Echague National High School San Fabian, Echague, Isabela, 3309

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ad DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Region 02 (Cagayan Valley)


Schools Division Office of Isabela
ECHAGUE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San Fabian, Echague, Isabela, 3309

THE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ANTIBACTERIAL AND


ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF MANGIFERA INDICA ETHANOLIC LEAF
EXTRACT.

In Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for

Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion

YVONNE MAE T. BIBANGCO

CYRILE JOYCE F. CACAYAN

MIGUEL ANGELO S. MOLINA

CATHLEEN JOYCE U. ZABALA

Researchers

GISCELE S. ANDRES

Teacher

March 10, 2020


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Acknowledgement

Dedication

Abstract

Table of contents

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

Research Questions

Scope and Limitation

Benefits

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

Related Studies

Conceptual Framework

Definition of Terms

Synthesis of the Study


Abstract

The purpose of this study is to test the components of the Mangifera indica to

determine the capability of the substance to be used an anti-fungal. This study also aims to

develop the proper handling of leaves to prevent the increase of pollution and to conserve

the resources of our environment. Pharmaceutical drugs contain amounts of substance that

can deal harm to our bodies if consumed/applied without proper dosage/application. The

recent researchers have developed drugs containing substances derived from herbal

medicinal plants. This research sought to gather information about Mangifera indica, a

fruit that is cultivated for many decades to test it's viable to be used as an antibacterial.

Gathering of data, the researchers underwent series of methods such as testing the

components at the Department of Science and Technology, the data is then interpreted

before it is given conclusion.


PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

           Plants play an important role in sustaining life on earth. They are a major source of

human’s basic needs like foods since they form the base of the food chain. They help maintain

the atmosphere and regulate the water cycle. They contribute to the biogeochemical cycles like

the nitrogen cycle.

           Many plants produce special substances in their roots, seeds, and flowers. In ancient

times, men started to gather plant materials to create herbal medicines to cure specific diseases.

Today, plants have been used as major component of some pharmaceutical drugs.

           The Philippines is bestowed with rich herbal species and flowers. Thus, it is very common

for Filipinos to use these herbal plants to cure minor diseases such as cough, colds, flu, and

infections. There are growing numbers of researchers and studies that acknowledge the world of

medicine. (Domingo, 2017). One of the plants used in traditional medicine is Mangifera indica

commonly known as mango. This is an evergreen tree in the family Anacardiaceae grown for it

edible fruit. This tree is erect and branching with a thick trunk and broad rounded canopy. The

leaves of the tree are shiny and dark green. The tree produces clusters of flowers with cream-

pink petals on branch panicles. The fruit is oval in shape with an even side (Bally, 2006). Every

part of these plants is used in pharmaceutical industry, the bark, fruit, and leaves are used as anti-

inflammatory, analgesic, anti-fungal, hypoglycemic, immune-stimulatory, antioxidant,

antidiarrheal, anti-asthmatic, anti-helminthic, etc. The peel and seed of mango is used as an

antioxidant and antifungal while the bark is used to cure diarrhea. (Hannan, 2013) It was also

reported that the plant has an antimicrobial property. But, because of the certain issues in the
efficiency of the Mangifera indica plant in killing microorganism, it is essential to evaluate its’

phytochemical, antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Thus, the researchers investigated the

presence of the secondary metabolites present in the ethanolic leaf extract and its’ effect in

killing two species of bacteria which are E coli and Staph aureus and the fungi Candida albicans.

This study is also a response of the researchers on Republic Act No. 8423 which is also known

as “Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997” or “TAMA” wherein people are

encouraged to develop scientific research on traditional and alternative health care system that

have a direct impact on public health.

Research Questions

1. What are the phytochemical properties of Mangifera indica?

2. To what extent do these phytochemicals present when measured qualitatively?

3. Does ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Escherichia coli bacteria?

4. Does ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Staphylococcus aureus bacteria?

5. Does the ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Candida albicans fungi?

Scope and Delimitation

         This study focuses on the effectiveness of Indian Mango leaves (Mangifera indica) as anti-

bacterial and antifungal. Mango samples was collected at San Fabian, Echague, Isabela. The test

microorganism for antibacterial were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus while for

antifungal is Candida albicans.


