response acquired resistance which is exceptional.
Innate response would be through
phagocytosis and action of NK cells
IS LEC 18
Immune Responses to Specific Parasites Adaptive Immune Response - there is NO systemic anaphylaxis during
1) Trypanosomes  Antibody production and cell the first exposure; it may lead to death
- blood form of Trypanosomes are mediated immunity through the so emergency treatment would include
susceptible to antibody and action of Tc and Th1 cells the injection of Epinephrine
complement action
**this may be survived through gene B) Localized Anaphylaxis
switching where surface lipoproteins HYPERSENSITIVITY aka “Allergy” - only affects a particular area of the body
would change - a form of immune dysfunction and its - the predisposal to localized
consequences; other forms would anaphylaxis may be inherited which
2) Malaria include autoimmune diseases and is known as “Atopy”
- generally, there would be an immune deficiencies
increase in TNF which will try to Examples:
neutralize the parasite however Two Defining Characteristics 1. Allergic rhinitis aka “Hay Fever”
overproduction of this may lead 1) Increased Immune Response 2. Asthma
to the formation of immune 2) Inappropriate Response To An Antigen a. Allergic Asthma
complexes in the kidney **The appropriate response should be - reaction against a specific antigen
inflammatory in nature which may lead b. Intrinsic Asthma
a) Liver Stage: Cytotoxic T-cells to either humoral or cell-mediated IRs. - this is allergen independent and
b) RBC Stage: Antibody is commonly associated with
- may be survived through Ag variation Four Types of Hypersensitivity exercise or cold
The differences would be based on the
3) Leishmania effector cells that would be associated 3. Food allergies
- capable of inhabiting the with the hypersensitivity reaction. - not always systemic, it may be
macrophages so that immune deposited at a specific area
response would be cell-mediated 1) Type I Hypersensitivity depending on its absorption and
- commonly caused by an allergen that manifest in that area
E) Immunity to Worms is non-parasitic and is IgE-mediated
The immune system does not actually 4. Atopic Dermatitis
eliminate the parasite but rather only - IgE production should only be
keep down the numbers of the parasite. normally produced against parasitic
pathogens 2) Immune Complex- mediated Hypersensitivity
Mechanisms: - this parasitic allergen would be able There would be production of antibodies
1) Increased Production of Eosinophils to induce the production of IgE against the allergen and this would now
- there would be release of - an increased production of IgE would interact with the antigen, forming a complex.
chemotactic factors for phagocytosis bring about a series of events that
- it would also participate in the ADCC would lead to Type I Hypersensitivity The reaction would be dependent on the
number of complexes that would be formed and
2) IgE Production - IgE production would secrete cytokines where the complexes would be deposited.
- leads to inflammatory reaction which may mediate inflammatory One of the negative effects of immune complex-
thereby hindering attachment or reactions, there is degranulation which mediated hypersensitivity is that the immune
entry; IgE production is a reflection would lead to the release of active complex would be commonly deposited in the
of the activity of T-Helper Type 2 components such as histamines, kidneys.
leukotrienes, and cytokines
F) Immunity to Tumors 3) Delayed Type I Hypersensitivity
Tumors would have parasite-like - they will have specific functions A function of a subpopulation of T-Helper
mechanisms which prevent elimination. however they would be in a group, Cells that if activated with the presence of
what you call B-cell permeability, the allergen, this would cause the
Innate Immune Response muscle contraction, which would lead secretion of cytokines which would
 Production of macrophages, NK cells, to difficulty in breathing and alike produce local inflammatory reactions.
complement, and Gamma-INF
A) Systemic Anaphylaxis 4) Stimulatory Hypersensitivity
- would occur in a matter of minutes A new category which is under further study.
- only observed with antigenic challenge

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IS LEC 18

(Antimicrobial Immunity Handout) B) Immunity to Bacteria C) Immunity to Fungi

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