ETHIOPIAN ES 2091:2005

STANDARD
First edition
2005-07-29

Eurocode 5: Design of timber

structures-

Part 2: Bridges

ICS: 91,010,30; 91,080,20;93,40

Descriptors:
Reference number
Price based on 30 pages. ES 2091:2005
ES 2091:2005

Foreword

This Ethiopian Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Technical Committee for Building Structures
and Elements of Buildings (TC 42) and published by the Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia (QSAE).

In preparing this Draft Ethiopian Standard reference has been made to the following:

- BS EN 1995-2:2004 – ‘ Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures - Part 2:Bridges' published by Deutsches

institute for Normung (German Institute for standardization)

Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above publication.

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Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures-Part 2:Bridges

1 Scope

1.1.1 Scope of EN 1990

(1)P EN 1990 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in timber (solid timber, sawn, planed or
in pole form, glued laminated timber or wood-based structural products e.g. LVL) or wood-based panels jointed
together with adhesives or mechanical fasteners. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety
and serviceability of structures, and the basis of design and verification that are given in EN 1990:2002.

(2)P EN 1990 is only concerned with requirements for mechanical resistance, serviceability, durability and fire
resistance of timber structures. Other requirements, e.g concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not
considered.

(3) EN 1990 is intended to be used in conjunction with:

EN 1990:2002 Eurocode – Basis of structural design

EN 1991 “Actions on structures”

EN´s for construction products relevant to timber structures

EN 1998 “Design of structures for earthquake resistance”, when timber structures are built in seismic regions

(4) EN 1990 is subdivided into various parts:

EN 1995-1 General

EN 1995-2 Bridges

(5) EN 1995-1 “General” comprises:

EN 1995-1-1 General – Common rules and rules for buildings

EN 1995-1-2 General – Structural Fire Design

1.1.2 Scope of EN 1995-2

(1) EN 1995-2 gives general design rules for the structural parts of bridges, i.e. structural members of importance
for the reliability of the whole bridge or major parts of it, made of timber or other wood-based materials, either singly
or compositely with concrete, steel or other materials.

(2) The following subjects are dealt with in EN 1995-2:

Section 1: General

Section 2: Basis of design

Section 3: Material properties

Section 4: Durability

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Section 5: Basis of structural analysis

Section 6: Ultimate limit states

Section 7: Serviceability limit states

Section 8: Connections

Section 9: Structural detailing and control

(3) Section 1 and Section 2 also provide additional clauses to those given in EN 1990:2002

“Eurocode: Basis of structural design”.

(4) Unless specifically stated, EN 1995-1-1 applies.

1.2 Normative references

(1) The following normative documents contain provisions which, through references in this text, constitute
provisions of this European standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of
these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this European standard are encouraged
to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.

European Standards:

EN 1990:2002 Eurocode – Basis of structural design

EN1990:2002/A1 Eurocode – Basis of structural design/Amendment A1 – Annex A2: Application to Bridges

EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-4: Wind loads

EN 1991-2 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges

EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: Common rules and rules for buildings

EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 2: Bridges

EN 1993-2 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 2: Bridges

EN 1995-1-1 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures – Part 1-1: General – Common rules and rules for buildings

EN 10138-1 Prestressing steels – Part 1: General requirements

EN 10138-4 Prestressing steels – Part 4: Bars

1.3 Assumptions

(1) Additional requirements for execution, maintenance and control are given in section 9.

1.4 Distinction between principles and application rules

(1) See 1.4(1) of EN 1995-1-1.

1.5 Definitions

1.5.1 General

(1)P The definitions of EN 1990:2002 clause 1.5 and EN 1995-1-1 clause 1.5 apply.

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1.5.2 Additional terms and definitions used in this present standard

1.5.2.1 Grooved connection

Shear connection consisting of the integral part of one member embedded in the contact face of the other member.
The contacted parts are normally held together by mechanical fasteners.

NOTE: An example of a grooved connection is shown in figure 1.1.