Benefits and Beneficiaries of the study

 To the community, this makes use of ecological materials. Instead of disposing of the

leaves, they will be stored or set aside instead. 

 To the medical practitioners and pharmaceutical agencies, this may help them and

healthcare providers as it can improve treatment cure to the different kinds of infections

and diseases.

 To researchers, this might become a springboard for the researchers to create an

antibacterial or antifungal product out of mango leaves

  To future researchers, this study gives them information about the chemical nature of

Indian mango (Mangifera indica) chemical and it’s antifungal and anti-bacterial content.


Review of Related Literature

The following related literature are different information gathered from legitimate sites

conducted by various people that has the authority to provide different information concerning

the general information about Mangifera Indica.

Related Literature

           A study conducted by Rajendra Prasad Bharti of the Department of Environmental

Biology & Biotechnology of A.P.S. University Rewa in India(2012), showed that there is an

antimicrobial activity of Mangifera Indica or Mango leaf extract against nine

bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Enterobacter aerogen, Mycobacterium

tuberculosis, Streptococcus pyrogens, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Proteus Vulgaris, Escherichia

coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). In the antimicrobial activity, the methanol extract showed the

maximum zone of inhibition against Enterobacter aerogens (1.3 cm). The acetone extract showed

the maximum zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhi (3.0 cm). The hexane extract showed a

maximum zone of inhibition against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (0.5 cm). The ethyl acetate

extract showed a maximum zone of inhibition against Enterobacter aerogens (1.9 cm). The

hexane-ethyl acetate extract showed a maximum zone of inhibition against Streptococcus

pyrogens (2.6 cm) and also against Samonella typhi (2.5 cm).

The same study was conducted by Gerard L. Penecilla and Celia P. Magno of the

Biological Science Department, West Visayas State University in Iloilo City (2011). The result

of their study showed that there is an antibacterial activity of several medicinal plants including

the Mangifera Indica or Indian Mango shoots. Their conclusion was obtained through pounding
and solvent extraction evaluated using disc-agar diffusion. The microorganisms tested were:

Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

Susceptibility test results showed that different extract (1000 mcg disc) from ten plants inhibited

grown with a mean zone of inhibition range of 15 to 30 mm against S. aureus, E. coli, P.

Aeruginosa. The common medicinal plant showed highly positive activity of antibacterial

properties including the Mangifera Indica of Indian Mango shoots. (Penecilla & Magno, 2011).

Related Studies

           Mangifera Indica commonly known as Mango Tree. This is a full sun tree and very

famous fruit trees in the world. It is a fleshy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera,

consisting of numerous tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The

mango is native to South Asia, from where it has been distributed worldwide to become one of

the most cultivated fruits in the tropics. Now mango is cultivated in many tropical and

subtropical regions (Tree Planet, 2013). 

  According to Willpower (2012) that some mango leaves also known as Mangifera

indica  (MI) are turning brown and mostly their leaves turn between maroon and brown. Around

8% of my mango leaves are brown. Somewhat, other brown leaves come in to view contorted
and crumpled. Bloom of green leaves also appear relatively contorted and crumpled.

A Mangifera indica (MI) looks shiny brown and start to quickly and softly fade from green to

brown until they become a solid brown color. Precisely a solid brown no patches.

           It was clear from the present results of Bharti’s study, that hexane-ethyl acetate extract

exhibited pronounced activity against all the tested bacteria. The presence of phyto-constituents

in the leaf extract may be responsible for the antibacterial activity of the plant. It has been

documented that different solvents have diverse solubility capacities for different phyto-

constituents. The difference in activities among the solvents recorded in the study may be

associated with the presence of oils, wax, resins, fatty acids or pigments, which had been

reported to be capable of blocking the active ingredients in the plant extract, thus, preventing the

plant extract from accessing the bacterial cell wall (Bharti, 2013).

