algoriTmebis safuZvlebi

fundamenturi algoriTmebis Sedgena da analizi

aleqsandre gamyreliZe
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sarCevi

1 Sesavali 5

2 algoriTmebis martivi magaliTebi 7

2.1 mgeli, Txa da kombosto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2 mokle daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera 13

3.1 amocana navebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2 hanois koSkebis amocana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3 Zveli berZnuli amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4 mokle daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4 maTematikuri induqcia da misi gamoyeneba 29

4.1 maTematikuri induqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.2 maTematikuri induqciis gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3 fibonaCis mimdevroba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.4 paskalis samkuTxedi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5 mokle daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5 simravleebi da maTi simZlavre 43

5.1 bieqciuri asaxva da Tvladi simravllebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5.2 TeoremaTa mtkicebis diagonalizaciis meTodi: yvela usasrulo simravle toli ar aris! 46
5.3 mokle daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

6 monacemTa kodireba, anbani, ena da gramatika 49

6.1 monacemTa kodireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

6.2 modularuli ariTmetika: usasrulo sistemis simulacia sasruliT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.3 orobiTi ariTmetikis elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.4 orobiTi kodirebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi da momgebiani strategia TamaSebSi . . . . . . . . 56
6.5 formaluri ena da gramatika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.6 formaluri enebisa da gramatikis gamoyenebis saSualebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.7 mokle daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

7 mimarTebebi da dalageba 63

7.1 mimarTebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7.2 dalagebisa da ekvivalenturobis gamoyenebis magaliTebi: Zebna, operaciebi simravleebze

da naSTTa klasebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.3 mokle daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

8 algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba 71

8.1 funqciaTa zrdis rigi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

8.2 algoriTmebis bijebis raodenobis Sefaseba: zeda, qveda da zusti zRvari . . . . . . . . . . . 74
8.3 dalagebis algoriTmebi da maTi droiTi sirTulis analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
8.3.1 Zebna da Casma dalagebul mimdevrobebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
8.3.2 dalagebis martivi algoriTmebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
8.3.3 dalagebis amocanis qveda zRvari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

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9 grafTa Teoriis elementebi 89

9.1 grafebis gansazRvreba da ZiriTadi Tvisebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

10 monacemTa Senaxvis meTodebi: bmuli siebi da sxva 101

10.1 rwyili da WianWvela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Tavi 1

Sesavali

Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi algoriTmebi uaRresad did rols TamaSoben ise, rom Cven amas verc ki

vamCnevT. ufro metic, bevrma arc ki icis, Tu ra aris algoriTmi. ara da algoriTmebi yovel fexis

nabijze gxvdeba, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT -- adamianis siaruli garkveuli TvalsazrisiT

algoriTmia: marcxena fexi gadadgi win, tani gadaxare odnav win, marjvena fexi gadagi win da es procesi

Tavidan gaimeore manam, sanam siarulis Sewyveta mogindeba. sxvaTa Soris, es centraluri algoriTmia

robototeqnikaSi da dReisaTvis bolomde gadaWrili ar aris -- rogorc aRmoCnda, aseTi erTi SexedviT

martivi algoriTmis realizacia Zalian rTulia.

meore magaliTad fSavuri xinklis gakeTebis algoriTmi SeiZleba moviyvanoT:

monacemebi:

xorci, xaxvi, rehani, qondari, wiTeli wiwaka, pilpili, marili, fqvili

algoriTmis muSaobis Sedegi: fSavuri xinkali

algoriTmis muSaobis aRwera:

algoriTmi YfSavuri xinkaliA

monacemebi: xorci, xaxvi, rehani, qondari, wiTeli wiwaka, pilpili, marili, fqvili, wyali

1. gaakeTe bulioni: Zvlebi Cayare qvabSi, daasxi imdeni wyali, rom daifaros da nel cecexlze aduRe.

roca gasinjav da ukve wyal-wyla aRar iqneba, gadmodgi da gaatare wvril badeSi, rom Zvlebis

narCenebi ar Sehyves. amis Semdeg gaacive da gverdze gadadgi.

2. xorci, wiwaka, xaxvi, rehani da qondari cal-calke wvrild akepe.

3. xorcs daasxi mariliTa da wiwakiT gazavebuli nel-Tbili bulioni da azile. Semdeg kidev daasxi

da azile. es procedura gaimeore manam, sanam bulions ar Seiwovs da Tavze kidev cota ar dadgeba.

4. arsebul farSs Seurie darCenili xaxvi, wiwaka, pilpili da mwvanili (gemovnebiT).

5. Semdeg aiRe zustad imdenive bulioni, ramdenic daWirda xorcs da Seurie marili ise, rom simlaSe

sakmaod etyobodes. am bulioniT mozile sakmaod magari comi.

6. daadgi bevri marilwyali Zalian maRal cecxlze.

7. comidan CamoWeri mogrZo naWeri, TokiviT daamrgvale da daWeri patara naWrebad. es naWrebi cal-

calke gaabrtyele Txel, mrgval diskebad. kovziT aiRe farSi, comis diskebze dade da gaaxvie.

8. Semdeg Cayare mduRare, marilian wyalSi da daaxloebiT 10 - 12 wT. xarSe.

algoriTmi dasrulebulia

5
6 Tavi I Sesavali

zemoT moyvanil xinklis algoriTmSi Semdegi ram aris gasaTvaliswinebeli: Ycomis mozelvisA procesi

Tavis mxriv algoriTmia, romelic periodulad unda gagrZeldes manam, sanam comi sasurvel konsisten-

cias ar miaRwevs (aseTive ram SeiZleba iTqvas xorcis akepvisa da xinklis gaxvevis procedurebzec). ese

igi, aq CarTulia kidev Semowmebis meqanizmi: Tu konsistencia kargia, maSin algoriTmi daasrule. Tu

ara, igive gaimeore.

zogadad, algoriTmi raime amocanis gadaWris gzaa, magram am gadaWrisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi

sami punqti:

1. algoriTmi unda Sedgebodes erTi an ramodenime bijisagan;

2. roca algoriTmi erTi bijis Sesrulebas daasrulebs, igi Semdgomi bijis Sesrulebaze unda ga-

davides;

3. bijebi SeiZleba periodulad gameordes, magram saerTo jamSi yoveli algoriTmis bijebis saerTo

raodenoba sasruli unda iyos -- algoriTmi rodesRac unda gaCerdes.

algoriTmebSi mniSvnelovania ori aspeqti:

1. siswore -- es algoriTmi marTla imas akeTebs, rac moeTxoveba?

2. siswrafe -- ramden bijs andomebs algoriTmi dawyebidan damTavrebamde?

Cvens irgvliv Zalian bevri amocana arsebobs: xinklis moxarSvidan dawyebuli da kosmosSi raketebis

gagzavniT damTavrebuli. bunebrivad wamoiWra SekiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara yvela amocana algoriTmulad

gadaiWras (anu SeiZleba Tu ara yvela amocanisaTvis davweroT algoriTmi, romelic mas amoxsnis)?

rogorc aRmoCnda, arsebobs iseT amocanaTa simravle, romlebsac algoriTmulad ver amovxsniT. ufro

metic -- gacilebiT metia iseTi amocanebi, romlebsac algoriTmulad ver amovxsniT, vidre iseTebi,

romlebsac SeiZleba movugonoT algoriTmi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom adamianis cxovrebaSi gacilebiT

meti ram aris iseTi, romelsac kompiuteri ver amoxsnis, vidre iseTi, romelsac Yxelovnuri inteleqtiA

daZlevs.

rogorc aRmoCnda, algoriTmulad amoxsnad amocanebs Sorisac arsebobs iseTi amocanebi, romelTa

dReisaTvis cnobili algoriTmebiT amoxsnac Zalian did dros moiTxovs, anu umetes SemTxvevebSi Cvens

xelT arsebuli uZlieresi gamomTvleli manqanebiT asobiT aTas wels moandomebda -- bijebis raode-

noba Zalian swrafad izrdeba. magram mTavari aq isaa, rom ar aris cnobili, SeiZleba Tu ara aseTi

amocanebisaTvis daiweros iseTi algoriTmi, romelic ufro swrafi iqneboda.

rodesac wamoiWreba axali amocana, pirvel rigSi unda davadginoT, SeiZleba Tu ara misi algoriTmu-

lad amoxsna. Tu ar SeiZleba, maSin unda davadginoT, rogor SevcvaloT am amocanis pirobebi ise, rom

igi amoxsnadi gaxdes da, amavdroulad, rac SeiZleba axlos iyos am dasmul amocanasTan.

Tu amocana amoxsnadia, unda davadginoT, SeiZleba Tu ara misi swrafad amoxsna? Tu ar SeiZleba,

maSin unda davadginoT, rogor SevcvaloT am amocanis pirobebi ise, rom igi amoxsnadi gaxdes da, amav-

droulad, rac SeiZleba axlos iyos am dasmul amocanasTan (evristikebis Seqmna) an iseTi swrafi al-

goriTmi SevqmnaT, romelic zustad imave monacemebze da pirobebSi zust pasuxTan miaxlovebul pasuxs

mogvcems (miaxloebiTi algoriTmebi).

magram Tu swrafi algoriTmis Seqmna SesaZlebelia, rogor SevqmnaT optimaluri algoriTmi, anu iseTi,

rom masze swrafi algoriTmi ar arsebobdes?

am sakiTxebis garkvevaSi gvexmareba Teoriuli informatikis erT-erTi ganxra -- algoriTmebis Teoria,

romlis Sesavalsac Cven aq ganvixilavT.

Tavi 2

algoriTmebis martivi magaliTebi

2.1 mgeli, Txa da kombosto

ganvixiloT bevrisaTvis kargad cnobili amocana mglis, Txisa da kombostos Sesaxeb:

mdinaris erT napirze imyofebian adamiani, mgeli, Txa da kombosto (nax. 2.1). adamians aqvs navi, romelSic

eteva mxolod igi da erTi romelime sxva mgzavri: mgeli, Txa an kombosto.

nax. 2.1:

sanam adamiani sxva cxovelebtan erTadaa napirze, isini kargad iqcevian da erTmaneTs ar daerevian.

magram sakmarisia man marto datovos erT napirze Txa da mgeli, rom es ukanaskneli Txas etakeba. TviT

Txa ki marto darCenil kombostos SeWams.

Tu mgeli kombostoTi darCeba erT napirze marto, araferi ar moxdeba.

nax. 2.2: yvela akrZaluli mdgomareoba

7
8 Tavi II algoriTmebis martivi magaliTebi

amocana mdgomareobs SemdegSi: dawereT algoriTmi, romlis meSveobiTac adamiani Tavisi naviT samives

gadaiyvans meore napirze.

pirvel rigSi unda CamovayaliboT amocana: mocemuloba, saboloo Sedegi da algoriTmis msvlelobisas

dadebuli SezRudvebi.

mocemulia: mdinare da mis erT napirze myofi navi, adamiani, mgeli, Txa da kombosto (nax. 2.1 marcxniv).

Sedegi: es yvela meore napirze erTad myofi (nax. 2.1 marjvniv).

SezRudva: cxovelebi gadahyavs adamians or adgiliani naviT (pirveli SezRudva -- navSi unda ijdes

adamiani, romelsac mxolod erTi adgili rCeba Tavisufali da, aqedan gamomdinare, meore napirze erT

jerze SeuZlia gadaiyvanos an mxolod mgeli, an mxolod Txa, an mxolod kombosto). mglisa da ku-

dRlis marto datoveba ar SeiZleba, aseve ar SeiZleba Txisa da kombostos marto datoveba (meore da

mesame SezRudva).

am amocanis amosaxsnelad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Semdegi algoriTmi, romlis yoveli bijis warmodge-

nilia nax. 2.3-Si (davuSvaT, rom dasawyisSi yvela mdinaris marcxena napirzea da bolos marjvena napirze

unda iyos):

algoriTmi 2.1 : Ymgeli, Txa da kombostoA

monacemebi: mdinare da mis marcxena napirze adamiani, navi, mgeli, Txa da kombosto;

1: marjvena napirze gadaiyvane Txa ;

2: dabrundi marcxena napirze ;

3: marjvena napirze gadaiyvane mgeli ;

4: marcxena napirze gadaiyvane Txa ;

5: marjvena napirze gadaitane kombosto ;

6: dabrundi marcxena napirze ;

7: marjvena napirze gadaiyvane Txa .

algoriTmi dasrulebulia

pirvel rigSi unda davamtkicoT am algoriTmis siswore: rom misi sawyisi monacemebiT gaSvebisas sasurveli

Sedegi miiReba da rom am algoriTmis msvlelobisas amocanis arc erTi piroba ar irRveva (ar xdeba

iseTi ram, rac zemoT CamoTvlil SezRudvebs daarRvevda).

savarjiSo 1.1: daamtkiceT am algoriTmis siswore (aCveneT, rom Sedegad miiReba is, rac moeTxoveba da

arc erTi bijis Catarebis Semdeg amocanis piroba Tavisi SezRudvebiT ar irRveva).

Semdeg unda gamoviTvaloT misi siswrafe, anu ramden bijs andomebs igi dasawyisidan gaCerebamde. cxa-

dia, rom aq unda ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras niSnavs YerTi bijiA. Cvens SemTxvevaSi es mdinaris gadakveTa

SeiZleba iyos, anu algoriTmi imden bijs saWiroebs, ramdenjerac gadalaxavs adamiani mdinares (ar

aqvs mniSvneloba imas, ramdenad datvirTulia navi).

savarjiSo 1.2: daiTvaleT am algoriTmis bijebis raodenoba.

rogorc wesi, yoveldRiuri amocanis dasmisas didi informacia ar aris mniSvnelovani. magaliTad,

ar aris saintereso, Tu ra formisa an siganisaa mdinare, ra ferisaa navi da a.S. Cven gvainteresebs

mxolod is informacia, romelic amocanis pirobisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. magaliTad is, rom erT jerze

mxolod ori mgzavri eteva navSi da erT-erTi mgzavri aucileblad adamiania. Tu Cven marcxena napirs

davarqmevT A, xolo marjvenas ki B , es ori napiri SegviZlia gamovsaxoT ori simravliT, romelsac

agreTve simravle A da simravle B ewodeba. yovel cxovels SevusabamebT erT asos -- adamiani ⇒ a,

mgeli ⇒ m, Txa ⇒ T da kombosto ⇒ k (nax. 2.4).

2.1 mgeli, Txa da kombosto 9

nax. 2.3: algoriTmis TiToeuli biji

maSin sawyisi da saboloo pirobebi Semdegnairi iqneba A={ m,T,k,a }, B = ∅ da, Sesabamisad, A = ∅, B =
{ m,T,k,a } (nax. 2.5). maTematikur enaze ki dasmuli amocanis piroba ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

mocemulia: ori simravle A = {a, m, T, k} da B = ∅.

Sedegi: A=∅ da B = {a, }.

m, T, k

SezRudva: yovel jerze im simravlidan, romelic Seicavs asos YaA, meore simravleSi unda gadavitanoT

es aso da kidev erTi an nuli aso. is simravle, romelic ar Seicavs asos YaA, ar unda Seicavdes erTad

asoebs {m, T } da {T, k}.

amocanis piroba odnav gamartivdeba, Tu asoebis nacvlad garkveul ricxvebs aviRebT: adamiani ⇒ 10,

A B
A B

a m T k

nax. 2.4: naxatebis formalizacia

10 Tavi II algoriTmebis martivi magaliTebi

A B A B

m T k m T k
a a

nax. 2.5: formalizaciis Sedegad miRebuli sawyisi da saboloo piroba

mgeli ⇒ 1, Txa ⇒ 2 da kombosto ⇒ 3. maSin Txa da kombosto an Txisa da mglis erT napirze yofna imas

niSnavs, rom Sesabamisi simravlis elementebis jami kentia, xolo is faqti, rom adamiani romeliRaca

napirze ar imyofeba, imas niSnavs, rom Sesabamisi elementebis jami naklebia 10-ze.

savarjiSo 1.3: zemoT naxsenebi amocana CamoayalibeT ricxvebisaTvis.

savarjiSo 1.4: wina savarjiSoSi Camoyalibebuli amocanisaTvis dawereT algoriTmi da misi yoveli

bijisaTvis Sesabamisi simravleebi CamowereT.

savarjiSo 1.5: daamtkiceT wina savarjiSoSi dawerili algoriTmis siswore da daiTvaleT misi bijebis
raodenoba.

savarjiSo 1.6: ganixileT Semdegi algoriTmi:

algoriTmi 2.2 : Ymgeli, Txa da kombostoA (swrafi versia)

monacemebi: mdinare da mis marcxena napirze adamiani, navi, mgeli, Txa da kombosto;

1: marjvena napirze gadaiyvane Txa ;

2: dabrundi marcxena napirze ;

3: marjvena napirze gadaiyvane mgeli ;

4: dabrundi marcxena napirze ;

5: marjvena napirze gadaitane kombosto.

algoriTmi dasrulebulia

miviRebT Tu ara am algoriTmis muSaobis Semdeg im Sedegs, romelic amocanaSia moTxovnili? aris Tu

ara es yvelaze swrafi algoriTmi im algoriTmTa Soris, romelic am amocanas xsnis?

SeniSvna: aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT SemTxvevas, rodesac dasawyisSi yvela marcxena napirze dgas. zus-

tad igive msjelobis Catareba SeiZleba im SemTxvevisaTvis, rodesac yvela marjvena napirze dgas.

am SemTxvevisaTvis algoriTmi analogiuri iqneba. arc imas aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT

CamovTvliT cxovelebs mocemulobaSi. es yovelTvis ase araa, rogorc Semdegi martivi magaliTi gvi-

Cvenebs:

pirveli ricxvi
mocemulia ori ricxvi. gamoiTvaleT .
meore ricxvi

cxadia, rom aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs amocanis pirobaSi mocemuli ricxvebis Tanmimdevrobas.

savarjiSo 1.7: ganvixiloT n mTeli ricxvis zrdadobiT dalagebis amocana. ra aris am amocanaSi mo-

cemuli? ra unda iyos misi saboloo Sedegi?

savarjiSo 1.8: moiyvaneT Semdegi amocanis algoriTmi: mocemuli 10 cali mTeli ricxvisaTvis daiT-

valeT kent ricxvTa jami. miniSneba: yovel bijze unda SevamowmoT, aris Tu ara mocemuli ricxvi kenti.

ramden bijs moiTxovs aseTi lgoriTmi? ricxvis kentobis Semowmeba da mimatebis operacia TiTo-TiTo

bijad CaTvaleT.

ra aris am amocanis monacemi? ra aris Sedegi? rogoria pirobaze dadebuli SezRudva?

2.2 mokle daskvna 11

2.2 mokle daskvna

pirvel TavSi Cven ganvixileT martivi amocanebis amoxsnis gzebi, ris magaliTzec vaCveneT amocanis

dasmisa da misi algoriTmebis, anu amocanis gadasaWrelad saWiro bijebis CamonaTvalis Sedgenis gza.

amocanis Camosayalibeblad saWiroa misi monacemebisa da Sedegis mkafiod CamoTvla (ra aris sawyisi

viTareba da ra unda miviRoT Sedegad), aseve is SezRudvebi, romlebic unda gaviTvaliswinoT amocanis

gadaWris (anu algoroTmis Catarebis) dros da romelTa darRveva dauSvebelia.

algoriTmis Sedgenis Semdeg unda davamtkicoT misi siswore: rom yovel dasaSveb sawyis monacemze

Sesabamisi swori pasuxi miiReba da rom algoriTmis arc erTi bijis Semdeg SezRudva ar irRveva.

bolos - algoriTmis SefasebisTvis - unda gamoviTvaloT misi bijebis raodenoba, rom davadginoT, Tu

ramdenad swrafia Cveni meTodi. aRsaniSnavia, rom yovel aseT dros unda ganisazRvros, Tu ras niSnavs

YerTi bijiA: erTsa da imave algoriTmSi es sxvadasxva ram SeiZleba iyos, Tumca erTi biji realurad

saintereso martivi moqmedeba unda iyos. ase, magaliTad,cxovelebis gadayvanis algoriTmSi erT bijad

SeiZleboda adamianis mier navis niCbis mosmis raodenoba agveRo, magram es uinteresod martivi operacia

iqneboda da amocanis arsis SefasebaSi ar gamogvadgeboda.

dasasruls moviyvanoT kidev erTi

amocana: ori didi xnis unaxavi maTematikosi erTmaneTs xvdeba. erTi eubneba: me sami Svili myavs. erT

rames getyvi da Tu gamoicnob maT asaks: maTi asakis namravlia 36.

meore eubneba: ver gamovicnob, damatebiT sxva piroba mWirdeba. pirveli etyvis: maTi asakis jami Sens

win mdebare saxlis fanjrebis raodenobis tolia. meore Sexedavs saxls da etyvis: erTi damatebiTi

piroba kidev mWirdeba.

pirveli etyvis: ufross lurji Tvalebi aqvs. amiT meore samives asaks gamoicnobs.

SekiTxva: ramdeni wlis arian Svilebi?

12 Tavi II algoriTmebis martivi magaliTebi
Tavi 3

amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli

aRwera

3.1 amocana navebis Sesaxeb

ganvixiloT Semdegi amocana:

mocemulia: viwro mdinare patara yureTi. mdinareSi yures marcxniv grZeli Savi navi da marjvniv -

mokle TeTri navi.

Sedegi: mdinareSi yures marcxniv mokle TeTri navi da marjvniv - grZeli Savi navi (navebma erTmaneTs

gverdi unda auqcion).

SezRudva: mdinare imdenad viwroa, rom siganeSi mxolod erTi navi eteva. yureSi eteva mxolod TeTri

navi. Savi navi yureSi ar eteva.

nax. 3.1-Si grafikuladaa naCvenebi amocanis monacemi, Sedegi da SezRudvebi.

nax. 3.1:

imisaTvis, rom erTma TeTrma navma Savs gverdi auqcios, saWiroa Semdegi algoriTmis Catareba:

algoriTmi 3.1 : YerTi navis gayvanaA

monacemebi: viwro mdinare patara yureTi,

yures marcxniv grZeli Savi navi da marjvniv - mokle TeTri navi

1: TeTri navi Sevides yureSi;

2: Savma navme gaiaros;

3: TeTri navi gamovides yuredan.

algoriTmi dasrulebulia

13
14 Tavi III amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera

advili saCvenebelia, rom es algoriTmi amocanis saboloo Sedegs mogvcems da misi arc erTi biji

amocanis SezRudvebs ar ewinaaRmdegeba (nax. 3.2).

nax. 3.2:

zemoT moyvanili algoriTmi aRvniSnoT rogorc A1 . ese igi, Tu zemoT moyvanil sawyis pirobaze Ca-

vatarebT algoriTms A1 , Sedegad miviRebT zemoTve moyvanil saboloo Sedegs.

axla ki ganvixiloT iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac yures marjvniv ara erTi, aramed ori navia ganTavsebuli.

nax. 3.3-Si grafikuladaa naCvenebi am amocanis monacemi da Sedegi. am amocanas Cven vuwodebT Yori naviA.

nax. 3.3:

Tu pirvel rigSi CavatarebT igive sam bijs, rac algoriTmSi A1 , miviRebT iseT situacias, rogoric

naCvenebia nax. 3.4-Si (marcxniv). Semdeg, Tu Savi navi wava ukan yures marcxniv, Seiqmneba iseTive situacia,

rogorc wina amocanaSi (nax. 3.4 marjvniv)

nax. 3.4:

Savi navis ukan gasvlis procesi aRvniSnoT rogorc U . ese igi, Tu sawyisi mdgomareobaa iseTi, ro-
gorc nax. 3.3-Si marcxniv da jer CavatarebT algoriTms A1 , miviRebT iseT viTarebas, rogorc nax. 3.4-Si
marcxniv. Tu Semdeg kidev CavatarebT algoriTms U, miviRebT iseT viTarebas, rogorc nax. 3.4-Si mar-

jvniv. aRsaniSnavia, rom am SemTxvevaSi Seiqmna iseTive viTareba, rogorc amocanaSi YerTi naviA. es ki

imas niSnavs, rom Tu gamoviyenebT algoriTms A1 , saboloo mdgomareobas mivaRwevT.

ase rom, algoriTmi A2 , romelic amocanas Yori naviA xsnis, Semdegnairad SeiZleba Caiweros: A2 =
A1 , U, A1 (jer Caatare algoriTmi A1 , Semdeg algoriTmi U da bolos isev algoriTmi A1 .

axla ki davuSvaT, rom algoriTmi An n TeTri navis gverdis aqcevas axerxebs (nax. 3.5). aqamde Cven

ganvixileT, Tu rogoria An , Tu n = 1, an n = 2.

Tu ganvixilavT n+1 navis gverdis aqcevis amocanas iseTi sawyisi da saboloo mdgomareobebiT, rom-

lebic naCvenebia nax. 3.6-Si (zemoT) da CavatarebT algoriTmebs A1 , U , miviRebT iseT situacias, romelic
gvqonda n navis gverdis aqcevis amocanaSi (nax. 3.6 qvemoT).
3.1 amocana navebis Sesaxeb 15

nax. 3.5:

nax. 3.6:

es ki imas niSnavs, rom An algoriTmis gamoyenebis Semdeg miiReba saboloo mdgomareoba (nax. 3.6 zemoT

marjvniv).

sabolood miviRebT Semdeg Canawers: An+1 = A1 , U, An . Tu viciT, rogoria algoriTmi A1 , advili gamosaTvlelia
algoriTmi A2 (aq n+1 = 2 n = 1): jer CavatarebT algoriTms A1 , Semdeg U da Semdeg iseve A1 .
da

A3 algoriTmis Casatareblad jer unda CavataroT A1 , Semdeg U da Semdeg A2 . ase nabij-nabij Sei-
Zleba gamoviTvaloT An nebismieri naturaluri n ricxvisaTvis: An = A1 , U, An−1 = A1 , U, A1 , U, An−2 =

A1 , U, A1 , U, A1 , U, An−2 = A1 , U, A1 , U, · · · , A1 (n-jer).

savarjiSo 1.1: risi tolia A7 ? (mag.: A3 = A1 , U, A2 = A1 , U, A1 , U, A1 )

mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom algoriTmi An iyenebs YTavis TavsA, mxolod ufro dabali parametriT

(mag. A2 = A1 , U, A1 ; A7 = A1 , U, A6 da a.S.)

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac algoriTmi Tavis Tavs iyenebs, mas YrekursiuliA ewodeba. ese igi, An = A1 , U, An−1
algoriTmis es Canaweri rekursiulia.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom nebismieri rekursiuli algoriTmi SeiZleba ararekursiuli saxiTac Caiweros

(ganixileT wina savarjiSos magaliTi).

rekursiuli algoriTmebis garda arsebobs e. w. YiteraciuliA algoriTmebic, romelSic erTi da igive

operacia (an ufro xSirad operaciaTa mimdevroba) ramodenimejer meordeba.

navebis amocanis aseTi algoriTmi SeiZleba Semdegnairad Caiweros:

algoriTmi 3.2 : navebis gayvana (ararekursiuli - iteraciuli - versia)

monacemi: n (navebis raodenoba)

1: gaimeore n-jer:
2: {
3: TeTri navi Sevides yureSi;

4: Savma navme gaiaros;

5: TeTri navi gamovides yuredan;

6: Savi navi wavides ukan

7: }
algoriTmi dasrulebulia

iteraciuli algoriTmis im nawils, romelic ramodenimejer meordeba, cikli, kolo ciklSi moqceul

brZanebaTa mimdevrobas ki ciklis tani ewodeba.

savarjiSo 1.2: daamtkiceT, rom am algoriTmis bijebis raodenobaa 4n.

savarjiSo 1.3: rogor unda Seicvalos algoriTmi, rom misi bijebis raodenoba gaxdes 4n − 1?
16 Tavi III amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera

3.2 hanois koSkebis amocana

1883 wels frangma maTematikosma eduard lukasma dasva Semdegi amocana:

mocemulia: sami Zeli A, B , C . A Zelze Camocmulia sxvadasxva zomis n rgoli ise, rom did rgols ufro
patara adevs -- Seqmnilia piramida (nax. 3.7 (a)).

nax. 3.7: hanois koSkebis amocanis sawyisi da saboloo mdgomareobebi

Sedegi: A Zelze agebuli piramida C Zelze (nax. 3.7 (b)).

SezRudva: TiTo jerze erTi Zelidan meoreze unda gadavitanoT erTi da mxolod erTi rgoli, romelic

yvelaze maRla devs. amave dros ar SeiZleba patara zomis rgolze didi zomis rgolis dadeba.

nax. 3.8: dasaSvebi (a) da akrZaluli (b) svlebi

davuSvaT, mocemulia erT rgoliani piramida. cxadia, rom misi erTi Zelidan meoreze gadasatanad

sakmarisia erTi moqmedeba. Tu es erTi rgoli A Zelidan C Zelze gadagvaqvs, am proceduras vuwodebT

AA,C
1 .

imisaTvis, rom or rgoliani piramida A Zelidan C Zelze gadavitanoT, saWiroa Semdegi moqmedebebis

Catareba:

1. A Zelidan zeda rgoli gadaitane B Zelze (Caatare AA,B

1 , nax. 3.9 (b) );

2. A Zelidan zeda rgoli gadaitane C Zelze (Caatare AA,C

1 , nax. 3.9 (g) );

3. B Zelidan zeda rgoli gadaitane C Zelze (Caatare AB,C

1 , nax. 3.9 (d) ).

or rgoliani piramidis A Zelidan C Zelze gadatanis algoriTmi (anu zemoT moyvanili sam bijiani

procesi) aRvniSnoT rogorc AA,C

2 .
3.2 hanois koSkebis amocana 17

nax. 3.9: or rgoliani piramidis gadatanisaTvis saWiro operaciebi

zogadad, n rgolis erTi Zelidan meoreze gadatanis algoriTmi Semdegnairad SeiZleba aRiniSnos:
C,A
AX
n
1 ,X2
aq n ∈ N, X1 , X2 ∈ {A, B, C} da X1 6= X2 . amrigad, A
.
13 niSnavs algoriTms, romelic C Zelze
B,A
awyobil 13 rgolian piramidas A Zelze gadaitans, xolo A
108 ki im algoriTms, romelic B Zelze
awyobil 108 rgolian piramidas A Zelze gadaitans.

Tu viciT, rogor gadavitanoT or rgoliani piramida erTi Zelidan meoreze, advilad SevadgenT algo-

riTms AA,C
3 :

sam rgoliani piramida ganvixiloT, rogorc qveda did rgolze dadgmuli or rgoliani piramida (nax.

3.12 (a) ).

nax. 3.10: sam rgoliani piramidis gadatanisaTvis saWiro operaciebi

amrigad, AA,B
2 algoriTmiT SeiZleba zeda or rgoliani piramidis gadatana B Zelze (nax. 3.12 (b) ),
Semdeg AA,C
1 algoriTmiT qveda rgoli gadagvaqvs A Zelidan C Zelze (nax. 3.12 (g) ) da bolos iseve AB,C
2
algoriTmiT or rgoliani piramida gadagvaqvs B Zelidan C Zelze (nax. 3.12 (d) ).
18 Tavi III amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera

es algoriTmi rekursiulad Semdegnairad SeiZleba Caiweros: AA,B

3 = [AA,B
2 , AA,C
1 , AB,C
2 ] (jer Seasrule

AA,B
2 , Semdeg AA,C
1 da amis Semdeg AB,C
2 .

aRsaniSnavia, rom AA,B

2 da AB,C
2 TviTon ramodenime bijisagan Sedgeba: AA,B
2 = [AA,C
1 , AA,B
1 , AC,B
2 ] da AB,C
2 =
[AB,A
1 , AB,C
1 , AA,C
2 ].

savarjiSo 2.4: rekursiulad CawereT AB,C

3 , A
C,A
3 , A
A,B
3 , A
B,A
3 da AC,B
3 (ix. zemoT moyvanili analogiuri

Canaweri AA,C
3 ).

Tu viciT, rogor gadavitanoT 3 rgoliani piramida erTi Zelidan meoreze, rekursiulad SeiZleba

AX
4
1 ,X2
algoriTmis dadgena. mag., AA,C
4 = [AA,B
3 , AA,C
1 , AB,C
3 ].

savarjiSo 2.5: rekursiulad CawereT AB,C

4 , A
C,A
4 , A
A,B
4 , A
B,A
4 da AC,B
4 (ix. zemoT moyvanili analogiuri

Canaweri AA,C
3 ).

Tu viciT, rogoria n rgoliani piramidis erTi Zelidan meoreze gadatanis algoriTmi AnX1 ,X2 , advilad
X1 ,X2
SevadgenT n + 1 rgoliani algoriTmis gadatanis algoriTms An+1 (Sesabamisi moqmedebebi naCvenebia

nax. 4.1 -Si):

AX 1 ,X2
n+1 = [AX
n
1 ,X3
, AX
1
1 ,X2
, AnX3 ,X2 ], X1 6= X2 6= X3 , X1 , X2 , X3 ∈ {A, B, C}.

nax. 3.11: n+1 rgoliani piramidis gadatanisaTvis saWiro operaciebi

rogorc yvela wina magaliTSi, aqac n cali rgolis gadatana erTdrouladaa naCvenebi imis da miuxe-

davad, rom AX
n
1 ,X2
ramodenime bijisagan Sedgeba.

savarjiSo 2.6: ras aRniSnavs Semdegi Canawerebi: AB,C

7 , A
C,B B,C
12 , A4 ?

advili Sesamowmebelia, rom AX

1
1 ,X2
algoriTmis Sesrulebisas amocanis piroba ar irRveva. Tu ganvi-
A,C
xilavT A algoriTmis rekursiul Canawers, davinaxavT, rom pirvel rigSi unda SevasruloT al-
2
A,B
goriTmi A . advili sanaxavia, rom am algoriTmis Sesrulebisasac piroba ar irRveva. Semdeg unda
1
A,C
SevasruloT A . radgan C Zelze rgoli ar devs, masze A Zelidan rgolis gadatana SesaZlebelia
1
B,C
(piroba ar dairRveva) da C Zelze yvelaze didi rgoli ideba. bolos unda CavataroT A . es SesaZle-
1
belia, radgan C Zelze yvelaze didi rgoli devs.

analogiuri msjelobiT SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom Tu AA,C

3 algoriTms CavwerT ise, rogorc zemoT

ganvixileT da mas Tanmimdevrulad SevasrulebT, amocanis piroba ar irRveva: pirvel rigSi unda Ses-

ruldes AA,B
2 (nax. 3.12 (a) ). es SesaZlebelia, radgan B da C Zelebi carielia da A Zelze qvemoT yvelaze
didi rgoli devs, romelzec pirobis Tanaxmad sxva nebismieri rgolis dadeba SeiZleba. ase rom, am
3.2 hanois koSkebis amocana 19

operaciebis Sesrulebis dros amocanis piroba ar dairRveva. Sedegad miviRebT A Zelze erT yvelaze

did rgols da B Zelze ki or rgolian piramidas (nax. 3.12 (b) ). Semdeg unda CavataroT AA,C
1 . esec ar

arRvevs amocanis pirobas, radgan am momentisaTvis C Zeli carielia. Sedegad miviRebT C Zelze erT

yvelaze did rgols da B Zelze ki or rgolian piramidas, xolo A Zeli ki carieli iqneba (nax. 3.12 (g) ).
bolos unda SevasruloT AB,C
2 . esec SesaZlebelia, radgan A Zeli carielia da C Zelze yvelaze didi
rgoli devs, romelzedac yvela danarCeni rgolis dadeba SeiZleba. am operaciebis Catarebis Sedegad

amocanis saboloo Sedegs miviRebT (nax. 3.12 (d) ).

nax. 3.12: sam rgoliani piramidis gadatanisaTvis saWiro operaciebi

savarjiSo 2.7: davuSvaT, mocemulia Semdegi Canaweri: AA,C

3 = [AA,B
1 , AA,C
2 , AB,C
1 ]. sityvierad axseniT, ra

operaciebi unda Sesruldes am Canaweris Sesabamisad. irRveva Tu ara am algoriTmis Sesrulebisas

hanois koSkebis amocanis piroba?

axla ki ganvixiloT hanois koSkebis iteraciuli algoriTmi:

algoriTmi 3.3: hanois koSkebi (ararekursiuli - iteraciuli - versia)

n (zomis klebadobis mixedviT dalagebuli rgolebis raodenoba, sadac rgolebis piramida
monacemi:

A Zelzea agebuli, B da C Zeli ki carielia)

1: gaimeore manam, sanam n rgoliani piramida ar iqneba gadatanili A Zelisgan gansxvavebul Zelze:

2: {
3: minimaluri zomis rgoli gadaitane erTi poziciiT marjvniv (an C Zelidan A Zelze);

4: araminimaluri zomis rgoli gadaitane SeZlebisamebr (aq mxolod erTi varianti iarsebebs)

5: }
algoriTmi dasrulebulia

unda aRiniSnos, rom imis miuxedavad, rom warmodgenili iteraciuli algoriTmi martivad aRiwereba,

rekursiuli algoriTmisagan gansxvavebiT misi sisworis mtkiceba sakmaod rTulia.

aseve rTulia am algoriTmis bijebis raodenobis daTvla, radgan arc ise cxadia, rodis Sewydeba cikli

(rodis gadava mTeli piramida A Zelidan raime sxva Zelze).

am sakiTxebs Cven dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi ganvixilavT.

savarjiSo 2.8: romel Zelze gadaitans zemoT aRwerili algoriTmi 3, 4, 5 da 6 rgolian piramidas?

zogadad, romel Zelze gadaitans luwi raodenobis rgolian piramidas? da kenti raodenobis rgolebian

piramidas?
20 Tavi III amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera

3.3 Zveli berZnuli amocanebi

antikur saberZneTSi dasves e.w. YfargliTa da saxazaviT agebisA geometriuli amocanebi. aRsaniSnavia,

rom ramodenime amocana 2000 welze met xans amouxsneli rCeboda, sanam XIX saukuneSi maTematikurad

ar damtkicda, rom maTi algoriTmuli gadaWra SeuZlebelia. es, albaT, yvelaze Zveli amocanebia,

romelTac algoriTmuli amoxsna ar aqvT (Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom laparakia agebaze mxolod far-
glisa da saxazavis gamoyenebiT, rac igive amocanaTa sxva meTodebiT gadaWras ar gamoricxavs. sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es amocanebi resursebis SezRudvisas ver gadaiWreba, magram resursebis SezRud-

vis gareSe maTi amoxsna araa gamoricxuli).

mocemulia: fargali, saxazavi da ori wertili sibrtyeze; raime geometriuli figura;

raime namdvili ricxvi ξ.

