Solving (1), (2) and (3), we get I = -0.

221 A

Hence, the current flowing through 852, when both independent sources are present
= 0.056 + 0.221 = 0.277 A. from right to left

Example 3.3: Using superposition theorem, find the current 52

ww
flowing through load resistance R = 10 2 in the circuit shown in
122
Fig.3.13. (Kuvempu University) 48 V
Solution: Considering only 22V, the circuit in Fig.3.13 may be 42
Written as in Fig.3.14. =O NA

= 7.31 2
R= 102
RT Total resistance =5 + W -

12 4 10 Fig.3.13
3.01x2x4

I 22 3.01 A 12 +4= 0.695 A

122 7.31 12x4
10+
www- 12+4
42 Similar procedure can be used to find currents through RL, when

48V and 12V are considered separately. The currents are

sources

R102 0.63A and 0.48A respectively.

1.805 A
Fig.3.14
Hence, I10Q =0.695 +0.63 +0.48 =

through Ri in the circuit shown in

Example 3.4:Using superposition theorem, find the current

Fig.3.15. (Mysore University)

1Q 152
152 40 2

( ) 4A
WV )25V
20
R 52

Fig.3.15
152 Solution:
the network in Fig.3.15
S402 When only 4A is present,
5 in Fig.3.16. 2 2 is neglected.
re-written
may be
short circuit.
()4A ww
as it is across a

22 13.33 2
40 2 || 20 2 =

R, 52 28.33 2
15 Q
13.3 2 in series with
=

Fig.3.16
 Tteoems

.I=4 x
5+28.33-= 0.6
A

40
I =0.6 x = 0.4 A
40+20
when only 25V is considered, the network in Fig.3.15 may be written as in Fig.3.l/.
152
- ww-

152 ww
40Q

ww
22 )25V
R-52
Fig.3.17
22 across 25V can be neglected

RT= 40+
20x 20
50 S2. I= = 0.5 A
20+ 20 50

20 0.4 0.25 = 0.65 A

= 0.25 A, Hence R. =
I1 + I2 = +

' l =0.5 20+20

position theorem. (Kuvempu
circuit shown in Fig.3.18,
find I, using super
Example 3.5. In the

University) 42 22
52

-j2Q 50290°V
5020°v T j22

Fig.3.18
re-written as shown in Fig.3.19.
Fig.3.18 may be
only 5020°V, the circuit in
Solution:
Considering
52 42 2Q

5020°V t ( j22 J22

Fig.3.19
 Worked Examples 145
22 | (-j2) 2 =
141 L-45° 2.
4 2+ 1.41-45 2 =5.1 2 -11.31° 2
5.12-1 1.31°||j 2Q =2267.38° 2
Z=5 2+2 267.38° Q =
6.062 17.78°Q 'I=
50
=
8.25 2-17.78° A
6.06217.78°
I=8.25 2 -17.78° x j2
J2+5.1L-11.310* 3.24 Z60.91°A

Considering only 50290° V, the circuit in Fig.3.18 may be re-written shown in

5Q 42
as
Fig.3.20.
2Q
- w.<

2 i202 (50290°v

Fig.3.20
5 2 | |j 2Q = 1.86 L68.2° 2, 4 2+1.86 2 68.2° =5/ 20.25° 2
-j2 2 ||5 2 20.25° 2 =2.34 2-66.46°2, Zy=(2+ 2.34 2 -66.46°) 2 = 3.64 2-36.18° 2
50290°
A = 13.742126.18° A
3.642-36.18°

2 13.74 2126.18° x j2 = 5.85 39.47° A

- j2 +5A20.250

I = IyI - Le = 3.24 2 60.91° - 5.85 239.47°=3.07 -163.12° A

j3)2 in the circuit

Example 3.5. Using superposition theorem, find the voltage across (4 +

shown in Fig.3.21 (Mangalore University).