  Mangifera indica commonly used herb in ayurvedic medicine. All parts are used to treat

abscesses, broken horn, rabid dog or jackal bite, tumor, snakebite, stings, datura poisoning,

heatstroke, miscarriage, anthrax, blisters, wounds in the mouth, tympanitis, colic, diarrhea,

glossitis, indigestion, bacillosis, bloody dysentery, liver disorders, excessive urination, tetanus

and asthma (K. A. Shah, M. B. Patel, et al.,). Various parts of M. Indica tree have been used in

traditional medicine for the treatment of different diseases, and several bioactive phytochemical

constituents of M. Indica have been reported, namely, polyphenols, terpenes, sterols, carotenoids,

vitamins, and amino acids, and so forth. Several studies have proven the pharmacological

potential of different parts of mango trees such as leaves, bark, fruit peel and flesh, roots, and

flowers as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-fungal,

anthelmintic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antiplasmodial, and anti

hyperlipemic (Ediriweera MK, et al., 2017). 


 Options of herbal medications have been used in providing treatment. Phytoconstituents

that can be derived from natural plants similar to the chemical properties of synthetic antibiotics.

The objective of the researcher was to produce acetone from mango leaves as it may be an anti-

typhoid fever against anti-biotic sensitive and MDRS Typhi isolates (Hannan, Asghar, Naeem,

Ikram, Ahmed, Aneela & Hussain, 2013). In addition to the study of Hannan et al. (2013),

mango leaves have various medicinal effects like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, anti-

diabetic and anti-allergic, etc.

           The mango tree is an evergreen tree of inconsistent size and shape. It has a deep taproot

and prolific surface roots (Litz, 2009), a stout trunk (90 cm in diameter) and an umbrella-shaped

crown that may reach 20-40 m high (Orwa et al., 2009; Litz, 2009). The leaves are unadored,

alternate, borne on 1-12.5 cm long petioles. Leaves are 16-30 cm long x 3-7 cm broad on

flowering branches and up to 50 cm long on sterile branches. Young leaves are orange-red and

turn shiny dark green on the upper surface when they mature. Mango will not stand acidic or

saline soils (Orwa et al., 2009; Sukonthasing et al., 1991).

           Besides, with the help of mango leaves, it can reinstate saline soils in coastal areas. Finger

millet grown on saline soil treated with mango leaf mulch yielded 20% more than unfiltered

finger millet crops (MSSRF, 1994). The profuse greenery of the mango trees provides shade to

humans and livestock. Mango leaves increase the organic matter content of the soil below the

trees (Orwa et al., 2009).

           The current study with the objective of determined such photochemical parameters for

these tiny miniature looking bodies. Photochemical contents, leaf contents, about 6 extracts

(Acetone, Hexane, Methane, Ethyl Acetate, Aqueous extraction) from the Mangifera Indica

where the extracted leave came from. Hexane-ethyl acetate was described as Gas.
Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of different extracts was

examined and subjected to test against human and plant pathogenic bacteria. Hexane-ethyl

acetate extract revealed known roles in inhibiting almost all pathogenic specie. The produce of

the plant was gathered from the village of dahiya (District Rewa m.p). In the year 2013 month of

January. The plant was recognized by the locals; a herbarium specimen of the plant was stored to

maintain its condition in the Department of Environmental Biology in Biotechnology Lab from

APS University Rewa (MP) of the Institute for further observation of sources. The leaves were

separated and dehydrated using shade, powdered through the use of a mechanical grinder,

underwent 40 mesh sieves and are kept in a closed vessel for further use(R Bharti, 2013).

           Mangifera Indica made or done in a very simple and basic leaf extracts on some picked

fungal species, namely, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and

Aspergillus niger was carefully thought out using standard methods.to treat with a solvent so as

to remove soluble were fresh cold aqueous (FCAE), Fresh hot aqueous (FHAE) and Fresh

ethanol extract (FEE) while cold distilled water, and 95% were used as controls, respectively.