Sedegi: mocemuli geometriuli figurisTvisa an ricxvisTvis daadgineT, SeiZleba Tu ara maTi far-

gliTa da saxazaviT ageba.

SezRudva: saxazaviT SeiZleba mocemul or A da B wertilze wrfis gavleba. Tu mocemulia nebismieri

ori wertili A, B da nebismieri mesame wertili O, fargliT SeiZleba O wertilidan |A, B| sigrZis

radiusis mqone wrewiris Semovleba (nax. 3.13).

nax. 3.13: saxazaviT (marcxniv), fargliT (SuaSi) da wertilebze agebuli figurebi

Tu mocemulia ukve agebul wertilTa raime simravle S = {A1 , A2 , ..., An }, am simravlis ramodenime wer-

tilze gavlebuli Sekruli texilis mier Semofargluli sibrtyis nawils (Tavisi SigTavsiT) far-

gliTa da saxazaviT agebuli figura ewodeba.

ganmarteba 3.1: maTematikur aRricxvaSi SemoRebulia Semdegi aRniSvnebi:

• ∀ yoveli, nebismieri;

• ∃ arsebobs;

• ∈ ekuTvnis;

• ⇒ gamomdinareobs

axali An+1 wertili iTvleba fargliTa da saxazaviT agebuld, Tu:

• ∃ Ai , Aj , Ak , Al ∈ S (ikiTxeba: arsebobs Ai , Aj , Ak , Al , romlebic ekuTvnis S simravles) da An+1 aris

Ai , Aj wertilebze gavlebuli wrfisa da Ak , Al wertilebze gavlebuli wrfis gadakveTis wertili
(nax. 3.14 marcxniv);

• ∃ Ai , Aj , Ak , Al , O ∈ S da An+1 aris Ai , Aj wertilebze gavlebuli wrfisa da O wertilze |Ak , Al |

sigrZis radiusis mqone wrewiris gadakveTis wertili (nax. 3.14 SuaSi);

• ∃ Ai , Aj , Ak , Al , O1 , O2 ∈ S da An+1 aris O1 wertilze |Ak , Al | sigrZis radiusis mqone wrewirisa da O2

wertilze |Ai , Aj | sigrZis radiusis mqone wrewiris gadakveTis wertili (nax. 3.14 marjvniv).

SeniSvna: Ai , Aj , Ak , Al , O1 , O2 ∈ S wertilTa Soris ramodenime SeiZleba erTmaneTs emTxveodes da S aris

aqamde agebul wertilTa simravle.

3.3 Zveli berZnuli amocanebi 21

nax. 3.14: fargliTa da saxazaviT axali wertilebis agebis SesaZleblobebi

raime geometriuli figura iTvleba agebulad, Tu fargliTa da saxazaviT zemoT aRwerili wesebis

dacviT aigeba iseTi simravle S, rom masSi moiZebnos iseTi wertilebi, romelTa texilebiT SeerTeba

am saZiebel figuras mogvcems.

raime ricxvi ξ iTvleba agebulad, Tu fargliTa da saxazaviT zemoT aRwerili wesebis dacviT aigeba

iseTi simravle S, rom masSi moiZebnos ori wertili, romelTa Soris manZilia ξ.

dasawyisisaTvis mocemulia ori wertili A0 da B0, romelTa Soris manZili erTis toladaa miCneuli:
0 0
|A , B | = 1. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, agebulia ricxvi 1. imisaTvis, rom avagoT ricxvi 2 (anu farglisa

da saxazavis meSveobiT avagoT iseTi wertilebi, romelTa Soris manZili oris tolia), Semdegi al-

goriTmi unda gamoviyenoT (zogadad, es algoriTmi aagebs nebismieri mocemuli A da B wertilisTvis

ricxvs |A, B| + 1):

mocemulia: ori wertili A da B.

1. A da B wertilebze gaavle wrfe;

2. fargliT Semoxaze wrewiri centriT B wertilSi da radiusiT 1;

es wrewiri AB wrfes gadakveTs or wertilSi: D (B wertilidan marcxniv) da axal C wertilSi, B

wertilidan marjvniv.

3. pasuxad gamoitane ori wertili: A da C.

nax. 3.15: |A, B| + 1 sigrZis monakveTis ageba

es algoriTmi aRvniSnoT rogorc N. Tu misi monacemebia A da B wertilebi, N (A, B) = (A, C). advili

saCvenebelia, rom |A, C| = |A, B| + 1.

ese igi, Tu mocemulia ori wertili A da B, romelTa Soris manZilia 1, SeiZleba n∈N ricxvis ageba

Semdegi rekursiuli algoriTmiT:

• P1 = (A, B);
• Pn = N (Pn−1 ).

savarjiSo 3.1: mocemulia oTxi wertili A, B, C, D. ra algoriTmiT SeiZleba |A, B| + |C, D| sigrZis mona-
kveTis ageba? gamoiTvaleT am algoriTmis bijebis raodenoba da daamtkiceT misi siswore.
22 Tavi III amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera

savarjiSo 3.2: mocemulia ori wertili A, B , sadac |A, B| > 1. SeadgineT algoriTmi, romelic |A, B| − 1
sigrZis monakveTs aagebs. gamoiTvaleT am algoriTmis bijebis raodenoba da daamtkiceT misi siswore.

Tu mocemulia ori wertili A da B, advilad SeiZleba [A, B] monakveTis Sua perpendikularuli wrfis

ageba, anu iseTi ori wertilis ageba, romlebze gamavali wrfec am monakveTis perpendikularulia da mis

Sua wertilze gadis (cxadia, rom igive algoriTmiT SeiZleba amave monakveTis Sua wertilis dadgena):

mocemulia: ori wertili A da B (nax. 3.16 (a) ).

• A wertilze Semoavle |A, B| radiusis wrewiri;

• B wertilze Semoavle |A, B| radiusis wrewiri (nax. 3.16 (b) )

Sedegi: am ori wrewiris gadakveTis wertilebi C da D.

• SeaerTe C da D wertilebi wrfiT (nax. 3.16 (g) ).

Sedegi: am wrfisa da A, B monakveTis gadakveTis wertili K.

• gamoitane pasuxi: ori wertili C da K (nax. 3.16 (d) ).

savarjiSo 3.3: aCveneT, rom wina algoriTmiT miRebul C da K wertilebze gavlebuli wrfe [A, B] mona-

kveTis Sua perpendikularulia.

nax. 3.16: [A, B] monakveTis Sua perpendikularulis ageba

es algoriTmi aRvniSnoT rogorc P (A, B). amrigad, P (A, B) = (C, K), sadac K [A, B] monakveTis Sua

wertilia.

Tu mocemulia ori wertili A da B da erTi wertili C , romelic ar mdebareobs (A, B) wrfeze, maSin

SeiZleba C wertilidan (A, B) wrfeze perpendikularuli wrfis daSveba, anu iseTi D wertilis ageba

(A, B) wrfeze, rom (C, D) wrfe (A, B) wrfis perpendikularuli iyos:

mocemulia: ori wertili A da B da erTi wertili C, romelic ar devs (A, B) wrfeze (nax. 3.17 (a) ).

• C wertilze Semoavle |A, C| radiusis wrewiri (nax. 3.17 (b) );

Sedegi: am wrewirisa da (A, B) wrfis gadakveTis meore wertili L.

• Caatare algoriTmi P (A, L).

3.3 Zveli berZnuli amocanebi 23

Sedegi: ori wertili K da T, romelTagan T devs (A, B) wrfeze (nax. 3.17 (g) ).

• gamoitane pasuxi: ori wertili C da T (nax. 3.17 (d) ).

nax. 3.17: wertilidan wrfeze perpendikularulis daSvebis procesi

savarjiSo 3.4: zemoT moyvanil algoriTmSi A da L wertilebze unda CavataroT P (A, L) algoriTmi.

dawvrilebiT aRwereT naxazebiT es procesi, romlis Sedegadac miiReba K da T wertilebi.

savarjiSo 3.5: ra moxdeba, Tu C wertilSi |A, C| radiusiT gavlebuli wrewiri (A, B) wrfes mxolod

erT wertilSi gadakveTs da meore L wertili ar miiReba?

savarjiSo 3.6: zemoT moyvanil algoriTmSi, P (A, L) algoriTmis Sesrulebis Semdeg, ratom miiReba ori
damatebiTi wertili K da T?

savarjiSo 3.7: daamtkiceT, rom (C, T ) wrfe (A, B) wrfis perpendikularulia.

savarjiSo 3.8: mocemulia erT wrfeze myofi sami wertili A, B da maT Soris mdebare C. ra algoriTmiT

SeiZleba C wertilidan (A, B) wrfis perpendikularuli wrfis ageba?

savarjiSo 3.9: mocemulia ori wertili A da B da erTi wertili C , romelic ar devs (A, B) wrfeze.
ra algoriTmiT SeiZleba C wertilidan (A, B) wrfis paraleluri wrfis ageba (anu iseTi D wertilis
ageba, rom (C, D) wrfe (A, B) wrfis paraleluri iyos)?

Tu agebulia ori ricxvi a1 , a2 ∈ N, anu A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 iseTi, rom |A1 , A2 | = a1 da |A3 , A4 | = a2 , maSin SeiZleba
iseTi ori B1 , B2 wertilis ageba fargliTa da saxazaviT, rom |B1 , B2 | = a1 · a2 :

mocemulia: oTxi wertili A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , sadac |A1 , A2 | = a1 da |A3 , A4 | = a2 .

• A1 wertilze gaavle (A1 , A2 ) wrfis perpendikularuli wrfe (nax. 3.18 (a) ) ;

• am wrfeze A1 wertilidan gadazome erTis toli monakveTi;

Sedegi: (A1 , A2 ) wrfis perpendikularul wrfeze mdebare wertili E, sadac |A1 , E| = 1 (nax. 3.18 (b)
).
24 Tavi III amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera

• igive wrfeze A1 wertilidan gadazome |A3 , A4 | sigrZis monakveTi;

Sedegi: (A1 , A2 ) wrfis perpendikularul wrfeze mdebare wertili F, sadac |A1 , F | = |A3 , A4 | (nax.

3.18 (b) ).

• E da A2 wertilebze gaavle wrfe;

• F wertilidan gaavle |E, A2 | wrfis paraleluri wrfe;

Sedegi: am wrfisa da (A1 , A2 ) wrfis gadakveTis wertili K (nax. 3.18 (g) ).

• gamoitane pasuxi: ori wertili A1 da K (nax. 3.18 (d) ).

nax. 3.18: |A1 , A2 | · |A1 , F | sigrZis monakveTis agebis procesi

savarjiSo 3.10: samkuTxedebis msgavsebiT daamtkiceT, rom |A1 , K| = a1 · a2 .

savarjiSo 3.11: daamtkiceT, rom Tu a2 < 1, algoriTmi mainc sworad muSaobs.

a1
analogiurad SeiZleba
a2 sigrZis monakveTis ageba, Tu mocemulia oTxi wertili A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , sadac

|A1 , A2 | = a1 da |A3 , A4 | = a2 .

mocemulia: oTxi wertili A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , sadac |A1 , A2 | = a1 da |A3 , A4 | = a2 .

• A1 wertilze gaavle (A1 , A2 ) wrfis perpendikularuli wrfe (nax. 3.19 (a) );

• am wrfeze A1 wertilidan gadazome erTis toli monakveTi;

Sedegi: (A1 , A2 ) wrfis perpendikularul wrfeze mdebare wertili E, sadac |A1 , E| = 1 (nax. 3.19 (b)
) .

• igive wrfeze A1 wertilidan gadazome |A3 , A4 | sigrZis monakveTi;

Sedegi: (A1 , A2 ) wrfis perpendikularul wrfeze mdebare wertili F, sadac |A1 , F | = |A3 , A4 | (nax.

3.19 (b) ).
3.3 Zveli berZnuli amocanebi 25

• F da A2 wertilebze gaavle wrfe;

• E wertilidan gaavle |F, A2 | wrfis paraleluri wrfe;

Sedegi: am wrfisa da (A1 , A2 ) wrfis gadakveTis wertili K (nax. 3.19 (g) ).

• gamoitane pasuxi: ori wertili A1 da K (nax. 3.19 (d) ).

|A1 ,A2 |
nax. 3.19: sigrZis monakveTis agebis procesi
|A1 ,F |

a1
savarjiSo 3.12: samkuTxedebis msgavsebiT daamtkiceT, rom |A1 , K| = a2 .

amrigad Cven gvaqvs nebismieri racionaluri ricxvis agebis meTodi, anu fargliTa da saxazaviT mTlianad

SeiZleba aigos nebismieri racionalur ricxvi a ∈ Q.

bunebrivia Semdegi SekiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara iracionaluri ricxvebis ageba fargliTa da saxazaviT?
√
pirveli aseTi ricxvi aris 2, romelic piTagoras Teoremaze dayrdnobiT aigeba:

mocemulia: ori wertili A1 , A2 .

• A1 wertilze gaavle (A1 , A2 ) wrfis perpendikularuli wrfe;

• am wrfeze A1 wertilidan gadazome erTis toli monakveTi;

Sedegi: (A1 , A2 ) wrfis perpendikularul wrfeze mdebare wertili E, sadac |A1 , E| = 1.

• gamoitane pasuxi: ori wertili A2 da E.

savarjiSo 3.13: daxazeT zemoT moyvanili algoriTmis diagramebi ise, rogorc es wina algoriTmebisTvis
iyo naCvenebi.

√
savarjiSo 3.14: daamtkiceT, rom |A2 , E| = 2, Tu |A1 , A2 | = 1.
√
am algoriTms vuwodoT
√ S . ese igi, Tu mocemulia ori wertili A, B ise, rom |A, B| = a, maSin S(A, B) =
(B, C), sadac |B, C| = a + 1.
26 Tavi III amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Semdegi rekursiuli algoriTmi

√ H(n) or wertils gvaZlevs, romelTa Soris
manZilia n, n ∈ N:
algoriTmi H(n):
• Tu n = 1, gamoitane ori wertili A, B , sadac |A, B| = 1 da algoriTmi daamTavre;

• Tu n > 1:
gauSvi algoriTmi S(H(n − 1)).

savarjiSo 3.15: zemoT moyvanili algoriTmebis safuZvelze SeadgineT algoriTmi, romelic fesvs nebis-
mieri racionaluri ricxvidan gamoiangariSebs.

axla ki ganvixiloT Semdegi algoriTmi:

mocemulia: ori wertili A1 , A2 , sadac |A1 , A2 | = ξ (nax. 3.20 (a) ).

• A1 wertilis marcxniv (A1 , A2 ) wrfeze gadazome erTis toli monakveTi da miRebuli wertili iyos
B , anu |B, A1 | = 1 (nax. 3.20 (b) );
• Semoavle wrewiri diametriT [B, A2 ] (nax. 3.20 (g) );

• A1 wertilidan aRmarTe (A1 , A2 ) wrfis perpendikularuli wrfe (nax. 3.20 (d) );

Sedegi: am wrfisa da wrewiris gadakveTis wertili P (nax. 3.20 (d) ).

• gamoitane pasuxi: ori wertili A1 da P.

p
nax. 3.20: |A1 , A2 | sigrZis monakveTis agebis procesi

p √
savarjiSo 3.16: samkuTxedebis msgavsebiT daamtkiceT, rom |A1 , P | = |A1 , A2 | = ξ.

savarjiSo 3.17: mocemulia ori wertili A da B . ra algoriTmiT SeiZleba wrewiris Semovleba, romlis

diametria [A, B]?

savarjiSo 3.18: mocemulia sami wertili O, A da B . O wertilidan gamodis ori sxivi [O, A[ da [O, B[, ro-
melic O wertilSi qmnis kuTxes α. dawereT algoriTmi, romelic O, A da B monacemze pasuxad mogvcems

sam wertils O, A da C ise, rom ∠ AOC = α2 .

antikuri amocanebi:

• wris kvadratura: mocemulia O wertili da mis garSemo Semovlebuli wrewiri radiusiT 1. cxadia,
rom am wris farTobi iqneba π . SeiZleba Tu ara igive farTobis kvadratis ageba mxolod farglisa
da saxazavis gamoyenebiT?
3.4 mokle daskvna 27

• mesame xarisxis fesvi: mocemulia ori wertili, romelTa Soris manZilia a. SeiZleba Tu ara mxo-
√
lod fargliTa da saxazaviT iseTi ori wertilis ageba, romelTa Soris manZilia
3
a ?

• sammagi biseqtrisa: mocemulia sami wertili O, A da B . O wertilidan gamodis ori sxivi [O, A[
da [O, B[, romelic O wertilSi qmnis kuTxes α. SeiZleba Tu ara mxolod farglisa da saxazavis
gamoyenebiT avagoT iseTi wertili C, rom ∠ AOC = α3 ?

• wesieri mravalkuTxedebi: ramdenkuTxa wesieri mravalkuTxedis ageba SeiZleba mxolod farglisa

da saxazavis gamoyenebiT? (amozneqil mravalkuTxeds ewodeba wesieri, Tu misi yvela gverdis

sigrZe erTmaneTis tolia.)

rogorc aRmoCnda, pirveli sami amocana amouxsnadia: ar arsebobs iseTi algoriTmi, romelic mxolod

farglisa da saxazavis meSveobiT aagebs or wertils, romelTa Soris manZilia π; an iseTi algoriTmi,

romelic nebismieri a ricxvidan mesame xarisxis fesvs amoiRebs an iseTi algoriTmi, romelic nebis-

mier kuTxes samad gayofs (ise, rogorc is algoriTmi, romelic nebismieri ricxvidan kvadratul fesvs

amoiRebs an nebismier kuTxes orad gayofs).

amis damtkicebis idea Semdegia:

axali wertilis ageba SeiZleba mxolod rogorc ukve agebul wertilebze gavlebuli ori wrfis, ori

wrewirisa an erTi wrewirisa da erTi wrfis gadakveTis wertilisa. Tu avagebT ori geometriuli fi-

guris gadakveTis wertils, maSin misi daSoreba koordinatTa saTavidan gamoiTvleba Semdegi poli-
n n
−1
nomiuri gantolebis amonaxsniT: a2n x2 + a2n −1 x2 + · · · + a1 x + a0 = 0, sadac n raRaca naturaluri

ricxvia.
√
radgan
3
a ar aris aseTi saxis polinomis (anu oris xarisxis rigis polinomis) amonaxsni, amitom am

ricxvis fargliTa da saxazaviT ageba SeuZlebelia.

rogorc XIX saukuneSi germanelma maTematikosma lindemanma daamtkica, π transcendentuli ricxvia,

anu igi ar aris aranairi polinomiuri gantolebis amonaxsni da miT umetes ver iqneba oris xarisxis

rigis gantolebis amonaxsni, riTac mtkicdeba, rom fargliTa da saxazaviT π ricxvis ageba SeuZlebe-

lia.

magram arsebobs formula, romelic gveubneba, Tu ramden kuTxa wesieri mravalkuTxedis ageba SeiZleba

mxolod farglisa da saxazavis gamoyenebiT: n kuTxa wesieri mravalkuTxedis ageba SeiZleba maSin da
q1 q2 q
mxolod maSin, Tu ∃m, q1 , ..., ql ∈ N0 ise, rom n = 2m · (22 + 1) · (22 + 1) · · · (22 l + 1).
am formulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba wesieri xuTkuTxedis, cxrametkuTxedisa da 65537 kuTxedis ageba,

magram ar SeiZleba wesieri 7-kuTxedis ageba.

savarjiSo 3.19: SeadgineT algoriTmi, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba wesieri eqvskuTxedis ageba.

savarjiSo 3.20: SeadgineT algoriTmi, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba wesieri rvakuTxedis ageba.

savarjiSo 3.21: SeadgineT algoriTmi, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba wesieri xuTkuTxedis ageba.

SeniSvna: zemoT moyvanili amocanebisaTvis ar arsebobs algoriTmi, romelic mxolod fargliTa da

saxazaviT agvagebinebda saWiro wertilebsa da figurebs. es ki imas ar niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs sxva

raime meTodi (Tu ar SevizRudebiT mxolod fargliTa da saxazaviT), riTac am amocanebs gadavWriT.

q
Ria amocana: wesieri mravalkuTxedis zemoT moyvanil formulaSi 22 + 1 e.w. fermas martivi ricxvia.

did xans egonaT, rom es formula mxolod martiv ricxvebs iZleoda, magram aRmoCnda, rom es ase araa.

ufro metic: es formula ZiriTadad Sedgenil ricxvebs iZleva. magram mniSvnelovania Semdegi sakiTxi:

sasrulia Tu ara fermas martiv ricxvTa simravle? an, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Segvxvdeba Tu ara
q
mimdevrobaSi (22 + 1)∞
q=0 usasrulod bevri martivi ricxvi? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi jer-jerobiT ucnobia.

3.4 mokle daskvna

meore TavSi ganvixileT algoriTmebis e.w. rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera. rekursiul meTodSi

algoriTmi Tavis Tavs iyenebs, mxolod ufro dabali parametrebiT, xolo iteraciulSi ki brZanebaTa
28 Tavi III amocanaTa rekursiuli da iteraciuli aRwera

garkveul mimdevrobas ramodenimejer imeorebs, anu e.w. cikls qmnis.

orive meTods Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs, romelic konkretul amocanasa da mis re-

alizaciazea damokidebuli. am sakiTxebs Cven SemdgomSi dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

amocanebis rekursiuli aRweris karg magaliTebs sibrtyeze fargliTa da saxazaviT wertilebisa da

figurebis agebis klasikuri, Zveli berZnuli amocanebi warmoadgens, romlebic aTaswleulis ganmav-

lobaSi amouxsneli rCeboda da mxolod mecxramete saukuneSi, maTematikis sakmarisi ganviTarebis Sede-

gad gadaiWra.

warmodgenili amocanebi sainteresoa im TvalsazrisiTac, rom aq pirvelad Cans raRac konkretuli

problemis amouxsnadoba: garkveul amocanas veravin amoxsnis. zogadad, imis damtkiceba, rom garkveul

araamoxsnad amocanebze Cven SemdgomSic bevri gveqneba salaparako, aq ki SeiZleba imis aRniSvna, rom zo-

gierTi klasikuri amocanis (magaliTad, wris kvadraturis) amouxsnadoba resursebis SezRudvasTanaa

dakavSirebuli: SeuZlebelia erTeulovani wris farTobis mqone kvadratis ageba mxolod farglisa
da saxazavis gamoyenebiT. zogadad araamoxsnadi amocanebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTa amoxsna aranairi

resursiT ar SeiZleba, es amocana sxva damatebiT resursebis gamoyenebiT amoxsnadi xdeba.

magram es ukve Semdgomi Temaa, rasac Cven kidev dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

Tavi 4

maTematikuri induqcia da misi gamoyeneba

4.1 maTematikuri induqcia

ganvixiloT kent ricxvTa mimdevroba:

a1 = 1, a2 = 3, a3 = 5, a4 = 7, ...

advili SesamCnevia rom am mimdevrobis nebismieri wevri Semdegnairad Caiwereba: ai = 2 · i − 1. axla ki

gamoviangariSoT am mimdevrobis pirveli n wevris jami:

Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an .

aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli n kenti ricxvis jami rekursiulad Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

Sn = Sn−1 + an

(pirveli n−1 kenti ricxvis jams mimatebuli me- n-e kenti ricxvi).

savarjiSo 1.1: rekursiulad CawereT Sn+1 , Sn−1 , Sn−2 da Sn−3 .

pirvel rigSi ganvixiloT ramodenime konkretuli magaliTi:

S1 = a1 = 1
S2 = a1 + a2 = 4
S3 = a1 + a2 + a3 = 9
S4 = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 = 16
S5 = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 = 25
···

Tu am cxrilis marjvena mxares davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom iq naturaluri ricxvebis kvadratebi

weria: S1 = 12 , S2 = 22 , S3 = 32 , S4 = 42 , S5 = 52 .
es gvawvdis pirvel mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu risi toli SeiZleba iyos zogadad pirveli n kenti

ricxvis jami: Si = i2 .
magram es mxolod mosazrebaa, romelsac damtkiceba Wirdeba. es mosazreba TviT milioni magaliTis

gadamowmebiT ver damtkicdeba: milion meerTe magaliTi SeiZleba am mosazrebas ar akmayofilebdes.

ase rom, saWiroa raRaca zogadi meTodi, romliTac aseT rameebs davamtkicebT.

swored aseTia e.w. maTematikuri induqciis meTodi, romelic Semdegi sami bijisagan Sedgeba:

1. induqciis Semowmeba: gadavamowmoT mosazreba n=1 SemTxvevisaTvis;

29
30 Tavi IV maTematikuri induqcia da misi gamoyeneba

2. induqciis daSveba: davuSvaT, rom mosazreba WeSmaritia ∀k = 1, 2, ..., n;

3. induqciis biji: davamtkicoT mosazreba n + 1-Tvis.

am sami bijis Sesrulebisas Semdegs mivaRwevT: Tu mosazreba WeSmaritia n = 1-Tvis, me-2-e bijSi CavsvavT
n = 1. n+1-Tvis (mesame punqti), igi WeSmaritia 2-Tvis. ese igi, SeiZleba
Tu mosazreba WeSmaritia agreTve

meore punqtSi CavsvaT n = 2 da, mesame punqtidan gamomdinare, mosazreba WeSmaritia n + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3

-Tvis. analogiuri msjelobiT davamtkicebT Wesmaritebas n = 4, n = 5, n = 6... SemTxvevebSi, riTac es

mosazreba nebismieri naturaluri n -Tvis WeSmariti iqneba.

Cvens zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi es ase iqneba:

1. induqciis Semowmeba: n = 1: S1 = 12 = 1;

2. induqciis daSveba: davuSvaT, rom Sn = n2 ;

3. induqciis biji: davamtkicoTSn+1 = (n + 1)2 .

rekursiuli formulis Tanaxmad, Sn+1 = Sn + an+1 = Sn + 2 · (n + 1) − 1 = Sn + 2 · n + 1.
2 2 2
induqciis daSvebis Tanaxmad Sn = n da zeda formulaSi CasmiT viRebT: Sn+1 = n +2·n+1 = (n+1) .

mosazreba damtkicebulia.

rodesac rekursiuli formula Caiwereba ararekursiuli saxiT (anu formulaSi mxolod cvladebi da

mudmivebi gvxvdeba), amboben, rom rekursia gaiSala da formula Caiwera ararekursiuli saxiT.

zemoT aRwerili principiT davamtkicoT kidev erTi maTematikuri mosazreba:

n·(n+1)
rekursiuli tolobiT mocemulia mimdevroba S1 = 1, Sn = Sn−1 + n. daamtkiceT, rom Sn = 2 .

1·(1+1)
1. induqciis Semowmeba: n = 1: S1 = 2 = 1;

n·(n+1)
2. induqciis daSveba: Sn = 2 ;

(n+1)·(n+2)
3. induqciis biji: davamtkicoT Sn+1 = 2 ..
n·(n+1)
radgan Sn+1 = Sn +(n+1), amitom, induqciis daSvebis Tanaxmad, Sn+1 = 2 +(n+1) = (n+1)( n2 +1) =
(n+1)·(n+2)
2 .

savarjiSo 1.2: maTematikuri induqciis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom nebismieri kenti ricxvi Semdegi

formuliT Caiwereba: ai = 2 · i − 1.

savarjiSo 1.3: mocemulia rekursiuli toloba S1 = 3, Sn = Sn−1 +n. gaxseniT rekursia (toloba CawereT

ararekursiuli saxiT).

savarjiSo 1.4: mocemulia rekursiuli toloba K1 = 7, Kn = Kn−1 + 2n. gaxseniT rekursia (toloba

CawereT ararekursiuli saxiT).

savarjiSo 1.5: mocemulia rekursiuli toloba P1 = 1, Pn = Pn−1 + 2n . gaxseniT rekursia (toloba

CawereT ararekursiuli saxiT).

savarjiSo 1.6: mocemulia rekursiuli toloba L1 = 7, Ln = 2 · Ln−1 . gaxseniT rekursia (toloba CawereT

ararekursiuli saxiT).
4.2 maTematikuri induqciis gamoyeneba 31

4.2 maTematikuri induqciis gamoyeneba

ganvixiloT wina TavSi moyvanili navebis algoriTmis rekursiuli Canaweri An = A1 , U, An . maTematikuri

induqciiT SeiZleba misi sisworis mtkiceba:

• induqciis dasawyisi: A1 algoriTmi sworia (amis gadamowmeba advilia);

• induqciis daSveba: davuSvaT, An algoriTmi sworia raRaca n naturaluri ricxvisaTvis (da masze

patara yvela ricxvisaTvis);

• induqciis biji: davamtkicoT, rom An+1 = A1 , U, An sworia.

Tu davamtkicebT, rom An+1 algoriTmi sworia da gvecodineba, rom A1 sworia, maSin davuSvebT, rom

n=1 da amiT damtkicdeba, rom An+1 = A2 sworia. Tu A2 sworia da damtkicebuli gveqneba, rom An+1
sworia, damtkicdeba, rom A3 sworia da a.S. nebismieri naturaluri ricxvisaTvis.

axla ki davamtkicoT An+1 = A1 , U, An algoriTmis siswore: A1 , U algoriTmebis Sesrulebis Semdeg

warmoiSveba zustad iseTive situacia, rogorc n navis gayvanis amocanaSi. xolo induqciis daSvebis

Tanaxmad An algoriTmi n navis gayvanis amocanas sworad xsnis. ase rom, A1 , U, An n + 1 navis gayvanis

amocanas sworad xsnis.

Q.E.D.

savarjiSo 2.7: sworad amoxsnis Tu ara Semdegi algoriTmi An = An−1 , U, A1 n navis gayvanis amocanas?

algoriTmis sisworis mtkicebis Semdeg saWiroa misi siswrafis, anu bijebis raodenobis dadgena. A
algoriTmis bijebis raodenobas Semdegnairad aRniSnaven: T (A). Cvens SemTxvevaSi gveqneba T (An ).
radgan jer unda SevasruloT algoriTmi A1 , amis Semdeg algoriTmi U da bolos algoriTmi An−1 ,
maSin An algoriTmis bijebis raodenoba iqneba: T (An ) = T (A1 ) + T (U ) + T (An−1 ) (jer imdeni, ramdenic
saWiroa A1 algoriTmisaTvis, Semdeg imdeni, ramdenic saWiroa U algoriTmisaTvis da bolos imdeni,

ramdenic saWiroa An−1 algoriTmisaTvis).

es formulac Cawerilia rekursiuli saxiT, radgan igi Tavis Tavs iyenebs, mxolod ufro dabali parame-

trebiT. magram misi Cawera ararekursiuli saxiTac SeiZleba:

Cven viciT, rom T (A1 ) = 3 da T (U ) = 1 (Sesabamisi algoriTmebis gadamowmebiT amaSi advilad vrw-

mundebiT). aqedan gamomdinare, viRebT:

T (An ) = T (An−1 ) + 4.
Tavis mxriv, T (An−1 ) = T (An−2 ) + 4, T (An−2 ) = T (An−3 ) + 4 ...

aqedan gamomdinare,

T (An ) = T (An−1 ) + 1 · 4 = T (An−2 ) + 2 · 4 = T (An−3 ) + 3 · 4 = · · · = T (A1 ) + (n − 1) · 4 = 3 + (n − 1) · 4 = 4 · n − 1.

savarjiSo 2.8: daamtkiceT, rom amaze ufro swrafi algoriTmi ver iarsebebs.

analogiurad SeiZleba hanois koSkebis HnX1 ,X2 algoriTmis sisworis mtkiceba da bijebis raodenobis

gamoTvla:

X1 ,X3
HnX1 ,X2 = Hn−1 , H1X1 ,X2 , Hn−1
X3 ,X2
.

• induqciis dasawyisi: H1X1 ,X2 algoriTmi sworia (amis gadamowmeba advilia);

• induqciis daSveba: davuSvaT, HnX1 ,X2 algoriTmi sworia raRaca n naturaluri ricxvisaTvis (da

masze patara yvela ricxvisaTvis);

32 Tavi IV maTematikuri induqcia da misi gamoyeneba

X1 ,X2
• induqciis biji: davamtkicoT, rom Hn+1 = HnX1 ,X3 , H1X1 ,X2 , HnX3 ,X2 sworia.

pirvel rigSi HnX1 ,X3 algoriTmiT X1 Zelidan zeda n rgoli X3 Zelze unda gadavitanoT (nax.

4.1(a)). induqciis daSvebis Tanaxmad es procedura sworad Sesruldeba (aq gasaTvaliscinebelia,

rom X1 Zelze yvelaze didi rgoli rCeba, romelzec yvela danarCeni rgolis dadeba SeiZleba, rac
amocanis SeZRudvas ar arRvevs. Semdeg X1 Zelze darCenil did rgols gadavitanT X2 Zelze (nax.
X3 ,X2
4.1(b)), ris Semdegac H algoriTmiT n rgols gadavitanT X3 Zelidan X2 Zelze (nax. 4.1(g)). aqac
n
X3 ,X2
unda gaviTvaliscinoT, rom, induqciis daSvebis Tanaxmad, H algoriTmi yvela wesis dacviT
n
moqmedebs da X2 Zelze yvelaze didi rgoli devs, romelzedac nebismieri sxva rgolis dadeba

SeiZleba. Sedegad miviRebT n + 1 rgols mesame Zelze (nax. 4.1(d)).

qvemoT moyvanil naxatSi X1 = A, X2 = C, X3 = B .

nax. 4.1: n+1 rgoliani piramidis gadatanisaTvis saWiro operaciebi

imisaTvis, rom davadginoT, Tu ramden bijs andomebs es algoriTmi, ganvixiloT misi rekursiuli Cana-

weri:

X1 ,X3
HnX1 ,X2 = Hn−1 X3 ,X2
, H1X1 ,X2 , Hn−1 .

advili saCvenebelia, rom

X1 ,X3
T (HnX1 ,X2 ) = T (Hn−1 ) + T (H1X1 ,X2 ) + T (Hn−1
X3 ,X2
).
A,C
savarjiSo 2.9: ras aRniSnavs T (Hn+3 ), T (H3C,B ), T (H7A,C )?
savarjiSo 2.10: risi tolia T (H1A,C ) da T (H2A,C )?
savarjiSo 2.11: daamtkiceT, rom T (H1A,C ) = T (H1B,C ) da zogadad: T (HnX1 ,X2 ) = T (HnY1 ,Y2 ) ∀X1 , X2 , Y1 , Y2 ∈
{A, B, C} (ar aqvs mniSvneloba, romeli Zelidan romelze gadavawyobT piramidas - bijebis raodenoba

ucvlelia).

X1 ,X3
radgan HnX1 ,X2 = Hn−1 , H1X1 ,X2 , Hn−1
X3 ,X2
, jer unda Sesruldes
X1 ,X3
Hn−1 , Semdeg H1X1 ,X2 da bolos
X3 ,X2
Hn−1 .

aqedan gamomdinare,

X1 ,X3
T (HnX1 ,X2 ) = T (Hn−1 ) + T (H1X1 ,X2 ) + T (Hn−1
X3 ,X2 X1 ,X2
) = 2 · T (Hn−1 )+1
(ix. wina savarjiSoebi).

savarjiSo 2.12: maTematikuri induqciis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT:

T (HnX1 ,X2 ) = 2n − 1.
4.3 fibonaCis mimdevroba 33

savarjiSo 2.13: ganixileT n navis gayvanis iteraciuli algoriTmi. maTematikuri induqciis gamoyenebiT

daamtkiceT misi siswore da gamoiTvaleT bijebis raodenoba.

savarjiSo 2.14: ganixileT n rgoliani hanois koSkis iteraciuli algoriTmi da gamoiTvaleT misi bi-

jebis raodenoba.

SeniSvna: am iteraciuli algoriTmis bijebis daTvla martivi araa, radgan araa cxadi, ramdenjer unda

Sesruldes cikli.

hanois koSkebis amocanis magaliTze SeiZleba davinaxoT algoriTmebis iteraciuli aRweris uaryo-

fiTi mxare. Tu rekursiul SemTxvevaSi rogorc bijebis daTvla, aseve sisworis mtkiceba maTematikuri

induqciis gamoyenebiT SedarebiT advilia, iteraciul SemTxvevaSi es sakmaod rTuldeba.

magram arsebobs magaliTebi, romlis ganxilvisas aSkaraa iteraciuli algoriTmis efeqturoba rekur-

siulTan SedarebiT. aseTi magaliTia fibonaCis mimdevrobis gamoTvlis amocana, romelsac Cven qvemoT

ganvixilavT.

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom yoveli amocanis implementaciisas (anu realizaciisas) detalu-

radaa gasaanalizebeli misi Sinaarsi, moTxovnebi, SezRudvebi, monacemTa tipebi, rom misTvis efeqturi

algoriTmi SevqmnaT.

4.3 fibonaCis mimdevroba

cnobilma italielma mecnierma leonardo da pizam (Leonardo da Pisa), romelic meTormete saukunis

bolosa da mecamete saukunis dasawyisSi cxovrobda da ufro fibonaCis saxeliTaa cnobili (Fibonacci),
Semdegi amocanis gadaWra gadawyvita:

glexi zrdis kurdRlebs. yoveli kurdReli badebs erT kurdgels, rodesac ori Tvis gaxdeba da Semdeg

TiTo kurdRels yovelTviurad. ramdeni dedali kurdReli eyoleba glexs n TveSi, Tu CavTvliT, rom

kurdRlebi ar kvdebian?

Tu n mcirea, raodenobis gamoTvla araa rTuli: pirvel da meore TveSi mas 1 kurdReli hyavs, radgan

kurdReli mxolod ori Tvis Semdeg iZleva STamomavlobas. mesame Tves mas 2 kurdReli eyoleba, xolo

meoTxeSi ki 3, radgan pirvelma kurdRelma misca kidev 1 da meore jer ori Tvis araa. amis Semdeg misi

pirveli da meore kurdReli orive STamomavlobas iZleva, ase rom, mexuTe TveSi mas 5 kurdReli eyo-

leba. zogadad, me- n-e TveSi axlad Semomatebul kurdRelTa ricxvi tolia im kurdRelTa ricxvisa,

romlebic sul cota 2 Tvis arian. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu me- n-e TveSi kurdRelTa raodenobas aRvniS-

navT rogorc Fn , miviRebT:

Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2

(am tolobas fibonaCis pirobasac uwodeben).