10Q
00000

42

50-30A
100230°V T(~)
32

Fig.3.21
So in Fig.5.2
: Considering only 100230° V, the circuit in Fig.3.21 may be re-wrilten as
 2 2||(-j2) 2 =
1.412-45° 2 4 2+ 1.412-45° 2 =
5. Z -11.31° 2
5.12-11.31° ||j 2 2 =2267.38° 2
Z = 5 2+2 267.38° 2 =6.06 2 17.78° 2 = 50 =
8.25 -17.78° A
6.06217.78°
I, = 8.252-17.78° x j2 3.24 60.91°AA
j2+5.1Z-11.31°
Considering only 50Z90° V, the circuit in Fig.3.18 may be re-written as shown in Fig.3.20.
5Q 42 22
ww - ww.e

2 -j202 50290°V

Fig.3.20
52 ||j 2 Q = 1.86 2 68.2° 2, 42+1.86 268.2°= 5 20.25° Q

-j 2Q||5 220.25° 2 =2.34 2 -66.46° 2, ZT= (2+2.34 -66.46°) Q =3.64 2-36.18° 2

50290°
A = 13.74 Z 126.18° A
3.64 36.18°

2
I2= 13.74Z126.18 X2+5420.25° = 5.85 239.47° A

39.470 3.07 2-163.12° A

= ly- le = 3.24 60.91° - 5.85 2
find the voltage across (4 + j3)2 in the circuit
Example 3.5. Using superposition theorem,
shown in Fig.3.21 (Mangalore University).
j 10Q
00000-

(T) 502-30°A
100230°V T(
3Q

Fig.3.21
be re-written as in Fig.3.22.
100Z30° V, the circuit in Fig.3.21 may
on Considering only
 A
O0000
100230°V 1( 4Q

3O
B
00230°
22.37 2
Fig.3.22
4-2 56.57° A

VAB22.37256.57°x (4+j3)
= I11.85293.44° V

Considcring only 50 2-30°A, the circuit in Fig.3.21 .23.

may be re-written as in
rie.
5Q j10Q
A
O0000

42
(T)502-30°A

j30

Fig.3.23

L-30° j5 = 55.93 L-93.43° A

j5 +4+
x
=50 - i3
+ 4+ j3

V 55.932-93.43° x (4 x j3) = 279.65 -56.56° V

VAB = VAB +
VAB, = 111.85
293.44° +279.652-56.56° =391.5236.85° V
Example 3.6: In the network shown in Fig.3.24, determine the node voltage Vi, using

syperposition theorem. (Gulbarga University)

1020°A 1 5230° Q .
w .OOOOT- 520°A

5Q
2 i 10Q
 10Z0°A, the network in Fig.3.24 may be re-written as in Fig.3.25.
Solution: Considering only
530° 2
10 0°A
When O0000

V
5230°
j 10 Q
both 22
(2
sources

10 are
5230°
Fig.3.25
The node voltage equations are:

30 -30present,
V2 530) = 1020° (1)

V0 V2
=
(2)

8.51
8.512-3.35° V.
Solving equations ( ) and (2), we get V2 =

Considering only 5Z0°A, the network in Fig.3.24 may be re-written as shown in Fig.3.26.
2-3.35°
5230° 2 520°A
+

22 j 10Q
8.15Z11.93°

Fig.3.26
16.52/4.1°
The node voltage equation is

+5230210V-5.)
j10
V=8.15 211.93°V

3.3 Thevenin's Theorem:

This theorem is due to M.L. Thevenin, a French engineer, working in telegraphy and published
the statement of the theorem in 1883. This theorem greatly simplifies the analysis of linear circuits.

Slatement: Any linear, bilateral network, however complicated it may be, connected to a load

mpedance, may be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit containing a voltage source and an
mpedance in series with it. The voltage of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage
Cross the load terminals and the value of the impedance is equal to the equivalent impeance of thne
network vieed from
as the load terminals into the network.
short circuits or" internal replacing all the voltage sources Dy
impedances and all current sources by open circuits.
ig.3.2/(a) represents a complicated network connected to a load impedance Z1 and 3. 27(b)
Teprescnts Thevenin s equivalent cireuit.