Inhibition zones to take notice and done with thought and care. All fungal isolates were resistant

in the controls but showed 100% sensitivity in standard (Fluconazole, an antifungal). In the zone

of inhibition, there was a large enough increase, also with increased concentration of the extracts.

The Fresh hot aqueous extracts (FHAE) showed the strongest inhibitory activity with a diameter

of 18.2+2.0mm against C. Albicans, 12.1+2.0mm against A. flavus, 11.0+1.0mm against niger

and 8.33+0.58mm against A. fumigatus at 40mg/ml (40% of concentration) while FCAE showed

minimal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fresh cold and hot aqueous

extract of M. Indica was 20mg/ml for all the test organisms. The standard antifungal agent

(fluconazole) however showed the highest inhibitory activity for A. niger. Since the cold distilled
water, and 95% ethanol controls did not show any activity on the test organisms, it could be

concluded that the anti-microbial activities shown by both fresh cold and fresh hot aqueous

extracts was due to the effect of the extracts can be used an antifungal agent in the treatment of

infectious diseases implicating the test organism. (Disegha, G.C& Akami, N.P, 2017).

           Mangoes or the Mangifera indica belong to the tropical fruit-bearing trees and have 30

different types in their family. The mango belongs to the Anacardiaceae. It is grown in most

areas of the world approximately 3.7 million ha worldwide and is 2nd in production of total in

tropical grown crops. According to Ayurveda, the Mangifera possesses different medicinal

capabilities and each part of the Mangifera indica is connected to treating different kinds of

ailment. Mango contains anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory properties.

Different effects such as antibacterial, anti-fungal, anthelmintic, anti-parasitic, anti-cancer, anti-

HIV, anti-bone resorption, antispasmodic, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, immunomodulation,

hypolipidemic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective have also been observed. In

these recent years in the field of our medicine, we have grown significantly. These drugs are

getting recognized in the developed and underdeveloped countries because of their natural origin

and the less harmful counterpart. Many medicines are taken from medicinal plants, minerals, and

organic matters. The World health organization lists 21,000 plants, which are used in making

different kinds of medicines. In recent years about 30%of the modern pharmacological drugs are

taken from either directly or indirectly from plants. Mango is a fruit them at belongs to the

family of Anacardiaceae, family that is grown in most parts of the world in the order of

Sapindales and is cultivated in most parts of the world, a country where it is common to find

Mangifera indica. It is the national fruit of India and Philippines and the Bangladesh's' national

tree. There are 1000 kinds of mangoes available worldwide. But only some are grown for the
market. Mango is used for exchange in 87 countries. Fruits give off high amounts of vitamins

and other phytochemicals moreover mango helps replenish lost energy, provides dietary fiber,

carbohydrates, proteins, fats and phenolic compounds which are vital to normal human growth,

and health development. 

           Tree is medium to large, evergreen with symmetrical, rounded canopy ranging from low

and dense to upright and open. Bark or the skin of Mangifera indica tree is usually dark grey-

brown to black, smooth, inconspicuously fissured or superficially cracked. Peeling of irregularly,

and when peeled off, rather than to peel of large pieces of skin. The root and bark can be used as

astringent, acrid, refrigerant, styptic, anti-syphilitic, vulnerary, anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory.

They are handy in conditions of pitta, colonorrhagia, metrorrhagia, pneumorrhagia, leucorrhoea,

syphilis, uteritis, wounds, ulcers, and vomiting. The extract of the bark has been marked action

on mucous membrane, in menorrhea, leucorrhoea, bleeding piles, and diarrhea. Leaves used as

astringent, vulnerary and constipation, refrigerant styptic. They are are also handy in handling

some conditions such as cough, hiccup, burning sensation, hemorrhages, hemorrhoids wounds,

dysentery, pharyngoplasty, scorpion string, and stomachopaty. The ash of the disintegrated

leaves are used for the treatment of hot water burns. The smoke from the burned leaves of mango

leaves when inhaled can be the relief of throat diseases. Fruits: Fruits that are bared unripe are