Cven viciT agreTve, rom F1 = 1, F2 = 1, F3 = 3, F4 = 5. teqnikuri mizezebiT gansazRvraven agreTve F0 = 0 ,

rac Semdegnairad gansazRvravs e.w. fibonaCis mimdevrobas:

F0 = 0; F1 = 1; Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2 ,

sadac n > 1. am rekursiuli formuliT gamoTvlili ramodenime ricxvia:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, . . .

aseTi saxiT miRebul ricxvebs fibonaCis ricxvebs uwodeben, xolo am mimdevrobas -- fibonaCis mimdev-

robas. amas garda, Fn da Fn+1 mezobeli ricxvebia.

34 Tavi IV maTematikuri induqcia da misi gamoyeneba

aRsaniSnavia, rom es mimdevroba antikuri xanis saberZneTsa da Sua saukuneebis indoeTSic iyo cnobili.

zogjer mis nulovan wevrs F0 = 0 ar ganixilaven xolme da mis pirvel or wevrad F1 da F2 iReben.

rogorc aRmoCnda, zemoT moyvanili formula kurdRelTa raodenobas arasworad iTvlis, magram sa-

magierod fibonaCis ricxvebi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba bunebaSi da mecnierebaSic did rols TamaSoben.

TviT es mimdevrobac bevr saintereso Tvisebas avlens.

ase, magaliTad, mzesumziras nayofSi Tesli ganTavsebulia momrgvalebul wirebze, romelTa sqemac

qveda naxatSia moyvanili (nax. 4.2).

nax. 4.2: mzesumziras nayofSi Teslis ganTavseba

am naxazebidan Cans, rom Tesli ori sapirispirod mimarTuli figuris msgavsadaa ganlagebuli, sadac

wirebis raodenobebia 55 da 34, rac ori mezobeli fibonaCis ricxvia.

amas garda, xeebSi totebis ganStoebisa an yvavilebis furclebis ricxvi ZiriTadad fibonaCis mimde-

vrobis erT-erTi wevris tolia xolme (mravlad moiZebneba yvavili an mcenare 3, 5, 8, 13 furcliT, magram

gamonaklisia 4, 6, 7 an 9 furcliani mcenare).

damtkicebulia, rom nebismieri naturaluri ricxvi calsaxad Caiwereba iseTi fibonaCis ricxvebis

jamis saxiT, rom am ricxvebs Soris ar Segvxvdeba mezobeli fibonaCis ricxvebi.

magaliTad, n = 67 Semdegnairad warmodgeba: 67 = 1 + 3 + 8 + 55 da es warmodgena erTad-erTia (marTalia,

67 = 1 + 3 + 8 + 21 + 34, magram aq 21 da 34 mezobeli ricxvebia fibonaCis mimdevrobaSi, rac pirobas

ewinaaRmdegeba).

aseTi calsaxa jami warmoSobs fibonaCis ricxvebis mimdevrobas, anu kods, romelic calsaxad gan-

sazRvravs am ricxvs da kodirebis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba.

fibonaCis mimdevrobis gamoyenebiT gadaWrili iqna meoce saukunis dasawyisSi udidesi germaneli maTe-

matikosis daviT hilbertis mier dasmuli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocana (hilbertis X problema).

sainteresoa am ricxvebis gamoyeneba kombinatorikaSi.

ganvixiloT Semdegi amocana: mocemulia n safexuriani kibe. Tu Cven kibis avla SegviZlia ise, rom TiTo

nabijSi erT an or safexurs avdivarT, kibis avlis ramdeni sxvadasxva varianti arsebobs ?

cxadia, Tu n = 1, Cven kibis avlis erTad-erTi saSualeba gveqneba. Tu n = 2, maSin gveqneba ori SesaZle-

bloba: an TiTo-TiTo kibis avlis, an erT jerze oris. n=3 SemxvevaSi gveqneba 3 SesaZlebloba: 1+1+1

n = 4: 1+1+1+1 an 1+1+2 an 1+2+1 an 2+1+1 an 2+2, sul 5 SesaZlebloba.

an 1+2 an 2+1.

Tu Gn n safexuriani kibis zemoT moyvanili pirobiT avlis variantebis raodenobas, maSin

aRniSnavs

SeiZleba Gn+1 ricxvis gamoTvla Semdegi analizis safuZvelze: Tu mocemulia n + 1 safexuriani kibe,

Cven SegviZlia jer aviaroT erTi safexuri da mere n safexuri Gn sxvadasxva meTodiT, an jer aviaroT

2 safexuri da Semdeg n − 1 safexuri Gn−1 sxvadasxva meTodiT. aqedan gamomdinare, viRebT formulas

Gn+1 = Gn + Gn−1 ,
rac fibonaCis mimdevrobis ganmsazRvreli rekursiuli formulaa. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom am

mimdevrobebis pirveli da meore elementi fibonaCis mimdevrobis meore da mesame elementebis tolia.

aqedan gamomdinare viRebT:

Gn = Fn+1 .
4.3 fibonaCis mimdevroba 35

meore amocanad SeiZleba Wadrakis dafis dominos qvebiT gadafarvis problema moviyvanoT:

mocemulia Wadrakis dafis fragmenti zomiT 2×n da n cali dominos qva, romelTa Soris TiTo 2
kvadrats faravs. ramdeni sxvadasxva meTodiT SeiZleba n qviT 2 × n zomis fragmentis dafarva? qveda
naxatSi moyvanilia amonaxsnebi 2 × 3, 2 × 4 da 2×5 zomisaTvis.

nax. 4.3: Wadrakis dafis fragmentis gadafarva

savarjiSo 3.15: davuSvaT, 2 × n fragmentis gadafarva Pn cali sxvadasxva meTodiT SeiZleba (zemoT

moyvanili naxatidan Cans, rom P3 = 3 , P4 = 5 da P5 = 8). ra saxis rekursiuli formuliT aRiwereba Pn ?

ra kavSirSia es mimdevroba fibonaCis ricxvebTan?

aqve SegviZlia CamovTvaloT fibonaCis mimdevrobis ramodenime Tviseba:

• F1 + F2 + · · · + Fn = Fn+2 − 1;
• F3n luwia;

• F5n iyofa 5-ze;

• F1 + F3 + F5 + · · · + F2n−1 = F2n ;
• F0 − F1 + F2 − F3 + · · · − F2n−1 + F2n = F2n−1 − 1;
• F12 + F22 + · · · + Fn2 = Fn · Fn+1 ;
• Fn−1 · Fn+1 − Fn2 = (−1)n ;

savarjiSo 3.16: maTematikur induqciaze dayrdnobiT daamtkiceT zemoT moyvanili tolobebi.

ufro rTulad dasamtkicebeli faqtebia:

• Tu n > 4 da Fn martivia, maSin n martivia (Sebrunebuli gamonaTqvami ar aris WeSmariti: ∃p martivi

ricxvi iseTi, rom Fp araa martivi);

• Tu n, m ∈ N da gcd(m, n) am ori ricxvis udides saerTo gamyofs aRniSnavs, maSin

gcd(Fm , Fn ) = Fgcd(m,n)
• Fn+m = Fn−1 Fm + Fn Fm+1 ;
• F(k+1)n = Fn−1 Fkn + Fn Fkn+1 ;
• Fn = Fl Fn−l+1 + Fl−1 Fn−1 ;
2 2
• Fn = F(n+1)/2 + F(n−1)/2 , Tu n kentia;
36 Tavi IV maTematikuri induqcia da misi gamoyeneba

2 2
• Fn = Fn/2+1 + Fn/2−1 , Tu n luwia;

Ria sakiTxi: Segvxvdeba Tu ara fibonaCis mimdevrobaSi usasrulod bevri martivi ricxvi?

savarjiSo 3.17: risi tolia gcd(46368, 21) ?

savarjiSo 3.18: dawereT algoriTmi, romelic mocemuli ricxvisaTvis gaarkvevs, aris Tu ara igi fi-

bonaCis ricxvi.

bunebrivad ismis Semdegi sakiTxi: ramden bijSi SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT Fn zemoT moyvanili rekursi-

uli formulis meSveobiT?

savarjiSo 3.19: gamoiTvaleT T (Fn ) (zemoT moyvanili Fn ricxvis gamoTvlisaTvis saWiro bijebis rao-

denoba).

axla ki ganvixiloT fibonaCis ricxvebis gamoTvlis e.w. iteraciuli algoriTmi, romelic ramodenime-

jer imeorebs erTsa da imave operacias:

algoriTmi 4.1 : navebis gayvana (iteraciuli versia)

monacemi: n (navebis raodenoba)

1: gaimeore n-jer:
2: {
3: c = a + b;
4: b = a;
5: a = c;
6: }
algoriTmi dasrulebulia

savarjiSo 3.20: daamtkiceT, rom am algoriTmis Sesrulebis Semdeg a cvladSi fibonaCis me- n-e ricxvi

ewereba. ra iqneba Cawerili c da b cvladebSi?

savarjiSo 3.21: daamtkiceT, rom zemoT aRwerili iteraciuli algoriTmiT me- n-e fibonaCis ricxvis

gamoTvlas 4n + 2 biji daWirdeba (mimatebisa da miniWebis operaciebi TiTo bijad CaTvaleT).

am ori magaliTidan naTlad Cans, rom fibonaCis ricxvebis gamoTvla gacilebiT ufro swrafia iteraci-

uli algoriTmiT, vidre rekursiuliT.

magram ram gamoiwvia aseTi gansxvaveba gamoTvlis siswrafeSi? am sakiTxis gasaanalizeblad ganvixi-

loT rekursiuli algoriTmis gamoTvlis procesis grafikuli warmodgena:

F5 F5 F5

F3 F4 F3 F4 F3 F4

F3 F3
F1 F2 F2 F1 F2 F2

F1 F2
(a ) (b ) (g)

nax. 4.4: F5 gamoTvlis procesi

Tu yovel wveros (wertils) warmovidgenT, rogorc fibonaCis mimdevrobis Sesabamis ricxvs da am wvero-

dan xazebiT dakavSirebul qveda wveroebs rogorc am ricxvis gamosaangariSeblad saWiro sxva ricxvebs,
 4.3 fibonaCis mimdevroba 37

advilad davinaxavT, rom F5 ricxvis gamosaangariSeblad rekursiuli algoriTmi orjer gamoiangari-

Sebs F3 ricxvs, rac Tavis mxriv kidev ori ricxvis jamisagan Sedgeba. aqedan gamomdinare, ramodenime

gamoTvla YzedmetiaA: SesaZlebeli iqneboda, magaliTad, F3 ricxvis erTxel gamoTvla da Sedegis sadme
Senaxva misi saWiroebis SemTxveveaSi gamoyenebis mizniT, rac zedmet gamoTvlas Tavidan agvacilebda.

am magaliTze naTlad Cans, Tu ra uaryofiTi mxare aqvs rekursiis YbrmadA gaxsnas: xSirad ukve gamo-

Tvlili nawilebi Tavidan gamoTvleba. swored es iyo imis mizezi, rom 1950-1960an wlebSi rekursiuli

funqciebi mTlianad amoiRes (an faqtiurad ar gamoiyeneboda) daprogramebis enebSi. magram mogviane-

biT, kompilatorebis optimizatorebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, es problema daZleul iqna da axla ukve

rekursiuli funqciebi farTod gamoiyeneba maTi bevri dadebiTi mxareebis gamo.

rekursiul struqturebSi monacemTa erTxel gamoTvlisa da maTi Semdgomi gamoyenebis mizniT Senaxvis

ideazea dafuZnebuli e.w. dinamiuri daprogramebis principi, romelsac Cven Semdgom kursebSi detalu-

rad ganvixilavT.

savarjiSo 3.22: daxazeT F6 da F7 ricxvebis gamoTvlisTvis saWiro diagramebi ise, rogorc es zemoT

moyvanil magaliTSi iyo. ramdeni YzedmetiA gamoTvla tardeba am SemTxvevebSi?

cxadia, rom ufro mosaxerxebeli iqneboda fibonaCis ricxvebis ararekursiuli formuliT gamoan-

gariSeba. maSin mis gamoTvlas arc Tu iseT did dros movandomebdiT. da marTlac, aseTi warmodgena

arsebobs:

√ !n √ !n !
1 1+ 5 1− 5
Fn = √ · − .
5 2 2

savarjiSo 3.23: maTematikuri induqciis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT am formulis siswore.

savsebiT logikuria Semdegi Sekitxva: rogor SeiZleba am formulis gamoyvana? ra gziT miagno vinmem

aseT rTul formulas?

pirvel rigSi saWiroa mimdevrobis ricxvebis dakvirveba. erTi SexedviT, Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2 kanonzomiere-

bis garda aq araferi Cans:

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, . . .

magram Tu mezobel ricxvebs erTmaneTs SevufardebT, SeiZleba damatebiTi kanonzomiereba davinaxoT:

Fn
Tn = Fn−1 (n > 1):

1 2 3 5
T2 = 1 = 1; T3 = 1 = 2; T4 = 2 = 1, 5; T5 = 3 ≈ 2, 666667;

8 13 21 34
T6 = 5 = 1, 6; T7 = 8 = 1, 625; T8 = 13 ≈ 1, 615; T9 = 21 ≈ 1, 619;

55 89 144 233
T10 = 34 ≈ 1, 6176; T11 = 55 ≈ 1, 618; T12 = 89 ≈ 1, 61798; T13 = 144 ≈ 1, 61805;

377 610 987 1597

T14 = 233 ≈ 1, 618026; T15 = 377 ≈ 1, 618037; T16 = 610 ≈ 1, 618033; T17 = 987 ≈ 1, 618034;

2584 4181 6765 10946

T18 = 1597 ≈ 1, 618034; T19 = 2584 ≈ 1, 618034; T20 = 4181 ≈ 1, 6180339887; T21 = 6765 ≈ 1, 6180339887;

17711 28657 46368

T22 = 10946 ≈ 1, 6180339887; T23 = 17711 ≈ 1, 6180339887; T24 = 28657 ≈ 1, 6180339887...
am ricxvebs rom davakvirdeT, SevamCnevT, rom Tn , anu fibonaCis mezobeli ricxvebis erTmaneTTan Se-

fardeba, erTi ricvisken miiswrafvis, anu sul ufro da ufro uaxlovdeba am ricxvs da maT Soris

gansxvaveba droTa ganmavlobaSi nuls uaxlovdeba). marTlac, damtkicebulia, rom

Fn
lim = Φ ≈ 1, 6180339887.
n→∞ Fn−1
38 Tavi IV maTematikuri induqcia da misi gamoyeneba

√
1+ 5
aq Φ= 2 e.w. oqros kveTaa da ityvian, rom Sefardebis mimdevrobis zRvari Φ tolia, Tu indeqsi n
miiswrafvis usasrulobisken (es maTematikuri analizis safuZvlebis sakiTxia da Cven amas detalebSi

ar SevexebiT, Tumca CavTvliT, rom mkiTxvelisTvis cnobilia).

Cvens SemTxvevaSi es imas niSnavs, rom dawyebuli raRaca adgilidan, fibonaCis mimdevroba geometriuli
progresiis Tvisebebs avlens. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom arsebobs iseTi mimdev-

roba

Gn = c · q n ,
romelic emTxveva fibonaCis mimdevrobas (dawyebuli raime adgilidan mainc) raRaca c, q ∈ N ricxve-

bisaTvis. magram rogor unda SevarCioT c da q?

ra Tqma unda, TviT (Gn )∞

n=1 mimdevrobac unda akmayofilebdes fibonaCis mimdevrobis Tvisebas:

Gn = Gn−1 + Gn−2 .
aqedan gamomdinare,

c · q n = c · q n−1 + c · q n−2
da, Sesabamisad, Tu tolobis orive mxares gavyofT c · q n−2 sidideze, miviRebT Semdeg gantolebas, rom-

liTac q parametris dadgenas SevZlebT:

q 2 = q + 1.
am kvadratuli gantolebis amonaxsnebia

√ √
1+ 5 1− 5
q1 = da q2 = .
2 2

aqedan gamomdinare, viRebT or mimdevrobas

√ !n √ !n
1+ 5 1− 5
G0n = c · da G00n = c · ,
2 2

sadac orive fibonaCis pirobas akmayofilebs.

darCa mxolod am ori mimdevrobidan erT-erTisa an maTi kombinaciis amorCeva da c parametris dadgena

ise, rom miRebuli mimdevroba fibonaCis (Fn )∞

n=1 mimdevrobas daemTxvas.

√
ganvixiloT mimdevroba G0n . Tu n = 1, viRebT: G01 = c · 1+ 5
2 da, aqedan gamomdinare, radgan Cven gvinda,

rom G01 = F1 = 1, viRebT:

√
1+ 5
c· = 1.
2
 √ 2
ese igi, c= 2√
1+ 5
. magram am SemTxvevaSi G02 = 1+2√5 · 1+2 5 6= F2 = 1. ase rom, (G0n )∞
n=1 mimdevroba calke

aRebuli fibonaCis mimdevrobas ver daemTxveva.

savarjiSo 3.24: analogiuri msjelobiT aCveneT, rom arc mimdevroba (G00n )∞

n=1 daemTxveva fibonaCis mim-

devrobas.

axla ganvixiloT mimdevroba

√ !n √ !n !
1+ 5 1− 5
Hn = G0n − G00n =c· − .
2 2

savarjiSo 3.25: daamtkiceT, rom zemoT moyvanili mimdevroba (Hn )∞

n=1 fibonaCis pirobas akmayofilebs.
4.3 fibonaCis mimdevroba 39

savarjiSo 3.26: ganixileT mimdevroba Hn0 = G0n + G00n . akmayofilebs Tu ara igi fibonaCis pirobas?

cxadia, H0 = 0 da amiT am mimdevrobis nulovani wevri fibonaCis mimdevrobis nulovan wevrs emTxveva.

axla ki ganvixiloT H1 :

√ ! √ !!
1+ 5 1− 5
H1 = c · − .
2 2

radgan Cven gvinda, rom es wevri fibonaCis mimdevrobis pirvel wevrs daemTxvas, viRebT gantolebas:

√ ! √ !!
1+ 5 1− 5
H1 = c · − = 1.
2 2

c cvladis mimarT am gantolebis amoxsnis Semdeg viRebT: q= √1 . aqedan gamomdinare,

5

√ ! √ !!
1 1+ 5 1− 5
H1 = √ · − .
5 2 2
∞
radgan mimdevroba (Hn )n=1 akmayofilebs fibonaCis pirobas da misi pirveli ori wevri fibonaCis mimde-

vrobis pirveli ori wevris tolia, es ori mimdevroba mTlianad daemTxveva erTmaneTs:

√ !n √ !n !
1 1+ 5 1− 5
Hn = √ · − .
5 2 2
r. d. g.

 √ n  √ n 
savarjiSo 3.27: ganixileT mimdevroba Hn0 = G0n + G00n = c0 · 1+ 5
2 + 1− 5
2 .
0 0
SeiZleba Tu ara aq c cvladis ise SerCeva, rom H mimdevroba fibonaCis mimdevrobas daemTxvas?

Tu yuradRebiT gavaanalizebT fibonaCis ricxvebis formulis gamoyvanis process, aRmovaCenT ramod-

enime fundamentur moments:

• Tavdapirvelad vatarebT YeqsperimentebsA: rogorc fizikosebi akvirdebian bunebriv movlenebs,

biologebi - cocxal organizmebs, qimikosebi - nivTierebebs, Cvenc vakvirdebiT ricxvTa mimdevro-

bebs da maT urTierTdamokidebulebas. am dakvirvebis process induqcia ewodeba (ar agerioT ze-

moT moyvanil maTematikur induqciaSi). ricxvebze YeqsperimentebSiA swored sxvadasxva damokide-

bulebis - mezobelTa sxvaobebis, jamebis, Sefardebebis, namravlebisa da sxva kombinaciebis da-

kvirveba igulisxmeba;

• erT-erTi aseTi eqsperimentis dakvirvebisas aRmovaCineT garkveuli kanonzomiereba:

mezobel ricxvTa Sefardeba raRac erTi ricxvisken ikribeba;

• am kanonzomierebam garkveuli analogiis gatarebis SesaZlebloba mogvca: radgan Sefardeba sul

ufro da ufro uaxlovdeba raRac ricxvs - ise, rogorc geometriuli progresia - SesaZlebelia,

rom am imdevrobas geometriuli progresiis msgavsi sxva Tvisebebic qondes;

• aqedan gamomdinare Seiqmna kvlevis axali obieqti: fibonaCis Tvisebis mqone geometriuli progre-

sia.

swored am obieqtis kvlevis Sedegad iqna gamoyvanili es formula.

zogadad, mecnierebis daniSnulebac aseTia: kvlevis obieqtebze dakvirveba, sxvadasxva eqsperimentis

Catareba, kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena da am kanonzomierebebis mizezebis Zieba.

Cveni kvlevis obieqti am SemTxvevaSi ricxvTa mimdevroba iyo, kanonzomiereba ki - geometriul progre-

siasTan msgavseba. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom Cveni sawyisi mimdevroba (am SemTxvevaSi fibonaCis

mimdevroba) geometriuli progresiis analogia.

40 Tavi IV maTematikuri induqcia da misi gamoyeneba

4.4 paskalis samkuTxedi

e.w. paskalis samkuTxedSi igulisxmeba samkuTxa cxrili, romlis yoveli elementi mis zemoT mdgari

ori elementis jamia:

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1

ase, magaliTad, meoTxe striqonis meore elementi aris 3, radgan mis zemoT mdgari ori elementi (anu

mesame striqonis pirveli da meore elementi) aris 1 da 2.

aseTi meTodiT dalagebul ricxvebs sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneben praqtikaSi. marTalia, igi ukve Zvel

indoeTSi, Zvel saberZneTsa da Suasaukuneebis iranSic iyo cnobili, misi Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi

gamoyeneba frang mecniers blez paskals ekuTvnis da CvenSi mis saxels atarebs (Tumca aRmosavleTSi

aseve cnobili iraneli filosofosisa da poetis omar xaiamis samkuTxeds uwodeben).

raSi SeiZleba gamogvadges paskalis samkuTxedis ricxvebi? maTi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebad SeiZleba

ori ricxvis jamis n xarisxSi ayvana ganvixiloT:

(x + y)n = an,0 xn · y 0 + an,1 xn−1 · y 1 + an,2 xn−2 · y 2 + · · · + an,n−1 x1 · y n−1 + an,n x0 · y n

yoveli fiqsirebuli n ricxvisTvis viRebT e.w. n rigis or cvladian mravalwevrs (n+1 elementian jams,
sadac cvladebis xarisxebis jami mudmivia da udris n).
ase, magaliTad,

(a + b)0 = 1,
(a + b)1 = a + b = 1a1 b0 + 1a0 b1 ,
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = 1a2 b0 + 2a1 b1 + 1a0 b2 ,
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 = 1a3 b0 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + 1a0 b3

Tu zeda magaliTebSi davakvirdebiT TiToeul mravalwevrs (anu polinoms), advilad davinaxavT, rom

maTi koeficientebi zustad paskalis samkuTxedis striqonebia. aRmoCnda, rom es yovelTvis asea: ori

ricxvis jamis n xarisxSi ayvanis polinomi paskalis samkuTxedis n+1 striqonis elementebs emTxveva:

ai,j = Pi+1,j ,
sadac Pk,l paskalis samkuTxedis k striqonSi l poziciaze mdgar elements aRniSnavs.

ufro metic: paskalis samkuTxedis yoveli Pi,j elementi e.w. binomialur koeficients, jufdebas aR-

niSnavs:

 
i−1
Pi,j =
j−1
 
k
Tavis mxriv jufdeba Cpk ≡ k elementiani simravlidan p sxvadasxva elementis amorCevis Sesa-
p
ZleblobaTa raodenobas aRniSnavs. magaliTad, Tu k = 4 da p = 2, unda ganvixiloT 4 elementiani

simravle {a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 } (elementebis saxelebs mniSvneloba ar aqvs) da vnaxoT, misi ramdeni sxvadasxva

2 elementiani qvesimravle arsebobs (ramdeni sxvadasxva ori elementis amorCevaa SesaZlebeli). Cvens

SemTxvevaSi gveqneba:
4.5 mokle daskvna 41
   
k 4
{a1 , a2 }, {a1 , a3 }, {a1 , a4 }, {a2 , a3 }, {a2 , a4 }, {a3 , a4 }, anu sul 6 cali: Cpk ≡ = = 6.
p 2
es yvelaferi e.w. kombinatorikis sakiTxebia, romlebsac Cven mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

savarjiSo 4.28: dawereT rekursiuli formula, romliTac paskalis samkuTxedis Pn,m elements gamo-

viTvliT.

k!
SeniSvna: arsebobs jufdebis gamoTvlis formula Cpk = p!(k−p)! , romlis Sinaarssac da gamoyvanis pro-

cess Cven Semdgom TavSi ganvixilavT.

savarjiSo 4.29: wina savarjiSoSi gamoTvlili rekursiuli formulis safuZvelze dawereT rekursi-

uli algoriTmi, romliTac paskalis samkuTxedis Pn,m elements gamoviTvliT.

4.5 mokle daskvna

mesame TavSi Cven ganvixileT e.w. maTematikuri induqciis principi, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba rekur-

siulad agebuli (erTmaneTze damokidebuli dalagebuli) struqturebis kanonzomierebis mtkicebaSi

da es principi gadavitaneT algoriTmebis sisworis mtkicebisa da bijebis daTvlis teqnikaze.

agreTve gavicaniT ori umniSvnelovanesi mimdevroba: fibonaCis ricxvebisa da paskalis samkuTxedis,

romelTa garkveuli kanonzomierebebis mtkicebaSic vaCveneT maTematikuri induqciis gamoyenebis mni-

Svnelovani magaliTebi.

fibonaCis mimdevrobis gamoTvlis rekursiuli da iteraciuli algoriTmis analizis safuZvelze ga-

moCnda am ori meTodis principuli gansxvaveba da rekursiuli algoriTmis susti mxareebi da am sisus-

tis ZiriTadi mizezi.

42 Tavi IV maTematikuri induqcia da misi gamoyeneba
Tavi 5

simravleebi da maTi simZlavre

5.1 bieqciuri asaxva da Tvladi simravllebi

ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi: patara princs aqvs TeTr da Sav cxvriani fara. cxvris es fara SeiZleba

sasrul elementian simravled ganvixiloT (nax. 5.1 marcxniv). mas pirvel rigSi imis garkveva unda, Savi

cxvari metia faraSi, Tu TeTri. amisaTvis igi calke ayenebs TeTr da Sav cxvrebs, riTac faras, anu

simravles or nawilad, anu or qvesimravled yofs (nax. 5.1 SuaSi).

nax. 5.1: patara princi cxvrebiT

TeTri da Savi cxvris fara calkeul simravleebadac SeiZleba ganvixiloT. imis dasadgenad, Tu romel

simravleSia meti elementi (anu TeTr Tu Sav faraSia meti cxvari), patara princi am simravleebis

TiToeul elements erTmaneTTan awyvilebs (nax. 5.1 marjvniv).

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erTi simravlis TiToeul elements (Sav cxvars) erT elements Seusabamebs

meore simravlidan (TeTr cxvars) ise, rom or sxvadasxva elements ori sxvadasxva elementi Seesabame-

bodes (or sxvadasxva TeTr cxvars ori sxvadasxva Savi cxvari Seesabameba).

radgan aseTi dawyvilebis Semdeg darCa zedmeti TeTri cxvari, vaskvniT, rom TeTri cxvari metia.

cxadia, rom aseTi saxis dawyvileba nebismier or sasrul simravles Soris SeiZleba. mTavaria, rom

pirveli simravlis ori sxvadasxva elementi meore simravlis or sxvadasxva elementTan davawyviloT.

Tu amdagvari dawyvilebis Semdeg arc erT simravleSi zedmeti (dauwyvilebeli) elementi ar dagvrCeba,

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom am simravleebSi elementebis raodenoba tolia.

aseT dawyvilebas bieqcia ewodeba.

bunebrivia Semdegi SekiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara amdagvari dawyvileba usasrulo simravleebSi? Tu gan-

vixilavT naturalur ricxvTa simravles N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...} da luw ricxvTa simravles 2N = {2, 4, 6, 8, ...},
aseTi dawyvileba SeiZleba iyos ( 1 ↔ 2), (2 ↔ 4), (3 ↔ 6), (4 ↔ 8), ... , (n ↔ 2n), ....

43
44 Tavi V simravleebi da maTi simZlavre

imis da miuxedavad, rom es procesi usasrulod gagrZeldeba, dabejiTebiT SegviZlia imis Tqma, rom

N simravlis yvela elements 2N simravlis zustad erTi elementi Seesabameba da YzedmetiA elementi

arc erT simravleSi ar darCeba (zustad igive msjelobiT vaskvniT, rom 2N simravlis yvela elements

calsaxad Seesabameba N simravlis erTi elementi).

rogorc vTqviT, aseT dawyvilebebs bieqcia anu urTierTcalsaxa asaxva ewodeba.

maTematikis enaze es Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoisaxos:

ganmarteba 1.1: ganvixiloT asaxva f : A → B ,

sadac A da B raime simravleebia, anu f asaxviT A simravlis

yovel B simravlis raime elementi Seesabameba. Tu ganvixilavT A simravlis raime elements

elements

a ∈ A, romelic f asaxviT aisaxeba B simravlis elementSi b ∈ B , anu formaluri CanaweriT f : a 7→ b,

maSin b elements a elementis anasaxi, xolo a elements ki b elementis winare saxe ewodeba.

• f : A → B asaxvas ewodeba Tu B simravlis yoveli elementisTvis

sureqciuli (anu sureqcia),
moiZebneba A a iseTi, rom f asaxviT a elementi b elementSi aisaxeba. am
simravlis raRac elementi

winadadebis formaluri Canaweria ∀b ∈ B, ∃a ∈ A, f (a) = b

(sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar arsebobs b simravleSi iseTi elementi, romelsac a simravleSi

winare saxe ar aqvs - anu arc erTi elementi ar YgamogvrCeniaA);

• f : A → B asaxvas ewodeba inieqciuri (anu inieqcia), Tu yoveli ori sxvadasxva elementi or

sxvadasxvaSi aisaxeba. formalurad: ∀a 6= b, f (a) 6= f (b);

• f :A→B asaxvas ewodeba bieqciuri (anu bieqcia), Tu igi erTroulad ineqciuric da sureqciuli-

caa.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom or (sasrul an usasrulo) simravleSi erTi da igive

raodenobis elementebia, Tu maT Soris arsebobs bieqcia (urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisobis dadgenaa Sesa-

Zlebeli).

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom usasrulo simravleebSi elementebis tol an met raodenobaze laparaki arako-

reqtulia. amitomac amboben, rom ori simravlis simZlavre tolia, Tu maT Soris arsebobs bieqcia. Tu

or A da B simravles Soris bieqcia ar arsebobs, magram arsebobs bieqcia mTels A simravlesa da B sim-
ravlis raime qvesimravles (anu nawils) Soris, maSin amboben, rom A simravlis simZlavre B simravlis
simZlavreze naklebia, an (rac igivea) B simravlis simZlavre A simravlis simZlavreze metia.

sainteresoa is faqti, rom zemoT Cven raRaca simravlisa da mis qvesimravles (nawils) Soris SevZeliT

bieqciis damyareba (elementebis sruli dawyvileba), anu davadgineT, rom raRac simravleebSi zustad

imdeni elementia, rogorc mis raRaca nawilSi. cxadia, rom aseTi ram sasrul simravleebSi SeuZlebe-

lia.

swored esaa usasrulo simravlis ganmarteba:

ganmarteba 1.2: usasrulo ewodeba iseT simravles, romelsac Tavisi bieqtiuri qvesimravle moeZebneba.

aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia agreTve usasrulobis gansazRvrac: usasruloba usasrulo simravleSi

Semaval elementTa raodenobaa.

simravlis elementTa raodenobas mis kardinalur ricxvsac uwodeben.

Tu A simravle sasrulia, ityvian, rom igi sasruli simZlavrisaa da misi elementebis raodenoba aRi-

niSneba rogorc |A|. Tu simravle usasruloa, SeiZleba daiweros: |A| = ∞.

Tu SeiZleba naturalur ricxvTa simravlesa da raime A simravles Soris bieqciis damyareba, maSin

ityvian, rom A simravle Tvladia (an Tvladi simZlavrisaa, misi elementebis gadaTvlaa SesaZlebeli).

cxadia, rom Tu or simravles Soris bieqciis damyareba SeiZleba, aseTi bieqcia (dawyvileba) mraval-

nairad unda iyos SesaZlebeli.

magaliTad, naturalur da luw ricxvTa Soris SesaZlebelia Semdegi dawyvilebac: (1 ↔ 4), (2 ↔ 6),
3 ↔ 2), (4 ↔ 8), (5 ↔ 10), (6 ↔ 12),
( n ↔ 2n),
... , ( ....
5.1 bieqciuri asaxva da Tvladi simravllebi 45

zogadad, Tu mocemulia sasruli simravleebi A da B iseTi, rom |A| = |B| = n, maSin maT Soris arsebobs
n! = 1 · 2 · 3 · · · n sxvadasxva bieqcia (dawyvileba). aqedan gamomdinare, usasrulo simravleebs Soris an

nuli, an usasrulod bevri bieqcia unda arsebobdes.

savarjiSo 1.1: aCveneT, rom arsebobs bieqcia naturalur ricxvTa da

Z = {..., −n, ..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., n, ...} mTel ricxvTa simravleebs Soris.

savarjiSo 1.2: aCveneT, rom kent ricxvTa simravle Tvladia.

axla ki ganvixiloT racionalur ricxvTa simravle Q = { ab | ab wiladis Sekveca SeuZlebelia }. es sim-

ravle yvelgan mkvrivia, anu nebismier or ricxvs Soris usasrulod bevri racionaluri ricxvia: ]0; 1[
1 1 1 1 1
monakveTSi gvxvdeba
2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , ..., n , ... mimdevroba da, zogadad, nebismier ]q1 ; q2 [ monakveTSi gvxvdeba usa-
srulo mimdevroba
q2 −q1
q1 + 2 , q1 + q2 −q 3 , q1 +
1 q2 −q1
4 , ..., q1 +
q2 −q1
n , ... (aq q1 , q2 ∈ Q racionaluri ricxvebia).
aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom Q simravleSi YmetiA elementia, vidre N-Si, radgan ukve

nebismier or naturalur ricxvs Soris usasrulod bevri racionaluri ricxvia, Tumca WeSmaritia

Semdegi Teorema:

Teorema 1.1: dadebiT racionalur ricxvTa simravle Q+ Tvladia.

damtkiceba: am faqtis Cveneba racionalur ricxvTa gadaTvlis meTodis moyvaniT SeiZleba (mtkicebis

aseT meTods konstruqciuli ewodeba: dasamtkiceblad Cven TviTon meTods avagebT da vnaxavT, rom

amiTi sasurveli Sedegis miRebaa SesaZlebeli).

Tavdapirvelad CamovweroT yvela racionaluri ricxvi:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 n 1 2 3 n
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 3 4 m 1 3 4 m
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 4 k 1 2 4 k

n n n n n n n n
1 2 4 p 1 2 4 p

pirvel striqonSi CamovweroT yvela racionaluri ricxvi, romlis mricxvelia 1. meore striqonSi

iseTi, romlis mricxvelia 2 (mniSvnelSi luw ricxvebians ar ganvixilavT, radgan wiladi ukveci unda

iyos), mesame striqonSi mniSvneliT 3 da a. S..

cxadia, rom am usasrulo cxrilSi yvela racionaluri ricxvi Segvxvdeba (sxva sakiTxia, rom aseTi

cxrili praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia - es mxolod Teoriuli struqturaa). amis Semdeg racionalur

ricxvTa gadaTvla ukve advilia: pirvel nomrad aviRebT marcxena zeda elements, Semdeg - meore nom-

rad - meore striqonis pirvel elements da avalT diagonalze zemoT (ese igi, mesame nomrad gveqneba

pirveli striqonis meore elementi). radgan amis Semdeg diagonalze zemoT asvla aRar SeiZleba, Camov-

divarT qveda (mesame) striqonSi da igive proceduras vagrZelebT: avdivarT diaginalze zemoT manam,

sanam sazRvari ar Segvxvdeba (ris Sedegadac gadavdivarT axal striqonSi), gzaSi ki Semxvedr ricxvs

gadavnomravT. am process usasrulod vagrZelebT.

cxadia, rom am algoriTmiT yvela naturalur ricxvs erT racionalur ricxvs SevusabamebT da yvela

racionalur ricxvs - erT naturalurs (radgan am meTodiT cxrilSi arsebul yvela ricxvs adre Tu

gvian mivadgebiT).

aqedan gamomdinare, naturalur da dadebiT racionalur ricxvebs calsaxad davawyvilebT.

r.d.g.
46 Tavi V simravleebi da maTi simZlavre

savarjiSo 1.3: zemoT damtkicebuli Teoremis safuZvelze aCveneT, rom racionalur ricxvTa simravle

Tvladia.

aqamde ganxiluli yvela usasrulo simravlis simZlavre Tvladi aRmoCnda. bunebrivia Semdegi Seki-

Txva: aris Tu ara nebismieri usasrulo simravle Tvladi?

pasuxi erTob moulodnelia: arsebobs araTvladi simravle, anu ori usasrulo simravle SeiZleba

sxvadasxva simZlavris iyos (anu, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, sxvadasxvaraodenobis elements Seicavdes)!

5.2 TeoremaTa mtkicebis diagonalizaciis meTodi: yvela usasrulo

simravle toli ar aris!

Teorema 2.2: namdvil ricxvTa simravle R ar aris Tvladi.

am Teoremis damtkiceba advilad gamomdinareobs Semdegi lemidan:

lema 2.1: ]0; 1[ simravle ar aris Tvladi.

damtkiceba: aq Cven or umniSvnelovanes meTods gamoviyenebT: winaaRmdegobis daSvebasa da diagonali-

zacias.

sanam TviT damtkicebaze gadavidodiT, unda gavixsenoT is faqti, rom nebismieri iracionaluri ricxvi,

romelic araa racionaluri, usasrulo aTwiladis saxiT warmodgeba, mag. 327,123456798756453456..., an

0,121284945767... da a.S.

ganvixiloT ]0; 1[ monakveTze arsebuli iracionaluri ricxvebi da davuSvaT, rom am ricxvTa simravle

Tvladia, anu SeiZleba maTi Camowera ise, rom usasrulo cxrilSi arc erTi ricxvi ar gamogvrCes (esaa

swored sawinaaRmdegos daSvebiT mtkicebis pirveli nabiji: radgan vamtkicebT, rom ]0; 1[ simravle ar

aris Tvladi, jer davuSvaT misi sawinaaRmdego: rom ]0; 1[ simravle aris Tvladi da Semdeg - logikuri

msjelobis jaWvis Sedegad - miviRebT winaaRmdegobas, anu iseT daskvnas, romelic aqamde cnobil WeS-

maritebas ewinaaRmdegeba).

ese igi, nebismieri ricxvi am siaSi SeiZleba Caiweros, rogorc 0, di,1 di,2 di,3 ...di,n ...:

zogadi warmodgena magaliTi

D1 = 0, d1,1 d1,2 d1,3 ...d1,n ... D1 = 0, 1298736178...