A complicated
lincar, bilateral Z
nctwork

B
B
(b)
(a Fig.3.27 B
voltage across the load terminai*
s equivalent voltage =open
circuit
o= hevenin
Zy= Thevenin's equivalent impedance (3.2)

The load current is given by, I =

E
Zy +Z

3.4 Norton's Theorem:

laboratories.

E.L. Norton of Bell Telephone cOnnected

to a load

is due to
This thcorem
complicated
it may be, and an
however source

bilateral
network, a' c u r r e n t
linear, containing
circujt current

Statement: An a sinple
equivalent
to the
short
circuit

be replaced by is equal
mav the current
source
impedance of the
innpedance,
wilh it. The Current of to the cquivalent

in parallel
is equal by
the impedance
sources

impedance
a n d the
value of
replacing
call the voltage
1erminals network,
the load lerninais
n t o the
the l o a d circuits.
across

vienedfrom current
sources by open
network a s n d all
mpedances
Z, and 3.28(b)
internal impedance
circuits or
connected to a load
s/ort network
a complicated
represents
Fig.3.28(a)
The circuit.
equivalent
A
Norton
s
represents A

A complicated
Z
lincar. bilateral Z
netisork

B
B

Fig.3.28 (b)
(a)

The load current is given by,

(3.3)
IsC nt Z
 Equations (3.2) and (3.3) are the equations for the load current
l and hence,
E = Isc Z, are
cqual
3.5
(3.5) or Isc= E,/ Z (3.4)
2.
As for as the load (3.5)
and impedance Zi is concerned, the networks in 3.27(b) and 3.28(6) are similar.
The
Procedure

Norton's
current
for
F. Isc
solving
Z Z
equivalent
through
a B B
the
Thus, Thevenin' s equivalent circuit
network
circuit can be converted into Norton's equivalent circuit by using
short
can
equalion (3.4). using
circuit
be
is
converted
Thevenin's
T h e load impedance through which the current
found. is to be found is removed and an
open circuit
is created across its terminals.
into
2. The open circuit voltage Eg across these terminals is found.
theorem:
3. All the voltage sources are replaced by short circuits or their internal impedances and all the
Thevenin's
current sources are replaced by open circuits. The cquivalent impedance Zo as looked from

these two terminals into the network is found.

4. Then, the Thevenin's equivalent cireuit is written as shown in Fig.3.27(b).
equivalent
5. The load current is calculated using the equation (3.2).

3.6 Procedure for solving a network using Norton's theorem: circuit

which the current is to be found is removed and a short circuit

1. The load impedance through by
IS crealed across its terminals. using

3. Zo is found as explained in section 3.5(3).

The Norton's equivalent circuit is written as shown in Fig.3.28(b).
4
5. The load current is calculated using equation (3.3).
circuit
Bxample 3.7: For the circuit shown in Fig.3.29(a), find (i) Thevenin's equivalent
(ii) power dissipated
circuit and in a 5 2 resistor connected between
(11) Norton'sequivalent
the terminals A and B. (Bangalore University)
 2A
102

10V- 102
A
A 202
B

Solution: No current Fig.3.29(a)

flows through
Circuit in 10, 2, Connected to point
connected
Fig.3.29(a) is re-written as in
A and hence, it can be nege The

Fig.3.29(b).
2A

102
w-
Vwww- 102
V2 A

1OV IA 2002

Fig.3.29(b)
across AB.
circuit voltage
are assumed as
shown. V2 is the open
Node voltages V1 and V2
are
equations
The node voltage (1)
101 0 / 1 2-1
D, (2)
=2tl =3
(
+10L+|V2
10
20 Ep 25 V.
O . 1 S

and (2), we get, V2 = =

equations
(1)
in Fig.3.29(c).
Solving tin
the circuit
Fig.3.29(aj is rewritten as
finding Ro,
For
102 102
4A
102