acrid and acidic, antiscorbutic, refrigerant, digestive and carminative. They are useful in

dysentery ophthalmia, eruptions, urethrorrhea, and vaginopathy while fruits that are ripe can be

fridged, tangy and sweet, hemostatic, aphrodisiac, and tonic. They are also applied in conditions

such as yata and pita, anorexia, dyspepsia, cardiopathy, hemoptysis, hemorrhages from uterus,

lungs, and intestines, emaciation and anemia. Stone: The seed kernel can give off high amounts

of protein (8.5%) and gallic acid. It is sweet, acrid, astringent, refrigerant, anthelmintic,
constipating, hemostatic, vulnerary and uterine tonic. It is helpful also in vitiated conditions of

pitta and cough, helminthiasis, chronic diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhages, hemoptysis,

hemorrhoids, ulcers, bruises, leucorrhea, menorrhea, diabetes, heartburn, and vomiting. Nutrient

and phytochemical. The energy given off by every 100g (3.5 oz) is 250 KJ (60 kcal) Mango

possesses a variety of phytochemicals and nutrients. Mango peel and pulp contains different

compounds such as pigment carotenoids and polyphenols, and omega -3 and -6 polyunsaturated

acids (Parvez, G.M., 2016).

       (Sahrawat A et al., (2013)   The aqueous and ethanol extract of leaves and stems of mango at

50 snd 25mg/mL is doing exercises against bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus

pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Enterococcus

faecalis. The antibacterial capability of its extract can also be derived from salmonella enterica,

Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli. distinguishes antibacterial exercises proceeded by

using Mangifera indica leaf on methanol, ethanol and benzene extract were studied against

microorganisms some as Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Shigella flexneri,

Klebsiella pneumonia and salmonella typhi at 100ml concentration. Antibacterial activity of

mango extract upon a gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Candida albicans were

also demonstrated and it is thought to have antibacterial because of Gallontanin and Magnifera's

presence Antifungal: The potential of methanol to possess antifungal properties, ethanol, and

aqueous extracts was located against Alternaria alternata at 6.25 mg/mL concentration.

           Studies of the present were used to examine the anti-inflammatory and analgesic,

antibacterial and antifungal capabilities of ethanol leaves extract derived from Mangifera Indica

L. In order to conclude, acetic acid-induced writing response model and carrageenan paw model,

a model used for swiss albino rats, respectively. The leaves conducted were given the
comparison with the antibiotic and analgesic available in the market. In the bioassay or test to

measure the concentration of the substance, the oral management of the leaves was 55.8%

greater in comparison to the usual effects of common drugs. Diclofenac sodium (75.88%)

Though the leaves do not help in reducing paw edema, the are no visible effects whatsoever. The

antibacterial and antifungal activity of what is extracted from the leaves of Mangifera indica

carried out through uses of disc diffusion. The test to test the effectiveness of antibiotics on a

specific microorganism (MR Islam et al., 2010).

Global production of mangoes is concentrated mainly in Asia and more precisely India

that produced 12 MMT per annum. Mangoes are enlightened in 85 countries (FAO STAT,

2007). One of the main tropical fruits is considered as M. Indica L. that is originated from Asia.

The highest mango cultivating country is India and it has been reported that China, India, Brazil,

Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico, Thailand, and the Philippines are widely known for raising mango.

The world’s total production of Asia and oriental countries produced 80%.    

Based on the studies conducted and literature cited, it shows that Indian mango

or  Mangifera Indica has anti-fungal property, especially the mango shoots where studies showed

that there is a strong indication of anti-fungal properties. SYNTHESIS


Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Phytochemical
Leaves of Obtaining plant Properties
Mangifera Indica specimen
and other Anti-fungal
equipments Plant extraction property

Laboratory testing Anti-bacterial


property

FEEDBACK
Information, tangible application.