1.5.2.2

Laminated deck plates

Deck plates made of laminations, arranged edgewise or flatwise, held together by mechanical fasteners or gluing,
see figures 1.2 and 1.3.

1.5.2.3

Stress-laminated deck plates

Laminated deck plates made of edgewise arranged laminations with surfaces either sawn or planed, held together
by pre-stressing, see figure 1.2.b, c and d.

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1.5.2.4

Cross-laminated deck plates

Laminated deck plates made of laminations in layers of different grain direction (crosswise or at different angles).
The layers are glued together or connected using mechanical fasteners, see figure 1.3.

1.5.2.5

Pre-stressing

A permanent effect due to controlled forces and/or deformations imposed on a structure.

NOTE: An example is the lateral pre-stressing of timber deck plates by means of bars or tendons, see figure 1.2 b to d.

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1.6 Symbols used in EN 1995-2

For the purpose of EN 1995-2, the following symbols apply.

Latin upper case letters

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Section 2 Basis of design

2.1 Basic requirements

(1)P The design of timber bridges shall be in accordance with EN 1990:2002.

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2.2 Principles of limit state design

(1) See 2.2 of EN 1995-1-1.

2.3 Basic variables

2.3.1 Actions and environmental influences

2.3.1.1 General

(1) Actions to be used in design of bridges may be obtained from the relevant parts of EN 1991.

Note 1: The relevant parts of EN 1991 for use in design include:

EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loads

EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads

EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads

EN 1991-1-5 Thermal actions

EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution

EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions due to impact and explosions

EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges.

2.3.1.2 Load-duration classes

(1) Variable actions due to the passage of vehicular and pedestrian traffic should be regarded as short-term
actions.

NOTE: Examples of load-duration assignments are given in note to 2.3.1 of EN 1995-1-1. The recommended load-duration
assignment for actions during erection is short-term. The National choice may be given in the National annex.

(2) Initial pre-stressing forces perpendicular to the grain should be regarded as short-term actions.

2.4 Verification by the partial factor method

2.4.1 Design value of material property

NOTE: For fundamental combinations, the recommended partial factors for material properties, γM, are given in table 2.1. For
accidental combinations, the recommended value of partial factor is γM = 1,0. Information on the National choice may be found
in the National annex.

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Table 2.1 – Recommended partial factors for material properties

1. Timber and wood-based materials γM = 1.3

. normal verification γM = 1.25
. solid timber γM = 1.2
. glued laminated timber γM,fat = 1.0
. LVL, plywood, OSB
. fatigue verification

2. Connections γM = 1.3
. normal verification γM,fat = 1.0
. fatigue verification

3. Steel used in composite members γM γM, s = 1.15

4. Concrete used in composite γM,c = 1.5

members

5. Shear connectors between timber

and concrete in composite members
γM,v = 1.25
. normal verification γM,v,fat = 1.0
. fatigue verification

6. Pre-stressing steel elements γM,s = 1.15

Section 3 Material properties

(1)P Pre-stressing steels shall comply with EN 10138-1 and EN 10138-4.

Section 4 Durability

4.1 Timber

(1) The effect of precipitation, wind and solar radiation should be taken into account.

NOTE 1: The effect of direct weathering by precipitation or solar radiation of structural timber members can be reduced by
constructional preservation measures, or by using timber with sufficient natural durability, or timber preservatively treated
against biological attacks.

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NOTE 2: Where a partial or complete covering of the main structural elements is not practical, durability can be improved by one
or more of the following measures:

. limiting standing water on timber surfaces through appropriate inclination of surfaces;

. limiting openings, slots, etc., where water may accumulate or infiltrate;

. limiting direct absorption of water (e.g. capillary absorption from concrete foundation) through use of appropriate barriers;

. limiting fissures and delaminations, especially at locations where the end grain would be exposed, by

appropriate sealing and/or cover plates;

. limiting swelling and shrinking movements by ensuring an appropriate initial moisture content and by reducing in-service
moisture changes through adequate surface protection

. choosing a geometry for the structure that ensures natural ventilation of all timber parts.