RR=
20x20 10 = 20 2
20. R 20+20

B
Fig.3.24c)
respectively
written as in Figs.3.29(d) and (e)
and Norton's equivalent circuits
are
Thevenin's
The
 R-20 Q2
A
E 25 V R,=20 Q
R-SQ= 1.25A
5Q

B B
(d) Fig.3.29 (c)

Ise R
Ro 2 = 1.25 AA,
hI 1A.
20+5 Psa=lx 5 =
5 watts
Example 3.8: Obtain Norton's equivalent circuit for the network shown in Fig.3.30 (Kuvempu
University)
32 82
A Solution: 2 2 connected across 4V has no

significance and hence can be neglected. 10 Q

10Q
resistance in series with 1A current source is also
222 Load
neglected. To find Isc. load is removed and AB is
A short circuited and the circuit in Fig.3.30 is re-
B written as in Fig.3.31.
Fig.3.30
32 86

4V
IA

Fig.3.31
The equation for V is,

from which V = 0.727 V

8 3

Ro=8 +3 = 11 2
I s c 0 . 7 2 7

= 0.0908 A,
8
A

112 Load
= (0.0908A

B
Fig.3.32
Hence, the Norton's equivalent circuit is shown in
as Fig.3.52.
 Network Theorems

Example 3.9: Find Thevenin's and

the circuit shown in Norton's equivalent circuit across the for

Fig.3.33. term.
20Q 40Q 10i is a dependent
Solution: Note that
M-
voltage sOurce.
to the
law
Kirchhofr's voltage
Applying
101 E 8 0 v Circuit,
80+ 60i - 10i = 0

80= -1.6 A
i=-
50
40i -

Ep = 0
Then, 80 +

80 40 (-1.6)
=
LV
Fig.3.33 E +

ated.
As there is dependent voltage source, Ro can't be found directly. Isc 15Cacut
3.34
be wrilten as, i 8
Cere 1s a short circuit between a and b. the circuit in Fig.3.33 may
Assume
to i'.
i changes
202 402 Note that the
current

and Ia as shown.
loop c u r r e n t s I
i=-2A
80
-i
I = 40 2A =

10i 80V
= 1O-2) --1A
20 20
2 l 1A
Isc =lo + I
=
-
=

b . Ro= ==16Q
Fig.3.34
in figures given below respectively.
circuits are as shown
Thevenin's and Norton's equi valent
162

162
16V C

(a) Thevenin's equivalent circuit (b) Norton's equivalent circuit

Example 3.10. The network shown in Fig.3.35 is that of a light meter. P is a photo cell and G is
a galvanometer of conductance 10 siemens. If a known light intensity causes the photocell to
produce a current of ImA, determine the current in the galvanometer using Thevenin's
theorem. (Bangalore University)
 182

w- Solution: To find E%, ( G)

lmA( ) 20 () created. The circuit in Fig.3.35
is removed and
is written as in
an open circuit is
Fig.3.36.

192
B

Fig.3.35
20
A I = 1x = 0.5 mA
20+ 20

ImA () Eg 20 x0.5 x10 =0.01 V

202 202
P 20x 20
Ro = 10 2
20+20
B
(by open circuiting the current source)
Fig.3.36

. Thevenin's equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig.3.37.

102 A

0.01
I, = =0.00099 A
10+
0.01V ()
T 10

B
Fig.3.37
resistor connected AB in the network
Example 3.11. Determine the current through 1 2 across

shown in Fig.3.38, using Norton's theorem (Bangalore University)

A

22
-

IV
22
IA30
w B
20
F 3 38
 22
Solution: The circuit in Fig.3.38 is re-written alter
1) short
circuiting AB as in Fig.3.39.
A3Q IV
22
The
loop
shown. BB
currents I, 1, I and l4 are assumed as

The loop equations are,

22
B -31 + Sl -214= 1. as
l = IA
5l2-21 = 4 (1)
Fig.3.39
21 213+ 41 = 0 (3)
Solving the above
cquations,
B
we get
T= Isc0.5 A
To find Ro, the circuit is as in Fig.3.40.
413-214
A
22 =
-1

R 3x22X -2.2 S
R 3+2 2+2
(2)

32 22

22

Fig.3.40

circuit is shown below.