From the researches written in the review of related studies, there have been species of bacteria

that can be killed using the mango leaf ethanolic extract. The present problem evaluates the

efficiency of the leaf extract on its antifungal and antibacterial effect. The researchers also made

a phytochemical screening on the chemical properties of mango leaves which can explain the

presence of antifungal and antibacterial property to make a tangible product which can be used
by the public. To realize all of these, the researchers have undergone series of steps like

specimen collection, plant extraction and laboratory testing.

Definition of Terms

 Anti-bacteria- it is a product or substance that can kill bacteria.

  Anti-fungal- it is a product or substance that can treat fungal infections.

 Ethanol extract- from a homogenous sample, an ethanol extract is obtained which

contains the surfactants, soap and other alcohol-soluble constituents of the detergent

sample.

 Candida albicans-

 Escherichia coli- is a bacteria that normally live in the intestine, this can cause diarrhea

when you eat contaminated food.

 Mangifera indica- is a species of mango in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in the

wild in India and cultivated varieties have been introduced to other warm regions of the

world.  

 Phytochemical screening- extraction, screening and identification and medicinally

active substance found in plants. Substance examples are flavonoids, antioxidants, and

phenolic compounds.

 Staphylococcus aureus- Gram-positive that is circular and belongs to the firmicutes and

a member of the micro-biota of the body.

 Zone of inhibition- use to measure the bacteria towards the antibiotics.


Synthesis of the study

The pharmacological potential of different parts of mango trees such as leaves, bark, fruit

peel, and flesh, roots, and flowers are essential for using for many types of diseases like anti-

cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anthelmintic, anti-fungal antioxidant and many more.

Thus, mango shoot showed that it has components that can use as a treatment of different

disease like ………..


RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

           This chapter will show the methods and procedures in gathering the data. This chapter

includes the research design, research instruments, and data gathering procedure. It will serve as

an outline and procedure in gathering data. 

Research Design

           The type of study is an experimental type of research. The researcher's purpose was to

examine the properties and components of (Mangifera indica) leaf extract using qualitative

analysis. In order to get the antibacterial and antifungal efficiency, the ethanolic extract was

compared on distilled water which is a negative control.

Sampling procedure and samples

• 1 kilo of Indian Mango leaf was obtained from 5 different trees located in San Fabian, Echague,

Isabela. The leaves collected where the shoot which is located in the axial regions of the plants.

• The test microorganisms where cultured on the DOST testing center

Data Gathering Method

The collected specimen where tested at the DOST center, Tuguegarao City.

The phytochemical screening will be interpreted as:

2 positive (++) - chemical is present in large amount


1 positive (+) - chemical is present in moderate amount

Negative (-) - chemical is not present

The result of the Antibacterial and antifungal screening was interpreted as:

>6…..

Data Gathering Procedure

Plant Collection

• Fresh leaves of Mangifera indica were collected from San Fabian, Echague, Isabela. 

Preparation of Extracts

• Leaves of plant samples were air-dried. These air-dried leaves were ground and pulverized.

95% ethyl alcohol was added until the plant samples were completely submerged. These amber

bottles were covered and set aside and stored at room temperature for 48 hours. 

• The plant samples were filtered using a Buchner funnel with gentle suction. Each filtrate was

concentrated in a rotary evaporator until approximately 20% of the filtrate was left. These

extracts were used both for the phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites and

antibacterial and antifungal activity

• Ethanolic leaf extracts prepared were analyzed for the presence of alkaloids, glycosides,

saponins, phytosterol, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. 

Antibacterial and Anti-fungal Assay

• Two bacterial strains namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli and one fungal

strain, Candida Albicans were cultured by the DOST.

Preparation of Microbial Inocula

• The test microorganisms were inoculated in Petri dishes 

• Bacterial and fungal colonies were inoculated using sterile swab cotton. 
Plans for Data Analysis

           This study is under a descriptive research design, the gathered data will be analyzed

through the use of descriptive statistical method to know its properties/components. This study

aims to determine the percentage and components of the Indian Mango, and its potential to be

served as an anti-fungal. Other materials to be used in conducting the test includes a strainer to

extract. The researchers will be able to understand the properties by accommodating the help of

the Department of Science and Technology. 