D2 = 0, d2,1 d2,2 d2,3 ...d2,n ... D2 = 0, 8913467255...
D3 = 0, d3,1 d3,2 d3,3 ...d3,n ... D3 = 0, 9871367513...
.
.
.

Dn = 0, dn,1 dn,2 dn,3 ...dn,n ... Dn = 0, 8734368646...

.
.
.

Tu SevZlebT raRac C ricxvis Sedgenas, romelic am siis arc erT elements ar daemTxveva, miviRebT

winaaRmdegobas, radgan es sia unda Seicavdes ]0; 1[ monakveTis yvela ricxvs (arc erTi ar unda iyos
gamorCenili). marTlac, Tu aviRebT C = 0, [d1,1 + 1][d2,2 + 1][d3,3 + 1]...[dn,n + 1]..., es ricxvi Sedgeba iseTi
cifrebisgan, romlebic miviReT zeda cxrilSi Cawerili ricxvebis mier Sedgenili cxrilis diago-

nalze mdgar cifrebs damatebuli 1 (Tan 9 + 1 ≡ 0). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirveli ricxvis mZi-

mis Semdeg pirvel cifrs mimatebuli 1, meore ricxvis mZimis Semdeg meore cifrs mimatebuli 1, mesame

ricxvis mZimis Semdeg mesame cifrs mimatebuli 1 da a. S.. zeda magaliTisaTvis gveqneba C = 0, 208...7...

ra Tqma unda, C 6= D1 , radgan es ricxvebi mZimis Semdeg pirvel cifrSi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.
aseve C 6= D2 , radgan es ricxvebi mZimis Semdeg meore cifrSi ganxvavdebian da a.S.: analogiuri msjelo-
biT C 6= Di nebismieri ricxvisaTvis, romelic zeda cxrilSi moviyvaneT.
5.2 TeoremaTa mtkicebis diagonalizaciis meTodi: yvela usasrulo simravle toli ar aris! 47

ase rom, Cvens mier Sedgenili usasrulo aTwiladi C ar emTxveva arc erT ricxvs zeda cxrilidan.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es ricxvi cxrilSi araa, rac pirvelad daSvebas ewinaaRmdegeba, rom Cven

yvela iracionaluri ricxvi CamovwereT (gadavTvaleT). radgan Cvens msjelobaSi arsad Secdoma ar

yofila, winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia daSvebam, rom yvela iracionaluri ricxvis gadaTvla SeiZleba. ase

rom, namdvil ricxvTa simravle araa Tvladi: ar arsebobs bieqcia namdvil ricxvebsa da naturalur

ricxvebs Soris.

r.d.g.

Cveni mtkiceba daviwyeT winaaRmdegobis daSvebiT: davuSviT is faqti, rac dasamtkicebeli gamonaTqvamis

uaryofaa - am SemTxvevaSi is, rom ]0; 1[ monakveTSi iracionalur ricxvTa simravle Tvladia da, aqedan

gamomdinare, maTi Camowera SeiZleba.

am daSvebidan logikuri msjelobiT miviReT winaaRmdegoba: yvela ricxvi ar yofila Camowerili, rac

imas unda niSnavdes, rom daSveba iyo araswori (danarCen msjelobaSi Secdoma ar unda iyos gaparuli,

rac advili gadasamowmebelia).

aseT mtkicebas sawinaaRmdegos daSvebis meTodi ewodeba.

amas garda, msjelobaSi gamoviyeneT e.w. diagonalizaciis meTodi: CamovwereT SesaZlo amonaxsnis

yvela varianti da Seqmnili cxrilis diagonaluri elementebis amorCeviTa da damuSavebiT miviReT

winaaRmdegoba.

zeda Teorema amtkicebs umniSvnelovanes faqts: yvela usasrulo simravle gadaTvladi araa, erT usa-

srulo simravleSi SeiZleba YmetiA elementi iyos, vidre meore, aseve usasrulo simravleSi.

amaze dayrdnobiT Zalian mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli, rac SemdgomSi moxdeba.

savarjiSo 2.4: daamtkiceT, rom diagonalizaciis meTodze dayrdnobiT (wina Teoremis damtkicebis ana-

logiurad) racionalur ricxvTa araTvladobis damtkiceba ar SeiZleba.

savarjiSo 2.5: zemoT moyvanil mtkicebaSi sad gamoviyeneT, rom iracionalur ricxvTa warmodgena usa-

sruloa?

bunebrivad Cndeba Semdegi SekiTxva: Tu iracionalur ricxvTa warmodgena usasruloa, rogor SeiZleba

maTi gamoTvla algoriTmulad? pasuxi isaa, rom iracionalur ricxvTa algoriTmulad gamoTvla Seu-
Zlebelia. samagierod SeiZleba maTi nebismieri sizustiT gamoTvla: SeiZleba daiweros algoriTmi,

romelic mZimis Semdeg nebismierad bevr ricxvs sworad gamoiTvlis.

√
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT 2 = 1, 41421356237310... iracionaluri ricxvis gamoTvlis algoriTmi.

misi gamoTvla SeiZleba Semdegi rekursiuli formuliT:

1. a0 = n > 0;
an + a2n an 1
2. an+1 = 2 = 2 + an .

pirvel rigSi unda iTqvas, rom rekursiis sawyis parametrad nebismieri dadebiTi ricxvi SegviZlia avi-

RoT. es Sedegze gavlenas ar axdens, Tumca meti cda dagvWirdeba sasurveli sizustis gamosaTvlelad.

Tu aviRebT a0 = 1, miviRebT:

a1 =0,5+1=1,5;

a2 ≈1,41667..;

a3 ≈1,414215...;

a4 ≈1,4142135623746...
48 Tavi V simravleebi da maTi simZlavre

savarjiSo 2.6: gamoiangariSeT a0 = 3 sawyisi mniSvnelobiT miRebuli ricxvebi. ramden bijSi miviRebT

mZimis Semdeg merve poziciamde yvelgan swor cifrs?

√
savarjiSo 2.7: daamtkiceT, rom 2 araa racionaluri. miniSneba: dauSviT sawinaaRmdego. vTqvaT, arse-

a a
√
bobs ori urTierTmartivi ricxvi a, b (iseTi, rom wiladi
b ar Seikveceba),
b = 2 da miiReT winaaRmde-

goba.

savarjiSo 2.8: ramdeni biji daWirdeba zemoT moyvanil algoriTms a0 = 1 sawyisi monacemiT imisaTvis,

rom mZimis Semdeg 15, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30 cifri gamoiangariSos sworad? zogadad, daaxloebiT ramdeni

biji daWirdeba mas igive sawyisi monacemiT mZimis Semdeg k∈N cifris gamosaTvlelad?

Tu ganvixilavT raime sasrul simravles A, SesaZlebelia misi yvela qvesimravlisagan Semdgari sim-
ravlis ageba. ase, magaliTad, Tu A = {a1 , a2 , a3 }, misi yvela qvesimravlisagan Semdgari simravle iqneba
{∅, {a1 }, {a2 }, {a3 }, {a1 , a2 }, {a1 , a3 }, {a2 , a3 }, {a1 , a2 , a3 }}. zogadad, n elementiani simravlis qvesimravleTa
n
raodenobaa 2 . esec kombinatorikis sakiTxebia, romlebsac Cven SemdgomSi ganvixilavT.

cxadia, rom sasrul simravlesa da misi yvela qvesimravlisagan Semdgar simravles Soris bieqcia ver

iarsebebs. rogorc diagonalizaciis meTodiT mtkicdeba, arc usasrulo simravlesa da misi qvesim-

ravleebis simravles Soris arsebobs bieqcia, rac imas niSnavs, rom nebismier A simravleze ufro

mZlavri simravlea misi yvela qvesimravlis simravle, romelic aRiniSneba rogorc 2A : |A| < |2A |.

savarjiSo 2.9: diagonalizaciis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom nebisimieri usasrulo A simravlisTvis

WeSmaritia utoloba |A| < |2A |.

5.3 mokle daskvna

meoTxe TavSi Cven gavecaniT e.w. bieqciur asaxvebs da maTze dayrdnobiT simravleTa simZlavreebi gan-

vmarteT, riTac gamoCnda, rom yvela usasrulo simravle araa erTi simZlavris, anu, uxeSad rom vTqvaT,

ori simravlis elementebis dawyvilebis Semdeg erT-erT simravleSi SeiZleba dagvrCes YzedmetiA ele-

mentebi - zogi usasrulo simravle sxva usasrulo simravleze YmetA elements Seicavs: arsebobs sas-

ruli, Tvladi da araTvladi simZlavris simravleebi. ufro metic: yovel mocemul simravleze mZlavri

simravlis agebaa SesaZlebeli.

es erTob ucnauri faqti SemdgomSi imis dasamtkiceblad gamogvadgeba, rom yvela amocana amoxsnadi

araa. ufro metic: gacilebiT YmetiA araamoxsnadi amocana arsebobs, vidre amoxsnadi.
Tavi 6

monacemTa kodireba, anbani, ena da

gramatika

6.1 monacemTa kodireba

ganvixiloT qarTuli sityvebi YanbaniA da YenaA. es qarTuli enis sityvebia, romelTac enaSi raRaca

mniSvneloba (semantika) aqvs. sxva saqmea YghWpyA - es qarTuli enis sityva araa, Tumca qarTuli anbaniT

ki aris Cawerili. amiTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan Yenis sityvaA da Yenis anbaniT Cawerili sityvaA.

Yenis anbaniT Cawerili sityvaA am enis anbanis asoebis mimdevrobaa, romelsac raRaca semantikuri dat-

virTva (anu azri) SeiZleba qondes, an ar qondes. raime anbaniT Cawerili sityva SeiZleba iyos sasruli,

an usasrulo. rogorc wesi, Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi mxolod sasruli sityvebi gvxvdeba. sasruli

sityva sasruli zomisaa, rac masSi Semavali asoebis raodenobiT ganisazRvreba.

magaliTad, | anbani | = 6 da | ena | = 3. Tu mocemulia raRaca sityva w = w1 w2 ...wn , misi sigrZe (anu asoebis
raodenoba) Semdegnairad aRiniSneba: |w| = n. w(i) am sityvis i-uri asoa. ase, magaliTad, YanbaniA(4) = YaA

da YeleqtrofikaciaA(7) = YoA.

Tu mocemulia ori sityva w1 da w2 , maSin w1 ◦ w2 = w1 w2 (es ori sityva erTi meores miyolebiT). maga-
liTad, YfexA ◦YburTiA=YfexburTiA. Tu raRaca sityva w = u ◦ v , maSin amboben, rom u sityva w sityvis
prefiqsia, xolo v sityva w sityvis sufiqsia: u ≺ w da v  w . w sityvis n asoiani prefiqsi aRiniSneba

rogorc w[n], xolo misi m asoiani sufiqsi ki aRiniSneba rogorc w{m} (ar agerioT w(n) -Si!!!).

savarjiSo 1.1: ras niSnavs Semdegi Canawerebi: |w|, w[|w|], w(|w|), w[|w| − 1], w[0], w{|w|}, w{|w|}, w{|w| − 1},
w{0} ?

savarjiSo 1.2: ras niSnavs Semdegi Canawerebi: |w|, w[|w|], w(|w|), w[|w| − 2], w[0], w{|w|}, w{|w|}, w{|w| − 3},
w{0}, Tu w =YeleqtrofikaciaA ?

savarjiSo 1.3: mocemulia raRaca anbani A da ori sityva w 1 ∈ Am da w2 ∈ An . risi tolia |w1 ◦ w2 | ?

Tu Q = {a, b, g, d, ... }
, j, h qarTuli anbania, maSin Qn yvela im sityvis simravlea, romelic qarTul

anbanzea Sedgenili da romelTa asoebis raodenobaa (anu sigrZea) n: Qn = {w | w(i) ∈ Q, (1 ≤ i ≤ n), |w| =
∗
n}. Q yvela im sasruli sityvis simravlea, romelic Q anbanis asoebiTaa Sedgenili:

∞
[
Q∗ = Qi = Q1 ∪ Q2 ∪ · · · ∪ Qn ∪ · · · .
i=1

sasruli da usasrulo sigrZis sityvebis garda arsebobs kidev e.w. Ycarieli sityvaA , anu iseTi sityva,
romelic arc erTi asosagan ar Sedgeba (carielia). cxadia, rom || = 0,  ≺ w da w ◦ = ◦w = w nebismieri
w sityvisaTvis.

yvelaferi zemoT Tqmuli SegviZlia CamovayaliboT erT ganmartebaSi:

49
50 Tavi VI monacemTa kodireba, anbani, ena da gramatika

ganmarteba 1.1: nebismieri sasruli simravle A SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc anbani. am anbanze Seqm-

nili sityvaa am anbanis elementebis (anu asoebis) mimdevrobaa. Tu w raime A anbanze Seqmnili sityvaa,
|w| am sityvaSi Semavali asoebis raodenobaa. Tu |w| = 0, aseT sityvas carieli ewodeba da mas aRniSnaven
simboloTi . Tu |w| = ∞, aseT sityvas ewodeba usasrulo. Tu mocemulia ori sityva w da v (sadac w

sasrulia), maSin w ◦ v = wv am ori sityvis konkatenacia, anu Serwymaa. amboben, rom u sityva w sityvis

prefiqsia (u ≺ w), Tu ∃v sityva iseTi, rom w = u ◦ v . analogiurad, u sityva w sityvis sufiqsia, (u  w),

Tu ∃v sityva iseTi, rom w = v ◦ u. Tu w raime sityvaa, maSin w(n) misi me-n-e asoa, w[n| misi n asosagan

Semdgari prefiqsi, xolo wn ki - misi n asosagan Semdgari sufiqsi.

Tu mocemulia A anbani, maSin A

n
= {w | |w| = n} da A∗ = {w | |w| < ∞}

savarjiSo 1.4: mocemulia ori sityva w1 ∈ A∗ da w2 ∈ B ∗ , sadac A da B raRaca anbanebia. ra anbanis

sityvaa w1 ◦ w2 ?

savarjiSo 1.5: mocemulia sityvebi w1 = 00134, w2 = 65430, w3 = 001, w4 = 346. WeSmaritia Tu ara Semdegi

gamonaTqvami: w3 ◦ w4 = w1 ◦ w4 [6]? pasuxi daamtkiceT.

amboben, rom w ∈ A∗ sityva v ∈ A∗ sityvas Seicavs, Tu ∃w1 , w2 ∈ A∗ da w = w1 ◦ v ◦ w2 (w1 an w2 carielic

SeiZleba iyos). am SemTxvevaSi ityvian, rom v sityva w sityvis qvesityvaa. magaliTad, Tu gvaqvs sityva
YmodifikaciaA, maSin misi qvesityvebia YdifikaA, YkaciA, YmodiA, YkaciaA. amas garda, YmodiA misi prefiqsia,

xolo YkaciaA ki - sufiqsi. magram YmodikaciaA misi qvesityva araa, Tumca Sedgeba ori qvesityvisagan.

savarjiSo 1.6: WeSmaritia Tu ara Semdegi gamonaTqvamebi: w ∈ A|w| , w ∈ A|w|−1 , w[k] ∈ Ak Tu w sityva A
anbanzea Sedgenili da k∈N ? pasuxebi daamtkiceT.

analogiurad sityvebi SeiZleba SevadginoT nebismier sxva anbanze, anu sasrul simravleze. magaliTad,

Tu mocemulia aTobiTi anbani A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, masSi SeiZleba yvela naturaluri ricxvi Cai-

weros. aseT Canawers Yricxvis aTobiTi CanaweriA ewodeba, radgan mis gamosaxatavad (Casawerad) mxolod

es 10 aso, anu cifri gamoiyeneba.

rogorc aRmoCnda, SeiZleba usasrulod bevri anbanis Seqmna. Tu M1 da M2 sxvadasxva anbanebia, arse-

bobs bieqtiuri asaxva f : M1∗ → M2∗ , rac imas niSnavs, rom anbanis SerCevas mniSvneloba ar aqvs: rac

erTi anbaniT Caiwereba, igive sxva nebismieri anbaniTac SeiZleba Caiweros.

magaliTad, qarTuli anbanis sityvebi aTobiTi anbaniT Semdegnairad SeiZleba Caiweros:

pirvel rigSi qarTuli anbanis TiTo aso aTobiTi anbanis sityvebad unda CavweroT:

a → 00 b → 01 g → 02 d → 03 e → 04 v→ 05 z → 06 T → 07 i → 08 k → 09
l → 10 m → 11 n → 12 o → 13 p → 14 J→ 15 r → 16 s → 17 t → 18 u → 19
f → 20 q → 21 R → 22 y → 23 S → 24 c → 25 C → 26 Z → 27 w → 28 W → 29

x → 30 j → 31 h → 32

Semdeg qarTuli anbaniT Cawerili yoveli sityvis aso Sesabamisi oreuliT unda SevcvaloT. magaliTad,

YkonspeqtiA Semdegnairad Caiwereba: Y091312171404211808A.

savarjiSo 1.7: rogor Caiwereba am meTodebiT sityva YeleqtrofikaciaA ? romeli qarTuli sityvaa Ca-

werili sityviT Y02001113250300A ?

Tu cnobilia, romel asos romeli cifrebis wyvili (oreuli) Seesabameba, advili gamosaangariSebe-

lia qarTuli sityva. magram Tu aTobiTSi Cawerili es sityva vinmes Cauvarda xelSi, vinc ar icis,

Tu romel ricxvs romeli aso Seesabameba, qarTuli sityvis aRdgena gaZneldeba. Zalian Zneli iqneba

sawyisi sityvis aRdgena, Tu Cven asoebs or niSna ricxvebs SevusabamebT ise, rogorc amas Cven movin-

domebT, magaliTad:

a → 39 b → 27 g → 99 d → 03 e → 38 v→ 21 z → 76 T → 78 i → 87 k → 90
l → 10 m → 11 n → 13 o → 31 p → 37 J→ 65 r → 16 s → 17 t → 18 u → 19
f → 47 q → 51 R → 66 y → 08 S → 24 c → 25 C → 26 Z → 00 w → 01 W → 09

x → 81 j → 06 h → 32

Tu cnobilia, romel asos ra oreuli Seesabameba (magaliTad ise, rogorc zeda cxrilSia moyvanili),

SegviZlia raRaca f : Q → A×A funqciis Sedgena (aq Q qarTuli anbania da A = {0, 1, 2, ..., 9}). Tu es

funqcia Sedgenilia zeda cxrilis saSualebiT, maSin f (a) = 39, f (b) = 27, f (l) = 10, f (S) = 24 da a.S.
6.1 monacemTa kodireba 51

raRaca sityva w ∈ Qn ki Semdegi rekursiuli algoriTmiT SeiZleba CavweroT aTobiTi anbanis gamoye-

nebiT:

algoriTmi 6.1 : P (w)

monacemi: w ∈ Q|w|
1: if (w = )
2: {
3: algoriTmi daasrule

4: }
5: else
6: {
7: pasuxad gamoitane sityva Y P (w[|w| − 1]) ◦ f (w(|w|))A
8: }
(aq f funqcia zemoT moyvanili cxriliTaa gansazRvruli).

am algoriTmSi sami siaxlea Semotanili:

1. es algoriTmi ufro formaluradaa Cawerili, vidre aqamde moyvanil yvela magaliTSi: Canaweri

YalgoriTmi P (w)A niSnavs, rom am algoriTms saxelad ewodeba P , xolo monacemad (an, samecniero

terminologia rom vixmaroT, argumentad) mocemuli aqvs sityva w ;

2. imis magivrad, rom sityvierad vweroT: YTu w = , maSin algoriTmi daasruleA, Cven vwerT if (w = )
algoriTmi daasrule. Tu if operatoris frCxilebSi Casmuli piroba WeSmaritia, maSin sruldeba

mis Semdeg figurul frCxilebSi Casmuli brZanebebi. Tu es piroba mcdaria, maSin Sesruldeba else
Semdeg figurul frCxilebSi Casmuli brZanebebi;

3. imis magivrad, rom sityvierad vweroT: YCaatare igive operaciebi w[|w| − 1] monacemisaTvisA, Cven
vwerT P (w[|w| − 1]) (radgan am algoriTms ewodeba P , amitom P (w[|w| − 1]) niSnavs: Caatare algoriTmi
P monacemiT w[|w| − 1].

savarjiSo 1.8: dawvrilebiT aRwereT P (YxeliA) algoriTmis msvleloba (ras akeTebs yovel bijSi).

Tu qarTul sityvebs bolos moyvanili cxrilis mixedviT CavwerT aTobiT anbanSi, maSin sawyisi teqstis

aRdgena sakmaod gaZneldeba, Tu asoebsa da cifrTa oreulebs Soris Sesabamisobebi cnobili ar aris.

savarjiSo 1.9: romeli qarTuli sityvaa kodirebuli zemoT moyvanili cxrilis mixedviT aTobiT an-

banze Sedgenil sityvaSi Y99001131250300A ? rogor SeiZleba CavweroT sityva YwyaliA ?

aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeiZleba zeda cxrilis mixedviT kodi-

rebuli teqstis gaxsna imis da miuxedavad, Tu cxrili cnobili ar aris: Tu viciT, rom kodirebulia

qarTuli teqsti, movZebniT im oreuls, romelic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba. radgan qarTul enaSi yve-

laze xSiria aso YeA, amitom savaraudoa, rom is oreulic YeA asos Sesabamisi iqneba. Semdeg daviTvliT

im oTxeulebis raodenobas, romelic YeA asos Sesabamisi oreuliT iwyeba. qarTul enaSi gamokvleulia,

Tu romeli aso gvxvdeba yvelaze xSirad YeA asos Semdeg. analogiurad da ramodenime eqsperimentis

Catarebis Sedegad teqstis gaSifvra SesaZlebelia.

monacemTa amdagvari kodirebiTa da gaxsniT dakavebulia informatikisa da maTematikis erT-erTi ganxra

- kriptografia.

Tu mocemulia raime anbani A, maSin L ⊂ A∗ am anbanze Sedgenili ena ewodeba.

anbansa da enas centraluri roli eniWeba informatikaSi, radgan damtkicda, rom nebismieri amocana

SeiZleba raRaca enaSi Caiweros da misi amoxsnis Zieba am enaSi garkveuli sityvebis Ziebis tolfasia.

informatikaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania e.w. YorobiTi anbaniA B = {0, 1}. nebismieri informacia SeiZleba

Caiweros am anbanis sityvebiT, anu orobiT kodSi.

magaliTad, Tu mocemulia raime naturaluri ricxvi n ∈ N, misi Cawera orobiT kodSi Semdegi algo-

riTmiT SeiZleba:
52 Tavi VI monacemTa kodireba, anbani, ena da gramatika

algoriTmi 6.2 : Binary

monacemi: n∈N
1: if (n = 0)
2: {
3: amobeWde 0 da algoriTmi daasrule

4: }
5: else if (n = 1)
6: {
7: amobeWde 1 da algoriTmi daasrule

8: }
9: else
10: {
11: Binary(b n2 c) (es procedura gaimeore b n2 c monacemisaTvis)
n
12: amobeWde gayofisas miRebuli naSTi
2
(Tu n kentia, amobeWde Y1A) ;

(Tu n luwia, amobeWde Y0A) ;

13: }

aRsaniSnavia, rom es algoriTmi rig-rigobiT amobeWdavs Sesabamisi naturaluri ricxvis orobiT cifrebs

(anu bitebs).

savarjiSo 1.10: ganixileT Semdegi algoriTmi:

algoriTmi 6.3 : Binary

monacemi: n∈N
1: if (n = 0)
2: {
3: amobeWde 0 da algoriTmi daasrule

4: }
5: else if (n = 0)
6: {
7: amobeWde 0 da algoriTmi daasrule

8: }
9: else
10: {
n
11: amobeWde gayofisas miRebuli naSTi
2
(Tu n kentia, amobeWde Y1A) ;
(Tu n luwia, amobeWde Y0A) ;

12: Binary(b n2 c) (es procedura gaimeore b n2 c monacemisaTvis)

13: }

ra iqneba misi pasuxi?

savarjiSo 1.11: gadaiyvaneT orobiT kodSi Semdegi ricxvebi: 13, 127, 17, 8, 16, 0.

Tu gvaqvs mocemuli orobiT kodSi Cawerili raRac ricxvi, magaliTad a = 1101102 , misi calkeuli

cifrebi (anu bitebi) SeiZleba gadainomros marjvnidan marcxniv, dawyebuli nulidan: a = a5 a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 .

aq a5 = 1, a4 = 1, a3 = 0, a2 = 1, a1 = 1, a0 = 0. ra Tqma unda, bitebi SeiZleba gadagvenomra marcxnidan mar-

jvnivac, an indeqsebi dawyebuli erTidan, magram standartulad miRebulia zemoT naCvenebi numeracia.

analogiurad SeiZleba nebismieri ricxvis nebismieri anbaniT Cawera. Tu mocemulia k asoiani anbani,

maSin ityvian, rom misi sityvebi Cawerilia k bazisiT:

6.2 modularuli ariTmetika: usasrulo sistemis simulacia sasruliT 53

algoriTmi 6.4 : k-ary

monacemi: n∈N
1: if (n < k)
2: {
3: amobeWde k da algoriTmi daasrule

4: }
5: else
6: {
7: Binary(b nk c) (es procedura gaimeore b nk c monacemisaTvis)
n
8: amobeWde gayofisas miRebuli naSTi
k
9: }

savarjiSo 1.12: wina savarjiSoSi moyvanili ricxvebi CawereT rvaobiT, TeqvsmetobiT da orobiT kodebSi.

savarjiSo 1.13: dawereT algoriTmi, romelic orobiT kodSi Caweril ricxvs aTobiT kodSi gadaiyvans.

6.2 modularuli ariTmetika: usasrulo sistemis simulacia sasruliT

yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili, Tu rogor SeiZleba saaTis cnoba. Tu dRe-RameSi 24 saaTs vivaraudebT

(rac sayovelTaodaa miRebuli), maSin pirveli saaTis Semdeg iqneba 2, mas Semdeg 3, 4, 5, ..., 23 da 23 saaTis

Semdeg dgeba 24, anu 0 saaTi. aqedan gamomdinare, gvaqvs Semdegi wesi: 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 2 = 3, ..., 22 + 1 = 23,
23 + 1 = 0 da mTeli cikli Tavidan iwyeba. radgan sul gamoyenebulia 24 ricxvi 0, 1, ..., 23, amboben, rom

gvaqvs gansazRvruli mimateba 24-is moduliT. ase rom, 12+7 mod 24 = 19, 23+1 mod 24 = 0, 12+15 mod 24 = 3,
503 + 20167 mod 24 = 6. zogadi principi aseTia: Cveulebrivad vkrebT or ricxvs, Sedegs vyofT 24-ze da

viRebT naSTs.
analogiurad SeiZleba ganisazRvros agreTve gamravlebac: or ricxvs vamravlebT erTmaneTze, Sedegs

vyofT 24-ze da viRebT naSTs. magaliTad, 3 · 7 mod 24 = 21, 103 · 17 mod 24 = 23.

savarjiSo 2.14: gamoiTvaleT 13 + 17 mod 24 , 9 + 23 mod 24 , 23 · 5 mod 24 , 5 · 17 mod 24.

Cvens simravleSi Z24 = {0, 1, 2, 3, , 4..., 23} gvxvdeba agreTve e.w. Sekrebis operaciis mimarT neitraluri
elementi 0, romelic mimatebisas ricxvs ar cvlis: a + 0 mod 24 = a. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba davsvaT
Semdegi SekiTxva: arsebobs Tu ara Z24 simravleSi yoveli a ∈ Z24 elementis Sebrunebuli elementi −a ∈

Z24 ? raime elements misi Sebrunebulis mimatebiT unda viRebdeT neitralur elements: a+(−a) mod 24 = 0.
magaliTad, 11 + 13 mod 24 = 0, 23 + 1 mod 24 = 0, 7 + 17 mod 24 = 0 da a.S. aqedan vaskvniT, rom a ∈ Z24 ricxvis

Sebrunebulis sapovnelad sakmarisia gamoviangariSoT 24 − a.

ufro rTuladaa saqme, rodesac raime a ∈ Z24 ricxvis Sebrunebuls veZebT gamravlebis mimarT: vipovnoT

iseTi a−1 ∈ Z24 , rom a · a−1 mod 24 = 1.

aRsaniSnavia, rom gamravlebis mimarT neitraluri elemenitia 1: a · 1 mod 24 = a (ricxvi gamravlebis

Semdeg ucvleli rCeba).

Tu 13 · 3 mod 24 = 1 da aqedan vaskvniT, rom 13 ∈ Z24 ricxvis Sebrunebuli unda iyos isev 3 ∈ Z24 (da

piriqiT), magram ricxvis 6 ∈ Z24 Sebrunebuls verafriT ver vipovniT. aqedan vaskvniT, rom gamravlebis

mimarT Sebrunebuli yvela ricxvs SeiZleba arc qondes.

sainteresoa is faqtic, rom 24 moduliT ariTmetikaSi ramodenime ricxvi SeiZleba iyos Tavisi Tavis

Sebrunebuli: 1 · 1 mod 24 = 1 da 7 · 7 mod 24 = 1. aqedan vaskvniT, rom 7 ∈ Z24 ricxvis Sebrunebuli unda

iyos isev 7 ∈ Z24 , anu es ricxvi Tavisi Tavis Sebrunebulia.

savarjiSo 2.15: gamoiangariSeT (−13) mod 24, (−1) mod 24, 13−1 mod 24, −13 mod 24, 17−1 mod 24.

savarjiSo 2.16: daadgineT, Z24 simravleSi romel ricxvebs moeZebnebaT gamravlebis mimarT Sebrune-

buli da romels - ara. ra kanonzomierebaa am ricxvebsa da moduls (24) Soris?

54 Tavi VI monacemTa kodireba, anbani, ena da gramatika

analogiurad SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT ariTmetikuli operaciebi nebismieri m ∈ N moduliT: Tu a, b ∈ Zm ,

gamoviangariSoT c=a+b an d = a · b, Sedegebi gavyoT m ricxvze da gamoviTvaloT naSTi.

savarjiSo 2.17: gamoiangariSeT (−13) mod 27, (−1) mod 9, 13−1 mod 27, −13 mod 31, 17−1 mod 41.
savarjiSo 2.18: gamoiTvaleT 13 + 17 mod 34 , 9 + 23 mod 4 , 23 · 5 mod 32 , 5 · 17 mod 47.

maTematikidan cnobilia Semdegi mniSvnelovani Teorema:

Teorema 2.1: a ∈ Zk ricxvs moeZebneba Sebrunebuli gamravlebis mimarT maSin da mxolod maSin, Tu a da

k ricxvebi urTierTmartivia.

bunebrivia Semdegi SekiTxva: raSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT modularuli ariTmetika? es sakiTxi didi

xnis win daisva da garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda kidec, rom modularuli ariTmetika

da, ufro zogadad, sasruli struqturebis Seswavla (magaliTad sasruli rgolebi an velebi, sasruli

jgufebi da sxva) mxolod Teoriuli xasiaTis iyo da XIX saukuneSi miRebuli didi Sedegebis Semdeg

(rogoricaa, magaliTad, galuas Teoriaze dayrdnobiT mexuTe an meti rigis gantolebebisaTvis amo-

naxsnis formulebis ararsebobis mtkiceba an zemoT naxsenebi fargliTa da saxazaviT agebis klasikuri

amocanebis gadaWra) praqtikaSi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT aRar gamodgeboda, magram XX saukuneSi

gamomTvleli manqanebis ganviTarebam, modularuli ariTmetika da, zogadad, sasruli struqturebis

aqtualoba isev wina planze wamowia.

radgan gamomTvlel manqanebSi mexsiereba SezRudulia, SeuZlebelia iseTi usasrulo struqturebis

warmodgena, rogoricaa naturaluri, racionaluri da, miT umetes, iracionaluri ricxvebi. aqedan

gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia ariTmetikis srulyofilad warmodgenac, rac sakmaod didi problemebis

Semqmneli SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

erT-erTi gamosavalia sasruli struqturebis ariTmetikis gamoyeneba: Cven viRebT raime rgols er-

Teulovani elementebiT, magaliTad Zk (aq k martivia) da gamoTvlasac k ricxvis moduliT vawarmoebT.

praqtikaSi gamoyenebuli amocanebisTvis didi k SerCeviT yvela operaciac SeiZleba damakmayofile-

beli iyos, riTac usasrulo struqturis - Cveulebrivi ariTmetikis - simulacia gaxdeba SesaZlebeli

sasruli struqturebiT. ra Tqma unda, modularuli ariTmetika yovelTvis ar mogvcems YsworA pa-

suxs - garkveul SemTxvevebSi SesaZlebelia iseTi didi ricxvebi dagvWirdes, romlebic Zk sasrul

simravleSi aRar moTavsdeba, magram es Secdomebi praqtikaSi SesaZlebelia did rols ar TamaSobdes.

amas garda, arsebobs meTodebi (magaliTad, Cinuri Teorema naSTebis Sesaxeb), riTac or an met patara

rgolSi Catarebuli gamoTvlidan ufro did rgolSi Catarebuli gamoTvlis gamoangariSeba SeiZleba.

magram es yvelaferi kompiuteruli algebris sakiTxebia, rasac Cven dawvrilebiT sxva kursebSi ganvi-

xilavT.

6.3 orobiTi ariTmetikis elementebi

ganvixiloT orobiT kodSi Cawerili ricxvebi A = (a3 a2 a1 a0 ) = (1101) da B = (b3 b2 b1 b0 ) = (1110). aTobiT

kodSi Cawerili ricxvebis analogiurad, aqac YqveS miweriTA mimatebaa SesaZlebeli:

0 1 1 0 1 13
0 1 1 1 0 14
x4 x3 x2 x1 x0
pirvel rigSi vkrebT YdabalA (marjvena) bitebs da viRebT: x0 = 1 ⊕ 0 = 1 (aq ⊕ orobiT, anu oris modu-

liT mimatebas niSnavs). rogorc aTobiTSi, orobiT mimatebaSic unda davixsomoT 1 an 0. am SemTxvevaSi

vixsomebT c1 = 0, radgan pirveli bitebis SesakrebebSi ori erTiani ar gvxvdeba.

jamis Semdgomi bitis gamosaangariSeblad gveqneba: x1 = 0⊕1⊕c1 = 0⊕1⊕0 = 1 (unda SevkriboT Sesabamisi
bitebi da wina bijSi YdaxsomebuliA cifri). am bijSi vixsomebT c2 = 0, radgan x1 jamSi ganxilul sam
SesakrebSi orze naklebi 1 Segvxvda. Semdeg viTvliT x3 = 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ d2 = 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ 0 = 0, xolo daxsomebuli

iqneba c3 = 1, radgan aq ukve ori erTiani Segvxvda x2 jamis gamoTvlisas.

viTvliT x3 = 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ c3 = 1 ⊕ 1 ⊕ 1 = 1 da vixsomebT c4 = 1 (igive mosazrebiT).

bolos unda gamoviTvaloT x4 = 0 ⊕ 0 ⊕ c4 = 0 ⊕ 0 ⊕ 1 = 1 da viRebT Sedegs:

6.3 orobiTi ariTmetikis elementebi 55

0 1 1 0 1 13
0 1 1 1 0 14
1 1 0 1 1 27

savarjiSo 3.19: detalurad amowereT (10010101)2 + (10010101)2 , (11110101)2 + (00010101)2 da (10010001) +2

(10011101)2 ricxvebis Sekrebis bijebi (yovel bijSi gamoangariSebuli Sedegi da daxsomebuli ricxvi).

sabolood miviRebT Semdeg algoriTms:

Algorithm 6.5: orobiTi ricxvebis Sekreba

1: procedure SumBinary((an , ..., a0 ), (bn , ..., b0 ))

2: c0 = 0;
3: for ( i = 0, i ≤ n, i + + )
4: {
5: xi = ai ⊕ bi ⊕ ci ;
6: if (ai , bi da ci cvladebSi ori an sami 1 gvxvdeba )
7: then ci+1 = 1;
8: else ci+1 = 0;
9: }
10: xn+1 = cn+1 ;

savarjiSo 3.20: axseniT, ratom aris saWiro mxolod xn+1 cvladis gamoTvla da ara, magaliTad, xn+2 an

xn+3 ?

savarjiSo 3.21: daamtkiceT zemoT moyvanili algoriTmis siswore da gamoiTvaleT misi bijebis raode-

noba.

savarjiSo 3.22: Sekrebis analogiurad dawereT qveS miweriT gamravlebis algoriTmi, daamtkiceT misi

siswore da gamoiTvaleT misi bijebis raodenoba.

advili dasanaxia, rom Tu mocemuli gvaqvs n bitiani ricxvebi da SegviZlia mxolod am sigrZis ricxve-

bis warmodgena, miviRebT 2n moduliT ariTmetikas, anu gamoTvlas CavatarebT Z2n simravleSi, radgan

n bitiT 2n sxvadasxva ricxvis warmodgena SeiZleba.

Tu ganvixilavT 8 bitian ricxvs 111111112 = 25510 , vnaxavT, rom 111111112 +1 mod 28 = 0, anu −255 mod 256 = 1.
zogadad, Tu mocemulia n bitiani ricxvi 111...1, romlis bitebi yvela tolia 1, mimatebis mimarT misi

Sebrunebuli ricxvi iqneba 1.

savarjiSo 3.23: daamtkiceT zemoT moyvanili gamonaTqvami: Tu mocemulia n bitiani ricxvi 111...1, rom-

lis bitebi yvela tolia 1, mimatebis mimarT misi Sebrunebuli ricxvi iqneba 1.

axla ki ganvixiloT raime sxva 8 bitiani ricxvi, magaliTad x = 11010010. rogor gamoviangariSoT misi

Sebrunebuli mimatebis mimarT?

yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, logikuri iqneboda jer gamogveangariSebina raRac ricxvi y,
romelic Semdegi Tvisebis matarebelia: x + y = 11111111, ris Sedegadac miviRebT: −x mod 2n = y + 1.
rogor SeiZleba Sesabamisi y ricxvis gamoangariSeba? araa rTuli saCvenebeli, rom y = 00101101, anu

iseTi ricxvi, romlis bitebSi x ricxvis bitis sawinaaRmdego (anu uaryofa) weria: Tu weria 0, viRebT

1 da Tu weria 1, viRebT 0. zogadad, Tu mocemulia raime ricxvi xn−1 ...x1 x0 , misi YSebrunebuli ricxviA

iqneba y = xn−1 ...x1 , x0 , sadac xi aRniSnavs xi bitis uaryofas: 1 = 0, 0 = 1.

aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri n bitiani ricxvis mimatebis mimarT Sebrunebuli ricxvi 2n moduliT

iqneba am ricxvis uaryofas (bitebis Sebrunebas) mimatebuli 1:

−(xn−1 ...x1 x0 ) mod 2n = (xn−1 ...x1 , x0 ) + 1.