Norton's equivalent

0.5A () 2.22 0.5

2.2 0.344 A
IL x
2.2+1

2 in the cireu
resistance 50
through the galvanometer G of
Example 3.12. Find the
current

theorem. (Bangalore University)

shown in Fig.3.41, using Thevenin's
 (G) 90Q

12 122
-
2 2 122 ww- 42
w

Fig.3.41 40 V

Solution: The galvanometer is removed and an open circuit is created.

100 2w
B
w-
122
N
1222
2 12 42
www- AA -

Fig.3.42 40 V

converted into star network.

The delta connection consisting of three 12 S2 resistances are

100 90 2
EB

w W- w> -
42 42 4Q
2Q

Fig.3.43 40 V

No current flows through 4 Q connected to B and hence, is neglected.

The total resistance of the circuit is given by,

190x14 40
RT =
13.04 2. I= = 3.07 A
190+ 14 13.04

14 2.86 A
I = 3.07 x = 0.21 A, = 3.07- 0.21 =

190+ 14
-E+ 100 1 - 6 l2 = 0 i.C.
E = 100 I, - 6l:
 100 0.21- 6 x 2.86
x

106x98 3.84 V
R=4 + = 54.92 Q
106+98
T he
Thevenin's equivalent circuit is
as in Fig.3.44. (B is at
54.92 2 B
a
higher potential than
h
w-

3.84
' 0
= 0.0366 A

84V(+ (G) 50 Q
+
54.92

Fig.3.44

the circuit shown in Fig.3.45 at the terminals

Example 3.13. Find the Thevenin's equivalent or

AB (Mangalore University)
Solution:
5020
20 1, I = 1040+j20

40 2
w- = 0.0481l2-1.1° A
B 5020°
l2
1050- j400
500°Vt E = 0.0445 L20.85°A

10002 w w
-j 400 Q
Eo = VAB

50 l2- (40+j 20) I

Fig.3.45

1A520.85°-44.72226.57°
0.0445
220.85°.
x O.0481 2-1.1° =0.191 Z-44.15°V
50 x
=
88.5171LI1.53°Q A Z 1000x (40 + j20) 50(1000 j400) -

Zo =

1040+ j20 1050 j400

88.517 Z11.53° Q
o.1914-44.15°Vt ( Thevenin's equivalent circuit is as in

Fig.3.46.

B
Fig.3.46
 NUnpes 157
Example 3.14. Obtain Norton's and Thevenin's
the terminals AB and hence, find the equivalent for the circuit shown in
current Fig,3.47 at
through the load impedance of Z4 3020°
(Kuvempu University) =
2.
Solution:
J10Q 10020°
j10Q I=
20 10010290°A
-j10
EAB= Eo =I (-j20)
10020°V ( )
- j202 E =
10290°x -j20 =200 V
Z=j10+ 10-j20) 30 Q,
jl0-j20
Fig.3 47 B
s= 200
Isc=Z j30
6.67L-90°A
The Thevenin's and Norton's cquivalent circuits are as shown in Fig.3.48(a) and (b) respectively.
J 30Q A A

200v 3020°2
302

B B
Fig.3.48 (b)
(a)
200
Eo = 4.71-45°A
Z +Z j30+30
network external to
equivalent circuit for the portion of the
Example 3.15. Find the Thevenin's in
and B of the circuit shown
the element between A

5020°V () 2 NN
Fig.3.49. (Mysore University)
0.C. is
TOQ Q is removed and on
Solution: To find E0, -jó
circuit is as shown in
and the resulting
created between AB

j4 B
-j62 Fig.3.50.
Fig.3.49 are assumed
as shown.
The loop
Loop currents I1 and I2
equations are