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Table 1. Phytochemical Analysis

Sample Parameter Result


Description
Mango Leaves Phytochemical
Screening
Flavonoids +
Tannins +
Saponins -

From the phytochemical screening, three biochemical have been investigated. The table

indicates the presence of flavonoids and tannins but shows no existence of saponins. Flavonoids

are powerful antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and immune system benefits while tannin is

used by plants as natural pesticide to protect them from herbivory.

III. ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ANALYSIS OF MANGO LEAVES

ETHANOLIC EXTRACT

ANTIBACTERIAL ANALYSIS
ZONE IN INHIBITION (mm)
Sample Sample Staphylococcus Escherichia Coli Candida Albicans

Number Description Aureus


R1 R2 R2 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean
MIC - Mango leaves 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1148 extract
NEGATIVE 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

CONTROL:

Distilled Water

ZONE OF INHIBITION INFERENCES


<10 mm Inactive
10-13 mm Partially active
14-19 mm Active
>19 mm Very Active

Table III

presented result that mango leaves extract exhibited the same value with distilled water. There is

a 6 mm zone of inhibition from the ethanolic extract which means that the extract has no effect in

killing strains of staphylococcus aureus and e-coli bacteria as well as the fungi candida albicans.

It is stated in the zone of inhibition that less than 10mm of it, is considered as an

inactive., 10-13mm is partially inactive, 14-19 is active, and greater than 19 mm is very active.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This study was conducted to determine the phytochemical analysis, antibacterial and

antifungal effect of Mangifera indica ethanolic leaf extract. The study is an experimental type of

research. This study started on November 2019 and was completed on March 2020. This study
answered the following question. 1.) What are the phytochemical properties of Mangifera

indica? 2.) To what extent do these phytochemicals present when measured qualitatively? 3.)

Does ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Escherichia coli bacteria? 4.) Does

ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Staphylococcus aureus bacteria? 5.) Does the

ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Candida albicans fungi?

Mangifera indica leaves were submerged in ethanol extract with the use of petri dishes, agar

plates, ethanol material for extraction and inoculation. The test was to identify the two bacteria

which is Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and the fungi which is Candida albicans.

Based on the phytochemical screening, two biochemical have been identified which are the

saponin and flavonoid present in moderate amount. When tested with its antimicrobial property,

it showed less than 6 mm zone of inhibition which means that it does not kill the species of E

coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the study conducted by Rajendra Prasad Bharti of the Department of

Environment and Biology and Biotechnology of A.P.S University Rewa in India. There is an

antibacterial activity of Magnifera indica or mango leaf extract. It was tested against nine

bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Pseumodonas aeroginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, and
Staphylococcus aureus). In antimicrobial activity, the methanol extract showed maximum zone

of inhabitation against Entrobacteraerogens (1.3).

Meanwhile, based on the presented results, Mango Leaves, (Mangifera indica L.) aqueous

extract exhibited the same value of activeness as the value of activeness of water. The

antibacterial and anti-fungal property of the two liquids are very low. Thus, the said plants’

leaves do not carry both anti-fungal and antibacterial. Thus, the present study disproves the

previous study of --- and ---.

There is also a moderate amount of flavonoids and saponins based on the phytochemical

screening. Therefore, based on the established function of flavonoids and tannins, mango leaves

can be used as a source of antioxidant and in soap making respectively.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The results presented the significant effect of mango leaves (Magnifera indica L.) as

antibacterial and anti-fungal. Based on the study and analysis of the presented result, this paper

makes the following recommendations for further studies.

 The researchers will conduct the same research but with other different parts of Indian

mango to ascertain their efficacy as an anti-fungal or antibacterial.

 The researchers will conduct the same research about indian mango leaf but use the

aqueous extract and petroleum extract as an antibacterial and anti-fungal.

 Further researches should conduct additional studies that directly evaluate the

effectiveness of leaf extracts as antibacterial.

 On this research topic in other researches which they could compare with the finding of

this research.
 Expand the sample size to be experimented and lengthen the time of observation.

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