56 Tavi VI monacemTa kodireba, anbani, ena da gramatika

6.4 orobiTi kodirebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi da momgebiani strate-

gia TamaSebSi

rogorc vnaxeT, nebismieri informaciis (nebismier anbanze agebuli sityvisa Tu enis) kodireba SeiZleba

ricxvebiT: anbanis TiToeul asos SevusabamebT raime naturalur ricxvs da, aqedan gamomdinare, nebis-

mier sityvas Sesabamisi ricxvebis kodebis mimdevrobiT Sedgenil naturalur ricxvs SevusabamebT.

radgan nebismieri naturaluri ricxvi SegviZlia gadaviyvanoT orobiT sistemaSi, zemoT Tqmulidan

gamomdinare, nebismieri sityvac SegviZlia warmovadginoT orobiTi anbanis meSveobiT.

informaciis kodireba orobiT kodSi farTod gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi. Tanamedrove gamoTvliTi siste-

mebi mTlianad am princips efuZneba da, sxva operaciebTan erTad, modularul ariTmetikaze dayrdnobiT

axdens usasrulo sistemebis sasruliT simulaciasa da ariTmetikul operaciebs.

es, ra Tqma unda, orobiTi sistemis yvelaze didi da mniSvnelovani gamoyenebis sferoa. qvemoT Cven ufro

naklebad cnobil, magram saintereso gamoyenebas ganvixilavT, rac TamaSebSi momgebiani strategiis

SemuSavebas exeba.

TamaSi asanTebiT

mocemulia asanTebis sami grova. pirvel grovaSia x1 asanTi, meoreSi x2 da mesameSi x3 .

ori moTamaSe rig-rigobiT iRebs ramodenime asanTs erTi da mxolod erTi grovidan. mogebulia is

moTamaSe, romelic bolos aiRebs asanTs da mowinaaRmdeges araferi aRar darCeba.

magaliTad, pirvel grovaSia 3 asanTi, meoreSi 9 da mesameSi ki 6.

mocemulia: x1 = 3, x2 = 9, x3 = 6.

• pirveli moTamaSe iRebs 3 asanTs meore konidan: x2 = x2 − 3 . darCeba: x1 = 3, x2 = 9 − 3 = 6, x3 = 6.

• meore moTamSe iseve meore konidan iRebs 2 asanTs: x2 = x2 − 2. darCeba: x1 = 3, x2 = 6 − 2 = 4, x3 = 6.

• pirveli moTamaSe iRebs 1 asanTs mesame konidan: x3 = x3 − 1 . darCeba: x1 = 3, x2 = 4, x3 = 6 − 1 = 5.

• meore moTamSe pirveli konidan iRebs 3 asanTs: x1 = x1 − 3 . darCeba: x1 = 3 − 3 = 0, x2 = 4, x3 = 5.

• pirveli moTamaSe iRebs 1 asanTs mesame konidan: x3 = x3 − 1. darCeba: x1 = 0, x2 = 4, x3 = 5 − 1 = 4.

• meore moTamSe meore konidan iRebs 3 asanTs: x2 = x2 − 3 . darCeba: x1 = 0, x2 = 4 − 3 = 1, x3 = 4.

• pirveli moTamaSe iRebs 3 asanTs mesame konidan: x3 = x3 − 3. darCeba: x1 = 0, x2 = 1, x3 = 4 − 3 = 1.

• meore moTamSe meore konidan iRebs 1 asanTs: x2 = x2 − 1. darCeba: x1 = 0, x2 = 1 − 1 = 0, x3 = 1.

• pirveli moTamaSe iRebs 1 asanTs mesame konidan: x3 = x3 − 1. darCeba: x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 1 − 1 = 0.

pirvelma moTamaSem moigo, radgan mowinaaRmdeges svla aRar darCa.

am TamaSSi momgebiani strategia arsebobs, anu iseTi algoriTmi, romliTac erT-erTi moTamaSe yovelTvis

moigebs.

TiTo konaSi asanTebis raodenoba x1 , x2 da x3 orobiT kodSi CavweroT: x1 = a1 a2 ...an , x2 = b1 b2 ...bn , x3 =

c1 c2 ...cn . Cvens magaliTSi miviRebT:
x1 = 0011, x2 = 1001, x3 = 0101.
SeniSvna: x2 oTxi asosgan (bitisgan) Sedgeba, x1 da x3 ricxvebis Casawerad ki sakmarisia 2 da Sesabamisad 3

biti, magram Cven samive ricxvs erTsa da imave sigrZis sityvebad vwerT: Tu raime orobiTi ricxvi moklea,

marcxena mxares nulebis damatebiT maTi mniSvneloba ar icvleba.

samive ricxvs vwerT erTmaneTis qvemoT da TiToeul svetSi erTianebis raodenobas viTvliT:
6.4 orobiTi kodirebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi da momgebiani strategia TamaSebSi 57

a1 a2 ... an
b1 b2 ... bn
c1 c2 ... cn
Tu yvela svetSi erTianebis raodenoba luwia, maSin pirveli svla mowinaaRmdeges unda davuTmoT.

am SemTxvevaSi, Tu mowinaaRmdege erTi konidan ramodenime asanTs aiRebs, erTianebis raodenoba erT

svetSi mainc kenti iqneba.

Tu erT-erT svetSi mainc erTianebis raodenoba kentia, Cven erT-erTi konidan imdeni asanTi unda aviRoT,

rom erTianebis raodenoba yvela svetSi luwi gaxdes.

zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi:

0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
radgan erTi sveti mainc arsebobs iseTi, sadac erTianebis raodenoba kentia, pirveli svla Cveni unda

iyos.

Tu meore konaSi (striqonSi) davtovebT ricxvs 0110, maSin yvela svetSi erTianebis raodenoba luwi

gaxdeba. amitom meore konaSi unda davtovoT 6 asanTi (anu unda aviRoT 3).

dagvrCeba:

0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1
ramdeni asanTic ar unda aiRos mowinaaRmdegem, aucileblad aRmoCndeba iseTi sveti, sadac erTianebis

raodenoba kentia. vTqvaT, pirveli konidan moakles 2 da dagvrCa:

0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1
erTianebis raodenoba marjvnidan meore svetSia kenti. amrigad, Tu meore konaSi davtovebT oTx asanTs,

dagvrCeba:

0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
mowinaaRmdegis mier ramodenime asanTis aReba isev igive efeqts gamoiwvevs: erT-erT svetSi mainc gaCn-

deba kenti raodenobis erTiani. vTqvaT, man aiRo meore konidan yvela asanTi:

0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
Tu Cven mesame konaSi davtovebT erT asanTs, erTianebis raodenoba kvlav yvelgan galuwdeba:

0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
mowinaaRmdege iZulebulia, erT-erTi konidan darCenili erTi asanTi aiRos:

0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
bolo svliT Cven vigebT.

amrigad, garkveul viTarebebSi sasurvelia monacemTa orobiT kodSi Cawera da Semdeg orobiT anbanze

Sedgenili sityvebiT strategiis SemuSaveba.

savarjiSo 4.24: dawereT algoriTmi, romelic am TamaSSi momgebiani strategiiT imoqmedebs, anu mo-

cemuli sami ricxvisaTvis gansazRvravs, TviTon daiwyos Tu ara da Semdeg yovelTvis moigebs.
58 Tavi VI monacemTa kodireba, anbani, ena da gramatika

Tqveni azriT, ratom iZleva es algoriTmi mogebis garantias?

savarjiSo 4.25: daamtkiceT, rom Tu TamaSi damTavrebuli araa da yvela svetSi erTianebis raodenoba

luwia, erTi svlis Semdeg aucileblad gaCndeba erTi sveti mainc kenti raodenobis erTianiT.

kazinoSi momgebiani strategiis ararsebobis Sesaxeb

axla ki ganvixiloT kazinoSi ruletis momgebiani strategia. pirvel rigSi virCevT romelime fers

(magaliTad, Savs) da yovel jerze vdebT raRaca Tanxas. Tu es feri movida, vigebT dadebuli Tanxis

ormag raodenobas. Tu Cveni feri ar movida, dadebuli Tanxa ikargeba. imisaTvis, rom am TamaSisaTvis

SevimuSavoT momgebiani strategia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT ramodenime zogadi wesi:

1. pirvel jerze Cvens ferze vdebT a1 odenobis Tanxas. jamSi daxarjuli Tanxaa a1 .

2. Tu Cveni feri movida, viRebT mogebul Tanxas 2a1 da yvelafers viwyebT Tavidan.

3. Tu Cveni feri ar movida, meore jerze vdebT a2 odenobis Tanxas. jamSi Cadebuli Tanxa iqneba a1 +a2 .

4. Tu Cveni feri movida, viRebT mogebul Tanxas 2a2 da yvelafers viwyebT Tavidan.

5. Tu Cveni feri ar movida, mesame jerze vdebT a3 odenobis Tanxas. jamSi Cadebuli Tanxa iqneba

a1 + a2 + a3 .

da ase vagrZelebT manam, sanam ar mova Cveni feri:

6. me-n-e jerze vdebT an odenobis Tanxas. jamSi Cadebuli Tanxa iqneba a1 + a2 + · · · + an−1 + an . Tu Cveni

feri movida, mogebuli Tanxa iqneba 2an .

7. radgan aqamde Cadebuli Tanxa iyo a1 + a2 + · · · + an−1 + an , sul mogebuli gveqneba 2an − (a1 + a2 +
· · · + an−1 + an ) = an − (a1 + a2 + · · · + an−1 ) odenobis Tanxa.

Tu 2an −(a1 +a2 +· · ·+an−1 +an ) = an −(a1 +a2 +· · ·+an−1 ) < 0, maSin daxarjuli Tanxa mogebulze meti iqneba,
anu TamaSs wavagebT. Cveni amocanaa a1 , a2 , ..., an , ... mimdevroba ise SevarCioT, rom an −(a1 +a2 +· · ·+an−1 ) > 0.
i n n
erTi SesaZleblobaa ai = 2 . am SemTxvevaSi an = 2 da (a1 + a2 + · · · + an−1 ) = 2 − 1. aqedan gamomdinare,
n n
an − (a1 + a2 + · · · + an−1 ) = 2 − (2 − 1) = 1. ese igi, am strategiiT (yovel jerze dadebuli Tanxis
gaormagebiT) 1 erTeuls movigebT.

Tu (ai )∞
i=1 mimdevrobas ise SevarCevT, rom an − (a1 + a2 + · · · + an−1 ) = n, maSin Cveni feris mosvlaze vigebT
imden Tanxas, ramdenjerac mogviwia Tanxis dadeba.

axla gamoviangariSoT, Tu ra unda iyos (ai )∞

i=1 mimdevroba. a1 = 1. an mocemulia rekursiuli formuliT:

an − (a1 + a2 + · · · + an−1 ) = n.

amrigad, am TamaSis momgebiani strategia Semdegia:

Algorithm 6.6: momgebiani strategia kazinoSi

1: c0 = 0;
2: i = 0;
3: While( arCeuli feri ar movida )
4: {
5: ci+1 = 2ci + 1;
6: dade ci+1 ;

7: }

savarjiSo 4.26: maTematikuri induqciiT daamtkiceT, rom an = 2n − 1 da an = 2 · an−1 + 1.

savarjiSo 4.27: daamtkiceT am strategiis siswore.

savarjiSo 4.28: rogor ggoniaT, ra xerxiT axerxebs kazino am strategiisagan Tavis dacvas?
6.5 formaluri ena da gramatika 59

TamaSta TeoriaSi arsebobs aqsioma, romlis mixedviTac SemTxveviT TamaSSi (anu iseTSi, sadac aqtu-

aluri svla araa daokidebuli arcerT winaze - aseTia, magaliTad, kazinoSi TiTqmis yvela TamaSi

ruletis CaTvliT) momgebiani strategia ver iarsebebs SezRuduli biujetis pirobebSi. es ki imas niS-

navs, rom momgebiani strategia mxolod SeuzRudavi Tanxebis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. radgan bunebaSi

yvela resursi (da maT Soris fulic) SezRudulia, aseTi strategia praqtikulad ar arsebobs.

daskvna: kazinoSi Sesuli moTamaSe yovelTvis wagebulia. mogebulia mxolod kazino.

6.5 formaluri ena da gramatika

ganmarteba 5.2: Tu mocemulia raime anbani A, maSin nebismier simravles L ⊂ A∗ am anbanze agebuli ena

ewodeba.

erT-erT magaliTad SegviZlia ganvixiloT qarTuli ena, romelic qarTuli anbanis im sityvebisgan

Sedgeba, romlebsac Cvens enaSi azri aqvs. es sasruli simravle iqneba, romelic asobiT aTasi sityva-

formisagan Sedgeba.

erT-erTi aqtualuri amocanaa, magaliTad, bunebrivi enisaTvis marTlweris Semowmeba ( spell checking).
Tu mocemuli sityvisTvis imis dadgena gvinda, sworadaa igi dawerili Tu ara, erT-erTi saSualeba

iqneba qarTuli enis srul bazaSi gadamowmeba, gvxvdeba Tu ara es sityva. ra Tqma unda, amis teqnikuri

realizacia SedarebiT martivia, Tu qarTuli enis yvela sityva-formisagan Semdgari dalagebuli sim-

ravle gveqneba. magram siZnele swored aseTi simravlis Seqmnaa, sadac arc erTi sityva-forma ar iqneba

gamorCenili.

meore meTodi iqneboda ZiriTadi formebis (qarTuli sityvebis fuZeebis) simravlis Seqmna da mere gra-

matikuli wesebiT sityva-formebis ageba. magaliTad, Tu gvaqvs mocemuli sityva YadamianiseburiA, ar

iqneboda aucilebeli am sityva-formis bazaSi Cawera. sakmarisia bazaSi gvqondes fuZe YadamianA da wesi,

rogor dagenerirdeba sityva, kerZod [fuZe] + YiseburiA. maSin sistema mixvdeboda, rom Cawerili sityva

SeiZleba dagenerirdes zemoT moyvanili wesiT da mixvdeboda, rom igi uSecdomodaa Cawerili.

sityvaTa generaciis aseT wess enis (formaluri) gramatika ewodeba. dReisaTvis qarTuli enis for-

maluri aRweris problema bolomde gadaWrili araa, riTac Cveni enis avtomaturi damuSavebis sisteme-

bis nakleboba aixsneba.

bunebrivi enebis damuSavebis garda farTod gamoiyeveba e.w. formaluri enebi da maTi gramatika. for-

maluri enis magaliTia nebismieri daprogramebis ena. amas garda, nebismieri maTematikuri amocanis

amonaxsnaTa simravle SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc formaluri ena.

magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi amocana: mocemuli (a, b) ∈ N2 ricxvTa wyvilisTvis gansazRvreT,

aqvs Tu ara a·x+b=0 gantolebas mTeli amonaxsni.

am amocanis amoxsna sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba, maT Soris sufTa algebruliT. erT-erTi sxva gza iqne-

boda iseTi wyvilebis simravlis Sedgena, romlebic am amocanis pasuxebs Seadgens:

P = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), ..., (7, 7), (7, 14), ..., (7, −14), ...}
radgan es simravle usasruloa, misi Camowera SeuZlebeli iqneba. magram SesaZlebelia misi formalu-

rad aRwera:

P = {(a, b) | b = k · a; k ∈ Z, a, b ∈ N}.
zeda magaliTSi moyvanili amocanis amoxsna Semdegnairadac SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: mocemuli (a, b)
wyvilisaTvis gaarkvieT, WeSmaritia Tu ara gamonaTqvami (a, b) ∈ P .
rogorc vxedavT, erTi da igive amocanis Camoyalibeba sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba. zemoT moyvanil ma-

galiTSi Cven amocanis amonaxsnaTa mTeli simravle P aRvwereT da mere davsviT SekiTxva, Sedis Tu ara

ricxvTa garkveuli wyvili am simravleSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am amocanis monacemebi da amo-

naxsnebi raRac enaze aRvwereT da mere vcdilobT imis dadgenas, ekuTvnis Tu ara mocemuli monacemi

amonaxsnTa simravles.
60 Tavi VI monacemTa kodireba, anbani, ena da gramatika

iseT amocanebs, romelTa pasuxia mxolod YkiA an YaraA, YgadawyvetilebisA amocana ewodeba. aseTi tipis

amocanebisTvis SegviZlia amonaxsnTa simravlis Seqmna (an aRwera) da mere monacemidan gamomdinare

raRac elementis am simravleSi arsebobis gadamowmeba.

maTematikaSi kargadaa cnobili usasrulo simravleebis aRweris meTodebi. magaliTad, {a|a = 2k, k ∈ N}
(luw ricxvTa simravle), an {b|b = p + 3, p martivia }.
analogiurad SegviZlia usasrulo enebis aRwerac. magaliTad, e.w. palindromebis ena Semdegnairad

SeiZleba aRiweros (palindromi iseT sityvas ewodeba, romelic winidan da uknidan erTnairad ikiTxeba):

P alΣ = {w|w = wR , w ∈ Σ∗ }
SeniSvna: xSirad palindromebs ara marto TiToeul sityvas, aramed iseT winadadebsac uwodeben, ro-

melTa wakiTxva orive mxridan erTnairad SeiZleba (magaliTad Yai iaA), magram Cven mxolod calkeuli

sityvebiT SemovifarglebiT - nebismieri winadadeba xom ise SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc calkeuli

sityva.

savarjiSo 5.29: moiyvaneT qarTul, inglisur da orobiT anbanze agebuli palindromebis magaliTebi

(maT Soris iseTebic, romlebsac qarTul da inglisur enebze azri aqvT).

erTi sakiTxia raRac usasrulo enis garkveuli sasruli meTodebiT aRwera da meore - iseTi meqanizmis

(algoriTmis) Seqmna, romelic mxolod am enis elementebs daagenerirebs.

aseT generators am enis gramatikas uwodeben. P alB enis gramatika orobiT anbanze Sedgenil enaze

Semdegnairad SeiZleba CamovayaliboT:

• , 0 da 1 palindromia;

• Tu w palindromia, aseve palindromia 0w0 an 1w1;

• mxolod am weswbiT Sedgenili sityvebi (da arc erTi sxva) qmnian palindromebs.

formaluri gramatikis saxiT es Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

1. S→

2. S→0

3. S→1

4. S → 0S0

5. S → 1S1

qarTulad es wesebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba CamovayaliboT:

1. enis axali elementi SeiZleba iyos carieli sityva

2. enis axali elementi SeiZleba iyos 0

3. enis axali elementi SeiZleba iyos 1

4. Tu S enis elementia, amave enis elementi iqneba mas Tu winidan da uknidan mivuwerT 0

5. Tu S enis elementia, amave enis elementi iqneba mas Tu winidan da uknidan mivuwerT 1

cxadia, rom am wesebiT Seqmnili elementi palindromi iqneba: pirveli sami wesiT pirdapir Seiqmneba

sityva, romelic aSkarad palindromia (carieli sityva palindromia: masSi ar moiZebneba iseTi pozicia

i, rom [i] 6= {i}). amas garda, Tu P palindromia, aseve palindromi iqneba 0P 0 da 1P 1 (wesebi 4 da 5).

magram saidan viciT, rom es gramatika yvela palindroms warmoSobs, anu ar arsebobs iseTi palindromi,

romelic am wesebiT ar warmoiSveba? amis Cveneba maTematikuri induqciiT SeiZleba: Tu w sityva palin-
dromia da |w| = 0, igi carielia da zeda gramatikis pirveli wesiT generirdeba; Tu |w| = 1, maSin an w = 0
an w=1 da igi generirdeba an meore, an mesame wesiT.

axla davuSvaT, rom yvela palindromi, romlis sigrZe ≤ n am gramatikiT warmoiSveba da ganvixiloT
raRac palindromi w, sadac |w| = n + 1. cxadia, rom an w = 1u1 an 0u0, sadac u palindromia da |u| ≤ n.
6.6 formaluri enebisa da gramatikis gamoyenebis saSualebebi 61

induqciis daSvebis Tanaxmad, u sityva zeda gramatikiT generirdeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, w sityvac

igive gramatikis meoTxe an mexuTe wesiT warmoiSveba.

ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi: L = {0n 1n |n ∈ N0 } enis aRmweri gramatika Semdegnairad SeiZleba

CavweroT:

1. S → ;

2. S → 0S1

rogorc moyvanili magaliTebidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, gramatikis wesebi garkveuli formiT SeiZleba

Caiweros. S e.w. Ysawyisi simboloaA: pirveli wesi gveubneba, Tu rogor iwyeba sityvis warmoeba. aq

0,1 da  e.w. terminalebia: carieli sityva da anbanis elementebi. terminalebi imitom ewodebaT, rom

maTi Semdgomi YgaSlisA wesebi aRar arsebobs: simbolo dafiqsirdeba da yoveli Semdgomi gamoTvlisas

ucvleli rCeba, gansxvavebiT e.w. YaraterminalisganA, Cvens SemTxvevaSi simbolo S, romelic yoveli

gamoTvlisas YgaiSlebaA. ase, magaliTad, sityva 00001111 Semdegnairad gaiSleba: sawyisi araterminali

S meore wesis Tanaxmad gardaiqmneba sityvad 0S1, mere isev meore wesis Tanaxmad igive gardaqmniT 00S11,
Semdeg 000S111, Semdeg 0000S1111 da bolos - pirveli wesis Tanaxmad - 0000  1111 = 00001111.

zogadad, gramatika Sedgeba Σ anbanisgan (romelsac gramatikaSi terminalebis simravles uwodeben),

N araterminaluri simboloebisgan , S sawyisi araterminalisgan da P wesebis simravlisagan. Cvens

magaliTSi Σ = B, N = {S}, S Cveni sawyisi araterminalis simboloa da P wesebi wemoT iyo CamoTvlili.

savarjiSo 5.30: aRwereT gramatika, romelic YsworadA dasmul frCxilebis enas agenerirebs (magali-

Tad, sworadaa dasmuli frCxilebi Y(()(()))A sityvaSi, magram arasworad sityvaSi Y(()))((())A.

aRsaniSnavia, rom zogadad gramatikaSi ramodenime araterminaluri simbolo SeiZleba arsebobdes.

Cvens mier ganxiluli gramatikebi e.w. YukonteqstoA enebs aRwers da amitom maTac ukonteqsto gramatika

ewodebaT. aseTi tipis gramatikaSi wesebis marcxena mxares mxolod erTi araterminaluri simbolo

dgas (aqedan gamomdinareobs saxeli YukonteqstoA - radgan mxolod erTi araterminaluri simbolo

YiSlebaA, Sinaarss anu konteqsts mniSvneloba ar aqvs).

mniSvnelovani faqtia is, rom ukonteqsto gramatikas yvela enis aRwera ar SeuZlia. magaliTad, ena

{an bn cn |n ∈ N0 } am tipis gramatikiT ver aRiwereba. da zogadad: ar arsebobs iseTi gramatika, romelic

yvela enas aRwers. ufro metic: damtkicebulia, rom arsebobs iseTi ena, romelic verc erTi gramatikiT

ver aRiwereba.

aseT sakiTxebs Teoriuli informatika Seiswavlis, rasac Cven momdevno kursebis farglebSi dawvrilebiT

ganvixilavT.

6.6 formaluri enebisa da gramatikis gamoyenebis saSualebebi

rogorc aqamde aRiniSna, yoveli gadawyvetilebis amocana SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc raime anbanze

agebuli ena, romelic am amocanis amonaxsnebis simravles emTxveva.

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi amocana:

mocemulia mTel ricxvTa wyvili (x, y). aris Tu ara igi 28x−12y = 0 orcvladiani gantolebis amonaxsni?

cxadia, es gadawyvetilebis amocanaa: misi yoveli pasuxi iqneba an YkiA, an YaraA. misi ena Sedgeba yvela

amonaxsnisgan:

 
a 3
L= (a, b)|a, b ∈ Z, =
b 7
aqedan gamomdinare, gadawyvetilebis amonaxsnis amoxsna SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc misi Sesabamisi

enaSi (amonaxsnTa simravleSi) monacemis Zebnad. Tu es ena aRiwereba raime gramatikiT, misi Sesabamisi

algoriTmic am gramatikis Sesabamisi avtomatia: damtkicebulia, rom yvela gramatikas Seesabameba

62 Tavi VI monacemTa kodireba, anbani, ena da gramatika

garkveuli avtomati (algoriTmi), romelic am gramatikis simulacias axdens da gaarkvevs, Sedis Tu

ara monacemi Sesabamis enaSi.

enasa da gramatikas kidev erTi didi gamoyeneba aqvs kompilatorebSi, maT agebasa da, zogadad, TeoriaSi.

yoveli programa, romelic iwereba raime daprogramebis enaze (adamianisTvis gasageb, e.w. maRali donis

enaze), unda iqnas gadaTargmnili manqanur kodebSi (e.w. dabali donis enaze), rac adamianisTvis sakmaod

monotonuri, mosawyeni da SecdomebiT aRsavse procesi iqneboda. amitom xdeba programebis avtomaturi

YkompilaciaA, anu gadaTargmna. aq farTod iyeneben enaTa formalur aRwerasa da gramatikis safuZvelze

Sesabamis algoriTmebs, magaliTad, sintaqsuri (marTlweris) an semantikuri (Sinaarsobrivi) Secdome-

bis aRmosaCenad, an erTi enis struqturis meore enis struqturaze gadasatanad, mxolod aq ar Semoi-

farglebian mxolod ukonteqsto gramatikebiT, romelTa magaliTebic Cven ganvixileT, aramed iyeneben

ufro rTul struqturebs, rogoricaa konteqsturi gramatika, atributuli gramatika da sxva.

6.7 mokle daskvna

mexuTe TavSi Cven ganvixileT monacemTa kodirebis meTodebi da vnaxeT, Tu rogor SeiZleba maTi ga-

datana sxvadasxva fuZis aTvlis sistemebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki orobiT sistemaSi.

Semdeg vnaxeT, Tu rogor SeiZleba modularuli ariTmetikis gamoyenebiT usasrulo sistemebis simula-

cia sasruliT minimaluri danakargebis gaTvaliswinebiT da vaCveneT, rogor igeba orobiTi ricxvebis

ariTmetika, ris Semdegac orobiTi kodebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi ganvixileT.

bolos ganvmarteT formaluri ena, misi Sesabamisi gramatika da mniSvnelovani gamoyenebis magaliTebi.
Tavi 7

mimarTebebi da dalageba

7.1 mimarTebebi

ganvixiloT saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa simravle A = {w | w saqarTvelos moqalaqea }. ra Tqma unda, am

simravleSi iseTi adamianebis qvesimravleebi iqneba, romlebic erTmaneTTan megobroben. Tu a, b ∈ A da a

megobrobs b-Tan, maSin b megobrobs a-Tan. imis aRsaniSnavad, rom a da b megobroben, SegviZlia davweroT:
(a, b). Tu CamovwerT yvela aseTi megobrebis wyvilebs, miviRebT raRaca simravles R = {(a, b) | a, b ∈ A, a

da b erTmaneTTan megobroben}.

rogorc vxedavT, R simravle A simravleSi raRaca kavSiris, anu mimarTebis aRmniSvnelia da mis ele-

mentebze garkveul informacias gvawvdis. advili SesamCnevia, rom (a, b) ∈ R ⇔ (b, a) ∈ R.

axla ki ganvixiloT igive simravle A da masze gansazRvruli mimarTeba R1 = {(a, b) | a, b ∈ A, b aris a-s
winapari}. cxadia, rom Tu (a, b) ∈ R1 ⇒ (b, a) ∈
/ R1 . es R1 simravle sxva tipis mimarTebis informacias
gvawvdis A simravlis elementebis Sesaxeb da R simravlisgan radikalurad gansxvavdeba, Tu maT zemoT

naxseneb Tvisebebs gaviTvaliswinebT.

axla ki gadavideT mimarTebis formalur gansazRvrebaze, rosTvisac pirvel rigSi saWiroa

ganmarteba 1.1: Tu mocemulia nebismieri ori simravle A da B, maSin A × B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B} A da B

simravleebis Ydekartuli namravliA ewodeba.

magaliTad, Tu A = {1, 2, 3, 4} da B = {a, b, c}, maSin

A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (2, a), (2, b), (2, c), (3, a), (3, b), (3, c), (4, a), (4, b), (4, c)}.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aq mniSvneloba aqvs elementebis Tanmimdevrobas: pirvel adgilzea A simravlis ele-

menti, xolo meoreze ki - B simravlisa.

cxadia, rom A×A simravlec A simravlis Tavis TavTan dekartuli namravlia.

magaliTad, Tu A = {a1 , a2 , a3 }, A×A = {(a1 , a1 ), (a1 , a2 ), (a1 , a3 ), (a2 , a1 ), (a2 , a2 ), (a2 , a3 ), (a3 , a1 ), (a3 , a2 ), (a3 , a3 )}.

savarjiSo 1.1: ganvixiloT Semdegi amocana: mocemulia n ∈ N. SeadgineT A × A, sadac A = {a1 , a2 , ..., an }.
ra aris am amocanis monacemi? ra unda iyos misi Sedegi? dawereT algoriTmi, romelic am amocanas

gadaWris.

ganmarteba 1.2: Tu mocemulia raime ori simravle A da B (xSirad A = B ), maSin R ⊂ A×B simravles A
da B simravleebze gansazRvruli mimarTeba ewodeba.

magaliTad, zemoT gansazRvruli R (megobrobis aRmniSvneli) da R1 (winaprebis aRmniSvneli) simravleebi

Sesabamisi A simravlis sxvadasxva mimarTebis (damokidebulebebis) ganmsazRvrelia.

or sxvadasxva simravleze gansazRvruli mimarTebis magaliTiad SegviZlia moviyvanoT saqarTvelos

regionebisa da qalaqebis simravleebi:

63
64 Tavi VII mimarTebebi da dalageba

A = {qarTli, kaxeTi, raWa, imereTi, samegrelo } da B = {ozurgeTi, oni, foTi, agara, zugdidi, vani,

Telavi, gurjaani, quTaisi }.

mimarTeba, romelic TiToeul regions masSi arsebul qalaqs daukavSirebs, iqneba:

R2 ={ (qarTli, agara), (kaxeTi, Telavi), (kaxeTi, gurjaani), (raWa, oni), (imereTi, vani),

(imereTi, quTaisi), (samegrelo, foTi), (samegrelo, zugdidi) }.

ganmarteba 1.3: nebismier R ⊂ A×B (xSir SemTxvevaSi A = B) mimarTebas SeiZleba qondes Semdegi Tvise-

bebi::

• Tu ∀a1 ∈ A, a2 ∈ B, a1 6= a2 , (a1 , a2 ) ∈ R an (a2 , a1 ) ∈ R, maSin R mimarTebas sruli ewodeba;

• Tu ∀a ∈ A, (a, a) ∈ R ⊂ A × B , maSin R mimarTebas refleqsuri ewodeba;

• Tu ∀a1 ∈ A, a2 ∈ B, a1 6= a2 , (a1 , a2 ) ∈ R ⇔ (a2 , a1 ) ∈ R, maSin R mimarTebas simetriuli ewodeba;

• Tu ∀a1 ∈ A, a2 ∈ B, a1 6= a2 , (a1 , a2 ) ∈ R ⇒ (a2 , a1 ) ∈

/ R, maSin R mimarTebas antisimetriuli ewodeba;

• Tu ∀a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ A, a1 6= a2 , a3 6= a2 , ( (a1 , a2 ) ∈ R, (a2 , a3 ) ∈ R ) ⇒ (a1 , a3 ) ∈ R, maSin R mimarTebas

tranzituli ewodeba.

magaliTad, zemoT gansazRvruli R (megobrobis aRmniSvneli) mimarTeba simetriulia, magram ar aris

sruli, radgan SeiZleba moiZebnos ori iseTi adamiani a, b ∈ A, romelic erTmaneTTan ar megobrobs da

amitom (a, b) ∈
/ R.
meore mimarTeba R1 (winaprebis ganmsazRvreli) tranzitulia: Tu a-s winaparia b ((a, b) ∈ R1 ) da b-s wina-
paria c ((b, c) ∈ R1 ), a-s winaparia c anu (a, c) ∈ R1 .
es mimarTeba aseve antisimetriulia: Tu (a, b) ∈ R1 ⇔ (b, a) 6∈ R1 .

mesame mimarTeba R2 antisimetriuli da arasrulia: R2 ar Seicavs arc erT wyvils, romelSic Sedis

ozurgeTi.

savarjiSo 1.2: daamtkiceT, rom mimarTeba R3 ⊂ N × N, R3 = {(a, b)|a ≤ b} refleqsuri da srulia.

savarjiSo 1.3: dawereT, risi tolia Semdegi simravleebi:

(a) {1} × {1, 2} × {1, 2, 3};

(b) ∅ × {1, 2, 3};
(g) 2{1,2} , rac aris {1, 2} simravlis yvela SesaZlo qvesimravlis simravle;

(d) 2{1,2} × {1, 2}.

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis patara simravleebze mimarTebebi grafikulad SeiZleba gamovsaxoT: Tu A sim-

ravleze gansazRvrulia raime mimarTeba R da (a, b) ∈ R, maSin a da b elementebi gamoisaxeba rgolebad,

xolo (a, b) ∈ R ki a elementidan b elementSi mimarTuli isriT (nax. 7.1 (a)). Tu (b, b) ∈ R, es grafikulad

b elementis Sesabamisi rgolidan gamomavali da igive rgolSi Semavali isriT gamoixateba (nax. 7.1 (b)).

Tu A = {a, b, c, d, e}, maSin R = {(a, a), (a, b), (b, b), (b, a)(c, a), (c, d), (d, e), (e, b), (e, c), (e, d)} ise SeiZleba war-

movadginoT, rogorc nax. 7.1 (g)) -Si.

ganmarteba 1.4: refleqsur, simetriul da tranzitul mimarTebas Ytolobis mimarTebaA an Yekvivalen-

turobis mimarTebaA ewodeba.

magaliTad, Tu mocemulia cocxal organizmTa simravle A, maSin R0 = {(a, b)|a da b orive xerxemliania}
ekvivalenturobis mimarTebaa, radgan igi refleqsuri, simetriuli da tranzitulia.

savarjiSo 1.4: daamtkiceT, rom zemoT moyvanili mimarTeba R0 marTlac refleqsuri, simetriuli da

tranzitulia.
7.1 mimarTebebi 65

nax. 7.1: mimarTebaTa grafikuli warmodgena

ekvivalenturobis mimarTeba simravles e.w. Yekvivalenturobis klasebadA yofs, anu iseT qvesimravlee-

bad, sadac erTmaneTis ekvivalenturi (anu garkveuli TvalsazrisiT msgavsi) elementebi Sedis. sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu raime A 6= ∅ simravleze gansazRvrulia ekvivalenturobis mimarTeba R, igi

A simravlis iseT qvesimravleebs Bα ⊂ A, rom Bα = {a, b ∈ A | (a, b) ∈ R} (am qvesimravleebSi

gansazRvravs

mxolod iseTi elementebi Sedis, romlebic R mimarTebis gansazRvrebiT erTmaneTis YekvivalenturiaA).

magaliTad, Tu mocemulia mimarTeba R = {(a, b)| a da b orive luwia an a da b orive kentia}, igi naturalur
ricxvTa N simravleSi or qvesimravles gamoyofs - luw da kent ricxvTa qvesimravleebs (klasebs): N1 =
{ai |(ak , al ) ∈ R da orive luwia}, N2 = {ai |(ak , al ) ∈ R da orive kentia}.

Tu mocemulia A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, maSin mimarTeba R = {(a, b) ∈ A × A | a da b orive luwia an a da b orive

kentia } grafikulad Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoisaxos:

nax. 7.2: simravlis or damoukidebel klasad dayofis magaliTi

advili dasanaxia, rom R mimarTeba A simravleSi or damoukidebel klass (qvesimravles) gamohyofs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es erTmaneTis ekvivalenturi anu toli elementebi mocemuli mimarTebiTaa gansazRv-

ruli. sxva mimarTebas SeiZleba sxva ekvivalenturi elementebi gamoeyo. amis magaliTia igive A sim-

ravleze gansazRvruli R0 = {(a, b) | a da b orive iyofa 3-ze an a da b ricxvidan erTi mainc ar iyofa

3-ze }.

savarjiSo 1.5: grafikulad gamoxateT bolos mocemuli mimarTeba R0 ise, rogorc es wina magaliTSi

moxda.

raime A simravlis ekvivalenturobis klasebi Semdegnairad aRiniSneba: [a] = {b | (a, b) ∈ R}, sadac R aris
A simravlis ekvivalenturobis mimarTeba.

magaliTad, Tu A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} da R0 = {(a, b) | a da b orive iyofa 3-ze an a da b orive ar iyofa

3-ze}, [6] = {0, 3, 6, 9} da [2] = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8}.

savarjiSo 1.6: moiyvaneT naturalur ricxvTa simravleze gansazRvruli ekvivalenturobis mimarTebis

magaliTi, romelic sam qvesimravles gamohyofs. TiToeul aseT klasSi erTmaneTis ekvivalenturi ele-

mentebia.

axla ki ganvixiloT ori naturaluri ricxvi, romelic aTobiT anbanSia Cawerili: 307 da 509. Cven

viciT, rom 307 < 509. am ori ricxvis aseTi mimarTeba sadRac unda iyos gansazRvruli (analogiurad
66 Tavi VII mimarTebebi da dalageba

Cven SegveZlo gangvesazRvra 509 < 307. Cven viciT, rom 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 < 9. magram am

cifrebis aseTi mimarTeba cxadi araa, esec viRacis mieraa dadgenili da Semdeg sayovelTaod miRebuli.

amrigad, gvaqvs Semdegi mimarTeba A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} simravleze:

R ={
(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5), (0, 6), (0, 7), (0, 8), (0, 9)
(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9)
(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9)
(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8), (3, 9)
(4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8), (4, 9)
(5, 6), (5, 7), (5, 8), (5, 9)
(6, 7), (6, 8), (6, 9)
(7, 8), (7, 9)
(8, 9)
}

es mimarTeba e.w. YdalagebasA gansazRvravs, anu gvaZlevs imis wess, Tu rogor SeiZleba davalagoT

simravlis elementebi zrdadobis mixedviT.

ganmarteba 1.5: srul, antisimetriul da tranzitul mimarTebas dalageba ewodeba. arasrul, anti-

simetriul da tranzitul mimarTebas nawilobrivi dalageba ewodeba.

savarjiSo 1.7: daamtkiceT, rom bolos moyvanili mimarTeba R dalagebaa.

savarjiSo 1.8: moiyvaneT zemoT gansazRvrul A simravleze nawilobrivi dalagebis magaliTi.