-i82 50 (1D
5020°V 22 (2+j4) I1-21,
=

(2)
-21 +(12-j8) 1; =
0

102 (1) and (2),

we get
Solving equations

Fig.3.50
j4 Y E 2 =0.60452 29.74°A
 CTwork Th
orems
Then.
S0-8) 1- E
Thevenin's
=0
or
E =
50+ 18
(0.6045 L29.74°) 22 8
30.60238.83° V HA
For
equivalent 1O2
finding Z), 5020° V is short circuited and the circuit is as shown
Fig.3.51 in

circuit

Converting the delta network into star, the

is resulting network is as shOwn
in Fig.3.52. as

shown

I11-56.31°2
392-33.69
in
5.552-56.31° Q
Fig.3.53.
A

J4Q
B

Fig.3.52
)
1.112-56.31°x(1.39233.69 +J4 = 6.83 2 -54.17° 2
Z= 5.552-56.31° + 1.112-56.31° +(1.39233.69°+j4)
Fig.3.51
6.832-54.17°Q A
YB

30.60238.83°V T (

B
Fig.3.53
Transter Theorem:
Power
Maximum
3.7 source to the load
network, maximum power
is transferred from
bilateral
In any linear,
otement:
to the source resistance (ii)
the load resistance is equal to the
the load
resistance is equal
T(2 ) complex conjugate of
the
impedance and (ii) the load impedance is the
the source

magi
onitude of
source impedance.
Proof: (i) When the load and source resistances are purely resistive

From the circuit in Fig.3.54

Eo
Ro + R

The power transferred from source to the load is given by, R,

P= 1?R, = E RL
(R +R
The power transtferred is maximum, when dp =0 E,
dR
dp (Ro +R E-ER, x2R, +R,)-o Fig.3.54
dR (R+R)
(Ro+ R-2 RL (Ro + R,) =0 or RL= Ro
Hence, maximum power is transferred from source to the load, when Ri = Ro.

Under this condition

E
Ro+ RL 2RL
The maximum power transferred is given by,

Pn=1 R= xR = Eo_ (3.6)

4R 4R
the source has impedance:
ii) When load is purely resistive and
Eo, shown in the circuit of Fig.3.55
be the internal impedance of the
source as
Let Zy = Ro +jXg
Eg Eo
R+R,)+jX% VR +R+X
The power consumed by the load is given by,
Z-R,+jX,
E
P 1/R= p +R.} RL
R +R+X +X,
dP
The power transferred is maximum, when
dR
= 0
E.t
dP R+R +XiE-ER,2(R, +R)}-o Fig.3 55
dR (R+R,+X
R) from which, we get
(Rg R)+ X =
2 Ri. (R, +
' +

t+ X |Z»l
R
=

Ri = R + X Or

the load is maximum when RL =|Z0l

from the source to
hus, the power transferred
 COremsS

E
R+jX +R
And P (3.7)
=
I
R
iii) When both
the load and (3.8)
the source
have
From the circuit
in impedances:
Fig.3.56
E Z,- R,tX
R +R,)+ ji(X, +X,)
Eg
E. 1
R+R, +(X, +Xg z= R,+X
P =I R= E
(R, +R,+ (x, X,F R+ Fig.3.56
The power transferred is maximum, when XL -Xo =
(1)
. P E R
R +R,)
The power transferred is further maximum, when

dP = 0 1.e. when R = Ro (2) as proved earlier in case (i)

dR
power transferred
is maximum when
From conditions (1) and (2), it is evident that the
i.e. when Z = Zo
R+j A= Ro -j Xo
transferred is P Eg
The maximum power 4R 2RL
AB of the circuit
power transferred
across
Find the value of R
for which the
Erample 3.16.
maximum and the
maximum power transferred. (Kuvempu University)
shown in Fig.3.57 is
R
A M B