NOTE 3: The risk of increased moisture content near the ground, e.g. due to insufficient ventilation due to vegetation between
the timber and the ground, or splashing water, can be reduced by one or more of the following measures:

. covering of the ground by course gravel or similar to limit vegetation;

. use of an increased distance between the timber parts and the ground level.

(2)P Where structural timber members are exposed to abrasion by traffic, the depth used in the design shall be the
minimum permitted before replacement.

4.2 Resistance to corrosion

(1) EN 1995-1-1 clause 4.2 applies to fasteners. EN 1993-2 applies to steel parts other than fasteners.

NOTE: An example of especially corrosive conditions is a timber bridge where corrosive de-icing cannot be excluded.

(2)P The possibility of stress corrosion shall be taken into account.

(3) Steel parts encased in concrete, such as reinforcing bars and pre-stressing cables, should be protected
according EN 1992-1-1 clause 4.4.1 and EN 1992-2.

(4) The effect of chemical treatment of timber, or timber with high acidic content, on the corrosion protection of
fasteners should be taken into account.

4.3 Protection of timber decks from water by sealing

(1)P The elasticity of the seal layers shall be sufficient to follow the movement of the timber deck.

Section 5 Basis of structural analysis

5.1 Laminated deck plates

5.1.1 General

(1) The analysis of laminated timber deck plates should be based upon one of the following:

. the orthotropic plate theory;

. modelling the deck plate by a grid;

. a simplified method according to 5.1.3.

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NOTE: In an advanced analysis, for deck plates made of softwood laminations, the relationships for the system properties
should be taken from table 5.1. The Poisson ratio ν may be taken as zero.

Table 5.1 – System properties of laminated deck plates

Type of deck plate E90,mean/E0, G0,mean/E0,mean G90,mean/G0,mean
mean

Nail-laminated 0 0.06 0.05

Stress-laminated
0.015 0.06 0.08
. sawn
0.020 0.06 0.10
. planed
0.030 0.06 0.15
Glued-laminated

(2) For cross-laminated deck plates, see Figure 1.3, shear deformations should be taken into account.

5.1.2 Concentrated vertical loads

(1) Loads should be considered at a reference plane in the middle of the deck plate.

(2) For concentrated loads an effective load area with respect to the middle plane of the deck plate should be
assumed, see figure 5.1,

where:

bw is the width of the loaded area on the contact surface of the pavement;

bw,middle is the width of the loaded area at the reference plane in the middle of the deck plate;

β is the angle of dispersion according to table 5.2.

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5.1.3 Simplified analysis

(1) The deck plate may be replaced by one or several beams in the direction of the laminations with the effective
width bef calculated as

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Table 5.3 – Width a in m for determination of effective width of beam

Deck plate system a

m

Nail-laminated deck plate 0.1

Stress-laminated or glued laminated 0.3

Cross-laminated timber 0.5

Composite concrete/timber deck 0.6

structure

NOTE: See clause 8.2

5.3 Timber-concrete composite members

(1) The concrete part should be designed according to EN 1992-2.

(2) The steel fasteners and the grooved connections should be designed to transmit all forces due to composite
action. Friction and adhesion between wood and concrete should not be taken into account, unless a special
investigation is carried out.

(3) The effective width of the concrete plate of composite timber beam/concrete deck structures should be
determined as:

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(4)P For verification at ultimate limit state, cracks in the concrete plate shall be taken into account.

(5) The effect of concrete tension stiffening may be included. As a simple approach the stiffness of the cracked part
of the concrete cross-section may be taken as 40 % of the stiffness in uncracked condition. In such areas the need
for an adequate crack distributing reinforcement should be observed.

Section 6 Ultimate limit states

6.1 Deck plates

6.1.1 System strength

(1) The relevant rules given in EN 1995-1-1 clause 6.7 apply

(2) The design bending and shear strength of the deck plate should be calculated as:

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NOTE: In 5.1.3 a simplified method is given for the determination of the effective width.