Tu (a, b) ∈ R da R dalagebaa, maSin vwerT: a < b.

Tu gvaqvs mocemuli dalageba zemoT moyvanil anbanze A, advilad SeiZleba A∗ simravlis sityvebis

dalagebac Semdegi algoriTmiT:

algoriTmi 7.1 : C(w, v)

mocemulia: w = (w1 , w2 , ..., wn ), v = (v1 , v2 , ..., vm ) ∈ A∗
1: Tu |w| = |v| = 0, maSin w = v da algoriTmi daasrule.
2: Tu w(1) < v(1), maSin (w, v) ∈ R (an, rac igivea, w < v ) da algoriTmi daasrule.
3: Tu v(1) < w(1), maSin (v, w) ∈ R (an, rac igivea, v < w ) da algoriTmi daasrule.

4: Caatare C(w{|w| − 1}, v{|v| − 1}) (igive algoriTmi w da v sityvebis sufiqsebisaTvis).

aucileblad gasaTvaliscinebelia, rom  < a, ∀a 6=  ∈ A.

savarjiSo 1.9: sityvierad axseniT, Tu ras niSnavs zeda algoriTmSi moyvanili maTematikuri Canawerebi
YTu w(|w|) < v(|v|), maSin...A da Y C(w{|w| − 1}, v{|v| − 1})A.

savarjiSo 1.10: daamtkiceT am algoriTmis siswore. gamoiTvaleT misi bijebis raodenoba, Tu |w| = |v|
da Semdeg Tu |w| =
6 |v|.

savarjiSo 1.11: dawereT, Tu risi tolia zemoT moyvanil A simravleze gansazRvruli dalagebis mimar-
Teba, romlis mixedviTac 1 ≤ 3 ≤ 2 ≤ 5 ≤ 8 ≤ 4 ≤ 0 ≤ 9 ≤ 7 ≤ 6.

savarjiSo 1.12: moiyvaneT A simravleze gansazRvruli ori sxvadasxva nawilobrivi dalagebis maga-

liTi. aris Tu ara R=∅ am simravlis nawilobrivi dalageba?

savarjiSo 1.13: aris Tu araraime A simravleze gansazRvruli R=∅ mimarTeba tranzituli?

7.1 mimarTebebi 67

savarjiSo 1.14: arsebobs Tu araraime A simravleze gansazRvruli R 6= ∅ mimarTeba, romelic erT-

droulad simetriulicaa da antisimetriulic?

savarjiSo 1.15: daamtkiceT, rom Tu R1 da R2 raRaca simravleze gansazRvruli nawilobrivi dalagebe-

bia, maSin R1 ∩ R2 igive simravleze gansazRvruli nawilobrivi dalagebaa.

savarjiSo 1.16: mocemulia nebismieri simravle S , romelic Tavis mxriv raRaca simravleebisagan Sedgeba.
daamtkiceT, rom RS = {(A, B) | A, B ∈ S, A ⊆ B} nawilobrivi dalagebaa.

savarjiSo 1.17: davuSvaT, S = 2{1,2,3} , rac aris {1, 2, 3} simravlis yvela SesaZlo qvesimravlis simravle.
amowereT am simravlis yvela elementi da diagramis saxiT gamosaxeT wina savarjiSoSi gansazRvruli

mimarTeba RS , romelic am simravlezea gansazRvruli. calke amowereT S simravlis minimaluri ele-

mentebi, anu iseTi elementebi ai , romelTaTvisac (ai , b) ∈ RS , ∀b ∈ S .

savarjiSo 1.18: rogor ganisazRvreba nebismieri A simravlis raRaca R dalagebis Sedegad miRebuli

maqsimaluri elementebi?

axla ki ganvixiloT nax. 7.3 (a) -Si moyvanili mimarTeba. advili saCvenebelia, rom igi arc refleqsuri

da arc tranzitulia.

savarjiSo 1.19: aCveneT, rom nax. 7.3 (a) -Si moyvanili mimarTeba arc refleqsuri da arc tranzitulia.

nax. 7.3: mimarTebis refleqsuri da tranzituli Caketva

am mimarTebis simravlisaTvis ramodenime axali wyvilis (an grafikulad isris) CamatebiT SeiZleba

miviRoT tranzituli mimarTeba (nax. 7.3 (b). damatebiT yvela a elementisaTvis (a, a) wyvilis damatebiT

ki es mimarTeba refleqsuric xdeba (nax. 7.3 (g)).

analogiuri procedura - damatebiTi wyvilebiT gafarToveba ise, rom nebismieri mimarTeba tranzituli

da refleqsuri gaxdes, SeiZleba nebismier mimarTebaze CavataroT. miRebul mimarTebas sawyisi mimar-

Tebis refleqsuri da tranzituli Caketva ewodeba.

ganmarteba 1.6: nebismieri R mimarTebis tranzituli da refleqsuri Caketva R∗ ewodeba iseT refleqsur

da tranzitul mimarTebas, romlisTvisac R ⊂ R∗ da R∗ simravlis elementebis raodenoba minimaluria

im simravleebis elementebis raodenobaTa Soris, romlebic R mimarTebas qvesimravled Seicaven, anu

R∗ simravle R simravlidan rac SeiZleba cota wyvilis damatebiT unda miiRebodes.

savarjiSo 1.20: dawereT algoriTmi, romelic nebismieri A sasruli simravlis raime R mimarTebisaTvis
mis refleqsur da tranzitul Caketvas gamoiangariSebs (anu Seadgens Sesabamis simravles). daamtkiceT

misi siswore da gamoiangariSeT bijebis raodenoba, Tu |A| = n.

68 Tavi VII mimarTebebi da dalageba

7.2 dalagebisa da ekvivalenturobis gamoyenebis magaliTebi: Zebna,

operaciebi simravleebze da naSTTa klasebi

dalageba da nawilobrivi dalageba centralur rols TamaSobs informatikaSi, radgan amocanaTa udi-

desi nawili monacemTa raRaca wesis mixedviT dalagebis Sedegad sakmaod martivdeba.

amis magaliTia qarTul anbanze Q Semotanili dalageba a < b < g < d < · · · < j < h. Tu Cven amis safuZvelze
qarTul sityvebsac davalagebT (anu SemovitanT dalagebis wess Q∗ simravleze), qarTul leqsikonSi
raime mocemuli w sityvis moZebna gaadvildeba: leqsikons gadavSliT SuaSi da amovikiTxavT pirvelive
sityvas v. Tu w = v , sityva moZebnilia. Tu Cveni saZebni sityva am sityvis winaa (anu w < v ), maSin igive
operacias gavimeorebT leqsikonis pirvel naxevarSi (Tu v < w , viRebT meore nawils): gadavSliT am

nawilis SuaSi da analogiur proceduras gavimeorebT.

savarjiSo 2.21: dawereT algoriTmi, romelic qarTul anbanze gansazRvruli ori sityvisaTvis w da v
gansazRvravs, w=v Tu w<v Tu v < w.
SeniSvna: es algoriTmi aTobiTSi Cawerili ricxvebis Sedarebis algoriTmis msgavsia.

savarjiSo 2.22: daamtkiceT wina savarjiSoSi moyvanili algoriTmis siswore da gamoiTvaleT misi bi-

jebis raodenoba, Tu |w| = n da |v| = m.

zogadad, Tu mocemulia raime A anbani da S = {u1 , u2 , ..., un ∈ A∗ } sityvaTa dalagebuli simravle, mo-

cemuli w sityvis moZebna am simravleSi SeiZleba Semdegi algoriTmiT:

algoriTmi L(S, w)
mocemulia: S = {u1 , u2 , ..., un ∈ A∗ } sityvaTa simravle da raRaca sityva w.
Sedegi: vipovnoT iseTi ui ∈ S , rom ui = w.
• Tu S = ∅, maSin dabeWde: Ysityva simravleSi ar moiZebnaA da algoriTmi daasrule.

• Tu ub |S| c = w, maSin dabeWde: Y b |S|

2 c-uri elementia wA da algoriTmi daasrule.
2

• Tu ub |S| c < w, maSin Caatare L({ub |S| c+1 , ..., un }, w).

2 2

• Tu ub |S| c > w, maSin Caatare L({u1 , ..., ub |S| c }, w).

2 2

savarjiSo 2.23: induqciis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT am algoriTmis siswore. gamoiTvaleT misi bijebis

raodenoba, Tu |S| = n.

dalagebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba aseve maTematikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas. Tu mocemuli gvaqvs raime

funqciis mniSvnelobebi garkveul wertilebSi, misi minimumis an maqsimumis povna, cxadia, dalagebul

simravleSi elementarulia (gansxvavebiT daulagebeli simravlisagan).

amas garda, simravleTa TanakveTa, gaerTianeba, damateba da mravali sxva operacia dalagebul sim-

ravleebze ufro advili iqneba.

savarjiSo 2.24: mocemulia dalagebuli simravleebi A da B (simartivisTvis daiSviT, rom orive sim-

ravle ricxvebs Seicavs). dawereT algoriTmi, romliTac gamoviTvliT A ∩ B. daamtkiceT misi siswore

da gamoiTvaleT bijebis raodenoba.

savarjiSo 2.25: mocemulia dalagebuli simravleebi A da B (simartivisTvis daiSviT, rom orive sim-

ravle ricxvebs Seicavs). dawereT algoriTmi, romliTac gamoviTvliT A ∪ B. daamtkiceT misi siswore

da gamoiTvaleT bijebis raodenoba.

savarjiSo 2.26: mocemulia dalagebuli simravleebi A da B (simartivisTvis daiSviT, rom orive sim-

ravle ricxvebs Seicavs). dawereT algoriTmi, romliTac gamoviTvliT A\B . daamtkiceT misi siswore

da gamoiTvaleT bijebis raodenoba.

7.3 mokle daskvna 69

rac Seexeba ekvivalenturobis mimarTebis gamoyenebas, wina TavSi ganxiluli modularuli ariTmetika

swored am struqturebs efuZvneba:

Tu ganvixilavT Zk = {0, 1, ..., k − 2, k − 1} ricxvTa simravles, es warmoiSveba Z mTel ricxvTa simravleSi

arsebuli ricxvebis k ricxvze gayofiTa da naSTis aRebiT, anu yvela is ricxvi, romelic k ricxvze gay-
ofisas erTsa da imave naSTs iZleva, ekvivalenturadaa gamocxadebuli da gvrCeba Semdegi elementebi:

0 ≡ [0] = {0, k, −k, 2k, −2k, 3k, −3k, 4k, −4k, ...},
1 ≡ [1] = {1, −1, k + 1, −(k + 1), 2k + 1, −(2k + 1), ...},
...,
k − 2 ≡ [k − 2] = {k − 2, −(k − 2), 2k − 2, −(2k − 2), ...},
k − 1 ≡ [k − 1] = {k − 1, −(k − 1), 2k − 1, −(2k − 1), ...}
saerTod, algebraSi xSirad iyeneben e-w- faqtorrgolebs, romelsac raime rgolis erT elementze gay-

ofiTa da naSTebis aRebiT warmoqmnian xolme, rac ekvivalenturobis klasebis warmoqmniT xdeba.

7.3 mokle daskvna

meeqvse TavSi ganvixileT mimarTebebis ganmarteba, aqedan gamomdinare ekvivalenturobisa da dalagebis

mimarTebebi da maTi gamoyenebis saSualebebi. simravleTa ekvivalenturobis klasebad dayofa gamoiyeneba

ara mxolod sabunebismetyvelo dargebSi (magaliTad biologiaSi cocxali organizmebis klasifikaci-

isTvis), aramed maTematikaSi naSTTa klasebSi, rac wina TavSi iyo ganxiluli modularuli ariTmetikis

aRweris dros, xolo dalageba ki centralur rols TamaSobs TiTqmis yvela amocanaSi: sakmarisia gan-

vixiloT sityvis dalagebul leqsikonSi Zebnis amocana da SevadaroT igi daulagebel simravleSi

Zebnas.
70 Tavi VII mimarTebebi da dalageba
Tavi 8

algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

8.1 funqciaTa zrdis rigi

ganvixiloT ori funqcia: f1 (n) = n2 da f2 (n) = 100·n, n > 0. cxadia, rom f2 (n) > f1 (n), Tu 0 < n < 100. magram
Tu n > 100, maSin f1 (n) > f2 (n). ese igi, dawyebuli raRaca adgilidan, f1 (n) > f2 (n) (nax. 8.1 marcxniv). aseT

SemTxvevebSi - rodesac dawyebuli raRaca adgilidan erTi funqciis mniSvneloba yovelTvis aWarbebs

meore funqciis Sesabamis mniSvnelobas - amboben, rom f1 funqcia ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre f2 .

magaliTad, f1 (n) = n ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre f2 (n) = log n (aq da SemdgomSi log n = log2 n, ln n = loge n
da lg n = log10 n).

SeniSvna: aq da SemdgomSi ganxiluli funqciebi dadebiTia.

nax. 8.1: ori funqciis grafiki

savarjiSo 1.1: f1 (n) da f2 (n) funqciebs Soris romeli izrdeba ufro swrafad? (pasuxi daamtkiceT)

1. f1 (n) = 10 · n2 , Tu f2 (n) = 15 · n2 ; 2. f1 (n) = 0.1 · n2 , Tu f2 (n) = n; 3. f1 (n) = 106 · log n, Tu f2 (n) = n; 4.

f1 (n) = 10 · log n2 , Tu f2 (n) = 20 · log n; 5. f1 (n) = 2n , Tu f2 (n) = 1510 · n7 .

savarjiSo 1.2: daamtkiceT, rom f1 (n) funqcia ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre f2 (n), Tu:

2
1.f1 (n) = n√ , f2 (n) = 15 · n · log n; 2. f1 (n) = n3 , f2 (n) = 1983 · n; 3. f1 (n) = log n, f2 (n) = 10 log log n; 4. f1 (n) = log n2 ,
f2 (n) = 100 log n; 5. f1 (n) = n, f2 (n) = log7 n.

gamonaTqvami Ydawyebuli raRaca adgilidan f1 funqciis mniSvneloba yovelTvis aWarbebs f2 funqciis

Sesabamis mniSvnelobasA maTematikurad Semdegnairad Caiwereba: ∃n0 ∈ N, ∀n > n0 , f1 (n) > f2 (n).

71
72 Tavi VIII algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

Tu mocemulia ori funqcia f1 (n), f2 (n) da ∃c ∈ N iseTi, rom dawyebuli raRaca adgilidan f1 (n) < c · f2 (n),
maSin amboben, rom f1 (n) funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigi ar aRemateba f2 (n) funqciis asimptoturi
zrdis rigs.

am SemTxvevaSi agreTve amboben, rom f1 funqciis zrdis rigi zemodanaa SemosazRvruli f2 funqciis

zrdis rigiT, anu f2 funqciis zrdis rigi f1 funqciis zrdis rigis zeda zRvaria.

magaliTad, Tu f1 (n) = 10 · n da f2 (n) = n, f1 (n) funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigi ar aRemateba f2 (n)
funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigs, radgan ∃c = 11 da f1 (n) = 10 · n < c · f2 (n) = 11 · n.
asimptoturi zrdis rigi gviCvenebs, YdaaxloebiT ra siswrafiTA izrdeba mocemuli funqcia. zeda ma-

galiTSi SegveZlo agreTve dagvewera: ∃c = 1 da c · f1 (n) = 10 · n > f2 (n) = n. ase rom, erT SemTxvevaSi

f1 (n) funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigi ar aRemateba f2 (n) funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigs, meore

SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT. aseT dros ityvian, rom am ori funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigi tolia, anu

orive YdaaxloebiT erTi siswrafiT izrdebaA. Tu mocemulia ori funqcia f1 (n), f2 (n) da ∃c ∈ N iseTi,
rom dawyebuli raRaca adgilidan f1 (n) < c·f2 (n), magram 6 ∃d ∈ N iseTi, rom dawyebuli raRaca adgilidan
f2 (n) < d · f1 (n), maSin amboben, rom f2 (n) funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigi ufro maRalia, vidre f1 (n)

funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigi. cxadia, rom Tu f1 (n) da f2 (n) funqciebis asimptoturi zrdis rigi

tolia, SeiZleba aseve iTqvas, rom f1 (n) funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigi ar aRemateba f2 (n) funqciis

asimptoturi zrdis rigs (da piriqiT).

qvemoT moyvanilia cxrili, romelic ramodenime funqciis zrdis rigs gviCvenebs.

n log n n n · log n n2 2n n!
10 3 10 30 100 1.024 3.628.800

20 4 20 80 400 1.048.576  1015

30 5 30 150 900 1.073.741.824

40 5 40 200 1600 1.099.511.627.776

50 6 50 300 2500 >1015

100 7 100 700 104 >10
30

1.000 10 1.000 10.000 106

10.000 13 10.000 130.000 108
100.000 17 100.000 1.700.000 1010
1.000.000 20 1.000.000 20.000.000 1012
10.000.000 23 10.000.000 230.000.000 1014
100.000.000 27 100.000.000 2.700.000.000 1016
1.000.000.000 30 1.000.000.000 30.000.000.000 1018

rogorc vxedavT, am funqciaTa Soris yvelaze nela f (n) = log n funqcia izrdeba, yvelaze swrafad

ki f (n) = n!. am bolo funqciis mniSvneloba n = 20 -Tvis ukve Zalian didia - rogorc varaudoben,
2100 = 1030 Cvens samyaroSi arsebuli atomebis raodenobas aRemateba da, aqedan gamomdinare, 1015 Zalian
didi ricxvia.

savarjiSo 1.3: daamtkiceT, rom f1 (n) = 10n2 da f2 (n) = 10−6 · n2 funqciaTa asimptoturi zrdis rigi

tolia.

savarjiSo 1.4: tolia Tu ara Semdegi ori funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigi (pasuxebi daamtkiceT):

1. f1 (n) = n2 , f2 (n) = 15 √
· n2 · log log n; 2. f1 (n) = log n3 , f2 (n) = 1983 · n; 3. f1 (n) = log2 n, f2 (n) = 10 log n; 4.

f1 (n) = log n , f2 (n) = 100 log n; 5. f1 (n) = n, f2 (n) = log log7 n.

2

nax. 8.2 gviCvenebs ramodenime funqciis zrdis siswrafes, saidanac SeiZleba maTi asimptoturi zrdis

rigis danaxva. yvelaze nela izrdeba logariTmuli funqcia f (n) = log n; Semdegia wrfivi funqcia

f (n) = n. masze swrafad izrdeba funqcia n · log n da yvelaze didi zrdis rigi aqvs f (n) = 2n funqcias.

savarjiSo 1.5: f1 (n) da f2 (n) funqciebs Soris romlis asimptoturi zrdis rigia ufro maRali?
8.1 funqciaTa zrdis rigi 73

nax. 8.2: ramodenime funqciis grafiki

√
1. f1 (n) = log2 n, f2 (n)√= n; 2. f1 (n) = n3 , f2 (n) = 1983 · n2 ; 3. f1 (n) = n · log n, f2 (n) = 2log n ; 4. f1 (n) = n2 · log n,
f2 (n) = n2 ; 5. f1 (n) = 3 n, f2 (n) = (log log n)7 .

Tu mocemulia raime funqcia f (n), SegviZlia gamovyoT yvela im funqciaTa simravle O(f (n)) (ikiTxeba:

o-didi f (n)), romelTa asimptoturi zrdis rigi am f (n) funqciis zrdis rigs ar aRemateba (anu am sim-

ravleSi Semavali yvela funqcia am funqciis Yqveda zRvariaA - dawyebuli raRaca adgilidan yovelTvis

ufro naklebi iqneba):

O(f (n)) = {g(n)|∃n0 , c ∈ N, ∀n > n0 , c · f (n) > g(n)}.

cxadia, rom O(f (n)) simravle usasruloa, amitom masSi Semavali yvela funqciis amowera SeuZlebelia.

magram SesaZlebelia am simravleSi Semavali ramodenime funqciis magaliTis moyvana:

Tu f (n) = n, maSin g(n) = 100 · n ∈ O(f (n)), radgan ∃c = 101 da c · f (n) = 101 · n > 100 · n = g(n).
analogiurad SegviZlia davamtkicoT: 100n ∈ O(n · log n), 700n ∈ O(n2 ), 200n2 ∈ O(2n ).

savarjiSo 1.6: daamtkiceT, rom 100n ∈ O(n · log n), 700n ∈ O(n2 ), 200n2 ∈ O(2n ).

savarjiSo 1.7: moiyvaneT O(n log n) simravlis 5 elementi.

lema 1.1: Tu f1 (n) funqcia ar izrdeba ufro swrafad, vidre f2 (n) funqcia, maSin O(f1 (n)) ⊂ O(f2 (n)).

damtkiceba: radgan f1 (n) f2 (n) funqcia, amitom ∃d ∈ N, f1 (n) <

funqcia ar izrdeba ufro swrafad, vidre

d · f2 (n). g(n) ∈ O(f1 (n)). ganmartebis Tanaxmad ∃c ∈ N, g(n) < c · f1 (n). zemoT
axla ganvixiloT nebismieri

moyvanili utolobis Tanaxmad, g(n) < c · d · f2 (n). ese igi, ∃d · c ∈ N iseTi, rom g(n) < c · d · f2 (n), rac

ganmartebis Tanaxmad niSnavs, rom g(n) ∈ O(f2 (n)).

Q.E.D.

aqedan gamomdinare, gamonaTqvami f1 funqcia ar izrdeba

Y ufro swrafad, vidre f2 funqciaA Semdegi

maTematikuri Canaweris tolfasia: O(f1 (n)) ⊂ O(f2 (n)).

savarjiSo 1.8: moiyvaneT f1 (n) da f2 (n) funqciebis magaliTebi, romelTaTvisac O(f1 (n)) ⊂ O(f2 (n)) da,

amavdroulad, O(f1 (n)) 6= O(f2 (n)).

lema 1.2: O(f (n)) simravleebisaTvis WeSmaritia:

1. O(k · f (n)) = O(f (n)) (k ∈ N);

74 Tavi VIII algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

2. O(f (n) + k) = O(f (n)) (k ∈ N);

3. Tu O(f1 (n)) ⊂ O(f2 (n)), maSin O(f1 (n) + f2 (n)) = O(f2 (n)).

damtkiceba:

1. Tu vaCvenebT, rom O(k · f (n)) ⊂ O(f (n)) da O(k · f (n)) ⊃ O(f (n)), toloba damtkicdeba.
ganvixiloT nebismieri g(n) ∈ O(k · f (n)). ganmartebis Tanaxmad ∃c ∈ N iseTi, rom g(n) < c · k · f (n) (radgan
k naturaluria). es ki ganmartebis Tanaxmad imas niSnavs, rom g(n) ∈ O(f (n)): ∃c · k ∈ N iseTi, rom g(n) <

c · k · f (n).
axla ki ganvixiloT nebismieri g(n) ∈ O(f (n)). ganmartebis Tanaxmad ∃d ∈ N iseTi, rom d · f (n) > g(n).
Tu utolobis orive mxares gavamravlebT k ricxvze, miviebT: k · d · f (n) > k · g(n) > g(n) (radgan k ∈ N).
aqedan gamomdinare, ∃d ∈ N iseTi, rom d · (k · f (n)) > g(n). ese igi, g(n) ∈ O(k · f (n)) (O(k · f (n)) simravlis
ganmartebis Tanaxmad).

Q.E.D.
savarjiSo 1.9: daamtkiceT zemoT moyvanili lemas me-2-e da me-3-e punqtebi.

analogiurad SeiZleba nebismieri f (n) funqciis zrdis rigis qveda zRvari (omega-didi f (n)) ganvmartoT:

Ω(f (n)) = {g(n)|f (n) ∈ O(g(n))}.

es yvela im funqciaTa simravlea, romelTa asimptoturi zrdis rigi f (n) funqciis asimptoturi zrdis

rigze naklebi araa.

savarjiSo 1.10: daamtkiceT, rom f1 (n) = 10n2 da f2 (n) = 10−6 n2 funqciaTa zrdis rigis qveda zRvari

tolia.

savarjiSo 1.11: tolia Tu ara Semdegi ori funqciis asimptoturi zrdis rigis qveda zRvari? (pasuxebi

daamtkiceT):

1. f1 (n) = n2 , f2 (n) = 15 √
· n2 · log log n; 2. f1 (n) = log n3 , f2 (n) = 1983 · n; 3. f1 (n) = log2 n, f2 (n) = 10 log n; 4.

f1 (n) = log n , f2 (n) = 100 log n; 5. f1 (n) = n, f2 (n) = log log7 n.

2

savarjiSo 1.12: daamtkiceT, rom n · log n ∈ Ω(100n), n2 ∈ Ω(100n), 2n ∈ Ω(100n).

savarjiSo 1.13: moiyvaneT Ω(log n) simravlis 5 elementi.

savarjiSo 1.14: daamtkiceT, rom Tu f1 (n) funqcia ar izrdeba ufro swrafad, vidre f2 (n) funqcia, maSin

Ω(f2 (n)) ⊂ Ω(f1 (n)).

savarjiSo 1.15: moiyvaneT f1 (n) da f2 (n) funqciebis magaliTebi, romelTaTvisac Ω(f1 (n)) ⊂ Ω(f2 (n)) da,

amavdroulad, Ω(f1 (n)) 6= Ω(f2 (n)).

8.2 algoriTmebis bijebis raodenobis Sefaseba: zeda, qveda da zusti

zRvari

ganvixiloT Semdegi amocana:

mocemulia: ricxvebis mimdevroba a1 , a2 , ..., an ∈ N da damatebiT erTi ricxvi b ∈ N.

Sedegi: YkiA an YaraA

SezRudva: YkiA maSin da mxolod maSin, Tu ∃i ∈ N, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, ai = b.

8.2 algoriTmebis bijebis raodenobis Sefaseba: zeda, qveda da zusti zRvari 75

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, algoriTmi adgens, moiZebneba Tu ara a1 , ..., an mimdevrobaSi erTi mainc ricxvi
ai = b.

qvemoT moyvanilia rekursiuli algoriTmi, romelic am amocanas xsnis:

algoriTmi K(a1 , a2 , ..., an , b)

1. Tu mimdevroba a1 , a2 , ..., an Semosuli araa, dabeWde YaraA da algoriTmi daasrule;

2. Tu a1 = b dabeWde YkiA da algoriTmi daasrule;

3. Caatare algoriTmi K(a2 , ..., an , b).

ganvixiloT am algoriTmis bijebi sawyis monacemebze a1 = 3, a2 = 7, a3 = 0, a4 = 8, b = 2.

algoriTmi K(3, 7, 0, 8, 2) (aq a1 = 3, a2 = 7, a3 = 0, a4 = 8, b = 2).

1. Tu mimdevroba a1 , a2 , ..., an Semosuli araa (carielia), dabeWde YaraA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es

ar sruldeba)

2. Tu a1 = b dabeWde YkiA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es ar sruldeba)

K(7, 0, 8, 2) (aq a1 = 7, a2 = 0, a3 = 8, b = 2).

3. Tu mimdevroba a1 , a2 , ..., an Semosuli araa, dabeWde YaraA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es ar sruldeba)

4. Tu a1 = b dabeWde YkiA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es ar sruldeba)

K(0, 8, 2) (aq a1 = 0, a2 = 8, b = 2).

5. Tu mimdevroba a1 , a2 , ..., an Semosuli araa, dabeWde YaraA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es ar sruldeba)

6. Tu a1 = b dabeWde YkiA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es ar sruldeba)

K(8, 2) (aq a1 = 8, b = 2).

7. Tu mimdevroba a1 , a2 , ..., an Semosuli araa, dabeWde YaraA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es ar sruldeba)

8. Tu a1 = b dabeWde YkiA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es ar sruldeba)

K(2) (aq a1 , a2 , ..., an mimdevroba carielia).

9. Tu mimdevroba a1 , a2 , ..., an Semosuli araa, dabeWde YaraA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es sruldeba)

magram Tu amocanis sawyisi monacemebia a1 = 3, a2 = 7, a3 = 0, a4 = 8, b = 3, maSin algoriTmis msvleloba

Semdegnairi iqneboda:

algoriTmi K(3, 7, 0, 8, 3) (aq a1 = 3, a2 = 7, a3 = 0, a4 = 8, b = 3).

1. Tu mimdevroba a1 , a2 , ..., an Semosuli araa, dabeWde YaraA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es ar sruldeba)

2. Tu a1 = b dabeWde YkiA da algoriTmi daasrule; (es sruldeba)

am magaliTidan Cans, rom algoriTmebis bijebis raodenoba damokidebulia mis monacemTa raodenobasa

da TviTon monacemTa mniSvnelobebze.

ganasxvaveben bijebis Sefasebis sam SemTxvevas:

• uaresi SemTxvevis analizs (worst-case), anu maqsimum ramdeni biji dagvWirdeba am amocanis gada-

saWrelad, maSinac ki, rodesac yvelaze YcudiA monacemebi Semogviva?

• saukeTeso SemTxvevis analizs (best-case), anu minimum ramdeni biji dagvWirdeba am amocanis gada-

saWrelad, rodesac yvelaze YkargiA monacemebi Semogviva?

76 Tavi VIII algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

• saSualo SemTxvevis analizs (average-case), anu saSualod ramdeni biji dagvWirdeba am amocanis

gadasaWrelad?

advili dasanaxia, rom Cvens zeda amocanaSi algoriTmi n+1 monacemis damuSavebas (n elementian masivSi
raRaca b ricxvis povnas) maqsimum 2n + 1 bijsa da minimum 2 bijs moandomebs.

savarjiSo 2.16: daamtkiceT zemoT moyvanili gamonaTqvami.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, uaresi SemTxvevis analizis Sedegad miRebuli funqcia f (n) gveubneba, rom

n
Y cali monacemisaTvis mocemuli algoriTmis bijebis raodenoba arasodes ar gadaaWarbebs f (n) fun-

qciasA, xolo sauketeso SemTxvevis analizis Sedegad miRebuli funqcia ki gveubneba, rom Ymocemuli

algoriTmis bijebis raodenoba verasodes ver iqneba am funqciaze naklebiA.

rac Seexeba gamoTvlis saSualo drois dadgenas, es procesi maTematikur statistikas emyareba da am

kursSi mas ar ganvixilavT.

cxadia, rom n monacemis damuSavebis maqsimaluri da minimaluri dro monacemTa raodenobis cvlilebas-
Tan erTad icvleba, anu es aris funqcia, romelic damokidebulia n ∈ N cvladze. Cvens zeda magaliTSi
bijebis maqsimaluri raodenobaa f1 (n) = 2n + 1, xolo minimaluri ki f2 (n) = 2.

ganvixiloT algoriTmi, romelic n cali monacemis damuSavebas maqsimum f (n) bijs andomebs, xolo 1

bijis damuSavebas ki 10−9 wams andomebs.

qvemoT moyvanili cxrili, sadac warmodgenilia f (n) funqciis ramodeime magaliTi. masSi naCvenebia,

maqsimum ramden xans moandomebs es algoriTmi n monacemis damuSavebas. am cxrilSi 1µs = 10−6 wm,
−3
1ms = 10 wm ( 1µs ikiTxeba: 1 mikro wami, 1ms ikiTxeba: 1 mili wami).

n f (n) = log n f (n) = n f (n) = n · log n f (n) = n2 f (n) = 2n f (n) = n!

10 0,003 µs 0,01 µs 0,033 µs 0,1 µs 1 µs 3,63 ms

20 0,004 µs 0,02 µs 0,086 µs 0,4 µs 1 ms 77,1 weli

30 0,005 µs 0,03 µs 0,147 µs 0,9 µs 1 wm 8,4 ×1015 weli

40 0,005 µs 0,04 µs 0,213 µs 1,6 µs 18,3 wT

50 0,006 µs 0,05 µs 0,282 µs 2,5 µs 13 dRe

100 0,007 µs 0,1 µs 0,644 µs 10 µs 4 ×1013 weli

1.000 0,010 µs 1 µs 9,966 µs 1 ms

10.000 0,013 µs 10 µs 130 µs 100 ms

100.000 0,017 µs 9,10 ms 1,67 ms 10 wm

1.000.000 0,020 µs 1 ms 19,93 ms 16.7 wT

10.000.000 0,023 µs 0,01 wm 0,23 wm 1,16 dRe

100.000.000 0,027 µs 0,1 wm 2,66 wm 115,7 dRe

1.000.000.000 0,03 µs 1 wm 29,9 wm 31,7 weli

am cxrilidan Cans, rom Tu algoriTmis bijebis raodenobaa f (n) = n · log n an ufro nela zrdadi funq-
cia, maSin misi gamoTvlebi sakmaod swrafi iqneba. Tu f (n) = n2 , gamoTvlebi swrafi iqneba daaxloebiT
50.000.000 elementamde. magram Tu f (n) = 2n , aseTi algoriTmi praqtikaSi ver gamoiyeneba 53-ze meti mona-

cemisaTvis. Tu algoriTmis zeda zRvaria f (n) = n!, maSin igi praqtikulad saerTod ver gamoiyeneba.

8.3 dalagebis algoriTmebi da maTi droiTi sirTulis analizi

dalagebul simravleebze bevri amocanis swrafad gadaWra SeiZleba, maT Soris Zebnisac: milioni-

ani qalaqis telefonis wignSi mocemuli saxelisa da gvaris pirovnebis nomris povna, rogorc wesi,

sul ramodenime wams grZeldeba, daulagebel simravleSi Zebnas ki yvela Tavs aaridebda. dalage-

bis sxva gamoyeneba statistikuri monacemebis gadamuSavebaSia: davuSvaT, gvainteresebs, saqarTveloSi

25 - 30 wlis asakis ramden moqalaqes aqvs miRebuli ganaTleba Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi?
8.3 dalagebis algoriTmebi da maTi droiTi sirTulis analizi 77

amisaTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa baza unda davaxarisxoT jer asakis mixedviT, Semdeg ki - ganaTlebis

miRebis institutis mixedviT. Sedegad miRebuli ori cxrilidan advilad SeiZleba statistikis dad-

gena.

Tu saWiroa did monacemTa bazaSi gameorebebis aRmofxvra, aqac Sedegs bazis dalagebiT efeqturad

miviRebT.

didi bazis gadamuSavebis erT-erTi pirveli magaliTia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis

1880 wlis aRwera. 1500 adamiani Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi alagebda bazas saWiro monacemebis mixedviT.

im droisaTvis ucnobma inJinerma herman holeriTma (Herman Hollerith) daaxloebiT aTi weli moandoma

damaxarisxebeli manqanebis Seqmnas, romlis saSualebiTac 1890 wlis aRwera (meti mosaxleobiTa da

dasamuSavebeli monacemiT) xuTasma TanamSromelma or weliwadze nakleb droSi daasrula. holeri-

Tis firma, romelic 1924 wlidan International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation saxeliTaa cnobili,

SemdgomSic did rols TamaSobda mecnierebasa da teqnikaSi. yvelaferi ki dalagebis algoriTmebiTa

da maTi implementaciiT daiwyo.

rogorc viciT, erTsa da imave simravleze SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva dalagebis gansazRvra (aq da Semd-

gomSi - Tu sxvagvarad ar iqna aRniSnuli - ganvixilavT srul da refleqsur dalagebas ≤).

savarjiSo 3.17: N naturalur ricxvTa simravleze moiyvaneT xuTi sxvadasxva dalagebis magaliTi.

savarjiSo 3.18: mocemulia ori simravle A dalagebiT ≤A da B dalagebiT ≤B . rogor SeiZleba gan-

vsazRvroT dalageba A×B simravleze?

savarjiSo 3.19: gansazRvreT iseTi sruli dalageba ≤ kompleqsur ricxvTa C=R×R simravleze, rom
p
a ≤ b ⇒ |a| ≤ |b| (Tu c = (c1 , c2 ) ∈ C, |c| = c21 + c22 ).

8.3.1 Zebna da Casma dalagebul mimdevrobebSi

ganvixiloT Semdegi Zebnis amocana: mocemulia dalagebui mimdevroba A = (a1 , a2 , ..., an ), a1 ≤ a2 ≤ ... ≤ an
da elementi c. daadgineT, WeSmaritia Tu ara c ∈ A. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, unda davadginoT, aris

Tu ara c elementi A siaSi.

cxadia, rom Cven SegviZlia A mimdevrobis yvela elementis c ricxvTan Sedareba da Tu ∃i, ai = c, pasuxi

iqneba YkiA, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi - YaraA.

savarjiSo 3.20: dawereT rekursiuli algoriTmi, romelic zemoT aRwerili meTodiT daadgens, Sedis

Tu ara c elementi A mimdevrobaSi. daamtkiceT, rom Tu |A| = n, yvelaze cud SemTxvevaSi O(n) biji iqneba
saWiro. ramdeni biji daWirdeba algoriTms yvelaze karg SemTxvevaSi?

am meTodSi Cven ar viTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom A simravle dalagebulia. ara da, dalagebul mimde-

vrobaSi, Tu aviRebT A simravlis nebismier elements ai da c > ai , maSin cxadia, rom Zebna mimdevrobis

ai elementidan marcxena nawilSi saWiro araa. am ideazea agebuli Semdegi algoriTmi: A mimdevrobis

Sua elements vuwodoT a (Tu Sua elementi ar arsebobs, viRebT siis marjvena naxevris minimalur ele-

ments). Tu a = c, maSin vadgenT, rom c ∈ A da algoriTms vasrulebT. Tu c < a, maSin Zebna A siis marcxena
naxevarSi unda gavagrZeloT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi - marjvenaSi. am proceduras vimeorebT manam, sanam

saZiebeli simravle carieli ar iqneba (anu saZiebeli elementi ar moiZebneba).

magaliTi:

sawyisi monacemi: A = (−12, −8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17), c = 1.

c < a? 1 = 5? ara; 1 < 5? ki 1 = 2? ara; 1 < 2? ki 1 = −8? ara; 1 < −8? ara

A (−12, −8, 1, 2, 3, 4, [5], 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17) → (−12, −8, 1, [2], 3, 4) → (−12, [−8], |{z}
1 )
| {z } | {z }

1 = 1? ki

→ ([1]) → pasuxi: arsebobs

78 Tavi VIII algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

magaliTi:

sawyisi monacemi: A = (−12, −8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17), c = 15.

c < a? 15 = 5? ara; 15 < 5? ara 15 = 12? ara; 15 < 12? ara 15 = 17? ara; 15 < 17? ki

A (−12, −8, 1, 2, 3, 4, [5], 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17) → (8, 9, 11, [12], 13, 17) → (|{z}
13 , [17])
| {z } | {z }

15 = 13? ara

→ ([13]) → () → pasuxi: ar arsebobs

iteraciulad es algoriTmi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Caiweros:

mocemuloba: racionaluri ricxvebisgan Semdgari, dalagebuli sasruli mimdevroba A da raciona-

luri ricxvi c;
Sedegi: pasuxi SekiTxvaze c ∈ A?