10V 22 3Q 20 V

Fig.3.57
Solution: sources are short circuited as in Fig.3.58.
IS created across AB, and voltage
Ta find Ro, an
O.
R B 42
Ix2, 3x4
R +2 3+4
202 32
= 2.38 2
is maximum,
Hence, power transferred

Rg 2.38 Q
Fig.3.58 when R = =
 To find Eo, the Circuit is as
shown
A
in
Fig.3.59.
B 42
E 10
3.333 A
1OV 22
30 D 20V

I2 =1 2.857 A
Fig.3.59
Then. 2 1 -

Eo-3 1, =0
E 2l-3 12 = 2 3.333 -3 x 2.857
x
=-1.905 V =E AB
The negative sign indicates that, B is at a
higher potential than A.
E
Pm 4R
1.9052
1.905=0.3812
4x2.38 watts
Example3.17. In the circuit shown in
Fig.3.60, find 15A
the maximum power received by 12 2 resistance. 4Q
(Gulbarga University)
Solution: 20

To find E0, an O.C. is created between AB and the

45A
circuit is as in Fig.3.61.
62
A5A
42 (1+30) 30V()
180V

200 242

122 B
45A
(I+45) 62
Fig.3.60
42
30V
180V

w 20
242
242
AB

Fig.3.61
e Current distribution in the network is as shown. Then, AB
R
S01 + 180 - 4 (1 + 30) - 2 (1 + 45) + 30 = 0, .l=0 Fig.3.62
than A)
Eo= 180 V (B is at a higher potential
To find
Ro, the circuit is as in
12x24 Fig.3.62.
Ro
12+24 = 8Q

P 180
= 1012.5 watts
AR 4x8

TXample 3. 18. Find the value of load resistance which

maximum power in the circuit
is to be connected across " "

shown in Fig.3.63.
52 102
www -
2

100V i52 N
V 04 V,
21,

Fig.3.63
of the circuit, we can write
Solution: From the first part
15 x 2 11 30 1 =

0.4 V2 0 but V2
=
=
100 15 I -

100- 15I1 0.4

x
-0, . 27
=3.7 A
30 I1 = 1 100 3.7 A
=

volts
V Ey= 15 x 21 =30x3.7 =11l
Ro is found by finding Isr
contains a dependent source,
As the
circuit
current 2 1, flows through the short circuit.
circuited, all the
when PQis short
=2 x 3.7= 7.4 A
Isc= 2
Eg = =15Q
Ro.sc 7.4
the load impedance Z1, shown in the
maximum power transferred to
ea31 Dle 3.19. Find the
Fig.3.64. (Mysore University)
circuit of
52 32
A

( 50.90°VN
1000v T

B
Fig.3.4

Solution: Z1, is removed and O.C. is created as in Fig.3.65.

 163
,52 32 J32
aenvered
University).
Then,
E= H O0000

10020°VT
to
100R
100-(5-j
is
50v
(5-j
B
5)5)
maximum
Fig.3.65
xI1
=

10020°-50290°
13.55
-

E
8-j2 and
=
13.55Z-
0
2-12.57°
calculate
12.57°
Z= (5-j5)3+j3) =3.64 2 14.04° =
8-j2 A
this
94.35
For maximum power transfer, ZL = Zo= 3.642-14.04 ° 2

= (3.53 - j power.
0.88) 2
258.98°
Thevenin's equivalent circuit is as in Fig.3.67. v(t)V
Z, =3.64L14.04°2
A =

250

Z=3.64/-14.04°
sin
E,-94.35L58.98°V T(
500t

volts
Fig.3.67

P E 94.354 = 630.45 Watts (Mangalore

m4R, 4x3.53
Fig.3.68 such that the power
shown in
of the circuit
the values of R and C
EXample 3.20. Find

0.4 H
A
1002 00000

B
n 38
Solutio: Consider the load impedance Z to be the parallel combination of Rand
Z= R-Xc)
R- jXc
-jRX C R+ jXc = RX RX (1D