6.1.2 Stress-laminated deck plates

(1)P The long-term pre-stressing forces shall be such that no inter-laminar slip occurs.

(2) The following requirement should be satisfied:

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(3) The coefficient of friction should take into account the following:

. wood species;

. roughness of contact surface;

. treatment of the timber;

. residual stress level between laminations.

(4) Unless other values have been verified, the design static friction coefficients, µd, between softwood timber
laminations, and between softwood timber laminations and concrete, should be taken from table 6.1. For moisture
contents between 12 and 16 %, the values may be obtained by linear interpolation.

(5) In areas subjected to concentrated loads, the minimum long-term residual compressive stress, σp,min, due to pre-
stressing between laminations should be not less than 0,35 N/mm2.

(6) The long-term residual pre-stressing stress may normally be assumed to be greater than 0,35 N/mm2, provided
that:

. the initial pre-stress is at least 1,0 N/mm2;

. the moisture content of the laminations at the time of pre-stressing is not more than 16%;

. the variation of in-service moisture content in the deck plate is limited by adequate protection, e.g. a sealing layer.

Table 6.1 – Design values of coefficient of friction µd

Lamination surface Perpendicular to grain Parallel to grain

roughness

Moisture Moisture Moisture Moisture

content content content content
≤ 12 % ≥ 16 % ≤ 12 % ≥ 16 %

Sawn timber to sawn timber 0.30 0.45 0.23 0.35

Planed timber to planed timber 0.20 0.40 0.17 0.30
Sawn timber to planed timber 0.30 0.45 0.23 0.35
Timber to concrete 0,.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

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(7) The resulting pre-stressing forces should act centrally on the timber cross-section.

(8)P The compressive stress perpendicular to the grain during pre-stressing in the contact area of the anchorage
plate shall be verified.

(9) The factor kc,90 according to EN 1995-1-1 may be taken as 1,3.

(10) Not more than one butt joint should occur in any four adjacent laminations within a distance 1 given as

(11) In calculating the longitudinal strength of stress-laminated deck plates, the section should be reduced in
proportion to the number of butt joints within a distance of 4 times the thickness of laminations in the direction of
pre-stressing.

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6.2 Fatigue

(1)P For structures or structural parts and connections that are subjected to frequent stress variations from traffic or
wind loading, it shall be verified that no failure or major damage will occur due to fatigue.

NOTE 1: A fatigue verification is normally not required for footbridges.

NOTE 2: A simplified verification method is given in annex A (informative).

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Section 7 Serviceability limit states

7.1 General

(1) In the calculations, mean values of density should be used.

7.2 Limiting values for deflections

NOTE: The range of limiting values for deflections due to traffic load only, for beams, plates or trusses with span is given in
Table 7.1. The recommended values are underlined. Information on National choice may be found in the National annex.

Table 7.1 – Limiting values for deflections for beams, plates and trusses

7.3 Vibrations

7.3.1 Vibrations caused by pedestrians

(1) For comfort criteria EN1990:2002/A1 applies.

(2) Where no other values have been verified, the damping ratio should be taken as:

. ζ = 0,010 for structures without mechanical joints;

. ζ = 0,015 for structures with mechanical joints.

NOTE 1: For specific structures, alternative damping ratios may be given in the National annex.

NOTE 2: A simplified method for assessing vibrations of timber bridges constructed with simply supported beams or trusses is
given in Annex B.

7.3.2 Vibrations caused by wind

(1)P EN 1991-1-4 applies

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Section 8 Connections

8.1 General

(1)P The following shall not be used in bridges:

. axially loaded nails;

. stapled connections;

. connections made with punched metal plate fasteners.

8.2 Timber-concrete connections in composite beams

8.2.1 Laterally loaded dowel-type fasteners

(1) The rope effect should not be used.

(2) Where there is an intermediate non-structural layer between the timber and the concrete

(e.g. for formwork), see figure 8.1, the strength and stiffness parameters should be determined by a special
analysis or by tests.