Find( A, c )
sanam A mimdevroba carieli araa, gaimeore Semdegi operaciebi:
{
a = A mimdevrobis Sua elementi;
if( a = c ) {return(YkiA)}
else if( a < c ) A = A simravlis marjvena naxevari;
else A = A simravlis marcxena naxevari
}
{return(YaraA)}

savarjiSo 3.21: igive amocana CawereT rekursiulad da daamtkiceT misi siswore.

savarjiSo 3.22: daamtkiceT, rom zemoT moyvanili algoriTmis drois zeda zRvaria O(log n), sadac n=
|A| (Sedarebisa da simravlis marcxena an marjvena nawilis aRebis operaciebi TiTo bijad CaTvaleT).

ra aris Zebnis amocanis drois qveda zRvari?

igive principzea agebuli dalagebul simravleSi elementis Camatebis amocana: mocemul dalagebul

mimdevrobaSi A unda CavamatoT axali elementi c ise, rom miRebuli mimdevrobac dalagebuli iyos.

gansxvaveba isaa, rom Tu povnis amocanaSi veZebdiT elements ai = c, aq veZebT or erTmaneTis miyolebiT

myof elements ai , ai+1 iseTs, rom ai ≤ c ≤ ai+1 da c am or elements Soris unda CavsvaT (cxadia, Tu

c < a1 an c > an , axali elementi siis TavSi an Sesabamisad boloSi unda Caisvas). TvalsaCinoebisaTvis

moviyvanoT Semdegi magaliTi:

magaliTi:

sawyisi monacemi: A = (6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17), c = 7.

ai−1 ≤ c ≤ ai ? 7 ≤ 6? ara; 7 ≤ 8? ki;

A ([6], 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17) → (6, [8], 9, 11, 12, 13, 17) → pasuxi: A = (6, [7], 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17).

magaliTi:

sawyisi monacemi: A = (6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17), c = 20.

ai−1 ≤ c ≤ ai ? 20 ≤ 6? ara; 20 ≤ 8? ara; 20 ≤ 9? ara;

([6], 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17) → (6, [8], 9, 11, 12, 13, 17) → (6, 8, [9], 11, 12, 13, 17) →
ai−1 ≤ c ≤ ai ? 20 ≤ 11? ara; 20 ≤ 12? ara; 20 ≤ 13? ara;
(6, 8, 9, [11], 12, 13, 17) → (6, 8, 9, 11, [12], 13, 17) → (6, 8, 9, 11, 12, [13], 17) →
ai−1 ≤ c ≤ ai ? 20 ≤ 17? ara;
(6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, [17]) → pasuxi: A = (6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, [20])
8.3 dalagebis algoriTmebi da maTi droiTi sirTulis analizi 79

rogorc vxedavT, imis mixedviT, Tu rogori monacemi gveqneba, bijebis raodenoba SeiZleba ar iyos

damokidebuli monacemTa sigrZeze (rogorc pirvel magaliTSi), an iyos daaxloebiT imdenive, ramdenic

monacemTa sigrZea (meore magaliTi). aqedan gamomdinare, am meTodiT Casmis bijebis raodenobis qveda da

zeda zRvari iqneba Ω(1) da O(n) (sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, monacemebisgan damoukideblad, dagvWirdeba
minimum ori biji - Sedareba da Casma - an maqsimum n + 1 biji - yovel elemntTan Sedareba da bolos Casma).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom A mimdevroba dalagebulia, maSin SegviZlia igive meTodi gamoviyenoT,
rogorc elementis Zebnis amocanaSi: veZebT iseT elements ai , romlisTvisac sruldeba piroba ai−1 ≤
c ≤ ai an ai ≤ c ≤ ai+1 . Tu c ≤ a1 an c ≥ an , axali elementi emateba Sesabamisad TavSi an boloSi.
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:

sawyisi monacemi: A = (6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17), c = 20.

ai−1 ≤ c ≤ ai ? 20 ≤ 11? ara; 20 ≤ 13? ara;

(6, 8, 9, [11], 12, 13, 17) → (6, 8, 9, 11, 12, [13], 17) →
| {z } | {z }
20 ≤ 17? ara;
(6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, [17] ) → pasuxi: A = (6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, [20])
|{z}
zogadad es meTodi Semdegi algoriTmiT SeiZleba Caiweros:

mocemuloba: racionaluri ricxvebisgan Semdgari, dalagebuli sasruli aracarieli mimdevroba A=

(a1 , a2 , ..., an ) da racionaluri ricxvi c;
Sedegi: A ∪ {c} simravlis elementebisgan Semdgari dalagebuli mimdevroba.

InsertFast( a1 , a2 , ..., an , c )
if( c ≤ a1 )
{A = (c, a1 , a2 , ..., an ); return(A) } /* Tu SesaZlebelia, pirvel elementad CavsvaT */

if( c ≥ an )
{A = (a1 , a2 , ..., an , c); return(A) } /* Tu SesaZlebelia, bolo elementad CavsvaT */

min = 1;
max = n; /* davadginoT saZiebeli nawilis sazRvrebi */

do
{
i = d min+max
2 e; /* saZiebeli nawilis Sua elementis indeqsi */

if( ai−1 ≤ c ≤ ai )
{A = (a1 , ..., ai−1 , c, ai , ..., an ); return(A) }
if( ai ≤ c ≤ ai+1 ) /* Tu SesaZlebelia, axali elementi saWiro adgilze CavsvaT */

{A = (a1 , ..., ai , c, ai+1 , ..., an ); return(A) }

if( c < ai )
max = i; /* saZiebeli nawilis axali sazRvrebi: marcxena naxevari */

else min = i; /* saZiebeli nawilis axali sazRvrebi: marjvena naxevari */

savarjiSo 3.23: daamtkiceT, rom zemoT moyvanili algoriTmi yovelTvis SeCerdeba.

savarjiSo 3.24: daamtkiceT zemoT moyvanili algoriTmis siswore.

savarjiSo 3.25: daamtkiceT, rom zemoT moyvanili algoriTmis drois qveda zRvaria Ω(1). razea damokide-

buli misi zeda zRvari?

aRsaniSnavia, rom es algoriTmi pirvelze (miyolebiT Zebna da mere Casma) gacilebiT ufro swrafi Sei-

Zleba iyos (magaliTad, 210 = 1024 elementian siaSi Camatebas miyolebiTi algoriTmi daaxloebiT 2000
80 Tavi VIII algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

bijs SeiZleba andomebdes, xolo InsertFast algoriTmi (monacemTa saTanado struqturis SerCevisas)

daaxloebiT 70 bijSi amTavrebdes muSaobas.

es imas ar unda niSnavdes, rom mimdevrobiTi algoriTmi yovelTvis ufro neli iqneba - garkveuli

monacemebisTvis igi SeiZleba ufro swrafic iyos, magram yvelaze cud SemTxvevaSi InsertFast algoriTmi
gacilebiT ufro swrafia.

savarjiSo 3.26: daamtkiceT, rom A = (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16) da c=3 monacemisaTvis mimde-

vrobiT Casmis algoriTmi ufro swrafia, vidre InsertFast.

imisaTvis, rom mimdevrobaSi elementi CavamatoT, saWiroa algoriTmi, romelic monacemTa struqtu-

razea damokidebuli. Tu gvaqvs elementebis veqtori, saWiro adgilze Casamateblad mis marjvniv myofi

elementebi unda gadavanacvloT TiTo poziciiT marjvniv, rom adgili YganTavisufldesA:

cvladi A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5] A[6] cvladi A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5] A[6]
−→ −→
mniSvn. 1 2 4 5 6 mniSvn. 1 2 4 5 6
cvladi A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5] A[6] cvladi A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5] A[6]
−→ −→
mniSvn. 1 2 4 5 6 mniSvn. 1 2 4 5 6
cvladi A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5] A[6] cvladi A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4] A[5] A[6]
−→
mniSvn. 1 2 4 5 6 mniSvn. 1 2 4 5 6
yvelaze cud SemTxvevaSi, Tu mocemuli gvaqvs n elementiani veqtori da gvWirdeba pirvel poziciaze

Camateba, mogviwevs n gadanacvlebis operaciis Catareba. aqedan gamomdinare, veqtorSi Camatebis opera-

cia yvelaze karg SemTxvevaSi Ω(1), yvelaze cud SemTxvevaSi ki O(n) operaciis Catarebas moiTxovs (misi
muSaobis dro wrfivia).

savarjiSo 3.27: zemoT aRwerili meTodis daxmarebiT dawereT algoriTmi Insert( A, k, c ), romelic A =
(a1 , a2 , ..., an ) mimdevrobis k poziciaze c elements Caamatebs da pasuxad (a1 , ..., ak−1 , c, ak , ..., an ) mimdevrobas
mogvcems.

savarjiSo 3.28: dawereT algoriTmi InsertList( A, k, c ), romelic A bmuli siis k poziciaze c elements

Caamatebs.

8.3.2 dalagebis martivi algoriTmebi

dalageba amorCeviT: Tu mocemulia dasalagebeli mimdevroba A, SegviZlia Semdegnairad moviqceT:

SelectSort( monacemi: racionaluri ricxvebisgan Semdgari sasruli mimdevroba A)

• sanam A mimdevroba carieli araa, gaimeore Semdegi operaciebi:

A mimdevrobaSi ipovne minimaluri elementi, amoSale iqidan da CarTe B mimdevrobaSi

A (5, 1, 13, −8, 17) → (5, 1, 13, 17) → (5, 13, 17) → (13, 17) → (17) → ()
B () (−8) (−8, 1) (−8, 1, 5) (−8, 1, 5, 13) (−8, 1, 5, 13, 17)

savarjiSo 3.29: igive algoriTmi CawereT rekursiulad.

savarjiSo 3.30: daamtkiceT, rom am algoriTmis dasrulebis Semdeg B mimdevrobaSi dalagebuli A sim-
ravle Caiwereba.

zogadad, algoriTmis bijebis raodenoba damokidebulia misi monacemebis sigrZeze. Cvens magaliTSi ki

monacemis sigrZe damokidebulia A mimdevrobaSi Semaval elementTa raodenobaze da TiToeuli ricxvis

sigrZeze. Tu |A| = n da A mimdevrobis TiToeuli elementi k bitisagan Sedgeba, monacemTa sigrZe iqneba

n · k.
8.3 dalagebis algoriTmebi da maTi droiTi sirTulis analizi 81

axla ki gamoviTvaloT, Tu ramden bijs moandomebs SelectSort algoriTmi monacemad miRebuli mimdevro-

bis dalagebas. amisaTvis unda gvqondes simravleSi minimaluri elementis povnis algoriTmi, romelic

Semdegnairad SeiZleba Caiweros:

Min( monacemi: racionaluri ricxvebisgan Semdgari sasruli mimdevroba A = (a1 , a2 , ..., an ) )

min = a1 ;
for( i = 2; i ≤ n; i++ )
{
if( ai < min)
min = ai ;
}

savarjiSo 3.31: daamtkiceT zemoT moyvanili algoriTmis siswore.

Min algoriTmis bijebis raodenoba Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba:

min cvladisaTvis A mimdevrobis pirveli elementis miniWeba: 1 biji;

for cikli n-jer meordeba; masSi xdeba erTi Sedareba ai < min da Tu es WeSmaritia, erTi miniWeba min = ai .
aqedan gamomdinare, yvelaze cud SemTxvevaSi for ciklSi gveqneba TiTo Sedareba da TiTo miniWeba, sul

2 operacia. yvelaze karg SemTxvevaSi ki mxolod erTi Semowmeba da arc erTi miniWeba.

ese igi, sul bijebis raodenoba iqneba:

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi: n + 1;
uares SemTxvevaSi: 2n + 1.

aRsaniSnavia, rom bijebis gamoTvlis dros Cven ar gaviTvaliswineT ciklis mTvlelis Sedarebisa da

gazrdis operaciebi, ciklidan gamosvlis operacia da sxva teqnikuri detalebi, romlebic Cveulebriv

bijebis gamoTvlisas ar iTvleba xolme. sworeT aseTi detalebis ugulebelyofis mizniTaa SemoRe-

buli zeda da qveda zRvris Sefaseba O da Ω aRniSnviT.

am algoriTmis qveda da zeda zRvari SeiZleba gamoisaxos rogorc Ω(n + 1) = Ω(n) da O(2n + 1) = O(n).
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba Sefasdes zusti zRvari Θ(n).
yovelive Tqmulidan viRebT: T (Min) ∈ Θ(n).
Tu algoriTmis gamoTvlis drois zeda zRvaria O(n), maSin ityvian, rom misi drois zrdis rigi aris

wrfivi.

SelectSort algoriTmis msvlelobaSi saWiroa agreTve elementis amoSla. Tu A mimdevroba warmodgenili

iqneba rogorc bmuli sia, amis moxerxeba 5 bijSi SeiZleba (ix. wina kursis masalaSi bmuli siebis

operaciebi).

aqedan gamomdinare, A siidan x poziciaze mdgomi elementis amoSlis Erase(A, x) algoriTmis moqmedebis
dro iqneba T (Erase(A, x)) ∈ Θ(5) = Θ(1).

advili dasanaxia, rom SelectSort algoriTmis muSaobis dros jer uda Semowmdes, carielia Tu ara A
simravle (erTi biji), Semdeg (Tu A carieli araa) masSi moiZebnos minimaluri elementi ( c1 · n biji),

bolos es elementi amoiSalos da Caiweros B mimdevrobaSi (orive operacia jamSi c2 biji):

T (SelectSort(A)) = T (SelectSort(A − {A simravlis minimaluri elementi })) + 1 + c1 · n + c2 ,

Tu CavTvliT, rom |A| = n. rekursiis gaxnis Sedegad (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

|A − {A simravlis minimaluri elementi })| = n − 1, miviRebT:

n(n + 1)
T (SelectSort(A)) = T (SelectSort(∅))+c1 (n+(n−1)+(n−2)+· · ·+1)+(c2 +1)n = 1+c1 +(c2 +1)n ∈ O(n2 ).
2

am SemTxvevaSi ityvian, rom SelectSort algoriTmis drois zrdis zeda zRvaria (muSaobis droa) O(n2 ), an

misi drois zrdis zeda zRvari (muSaobis dro) kvadratulia.

82 Tavi VIII algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

savarjiSo 3.32: gamoiTvaleT, ra iqneba programis drois zeda zRvari, Tu bmuli siis nacvlad aviRebT

veqtors da elementis amoSlis Semdeg carieli adgilis YamovsebaA (marcxena an marjvena elementebis

TiTo poziciiT gadaweva) dagvWirdeba.

savarjiSo 3.33: dawereT programa, romelic amorCeviT dalagebis algoriTmis mixedviT A mimdevrobas

daalagebs ise, rom ar gamoiyenebs meore mimdevrobas: yovel jerze arCeuli minimaluri elementi iseve

A mimdevrobaSi Caweros. am programis drois zeda zRvaric kvadratuli unda iyos.

savarjiSo 3.34: ra gansxvaveba iqneba gamoTvlis droSi, Tu wina savarjiSoSi moyvanili amocanisaTvis

algoriTms jer bmuli siis, Semdeg ki veqtoris gamoyenebiT davwerT? Seicvleba Tu ara drois zrdis

rigi? Seicvleba Tu ara realuri gamoTvlis dro?

dalageba CadgmiT:

mocemuli A mimdevrobis dalageba Semdegi meTodiTac SeiZleba:

• sanam A mimdevroba carieli araa, gaimeore Semdegi operaciebi:

airCie A mimdevrobis pirveli elementi, amoSale iqidan da CarTe B mimdevrobaSi (romelic

dalagebulia) saWiro adgilze ise, rom miRebuli mimdevroba dalagebuli iyos.

es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi: magaliTad, kartis TamaSis dros rig-rigobiT aRebul karts

YvaxarisxebTA - axals ukve dalagebul mimdevrobaSi saWiro adgilze vsvamT.

A (5, 13, 8, 1, 7) → (13, 8, 1, 7) → (8, 1, 7) → (1, 7) → (7) → ()

B () ([5]) (5, [13]) (5, [8], 13) ([1], 5, 8, 13) (1, 5, [7], 8, 13)
aRsaniSnavia, rom dalagebis zemoT aRniSnuli meTodebi raRaca TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTis YSebruneb-

uliaA: pirvel meTodSi jer A mimdevrobis saWiro adgilidan elements varCevT da mere mas B mimdevro-
bis TavSi vsvamT. meore meTodSi ki jer A mimdevrobis Tavidan pirvel elements viRebT da mas vsvamT B
mimdevrobaSi saWiro adgilze.

radgan CasmiT dalagebis algoriTmSi A simravlidan viRebT erT elements da mas B simravleSi vsvamT

ise, rom es ukanaskneli dalagebuli iyos, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT InsertFast algoriTmic:

mocemuloba: racionaluri ricxvebisgan Semdgari sasruli mimdevroba A = (a1 , a2 , ..., an );

Sedegi: A mimdevrobis elementebisgan Semdgari dalagebuli mimdevroba B.

InsertionSort( A )
B=∅;
while( A simravle carieli araa )
{
a = A mimdevrobis pirveli elementi;
InsertFast( B, a ) /* gamoviyenoT InsertFast algoriTmi B simravleSi axali elementis Casamateblad */

A = A\{a} /* A mimdevrobidan amovagdeT pirveli elementi */

InsertionSort algoriTmis bijebis raodenoba Semdegnairad SeiZleba daviTvaloT:

while cikli n-jer moerdeba; masSi ki Semdegi operaciebi sruldeba:

• A mimdevrobis pirveli elementis gamoyofa (1 biji);

• B mimdevrobaSi a elementis saWiro adgilze Camateba InsertionSort algoriTmis gamoyenebiT

. T (InsertFast(B, a)) = O(log |B|) = O(log n) biji;

• A mimdevrobidan pirveli elementis amogdeba (1 biji).

8.3 dalagebis algoriTmebi da maTi droiTi sirTulis analizi 83

aqedan gamomdinare, sul gveqneba

T (InsertionSort(A)) ≤ (c log n + 2) + (c log(n − 1) + 2) + · · · + (c log 1 + 2) = 2n + c(log n + log(n − 1) + · · · + log 2 + log 1)

da viRebT:

T (InsertionSort(A)) ∈ O(log n + log(n − 1) + · · · + log 2 + log 1) = O(n log n).

savarjiSo 3.35: daamtkiceT toloba O(log n + log(n − 1) + · · · + log 2 + log 1) = O(n log n).

savarjiSo 3.36: zemoT moyvanili algoriTmis romeli nawilebi gansazRvraven muSaobis drois funqciis
zeda zRvars (sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romeli bijebis ugulebelyofa SeiZleba O aRniSnvaSi)?

savarjiSo 3.37: monacemTa ra struqtura unda avirCioT, rom algoriTmis bijebis zeda zRvari iyos

O(n log n)? ra SeiZleba moxdes sxva struqturis arCevis Semdeg?

swrafi dalageba

Tu mocemulia dasalagebeli mimdevroba A = (an , ..., an/2+1 an/2 , , ..., a1 ), dalagebis proceduris daCqareba

SeiZleba monacemTa or tol nawilad dayofiT, maTi cal-calke dalagebiT da dalagebuli qvemimde-

vrobebis erTmaneTSi ise SerwymiT, rom miRebuli mimdevroba dalagebuli iyos. yovelive es erT maga-

liTze ganvixiloT:

mocemulia dasalagebeli mimdevroba A = (3, 7, 1, 15, 12, 2, 13, 6). misi monacemebi davyoT or tol nawilad:
A = (A2 , A1 ), sadac A2 = (3, 7, 1, 15) da A1 = (12, 2, 13, 6). TiToeuli qvemimdevrobis dalagebis Sedegad
viRebT: Sort(A2 ) = (1, 3, 7, 15) da Sort(A1 ) = (2, 6, 12, 13). cxadia, rom A mimdevrobis minimaluri elementi

an Sort(A1 ), an Sort(A2 ) mimdevrobis minimaluri (marcxena) elementi iqneba. Tu am elements Sesabamisi

mimdevrobidan amovSliT, darCenili mimdevrobebidan minimaluri elementi A mimdevrobis meore ele-

menti iqneba. am process vagrZelebT manam, sanam erT-erTi mimdevroba ar dacarieldeba, ris Semdegac

aracariel mimdevrobas pasuxs mivawerT:

A1 ([1], 3, 14, 15) (3, 14, 15) ([3], 14, 15) (14, 15) (14, 15) (14, 15) (14, 15)
A2 (2, 6, 12, 13) ([2], 6, 12, 13) (6, 12, 13) ([6], 12, 13) ([12], 13) ([13]) ( )
B ( ) (1) (1, 2) (1, 2, 3) (1, 2, 3, 6) (1, 2, 3, 6, 12) (1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 13)

saboloo pasuxi: (B, A1 ) = (1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15)

yovelive es Semdegi algoriTmiT SeiZleba Caiweros:

sawyisi monacemi: or (TiTqmis) tol nawilad dayofili mimdevroba A = (A2 , A1 ) = (an , ..., a n2 +1 , a n2 , ..., a1 ),
n
ai ≤ aj , ai+ n
2
≤a j+ n
2
, 1≤i<j≤ 2.

M ergeSort(A)
if( A mimdevroba erT elementiania ) return(A) /* pirdapir erTi elementi daabrune */

B1 = M ergeSort(A1 );
/* daalage mimdevrobis orive nawili */
B2 = M ergeSort(A2 );
M erge(B1 , B2 ); /* Seurie dalagebuli naxevrebi ise, rom miRebuli mimdevroba

dalagebuli iyos */

zemoT moyvanil fsevdo kodSi gamoyenebulia qveprograma M erge, romelic Semdegnairad SeiZleba Cai-

weros:

sawyisi monacemi: ori dalagebuli mimdevroba A = (an , ..., a1 ) da B = (bm , ..., b1 ).

84 Tavi VIII algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

M erge(A, B)
C = ( );
do
{
if( A mimdevroba carielia ) return( (C, B) );
if( B mimdevroba carielia ) return( (C, A) );
if( A mimdevrobis minimaluri elementi < B mimdevrobis minimaluri elementi )
{
C = ( C, A mimdevrobis minimaluri elementi);
A mimdevrobidan amoagde minimaluri elementi;
}
else
{
C = ( C, B mimdevrobis minimaluri elementi);
B mimdevrobidan amoagde minimaluri elementi;
}
}

savarjiSo 3.38: induqciis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT moyvanili algoriTmebis siswore.

savarjiSo 3.39: daamtkiceT, rom Tu |A| + |B| = n, maSin T (M erge(A, B)) ∈ O(n) da iyenebs ara umetes n−1
elementebis Sedarebas.

M ergeSort algoriTmis drois zrdis rigis Sefaseba Semdegnairad SeiZleba:

Teorema 3.1: M ergeSort algoriTmi iyenebs maqsimum dn log ne Sedarebis operacias da misi bijebis maqsi-

maluri raodenoba ekuTvnis O(n log n) simravles.

damtkiceba: Tu M ergeSort algoriTmi n sigrZis mimdevrobas alagebs, mis mier gamoyenebul Sedarebis

operaciaTa maqsimaluri raodenoba aRvniSnoT rogorc C(n). ra Tqma unda, C(1) = 0 da algoriTmis

analiziTa da M erge funqciis Sedarebis operaciaTa raodenobis gamoTvliT viRebT:

C(n) = C(bn/2c) + C(dn/2e) + (n − 1) = 2C(dn/2e) + (n − 1).

rekursiis gaxsnis Sedegad viRebT:

C(n) = 2C(dn/2e)+(n−1) = 2dlog ne +(n+n/2+n/4+· · · 1)−log n = n+n(1/2+1/4+· · ·+1/2log n )−log n ≤ dn log ne.

savarjiSo 3.40: maTematikuri induqciis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom Tu n > 1,

log n
n + n(1/2 + 1/4 + · · · + 1/2 ) − log n ≤ dn log ne.

savarjiSo 3.41: daamtkiceT, rom M ergeSort algoriTmis drois zrdis rigi iqneba O(n log n) (jer daamt-

kiceT, rom am algoriTmis muSaobis dro didad ar aRemateba Sedarebis operaciaTa ricxvs da aqedan

gamoitaneT daskvna).

savarjiSo 3.42: dawereT programa, romelic M ergeSort algoriTmis bmul siebze realizacia iqneba.

savarjiSo 3.43: dawereT algoriTmi, romlis saSualebiTac n elementian dalagebul mimdevrobaSi k

elements O(k log k + n) droSi CavsvamT.

axla ki ganvixiloT meTodi, romelSic dalagebis YrTuli nawiliA rekursiul gamoZaxebamde xdeba:

mocemulia dasalagebeli mimdevroba A = (an , ..., a1 ). Tavidan virCevT mimdevrobis erT-erT (magaliTad,

pirvel) elements a = a1 da gamovyofT sam nawils: C1 = {ai |ai < a}, C2 = {ai |ai = a}, C3 = {ai |ai >
a}. sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirveli simravle Sedgeba A mimdevrobis yvela im elementisagan, romelic
8.3 dalagebis algoriTmebi da maTi droiTi sirTulis analizi 85

arCeul elementze naklebia, meore - iseTebisgan, romelic arCeuli elementis tolia da mesame - iseTe-

bisagan, romlebic arCeul elementze metia. cxadia, rom Tu Semdgom etapze pirvel da mesame simravles

cal-calke davalagebT, maSin dalagebuli A simravle iqneba:

Sort(A) = (Sort(C1 ), C2 , Sort(C3 )).

dalagebis am meTods QuickSort ewodeba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi, imis da miuzedavad,

rom misi maqsimaluri bijebis zrdis rigi kvadratuli SeiZleba iyos garkveuli monacemebisaTvis:

T (QuickSort(A)) ∈ O(n2 ), sadac |A| = n.

sawyisi monacemi: A = (an , ..., a1 ) ricxvTa mimdevroba.

Quicksort(A)
if( |A| = 1) return(A);
nebismieri meTodiT airCie erTi elementi a ∈ A;
aage simravleebi C1 = {ai |ai < a}, C2 = {ai |ai = a}, C3 = {ai |ai > a};
return((QuickSort(C1 ), C2 , QuickSort(C3 ));

aRsaniSnavia, rom sawyisi a elementis arCeva SeiZleba nebismieri meTodiT: an SemTxveviT, an fiqsire-

buli (magaliTad, pirveli, an bolo, an sxva) elementis, rac mudmiv droSi SeiZleba. amas garda, C1 , C2
da C3 simravleebis ageba wrfiv droSi SeiZleba, iseve, rogorc saboloo pasuxis gamotana im pirobiT,

Tu es qvesimravleebi dalagebulia.

aqedan gamomdinare, viRebT bijebis raodenobis Sefasebis Semdeg rekursiul formulas:

T (QuickSort(A)) = O(1) + O(n) + T (QuickSort(C1 )) + T (QuickSort(C3 )).

samagierod umetes SemTxvevaSi es algoriTmi O(n log n) droSi alagebs monacemebs, zustad ki misi bije-
bis raodenoba umetes SemTxvevaSi gveqneba T (Quicksort(A)) < 2n lg n, sadac |A| = n.

magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT A = (5, 3, 1, 5, 12, 8, 4, 7) (nax. 8.3). pirvel rigSi viRebT pirvel elements a = 5
da vagebT C1 = {3, 1, 4}; C2 = {5, 5}, C3 = {12, 8, 7} simravleebs. C2 simravlis elementebi pirdapir unda
gavides pasuxSi, xolo C1 da C3 igive principiT unda daiyos (naxazis meore striqoni).

erT elementiani qvesimravleebi pirdapir unda gamovitanoT pasuxSi, xolo sul cota or elementiani

(rogoricaa {8, 7}) igive principiT unda daiSalos. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom carieli simravleebis

pasuxSi ar unda gamovitanoT.

( 5, 3, 1, 5, 12, 8, 4, 7 )

( 3, 1, 4 ) ( 5, 5 ) ( 12, 8, 7 )

(1) (3) (4) ( 8, 7 ) ( 12 ) ( )

(7) (8) ( )

( 1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 8, 12 )

nax. 8.3: QuickSort algoriTmis gamoTvlis sqema

savarjiSo 3.44: daamtkiceT, rom arsebobs iseTi sawyisi mimdevroba A, romlis dalagebasac QuickSort
algoriTmi kvadratul dros moandomebs.
86 Tavi VIII algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

savarjiSo 3.45: dawereT algoriTmi, romelic mimdevrobiT mosuli (a1 , a2 , ..., an ) elementebis siidan k-
ur elements amoarCevs (minimaluri elementi pirvelia, meore iqneba is elementi, romelic minimalurze

naklebi an tolia da a.S.). am algoriTmis mexsierebis xarjvis zeda zRvari unda iyos O(k) (mexsierebis

xarjvis funqciis zeda zRvari bijebis raodenobis zeda zRvris analogiurad gamoiTvleba).

8.3.3 dalagebis amocanis qveda zRvari

aqamde algoriTmebis analizis dros Cven maT zeda da qveda zRvars viTvlidiT. Tu raime algoriTmi

garkveul amocanas Wris (mag. monacemTa mimdevrobis dalagebas) misi zeda zRvari gveubneba imas, Tu

ramdenad swrafad SeiZleba am amocanis gadaWra. imis dadgena, Tu ramden dros moandomebs yvelaze
swrafi algoriTmi mocemuli amocanis gadaWras, sakmaod Znelia da mas amocanis qveda zRvris dadgena

ewodeba (ar agerioT algoriTmis qveda zRvarSi, romelic gviCvenebs, sul cota ramdeni biji Wirdeba

am konkretul algoriTms yvelaze karg SemTxvevaSi). mocemuli amocanis qveda zRvari gveubneba, rom

veravin dawers iseT algoriTms, romlis muSaobis maqsimaluri dro am qveda zRvarze swrafi iqneba.

araa gasakviri, rom imis dadgena, rom raRacis gakeTebas veravin SeZlebs, sakmaod rTuli procesia

da ar arsebobs erTi meTodi, romliTac amas yvela amocanisaTvis gavakeTebdiT: amocanaTa sxvadasxva

jgufs sxvadasxvanairi midgoma Wirdeba.

aq Cven davamtkicebT, rom Sedarebis operaciebze dafuZnebuli Zebnis amocanis qveda zRvaria Ω(n log n).
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, veravin dawers iseT algoriTms, romelic Sedarebis operaciebze iqneba

dafuZnebuli (rogorebsac Cven aqamde ganvixilavdiT) da romlis bijebis zeda zRvris (maqsimaluri

raodenobis) zrdis rigi iqneba ukeTesi, vidre O(n log n).

amisaTvis SemoviRoT Semdegi

ganmarteba 3.1: mocemuli A = (a1 , a2 , ..., an ) mimdevrobis permutacia misi elementebis gadanacvlebas

ewodeba (laTinuri sityvidan ”permutare” - gacvla).

magaliTad, A = (a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ) mimdevrobis erT-erTi permutaciis Sedegia (a5 , a1 , a2 , a4 , a3 ), an (a1 , a2 , a3 , a5 , a4 ),

an (a3 , a2 , a5 , a1 , a4 ). TviT es mimdevrobac (a1 , a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ) A mimdevrobis permutaciis Sedegia, romelic
yvela elements Tavis adgilze tovebs.

permutaciaTa aRweris sxvadasxva meTodi arsebobs, magram xSirad maT ricxvTa mimdevrobiT gamosa-

xaven xolme, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu romel poziciaze unda gadavides sawyisi mimdevrobis esa Tu is

elementi. magaliTad, σ = (2, 3, 5, 4, 1) permutaciiT A mimdevroba gadava (a5 , a1 , a2 , a4 , a3 ) mimdevrobaSi:

misi pirveli elementi gadava meore adgilze, meore - mesameze, mesame - mexuTeze, meoTxe iseve meoTxeze

darCeba da mexuTe gadava pirvel adgilze. analogiurad, ρ = (4, 2, 1, 5, 3) permutaciiT A mimdevrobis

elementebi gadava (a3 , a2 , a5 , a1 , a4 ) mimdevrobaSi, xolo (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) ki sawyis mimdevrobas ucvlels da-
tovebs.

savarjiSo 3.46: maTematikuri induqciis gamoyenebiT daamtkiceT, rom n elementiani mimdevrobis n! sxva-
dasxva permutacia arsebobs.

savarjiSo 3.47: romeli permutaciebiT miiReba sawyisi (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) mimdevrobidan (a) (a, d, h, b, c, f, e, g),
(b) (d, a, h, b, g, f, e, e) mimdevrobebi?

savarjiSo 3.48: ra mimdevrobebSi gadaiyvans sawyisi (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) mimdevrobidan (a) (1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 5, 7, 8),
(b) (8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1) permutacia?

aRsaniSnavia, rom dalagebac sawyisi mimdevrobis permutaciaa. faqtiurad, dalagebis algoriTmis amo-

canaa, rac SeiZleba swrafad gaaanalizos Semosuli monacemi da Sesabamisi permutaciiT dalagebul

mimdevrobaSi gadaiyvanos.

xSirad dalagebis algoriTmisaTvis monacemTa Tanmimdevrobis Seswavlis erTad-erTi saSualeba mxo-

lod misi elementebis Sedarebaa. magaliTad, Tu sam elementian mimdevrobaSi davaskvniT, rom a2 < a1
da a1 < a3 , maSin dalagebis permutacia iqneba (2, 1, 3) da dalagebuli simravle gamova (a2 , a1 , a3 ). am
8.3 dalagebis algoriTmebi da maTi droiTi sirTulis analizi 87

SemTxvevaSi ityvian, rom dalagebis es algoriTmi Sedarebis operaciebzea agebuli. aqamde ganxiluli

yvela algoriTmi aseTi iyo.

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom Cven SegviZlia permutaciebis gamoTvlis xis ageba. imave sam

elementiani mimdevrobis magaliTze SegviZlia avagoT gamoTvlis xe, romelic moyvanilia naxazSi 8.4.

a1 < a 2
ki ara

a2 < a 3 a2 < a 3
ki ara ki ara

a1 < a 3 a1 < a 3
ki ara ki ara

a1 < a2 < a 3 a1 < a3 < a 2 a3 < a1 < a 2 a2 < a1 < a 3 a2 < a3 < a 1 a3 < a2 < a 1

nax. 8.4: sam elementiani permutaciis xe

aseT struqturas Ygadawyvetilebis orobiTi xeA ewodeba. YorobiTiA imitom, rom yovel kvanZs (fo-

Tlebis garda) zustad ori Svili yavs, xolo YgadawyvetilebisA imitom, rom gamoTvlis dros raRaca

SekiTxvas pasuxi unda gavceT (gadawyvetileba miviRoT) da Semdeg Sesabamis gzas gavyveT. radgan am

konkretul magaliTSi dasmul Sekitxvaze ( ai < aj ?) ori sxvadasxva pasuxia SesaZlebeli, es sqema

orobiT xeSi kargad jdeba.

am principiT nebismieri A = (a1 , ..., an ) mimdevrobis orobiTi gadawyvetilebis xis ageba SeiZleba, romel-
sac foTlebSi A mimdevrobis yvela permutacia eqneba. cxadia, rom nebismier algoriTms, romelic

Sedarebebzea agebuli, dalagebis dros aseTi xis zemodan qvemoT gasvla mouwevs da pasuxi (dalageba)

is Sesabamisi permutacia iqneba, romelsac xis foTolSi mivaRwevT.

mtkicebaTa simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom dasalagebeli mimdevrobis yvela elementi erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebulia (Tu ori an ramodenime elementi erTmaneTis tolia, am SemTxvevisaTvisac SeiZleba ana-

logiuri Teoremebis damtkiceba).

mniSvnelovania Semdegi

lema 3.3: Tu µ da σ erTi da igive mimdevrobis sxvadasxva permutaciaa, maSin Sesabamis orobiT gadawyve-

tilebis xes ori sxvadasxva foToli `µ 6= `σ eqneba, romelic am permutaciebs Seesabameba.

savarjiSo 3.49: sawinaaRmdegos daSvebiT daamtkiceT zemoT moyvanili lema.

es TiTqos da elementaruli leba gadamwyvetia dalagebis algoriTmis qveda zRvris gamoTvlaSi, radgan

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yoveli gadawyvetilebis orobiTi xe, romelic n monacems zrdadobis mixed-
viT alagebs, aucileblad unda Seicavdes n! foTols.

radgan T siRrmis orobiT xes maqsimum 2T foToli SeiZleba qondes, viRebT:

2T ≥ n! da, aqedan gamomdinare, T ≥ log n!.

savarjiSo 3.50: maTematikur induqciaze dayrdnobiT daamtkiceT, rom T siRrmis orobiT xes maqsimum

2T foToli SeiZleba qondes.

88 Tavi VIII algoriTmebis siswrafis Sefaseba

e.w. stirlingis formulis Tanaxmad, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba kombinatorikaSi da Cven aq daumt-

kiceblad miviRebT, gvaqvs:

 n n
T ≥ log n! ≥ log = n log n − n log e,
| {z e }
stirlingis formula

sadac e e.w. naturaluri logariTmis fuZe (an, rogorc mas sxvanairadac uwodeben eileris ricxvia) -
1 n

P∞ 1
mudmiva e = limn→∞ 1 + n = n=0 n! = 2, 718281828459045235...