(R-jX) R+ jX R +X R+X
X =
L =
500 x 0.4 200 2. Zo= (100+j 200) S2 (2)
Z=Z= (100- j 200) 2
Equating the real and imaginary parts of equations () and (2) (4)
RX
= 100
RX = 200
(3) and
R+X R+X
2Xc = R
2RX =R° X¢ or

Substituting this in (3), we get

2X c 100 Or
Xc 250 2
5X
. R 500Q

C 500x Xc 500x 250

8 uF
power
of the
maximum
which receives
of the resistance
Ri.
the value
3.21. Find (Karnataka University).
Example
and find this power
in Fig.3.69 2-90°A
circuit shown

A R B
22
w
L 42 -j 4Q
5020° VT j4

Fig.3.69

iS Temoved and an O.c. iS

created between A and B. The current source
S o l u t i o n :

ra
T h e

resistance
r e s i s t a n c e

R
re-written as in Fig.3.70(a).
t i n iiO Voltage
n t o volta
c o n v e r t e d
source and the circuit is
is 8-90°V
22 B 42

E-

Fig.3.70(a)
 5020 1.192-63.43 A
12+4
0 (As I =0, no drops across 4 2 and - j 4 2)
i 4xI-E +82-90°
=

Then

1.19 2 -63.43° + 82-90° = 7.252-54.05° V

E=j 4 x

(5.6-j 3.2) 2 6.45 -29.745° Q

Zy (4-j 4) + 2 +j4
= =

Thevenin's equivalent circuit is as in Fig.3.70(b).

Z= (5.6 -j3.2) 2 A

E,-7.252-54.05° VT
R

B
Fig.3.70(b)
6.45
RL receives maximum power when, Ri =|Zo| V5.6 +3.2 =
=

=
7.25-540
-54.05°
=0.581 Z-39.18°A
5.6-j 3.2 +6.45

Pm=1 RL = 0.581x 6.45 2.177 watts

which can be absorbed by a pure resistor,
Example 3.22. Determine the maximum power,
when placed across the terminals AB
of the network shown in Fig.3.71. (Kuvempu University)
j 1002 Solution: Assume loop current 1, and I:

as shown. The loop equations are.

100 2
100 2
100 1, 100 ()
w- (200-j 100) I, -
=

A
j 1002
-100 11 + (200 - j l00) I2 = 0 (2)
100 2
Do
Solving equations (1) and (2), we get
B
100 v T =0.5L36.86°A and
l = 0.2236 263.43°A

Fig.3.71

Then, j 100 + 100 I2 -

Eo = 0
0.5 236.86° = 44.72-26.56° V
263.43°-j 100 x
E = 100 x 0.2236
network consisting of 100 2, 100 2
is short circuited and the star
source
To find Zo, the voltage
is in Fig.3,72.
The resulting network
as

dndj1002 is converted into delta.

 00 Q

(200 +j100) Q
(S0-100)2
2

j200) A C A
100 2 3
(100- j20 ) 2, (1
00-

B
(100-j200) 2
B

Fig.3.72
Z 25j125) (100-j 200) =
1002-53.15° Q= (60 -j 80) 2
125- jl25+ 100-j200
For max power, Ri= |Z%= V60 +80 =
100 Q
Thevenin's equivalent circuit is as in Fig.3.73.
Z (60 - j80) Q A
44.72-26.56 0.25 A
(160- j80)

E,44.7-26.56° V t o 100 2 PmI Ri =0.25 x 100

= 6.25 watts

B
Fig.3.73

3.8 Reciprocity Theorem:

Statement: 1f any linear,

bilateral neiworK COntai/1ing only One independent source, the ratio
remains cnstanr, when their positions are interchanged
excitation to response
Z Z, Z

V 1olts T Amps
A
D
Fig.3.74
V valts is the ovcitation across AB and l amps is the response through CD. The ratic
V
is
response
Cxcitation to I

the
sac the positions
interchangC positions of
of excitation
evois.

and response as
Now, shown in Fig.3.75.