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1.1.1 8.2.2 Grooved connections

(1) For grooved connections, see figure 1.1, the shear force should be taken by direct contact pressure between
the wood and the concrete cast in the groove.

(2) It should be verified that the resistance of the concrete part and the timber part of the connection is sufficient.

(3)P The concrete and timber parts shall be held together so that they can not separate.

(4) The connection should be designed for a tensile force between the timber and the concrete with a magnitude of:

Section 9 Structural detailing and control

(1)P The relevant rules given in EN 1995-1-1 Section 10 also apply to the structural parts of
bridges, with the exception of clauses 10.8 and 10.9.
(2) Before attaching a seal layer on a deck plate, the deck system should be dry and the surface
should satisfy the requirements of the seal layer.

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Annex A

(informative) Fatigue verification

A.1 General

(1) This simplified method is based on an equivalent constant amplitude fatigue loading, representing the fatigue
effects of the full spectrum of loading events.

NOTE: More advanced fatigue verification for varying stress amplitude can be based on a cumulative linear damage theory
(Palmgren-Miner hypothesis).

(2) The stress should be determined by an elastic analysis under the specified action.

The stresses should allow for stiff or semi-rigid connections and second order effects from deformations and
distortions.

(3) A fatigue verification is required if the ratio κ given by expression (A.1) is greater than:

. For members in compression perpendicular or parallel to grain: 0,6

. For members in bending or tension: 0,2

. For members in shear: 0,15

. For joints with dowels: 0,4

. For joints with nails: 0,1

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. Other joints: 0,15

A.2 Fatigue loading

(1) A simplified fatigue load model is built up of reduced loads (effects of actions) compared to the static loading
models. The load model should give the maximum and minimum stresses in the actual structural members.

(2) The fatigue loading from traffic should be obtained from the project specification in conjunction with EN 1991-2.

(3) The number of constant amplitude stress cycles per year, Nobs, should either be taken from table 4.5 of EN
1991-2 or, if more detailed information about the actual traffic is available, be taken as:

α is the expected fraction of observed heavy lorries passing over the bridge, see EN 1991-2 clause 4.6 (e.g. α =
0,1);

A.3 Fatigue verification

(1) Unless the verification model is defined below or by special investigations, the ratio κ should be limited to the
value defined in the previous clause A1(3).

(2) For a constant amplitude loading the fatigue verification criterion is:

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The factor β should be taken as:

. Substantial consequences: β = 3

. Without substantial consequences: β = 1

Table A.1 – Values of coefficients a and b

Timber members in
– compression, perpendicular or parallel 2.0 9.0
to grain 9.5 1.1
– bending and tension 6.7 1.3
– shear

Connections with
– dowels with d ≤ 12 mm a 6.0 2.0
– nails 6.9 1.2

aThe values for dowels are mainly based on tests on 12 mm tight-fitting dowels.
Significantly larger diameter dowels or non-fitting bolts may have less favourable fatigue
properties.

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Annex B

(informative) Vibrations caused by pedestrians

B.1 General

(1) The rules given in this annex apply to timber bridges with simply supported beams or truss systems excited by
pedestrians.

NOTE: Corresponding rules will be found in future versions of EN 1991-2.

B.2 Vertical vibrations

(1) For one person crossing the bridge, the vertical acceleration avert,1 in m/s2 of the bridge should be taken as:

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(2) For several persons crossing the bridge, the vertical acceleration avert,n in m/s2 of the bridge should be calculated
as:

(3) If running persons are taken into account, the vertical acceleration avert,1 in m/s2 of the bridge caused by one
single person running over the bridge, should be taken as:

B.3 Horizontal vibrations

(1) For one person crossing the bridge the horizontal acceleration ahor,1 in m/s2 of the bridge should be calculated
as:

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The number of pedestrians, n, should be taken as:

. n = 13 for a distinct group of pedestrians;

. n A = 0,6 for a continuous stream of pedestrians,

where A is the area of the bridge deck in m2.

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