SeniSvna: Tavisi sruli saxiT stirlingis formula Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:

 n n √
log n! ∼ log · 2πn,
e
rac marcxena da marjvena nawilSi mocemuli funqciebis YmsgavsebasA niSnavs:

log n!
lim n n

√ = 1.
n→∞ log e · 2πn

es formula imiTicaa saintereso, rom masSi mecnierebis ori umniSvnelovanesi mudmiva - π da e erTad

figurirebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, zemoT moyvanili gadawyvetilebis orobiTi xe, romelic saWiro permutaciamde

migviyvans, daaxloebiT n log n siRrmisaa da Cven davamtkiceT

Teorema 3.2: Sedarebis operaciebze agebuli daxarisxebis algoriTmis qveda zRvaria Ω(n log n). ufro

zustad misi gamoTvla SeiZleba formuliT n log n − O(n).

savarjiSo 3.51: aCveneT, rom Sedarebis operaciebze agebuli nebismieri algoriTmi, romelic daulage-

beli n elementiani siis minimalur elements ipovnis, sul cota n−1 Sedarebas moiTxovs.

savarjiSo 3.52: aCveneT, rom Sedarebis operaciebze agebuli nebismieri algoriTmi, romelic daulage-

beli n elementiani siidan minimalur da mis Semdgom (anu or umcires) elements ipovnis, sul cota

n − 1 + log n Sedarebas moiTxovs.

moiyvaneT aseTi (optimaluri) algoriTmis magaliTi.
Tavi 9

grafTa Teoriis elementebi

9.1 grafebis gansazRvreba da ZiriTadi Tvisebebi

yvela drois erT-erTma udidesma maTematikosma leonard eilerma, romelic erTi xani qalaq kionigs-

bergSi (axlandel kaliningradSi) cxovrobda, Semdegi amocana dasva:

eileris amocana xidebis Sesaxeb: qalaqSi moedineba mdinare, romelic mas or nawilad hyofs. amas

garda, TviTon mdinareSi ori kunZulia (nax. 9.1). xmeleTis nawilebi, romlebic naxazze laTinuri

asoebiTaa aRniSnuli, erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia xidebiT. SeiZleba Tu ara qalaqs SemovuaroT ise, rom

yvela xidze gadavideT erTxel da mxolod erTxel?

nax. 9.1: kionigsbergis mdinare da xidebi

aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemuli suraTis saCveneblad xatva sulac araa saWiro: sakmarisia xmeleTis nawi-

lebi aRvniSnoT wertilebiT, xolo maTi SemaerTebeli xidebi ki xazebiT (nax. 9.2).

aseT struqturas - wertilebs da maT SemaerTebel xazebs - grafi ewodeba. zemoT moyvanili orive

naxazi (a) da (b) erTsa da imave grafs aRwers, imis da miuxedavad, rom erTi SexedviT naxazebi sxvada-

sxvaa: grafSi mTavaria imis Sesaxeb informaciis miReba, Tu romeli wertili romel sxva wertilebTanaa

SeerTebuli.

grafis wertilebs misi kvanZebi ewodeba, xolo xazebs ki - wiboebi.

formalurad grafi Semdegnairadac SegviZlia aRvweroT:

mocemulia wveroTa simravle V = {A, B, C, D} da wiboebi E = {(A, B), (B, A), (A, D), (B, C), (C, B), (B, D), (C, D)}.
aqedan gamomdinare, grafis naxazis daxazva sulac araa aucilebeli: igi wveroTa da wiboTa simravleebiTac

SeiZleba srulfasovnad aRiweros. mTavaria imis codna, Tu ra wveroebia mocemuli da romeli wveroe-

bia wiboebiT SeerTebuli.

ase rom, grafi G SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc ori simravlisagan Semdgari struqtura: G = (V, E).

89
90 Tavi IX grafTa Teoriis elementebi

nax. 9.2: kionigsbergis xidebis amocanis grafebi

magaliTisaTvis moviyvanoT grafi, romelic naCvenebia qveda naxazSi.

nax. 9.3: erTi da igive grafis sxvadasxva grafikuli warmodgena

advili dasanaxi araa, rom (a) da (b) naxazebSi erTi da igive grafia naCvenebi. magram Tu wveroebs sax-

elebs davarqmevT da gadavamowmebT, Tu romeli wveroa romelTan SeerTebuli, maT eqvivalenturobas

(tolobas) wveroebisa da wiboebis simravleebis tolobiT davamtkicebT.

savarjiSo 1.1: aRwereT ?? (a) da ?? (b) naxazebSi moyvanili grafebis wveroebisa da wiboebis simravleebi
da daamtkiceT maTi toloba.

zemoT moyvanil grafebSi arsebobs e.w. izolirebuli wvero - anu iseTi, romelic sxva wveroebTan araa

dakavSirebuli. SeiZleba arsebobdes iseTi grafebic, romlebic ori nawilisgan (grafisgan) Sedgeba.

aseT grafebs ara bmuli ewodebaT. Cven ZiriTadad bmul grafebs ganvixilavT, anu iseTebs, sadac

nebismier or wveros Soris SemaerTebeli gza arsebobs.

rogorc vnaxeT, erTi da igive grafi SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad davxazoT. zogadad, grafis daxazvas

mniSvneloba ar aqvs. mTavaria gvqondes informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli wvero romelTanaa SeerTe-

buli.

nax. 9.4-Si naCvenebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba daixazos grafi ise, rom erT wiboze orjer ar gadaviaroT.
9.1 grafebis gansazRvreba da ZiriTadi Tvisebebi 91

nax. 9.4: grafis daxatvis etapebi

sityvierad es Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamovTqvaT: A

Y wverodan xazi gaavle B wveroSi, iqidan E -Si,
Semdeg C -Si, D-Si, isev A-Si, Semdeg C -Si, B -Si da bolos isev D-SiA.
ufro formalurad es Semdegi sityviT SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:

ABECDACBD.

grafis daxazvis procesi SeiZleba SevadaroT grafze YsiarulsA: erTi wverodan meoreSi wibos gavleba

am wverodan meoreSi YgadasvlisA tolfasia.

Tu aseTi wesiT erTi wverodan meoreSi gadavalT (ise, rom erTsa da imave wiboze orjer ar gadavivliT),

ganvlili wiboebis erTobliobas YgzasA vuwodebT. ase, magaliTad, 9.4 (d) -Si ganvlili gza iqneba

ABECD. im wiboebs, romlebzedac gzis gavlisas gadavivliT, am gziT dafaruli wiboebi ewodeba.

amrigad, eileris amocanac SeiZleba ase davsvaT: mocemul grafSi arsebobs Tu ara iseTi gza, romelic

yvela wibos (mxolod erTxel) dafaravs? Tu aseTi gza arsebobs, mas eileris cikls uwodeben.

zemoT moyvanili amocana SeiZleba CamovayaliboT aseTnairadac: arsebobs Tu ara mocemul grafSi

eileris cikli?

Tu ganvixilavT or grafs, romelic naCvenebia 9.5 naxazSi, advilad davrwmundebiT, rom ABECDACBDF A
gza swored nax. 9.5(b) grafs zemoT aRwerili pirobebiT gadafaravs, magram nax. 9.5(a) grafisaTvis aseTi

gzis povna znelia.

bevri cdis Semdeg gaCndeba eWvi, rom aseTi gza saerTod ar arsebobs (anu am grafis erTi xelis mosmiT

daxazva ar SeiZleba, Tu erT wiboze mainc orjer ar gadavivliT.

nax. 9.5: ori grafis magaliTi

imis dasadgenad, Tu romeli grafis Semovla SeiZleba ise, rom yvela wibo daifaros mxolod erTxel,

SemovitanoT Semdegi ganmarteba:

92 Tavi IX grafTa Teoriis elementebi

Tu mocemulia grafi G = {V, E}, misi nebismieri v ∈V wveros rigi deg(v) ewodeba masTan mierTebul

wiboTa raodenobas. cxadia, rom nebismieri grafis wveros rigi SeiZleba iyos an kenti, an luwi. Tu

wveros rigia luwi, mas YluwianA, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki YkentianA wveros vuwodebT.

9.5 (b) naxazSi moyvanili grafisaTvis deg(A) = 4, xolo deg(F ) = 2.

qvemoT moyvanilia grafi, romlis kentiani wveroebi TeTradaa naCvenebi, xolo luwiani ki - Savad.

nax. 9.6: kentiani da luwiani wveroebi grafSi

am ganmartebaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba SemovitanoT eileris ciklis arsebobis kriteriumi, romelic

eileris Teoremis saxeliTaa cnobili:

Teorema 1.1: (eileris Teorema grafSi ciklebis arsebobis Sesaxeb)

nebismier grafSi eileris cikli iarsebebs maSin da mxolod maSin, Tu masSi kentiani wveroebis rao-

denoba ar aWarbebs ors.

Tu grafSi kentiani wvero ar arsebobs, maSin masSi moiZebneba eileris Caketili cikli: romeli wvero-

danac daviwyebT Semovlas, imaSive davamTavrebT.

SeniSvna: Tu grafSi kentiani wveroebis raodenobaa ori, maSin masSi iarsebebs eileris Ria cikli:

erTi kentiani wverodan Semovlas viwyebT da meoreSi vamTavrebT.

savarjiSo 1.2: nax. 9.7-Si naCvenebi grafebidan romels SeiZleba qondes eileris cikli?

miTiTeba: gamoiyeneT eileris Teorema.

nax. 9.7: grafebis magaliTebi

savarjiSo 1.3: nax. 9.7-Si naCveneb grafebSi daiTvaleT yoveli wveros rigis jami (maTematikur enaze es

Semdegnairad Caiwereba: mocemuli G = (V, E) grafisaTvis

9.1 grafebis gansazRvreba da ZiriTadi Tvisebebi 93

X
σ(G) = deg(v).
v∈V

es ricxvi SeadareT imave grafis wiboebis raodenobas. ra kanonzomiereba SeiZleba davadginoT wveroTa

rigebis jamsa da wiboebis raodenobas Soris? maTematikur enaze rom vTqvaT, ra damokidebulebaa σ(G)
da |E| ricxvebs Soris? (aq |E| aris E simravlis elementebis raodenoba, rac Cvens SemTxvevaSi grafis

wiboTa ricxvis tolia.)

savarjiSo 1.4: daamtkiceT, rom nebismieri G = (V, E) grafisaTvis σ(G) = 2|E|.

savarjiSo 1.5: daamtkiceT, rom ar iarsebebs iseTi grafi, romelSic kentiani wveroebis raodenoba

iqneba kenti ricxvi (anu yvela grafSi kentiani wveroebis raodenoba luwia: ∀G = (V, E), ∃i ∈ N, σ(G) = 2·i).

savarjiSo 1.6: daxazeT grafi, romelic warmoiSveba nax. 9.8 naCvenebi grafidan (a) ABCD, (b) ABECA,
(g) BEC da (d) F DBCE gzebis amogdebis Sedegad.

nax. 9.8: grafis magaliTi

axla ki SegviZlia eileris Teoremis damtkiceba:

jer davamtkicoT, rom Tu kentiani wveroebis raodenoba aWarbebs ors, aseTi cikli ver iarsebebs.

rodesac viwyebT grafze Semovlas, cxavdia, rom erTi wverodan unda daviwyoT da meoreSi unda davam-

TavroT. yvela danarCen wveroSi ramdenjerac SevalT, zustad imdenjer unda gamovideT. aqedan gamom-

dinare, masTan mierTebul wiboTa raodenoba unda iyos luwi. ese igi, Tu kentian wveroTa raodenoba

orze metia, erTidan daviwyebT, meoreSi davamTavrebT, magram dagvrCeba iseTi wveroc, romelSic grafis

Semovlisas SevalT da veRar gamovalT ise, rom ukve gavlil wveros meored ar gadavuaroT.

axla ki induqciaze dayrdnobiT davamtkicoT, rom iseT grafebSi, sadac kentian wveroTa raodenoba

zustad oria, iarsebebs eileris gaxsnili cikli, xolo iseTSi, sadac kentiani wvero ar arsebobs,

eileris Sekruli cikli iarsebebs.

dasawyisisaTvis ganvixiloT erT, or da sam wiboiani grafebi (nax. 9.9).

nax. 9.9: erT, or da sam wiboiani grafebi

induqciis Semowmeba: advili Sesamowmebelia, rom am grafebSi eileris Teorema WeSmaritia.

induqciis daSveba: davuSvaT, rom eileris Teorema WeSmaritia yvela bmuli grafisaTvis, romlis wi-

boTa raodenoba naklebia raRaca n ricxvze.

94 Tavi IX grafTa Teoriis elementebi

induqciis biji: davamtkicoT Teorema nebismieri n wiboiani grafisaTvis.

davuSvaT, rom aseT grafs ori kentiani wvero A da D aqvs. radgan Cven bmul grafebs ganvixilavT, unda

arsebobdes gza A wverodan D wveroSi, romelic kidev raRaca wveroebze gaivlis (nax. 9.10 (a)). aseTi

grafis konkretuli magaliTi moyvanilia naxazSi 9.10 (b) (iq gamoyofili gza A wverodan D wveroSi sxva
feriTaa SeRebili).

nax. 9.10: zogadi grafebi

Tu erT-erT aseT gzas amovirCevT da mis wiboebs grafidan amovSliT (unda mivaqcioT yuradReba imas,

rom amoSlis Sedegad grafi ar daiSalos calkeul nawilebad), miviRebT sxva grafs, romelsac mxo-
lod luwiani wiboebi aqvs.

savarjiSo 1.7: daamtkiceT, rom zemoT moyvanili grafidan SerCeuli gzis amogdebis Sedegad miRebul

grafSi mxolod luwiani wveroebi dagvrCeba.

radgan darCenil grafSi wiboebis raodenoba n ricxvze naklebi iqneba, misTvis WeSmariti iqneba ei-

leris Teorema da iarsebebs iseTi Caketili cikli, romelic A wveroSi daiwyeba da masSive das-

ruldeba. Semdeg ki amogdebuli gzis wiboebiT gadavalT A wverodan D wveroSi, riTac sawyis n
wiboian grafSi SevadgenT eileris Ria gzas.

analogiuri msjelobiT SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom nebismier n wiboian grafSi, romelic ar Seicavs

kentian wveroebs, arsebobs eileris Caketili cikli, mxolod aq ukve or mezobel wveros viRebT da

maT SemaerTebel wibos amovagdebT (im pirobiT, rom am wibos amogdebis Semdeg grafi or nawilad ar

daiSleba), ris Sedegadac or kentiani wveros mqone grafs viRebT.

savarjiSo 1.8: daamtkiceT, rom Tu mocemulia n wiboiani grafi, romelic ar Seicavs kentian wveroebs,

masSi eileris Caketili cikli iarsebebs.

savarjiSo 1.9: dawereT algoriTmi, romelic nebismieri mocemuli grafisaTvis gansazRvravs, arsebobs

Tu ara masSi eileris cikli.

algoriTmebis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania e.w. hamiltonis ciklis amocana: mo-

cemuli grafisTvis gansazRvreT, SeiZleba Tu ara masSi movZebnoT iseTi gza, romelic yvela wveroze

gaivlis zustad erTxel da dabrundeba imave wveroSi, saidanac daiwyo Semovla? aq gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia is faqti, rom garkveuli wiboebi Semovlisas SeiZleba gamovtovoT.

savarjiSo 1.10: nax. 9.7-Si moyvanili grafebidan romlebs aqvT hamiltonis cikli?

Tu nebismier grafSi eileris ciklis arsebobis dadgena sakmaod advilad SeiZleba, hamiltonis ciklis

arsebobis dasadgenad dReisaTvis cnobili yvela algoriTmi Zalian nela muSaobs da didi grafebisa-

Tvis gamomTvlel manqanebze aTasobiT welsac ki moandomebs.

es SeiZleba imiT iyos gamowveuli, rom am amocanisaTvis jer-jerobiT veravin moifiqra swrafi algo-

riTmi, an imiT, rom aseTi algoriTmi ar arsebobs. magram radgan hamiltonis ciklis amocana uaRresad
mniSvnelovania, es centraluri Ria sakiTxia kompiuterul mecnierebaSi.

rogorc aqamde vnaxeT, grafebis warmodgena SeiZleba simravleebis saxiT. meorenairad grafis warmod-

gena e.w. bmulobis matriciT SeiZleba. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT nax. 9.8-Si moyvanili grafi.
9.1 grafebis gansazRvreba da ZiriTadi Tvisebebi 95

A B C D E F
A 0 1 1 1 0 1
B 1 0 1 1 1 0
C 1 1 0 1 1 0
D 1 1 1 0 0 1
E 0 1 1 0 0 0
F 1 0 0 1 0 0

zogadad, A = (ai,j )ni=1 raime G = (V, E) grafis bmulobis matricia, Tu V = {v1 , ..., vn } da

(vi , vj ) ∈ E ⇔ ai,j = 1.

zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi grafis bmulobis matrici iqneba

 
0 1 1 1 0 1

 1 0 1 1 1 0 

 1 1 0 1 1 0 
A= 

 1 1 1 0 0 1 

 0 1 1 0 0 0 
1 0 0 1 0 0

savarjiSo 1.11: SeadgineT nax. 9.7-Si naCvenebi grafebis bmulobis matricebi.

savarjiSo 1.12: arsebobs Tu ara iseTi grafi, romlis bmulobis matrici araa simetriuli (anu ∃i, j
iseTi, rom ai,j 6= aj,i )?
96 Tavi IX grafTa Teoriis elementebi

ganvixiloT Semdegi amocana: mocemulia ruka, romelzec naCvenebia qalaqebi da maTi SemaerTebeli

gzebi (anu mocemulia grafi, sadac wvero romeliRaca qalaqs aRniSnavs, xolo wibo - ori qalaqis

SemaerTebel gzas).

nax. 9.11: rukis grafi

amas garda, yovel wibos gverdiT aweria raRac ricxvi, romelic mocemul or qalaqs Soris arsebuli

gzis sigrZes aRniSnavs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es grafi garkveul informacias iZleva da misi wveroebis ganlageba sibrtyeze, faqtiu-

rad, nebismieri SeiZleba iyos. ase, magaliTad, ADF samkuTxedSi Sesabamisi wiboebis wonebi ar akmay-

ofileben samkuTxedis utolobas, magram mocemul amocanaSi SesaZlebelia, rom, magaliTad, gza iyos

arapirdapiri.

mocemuli grafis bmulobis matrici iqneba

 
0 80 13 23 0 60

 80 0 40 100 23 0 

 13 40 0 28 18 0 
M = 

 23 100 28 0 0 12 

 0 23 18 0 0 0 
60 0 0 12 0 0

Tu grafSi wiboebi mimarTulia (ese igi, isriTaa naCvenebi, Tu romeli wverodan romlisakenaa mimar-

Tuli wibo), maSin misi SeerTebis matrici iqneba arasimetriuli (nax. 9.12).

nax. 9.12: mimarTuli grafi

am magaliTSi gvaqvs wibo A wverodan D wveroSi, magram ara piriqiT. zemoT moyvanili grafis matrici

iqneba
9.1 grafebis gansazRvreba da ZiriTadi Tvisebebi 97

 
0 0 0 1 0 0

 1 0 1 0 0 0 


 1 0 0 0 1 0 


 0 1 1 0 0 1 

 0 1 1 0 0 0 
1 0 0 0 0 0
grafs ewodeba sruli, Tu misi yvela wvero erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. n wveroiani sruli grafi

aRiniSneba rogorc Kn . maxazSi 9.13 naCvenebia or, sam, oTx, xuT, eqvs da Svid wveroiani sruli grafebi.

nax. 9.13: Ki , 2 ≤ i ≤ 7

cxadia, rom didi sruli grafi sakmaod Zneli dasaxatia. magaliTisaTvis mogvyvavs K23 (nax. 9.14).

nax. 9.14: K23

Teoriasa da praqtikaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania e.w. orad gayofili sruli grafi, romlis wveroebi or

simravled SegviZlia gavyoT ise, rom TiToeul simravleSi Sesuli wveroebi erTmaneTTan SeerTebuli

ar iyos, samagierod erTi simravlis wvero meore simravlis yvela wverosTan iyos mierTebuli. orad

dayofil srul grafs, romlis erT simravleSi n, xolo meoreSi ki m wveroa, aRniSnaven rogorc Kn,m .
98 Tavi IX grafTa Teoriis elementebi

naxazSi 9.15 moyvanilia mcire zomis orad dayofili sruli grafebi.

nax. 9.15: K2,3 , K3,3 , K2,4 , K3,4 , K4,4

aRsaniSnavia, rom orad dayofili grafi SeiZleba sruli ar iyos, anu erTi simravlis wvero meore

simravlis romelime wverosTan mierTebuli ar iyos.

orad dayofili grafebis Seswavla Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, radgan nebismier grafs Seesabameba

erTi da mxolod erTi orad dayofili grafi, romelic Semdegnairad igeba:

erT simravleSi gavaerTianebT mocemuli grafis wveroebs, xolo meoreSi ki davumatebT imden axal

wveros, ramdeni wibocaa mocemul grafSi (yovel wibos erTi axali wvero Seesabameba) da Semdeg pirveli

simravlidan zustad or wveros meore simravlis erT wverosTan SevaerTebT, Tu es ori wvero sawyis

grafSi wiboTi iyo SeerTebuli (magaliTisaTvis ix. nax. 9.16).

nax. 9.16: grafi da misi Sesabamisi orad dayofili grafi

aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania qvegrafis, anu grafis YnawilisA cneba. Tu erTi grafi meoredan wveroe-

bisa da maTi SemaerTebeli wiboebisagan an wiboebis nawilisagan Sedgeba, maSin am grafs meore grafis

qvegrafs uwodeben (nax. 9.17).

nax. 9.17: grafi (a) da misi erT-erTi qvegrafi

aRsaniSnavia, rom erT grafs SeiZleba mravali qvegrafi qondes.

savarjiSo 1.13: moiyvaneT nax. 9.17 (a)-Si moyvanili grafis xuTi qvegrafis magaliTi.

zogadad, imis garkveva, aris Tu ara erTi grafi meores qvegrafi, Zalian rTulia: dReisaTvis ar aris

cnobili iseTi algoriTmi, romelic nebismieri ori G da G0 grafisaTvis swrafad, anu polinomiur
0
droSi gaarkvevs, aris Tu ara G grafi G grafis qvegrafi.

axla ki ganvixiloT nax. 9.18-Si moyvanili grafis ornairi diagrama.

rogorc vxedavT, erTSi ori wibo ikveTeba, meoreSi ki - ara. iseT grafs, romlis daxatva iseTnairad

SeiZleba, rom wiboebma erTmaneTi ar gadakveTon, planaruli, anu brtyeli ewodeba.

9.1 grafebis gansazRvreba da ZiriTadi Tvisebebi 99

nax. 9.18: erTi grafis ornairi daxatva

Zalian mniSvnelovania Semdegi amocana: mocemuli grafisaTvis gaarkvieT, SeiZleba Tu ara misi brty-

lad daxatva (anu aris Tu ara es grafi planaruli).

rogorc aRmoCnda, umciresi arabrtyeli grafebis magaliTebia K5 da K3,3 .

nax. 9.19: minimaluri arabrtyeli grafebi

aqedan gamomdinare, verc erTi grafi, romelic am oridan erT-erTs mainc Seicavs, brtylad ver daixa-

teba.

bunebrivia Semdegi SekiTxva: ra saWiroa grafis planarulobis dadgena? raSi gvexmareba is faqti, rom

grafi planarulia?

rogorc aRmoCnda, mravali amocana, romelic nebismier (araplanarul) grafze rTuli amosaxsnelia,

planarulisTvis advilad gadaiWreba: planaruli grafebisTvis SemuSavebulia bevri iseTi algoriTmi,

romelic swrafad (anu polinomiur droSi) xsnis amocanas, magram araplanarul grafze arasworad

muSaobs. ase rom, Tu davadgenT, rom grafi planarulia, masze aseTi swrafi algoriTmis gamoyeneba

SesaZlebeli iqneba.

amas garda, Zlain mniSvnelovani amocanaa grafis minimaluri gadakveTis wertilebiT sibrtyeze daxatva

magram, samwuxarod, arc am amocanisTvisaa polinomiuri (anu swrafi) swrafi algoriTmi cnobili.
100 Tavi IX grafTa Teoriis elementebi
Tavi 10

monacemTa Senaxvis meTodebi: bmuli

siebi da sxva

10.1 rwyili da WianWvela

cnobil qarTul zRaparSi Yrwyili da WianWvelaA rwyili WianWvelis gadasarCenad RorTan midis da

TokisTvis jagars Txovs. Rori mosTxovs rkos da gaagzavnis muxasTan. muxa sTxovs, rom moaSoros yvavi

da gaagzavnis yvavTan. yvavi sTxovs wiwilas da gaagzavnis kruxTan. kruxi sTxovs fetvs da gaagzavnis

ormosTan. ormo sTxovs Tagvis moSorebas da gaagzavnis TagvTan. Tagvi sTxovs katis moSorebas da

gaagzavnis katasTan. kata sTxovs rZes da gaagzavnis ZroxasTan. Zroxa sTxovs balaxs da gaagzavnis

mindorSi, sadac rwyili mokrefs balaxs, miutans Zroxas, is miscems rZes da gaagzavnis ukan katasTan.

kata rZes rom miiRebs, moeSveba Tagvs da a.S.: rwyili ganvlil jaWvs ukan gahyveba, bolos miva RorTan,

miutans rkos, misgan miiRebs jagars, dawnis Toks da Tavis megobars wylidan amoiyvans.

am zRaparSi Cven erTi saintereso faqti SegviZlia davinaxoT, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba infor-

matikaSi:

Seqmnilia monacemTa jaWvi, romlis TavSic dgas Rori. Rorma icis, sad dgas muxa, anu monacemTa jaWvSi

Semdgomi elementis misamarTi. muxam icis yvavis (jaWvSi misi Semdgomi elementis) misamarTi da a.S.:

jaWvis yovel elementSi Cawerilia sami komponenti: informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris es komponenti

(Cvens magaliTSi ra cxoveli an mcenarea), misi wina komponentis misamarTi da misi Semdgomi komponentis

misamarTi. grafikulad es naCvenebia nax. 10.1. monacemTa aseT jaWvs bmuli sia ewodeba. bmuli imitom,

rom am jaWvis yoveli komponenti mis wina da mis Semdgom komponentzea YgadabmuliA: mas Tavis wina da

Semdgomi elementis misamarTi aqvs daxsomebuli.

nax. 10.1: zRapris Yrwyili da WianWvelaA bmuli sia

aRsaniSnavia, rom radgan Rori am siaSi pirvelia, mas wina elementi ar hyavs da, Sesabamisad, misi misamar-

Tic ver eqneba. amitomac wina elementis misamarTis magivrad uweria 0. analogiuri situaciaa balaxTan:

radgan igi bolo elementia jaWvSi, misi Semdgomi elementis misamarTis adgilas weria 0.

101
102 Tavi X monacemTa Senaxvis meTodebi: bmuli siebi da sxva

aRsaniSnavia, rom es 0 araa ricxvis mniSvnelobis matarebeli. es mxolod imis maniSnebelia, rom am el-

ementis Semdgomi (an wina) elementi ar arsebobs (amitomac zoggan weren kidec , an il imis aRsaniSnavad,

rom cvladi carielia).

bmul siis erT-erTi upiratesobaa is, rom masSi elementis mosaZebnad araa saWiro yvela elementis

misamarTis codna, sakmarisia mxolod misi sawyisi elementis misamarTi vicodeT: gadavalT im element-

Tan da Tu es araa is, rasac veZebT, gavigebT misi Semdgomi elementis misamarTs. Semdeg gadavalT am

Semdgom elementze (Tu aseTi arsebobs) da CavatarebT igive proceduras: vnaxavT, aris Tu ara es is

elementi, romelsac veZebT. Tu ar aris, vigebT misi Semdgomi elementis misamarTs (Tu arsebobs) da

igives vimeorebT. Tu Semdgomi elementi ar arsebobs, maSin saZebni elementi am siaSi ar yofila.

Cvens konkretul magaliTSi, Tu gvainteresebs, aris Tu ara kruxi am bmul siaSi, viwyebT pirveli el-

ementiT, romlis misamarTi unda vicodeT (am SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom saZiebeli elementia YkruxiA).

vadarebT mniSvnelobebs: katas veZebT, magram gvxvdeba Rori. amitom vamowmebT, arsebobs Tu ara Semd-

gomi elementi (anu Sesabamis grafaSi Tu weria 0). radgan am grafaSi weria misamarTi (da ara 0), gadavdi-

varT am misamarTze. vadarebT aqtualuri Canaweris mniSvnelobas saZiebeli elementis mniSvnelobas.

aqtualuri Canaweris mniSvnelobaa Yyvavi". radgan Cven veZebT katas, unda gadavideT Semdeg elementze,

magram jer SevamowmoT, arsebobs Tu ara aseTi elementi. radgan Sesabamis grafaSi ar weria 0, amitom

aseTi elementi arsebobs da gadavdivarT mis misamarTze. axla aqtualuri Canaweris mniSvnelobaa

YkataA. vadarebT saZebn mniSvnelobas. radgan emTxveva, procedura unda dasruldes: saZebni Canaweri

napovnia.

Tu Cvens konkretul magaliTSi gvinda gavigoT, arsebobs Tu ara Canaweri YspiloA, isev viwyebT Tavidan

da Tu aqtualuri Canaweris mniSvneloba ar emTxveva saZiebo Canawers, gadavdivarT Semdeg elementze,

Tu aseTi arsebobs. rodesac mivadgebiT Canawers YbalaxiA da davaskvniT, rom igi ar emTxveva saZiebo

Canaweris mniSvnelobas, unda gadavideT Semdegze, magram jer SevamowmoT, aris Tu ara es aqtualuri

Canaweri bolo mocemul bmul siaSi. radgan Semdegi Canaweris misamarTis Sesabamis grafaSi weria 0,

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom es siaSi bolo elementia da procedura davasruloT: Canaweri YspiloA am

siaSi ar gvxvdeba.

wina naxazSi bmuli siis mezobeli elementebi erTi meores miyolebiT arian warmodgenilni. es araa au-

cilebeli: Sesazloa, rom isini areulad iyvnen ganlagebuli (nax. 10.2). mTavaria, rom yovelma elementma

misi wina da momdevno elementebis misamarTebi icodnen.

nax. 10.2:

bmuli siis yoveli elementi sami komponentisagan Sedgeba: esaa TviTon am komponentis mniSvneloba (anu

gasaRebi), misi cina elementis misamarTi da Semdgomi elementis misamarTi. nax. 10.3-Si zemoT naCvenebia

es sam komponentiani elementi. Tu igi ganTavsebulia misamarTiT x, misi wina elementis misamarTi aRini-
Sneba funqciiT L(x) (grafikulad iwereba marcxena ujraSi), xolo misi momdevno elementis misamarTi

ki aRiniSneba funqciiT R(x) (grafikulad iwereba marjvena ujraSi). TviT misi mniSvneloba aRiniSneba

funqciiT Key(x) (grafikulad Sua ujraSi). amrigad, L(kruxis misamarTi ) =Yyvavis misamarTiA, R(katis
10.1 rwyili da WianWvela 103

misamarTi )= YZroxis misamarTiA, xolo Key(muxis misamarTi ) =YmuxaA.

nax. 10.3:

savarjiSo 1.1: risi tolia L(x), R(x) da Key(x), Tu x =YZroxis misamarTiA, x =YTagvis misamarTiA,

x =Ybalaxis misamarTiA, x =Yormos misamarTiA ?

zogadad, Tu mocemulia bmuli siis romelime elementis misamarTi x, Key(x) am Canaweris mniSvnelobaa,
L(x) misi wina Canaweris misamarTi, xolo R(x) ki - misi momdevno Canaweris misamarTi.

aqedan gamomdinare, R(L(x)) aris x misamarTze myofi elementis wina Canaweris marjvena grafas mniSvne-

loba

savarjiSo 1.2: ras niSnavs Canawerebi R(R(x)), L(L(x)), L(R(x)), Key(L(x)) da Key(R(x)) ?

rodesac vwerT L(x), Key(x) an R(x), imis da mixedviT, Tu risi tolia x, es Canawerebic sxvadasxva iqneba.
am SemTxvevaSi ityvian, rom x aqtualur Canawerze miuTiTebs. rodesac x bmuli siis romelime Canaweris
misamarTia (anu am Canawerze miuTiTebs), mis Semdgom elementze YgadasvlaA (anu mis Semdgom elementze

miTiTeba) SeiZleba brZanebiT x = R(x). aq x cvlads mieniWeba aqtualuri Canaweris Semdegi elementis

misamarTi da igi am Semdeg elementze miuTiTebs (Semdeg elementze YgadavaA).

savarjiSo 1.3: ra brZanebiT unda YgadavideTA aqtualuri Canaweris wina elementze?

cxadia, sanam gadavalT wina an momdevno elementze, unda SevamowmoT, arsebobs Tu ara es elementi (anu

aqtualuri Canaweri bolo an pirveli xom araa).

savarjiSo 1.4: ra brZanebiT SeiZleba Semowmdes, aris Tu ara x misamarTze myofi Canaweri bmuli siis

bolo an pirveli elementi?

axla warmovidginoT, rom gvinda zRapris gadakeTeba ise, rom am jaWvidan amovagdoT yvavi: muxa pir-

dapir agzavnis kruxTan (anu Canaweri YyvaviA am bmuli siidan unda amovardes). ese igi, Tavidan mocemuli

gvaqvs situacia, romelic naCvenebia nax. 10.3-Si SuaSi da gvinda miviRoT situacia, romelic naCvenebia

igive naxazSi qvemoT. Canaxeri YyvaviY bmuli siidan amovardeba im TvalsazrisiT, rom am siaSi moZrao-

bisas am elements veRar wavawydebiT. Canaweri YyvaviA sadRac ki iarsebebs, magram igi am siis elementi

aRar iqneba.

rogorc zeda naxazidan Cans, yvavis wina elementi (am SemTxvevaSi YmuxaA) unda miuTiTebdes YyvavisA Semd-

gom elementze, am SemTxvevaSi Canawerze YkruxiA da piriqiT: yvavis Semdgomi elementi (am SemTxvevaSi

YkruxiA) unda miuTiTebdes YyvavisA wina elementze, am SemTxvevaSi Canawerze YmuxaA. aqedan gamomdinare,

Tu gvinda raime elementis bmuli siidan amoSla, misi wina elementis marjvena grafaSi unda Caiweros
104 Tavi X monacemTa Senaxvis meTodebi: bmuli siebi da sxva

am elementis Semdgomi Canaweris misamarTi, xolo am elementis Semdgomi elementis marcxena grafaSi

unda Caiweros am elementis wina Canaweris misamarTi.

brZanebebiT es ase Caiwereba:

moc.: x aris im Canaweris misamarTi, romelic unda amovSaloT.

• R(L(x)) = R(x) (aqtualuri elementis wina elementi unda miuTiTebdes aqtualuri elementis

momdevno elementze);

• L(R(x)) = L(x) (aqtualuri elementis momdevno elementi unda miuTiTebdes aqtualuri elementis

wina elementze);

• x = L(x) aqtualuri elementi siidan amogdebulia. amitom gadavdivarT mis wina elementze.

savarjiSo 1.5: davuSvaT, x aris bmuli siis pirveli elementis misamarTi. brZanebebiT CawereT, rogor

SeiZleba am elementis bmuli siidan waSla.

savarjiSo 1.6: davuSvaT, x aris bmuli siis bolo elementis misamarTi. brZanebebiT CawereT, rogor

SeiZleba am elementis bmuli siidan waSla.

axla ki warmovidginoT, rom Cveni mgaliTis bmul siaSi Canawer YmuxasaA da YyvavsA Soris unda CavsvaT

Canaweri YspiloA (nax. 10.4 marcxniv). sawyis jaWvSi Canaweri YmuxaA Semdgom elementad miuTiTebs Canaw-

erze YyvaviA, xolo Canaweri YyvaviA wina elementad miuTiTebs Canawerze YmuxaA. imisaTvis, rom CavsvaT

Canaweri YspiloA, unda SevqmnaT iseTi bmulebi, rogoric naCvenebia nax. 10.4 marjvniv.

nax. 10.4:

brZanebebiT es Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

moc.: x aris im Canaweris misamarTi, romlis Semdegac unda Cajdes axali Canaweri (aqtualuri

Canaweri); S aris axali Canaweris misamarTi.

• R(S) = R(x) (axali elementis Semdgomi elementi unda iyos aqtualuri elementis momdevno ele-

menti);

• L(S) = x (axali elementis wina elementi unda iyos aqtualuri elementi);

• L(R(x)) = S (aqtualuri elementis momdevno elementis wina elementi unda iyos axali elementi);

• R(x) = S (aqtualuri elementis momdevno elementi unda iyos axali elementi).

savarjiSo 1.7: mocemulia bmuli sia da S misamarTze ganTavsebuli axali Canaweri. dawereT brZanebaTa

mimdevroba, romelTa saSualebiTac SeiZleba axali elementis siis pirvel elementad Camateba.

savarjiSo 1.8: mocemulia bmuli sia da S misamarTze ganTavsebuli axali Canaweri. dawereT brZanebaTa

mimdevroba, romelTa saSualebiTac SeiZleba axali elementis siis bolo elementad Camateba.
10.1 rwyili da WianWvela 105

imisaTvis, rom vipovnoT bmuli siis bolo Canaweri, unda YviaroT marjvnivA manam, sanam ar Segvxvdeba

bolo elementi. aqedan gamomdinare, es SeiZleba moxerxdes Semdegi brZanebebis saSualebiT:

mocemulia: bmuli sia da misi erT-erTi elementis misamarTi x.

• while( R(x) != 0)
x = R(x)

savarjiSo 1.9: daamtkiceT, rom am ciklis damTavrebis Semdeg x cvladSi siis bolo elementis misamarTi
ewereba.

savarjiSo 1.10: dawereT brZanebaTa mimdevroba, romliTac bmuli siis pirveli elementis povna Sei-

Zleba.

savarjiSo 1.11: mocemulia bmuli sia da misi erT-erTi elementis misamarTi x. agreTve mocemulia

raRaca mniSvneloba M. dawereT brZanebaTa mimdevroba, romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba imis dadgena,

gvxvdeba Tu ara bmul siaSi elementis Canaweri, romlis mniSnvelobacaa M (anu, sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, Tu x raime Canaweris misamarTia, Key(x) = M ).

savarjiSo 1.12: mocemulia n elementiani bmuli sia. gamoiangariSeT am siaSi elementis Camatebasa da

waSlisaTvis saWiro operaciaTa raodenoba.

savarjiSo 1.13: mocemulia Cveulebrivi masivi, romelic Sedgeba n elementisagan. dawereT am masivSi

elementis Camatebis algoriTmi. gamoiangariSeT misi bijebis raodenoba.

savarjiSo 1.14: ra upiratesoba aqvs bmul sias masivTan SedarebiT?