Recap - Motion

Distance and Displacement

Distance Displacement
Distance is the length of path covered by It is the shortest distance between the
an object. initial and final position of an object

It is scalar Quantity It is a vector Quantity

It depends on the path followed by the It depends not depend on the path
object. followed by the object.

It is always positive. It can be zero , positive or negative.

It can be more than or equal to the Its magnitude can be less than or equal to
magnitude of displacement. the distance , but can never be greater
than the distance.

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 Speed and Velocity
Speed Velocity
• How fast or slow an object • Velocity is the rate of change in
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 displacement
• Speed =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
• SI unit- m/s • velocity =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
• SI unit – m/s

It is scalar Quantity It is a vector Quantity

It depends on the path followed by the It depends not depend on the path followed
object. by the object.

It is always positive. It can be zero , positive or negative.

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Acceleration
• Rate of change of velocity of the object.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
• acceleration =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

a =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑣−𝑢
a= 𝑡
• SI unit is m/s2 or m s-2.
• It is a vector quantity.

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Positive Acceleration
If the velocity of an object increases with time, then the
acceleration of the body is positive acceleration.
Negative Acceleration(deceleration)
If the velocity of an object decreases with time, then the
body is said to have negative acceleration.
Zero Acceleration
A body is said to have zero acceleration when the object
moves with constant velocity in a particular direction

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Uniform Acceleration
If the velocity of an object changes by equal amount
in equal intervals of time.
Non-Uniform Acceleration
If the velocity of an object changes by unequal
amount in equal intervals of time.

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 Physical Scalar/ Relation SI unit symbol
quantities Vector
Distance scalar metre m
(s)
Displacement vector metre m
(s)
Speed scalar 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 meter/second m/s
v=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
(v)
Velocity vector 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 meter/second m/s
v =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
(v or u)

Acceleration vector 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 meter/second2 m/s2

a=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
(a)
𝑣−𝑢
a=
𝑡

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Distance-time graph for a stationary object:

Straight line parallel

to time axis- body
at rest

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Distance-time graph
Straight line inclined to time axis- uniform motion
Slope of the graph= speed

uniform speed non-uniform speed

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Velocity-time graph for an object having
uniform velocity
Velocity on y-axis
and time on x-axis

Straight line parallel

to time axis – zero
acceleration(constant
velocity)

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Velocity-time Graph
Straight line inclined to time axis- uniform acceleration
Slope of the graph= acceleration
Area under the graph= distance

uniform acceleration uniform deceleration

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Velocity-time graph of an object having non-
uniform acceleration

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Equations of Motion

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Equations of Motion
Consider a body moving with a initial velocity (u)
and after time (t) its velocity changes to (v), if the
uniform acceleration is (a), and the distance
travelled in time (t) is s.

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velocity- time relation
slope of line AB = acceleration
a = change in y co-ordinate
change in x co-ordinate
a = v-u
t
at = v – u
v = u + at
v = u + at

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 Position –time relation
Distance covered, s = area of rectangle OACD +
area of triangle ABC
s = lxb +½bh
s = u x t + ½ t(v-u)
substitute v- u = at
s = ut + ½ t(at)
s = ut +½ at2

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Position –velocity relation
Distance covered, s = area of trapezium OABD
s =½ Sum of parallel sides x Perpendicular distance
between them.
s =½ (v+u) t
substitute t= v-u
a
s =½ (v+u) v-u
a
2as = (v+u)(v-u)
2as = v2 - u2

v2 = u2 + 2as

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• Uniform circular motion :- If a body moves in a
circular path with uniform speed, its motion is
called uniform circular motion.

2лr
• v =
𝑡
• Uniform circular motion is uniformly accelerated
motion because in a circular motion a body
continuously changes its direction.
Revision Questions
 The following questions consists of two statements –Assertion(A)
and Reason(R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate
option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false and R is true.

1. a. Assertion: Position-time graph of a stationary object is a straight line

parallel to time axis.

Reason: Slope of position-time graph gives velocity of the object .

b. Assertion: Position-time graph of a stationary object is a straight line
parallel to time axis.

Reason: For a stationary object, position does not change with time.

2. Assertion: The slope of displacement-time graph of a body moving with

high velocity is steeper than the slope of displacement-time
graph of a body with low velocity.

Reason: Slope of displacement-time graph is equal to velocity of the

body.
 3. Assertion : The position-time graph of a body moving
uniformly is a straight line parallel to position-
axis.
Reason : The slope of position-time graph in a uniform motion
gives the velocity of an object.

4. Assertion: A body moving with constant acceleration

always travels equal distance in equal time
intervals.
Reason: Motion of the body with constant acceleration is a
non-uniform motion.
5. From the given v – t graph , it can be inferred that the object is:
(a) in uniform motion
(b) at rest
(c) in non-uniform motion
(d) moving with uniform
acceleration

6. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius r. The

displacement after half a circle would be:
(a) Zero
(b) π r
(c) 2 r
(d) 2π r
7. A quantity is measured to be -30 m/s. Is it speed or
velocity? Give reason for your answer.

8. Area under a v – t graph represents a physical quantity

which has the unit
(a) m2 (b) m (c) m3 (d) m/s

9. The velocity-time graph (see below Figure) shows the motion

of a cyclist. Find
(i) its acceleration
(ii) its velocity and
(iii) the distance covered by
the cyclist in 15 seconds.
10. A motorcyclist drives from A to B with a uniform speed of
30 km/h and returns back with a speed of 20 km/h. Find its
average speed.
 11. The graph shows velocity of a moving bus during
different time intervals. Calculate
a) total distance covered by the bus from O to N, time
interval between P to Q being 20 sec.
b) the uniform acceleration and retardation of the bus.
12. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 5m/s2. The
distance covered by it in 20 sec after starting from rest is
a) 100 m b) 1000 m c) 20 m d) 200 m

13. The v-t graph of a particle is not a straight line. Its

acceleration is
(i) zero (ii) constant (iii) negative (iv)variable

14. A car starts from rest and moves along the x-axis with
constant acceleration 5 m/s2 for 8 seconds. If it then continues
with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover in 12
seconds since it started from the rest?