Echague National High School San Fabian, Echague, Isabela, 3309
Echague National High School San Fabian, Echague, Isabela, 3309
Echague National High School San Fabian, Echague, Isabela, 3309
Requirements for
Researchers
GISCELE S. ANDRES
Teacher
Title page
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Abstract
Table of contents
Research Questions
Benefits
Related Literature
Related Studies
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms
The purpose of this study is to test the components of the Mangifera indica to
determine the capability of the substance to be used an anti-fungal. This study also aims to
develop the proper handling of leaves to prevent the increase of pollution and to conserve
the resources of our environment. Pharmaceutical drugs contain amounts of substance that
can deal harm to our bodies if consumed/applied without proper dosage/application. The
recent researchers have developed drugs containing substances derived from herbal
medicinal plants. This research sought to gather information about Mangifera indica, a
fruit that is cultivated for many decades to test it's viable to be used as an antibacterial.
Gathering of data, the researchers underwent series of methods such as testing the
components at the Department of Science and Technology, the data is then interpreted
Plants play an important role in sustaining life on earth. They are a major source of
human’s basic needs like foods since they form the base of the food chain. They help maintain
the atmosphere and regulate the water cycle. They contribute to the biogeochemical cycles like
Many plants produce special substances in their roots, seeds, and flowers. In ancient
times, men started to gather plant materials to create herbal medicines to cure specific diseases.
Today, plants have been used as major component of some pharmaceutical drugs.
The Philippines is bestowed with rich herbal species and flowers. Thus, it is very common
for Filipinos to use these herbal plants to cure minor diseases such as cough, colds, flu, and
infections. There are growing numbers of researchers and studies that acknowledge the world of
medicine. (Domingo, 2017). One of the plants used in traditional medicine is Mangifera indica
commonly known as mango. This is an evergreen tree in the family Anacardiaceae grown for it
edible fruit. This tree is erect and branching with a thick trunk and broad rounded canopy. The
leaves of the tree are shiny and dark green. The tree produces clusters of flowers with cream-
pink petals on branch panicles. The fruit is oval in shape with an even side (Bally, 2006). Every
part of these plants is used in pharmaceutical industry, the bark, fruit, and leaves are used as anti-
antidiarrheal, anti-asthmatic, anti-helminthic, etc. The peel and seed of mango is used as an
antioxidant and antifungal while the bark is used to cure diarrhea. (Hannan, 2013) It was also
reported that the plant has an antimicrobial property. But, because of the certain issues in the
efficiency of the Mangifera indica plant in killing microorganism, it is essential to evaluate its’
phytochemical, antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Thus, the researchers investigated the
presence of the secondary metabolites present in the ethanolic leaf extract and its’ effect in
killing two species of bacteria which are E coli and Staph aureus and the fungi Candida albicans.
This study is also a response of the researchers on Republic Act No. 8423 which is also known
as “Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997” or “TAMA” wherein people are
encouraged to develop scientific research on traditional and alternative health care system that
Research Questions
3. Does ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Escherichia coli bacteria?
4. Does ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Staphylococcus aureus bacteria?
5. Does the ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Candida albicans fungi?
This study focuses on the effectiveness of Indian Mango leaves (Mangifera indica) as anti-
bacterial and antifungal. Mango samples was collected at San Fabian, Echague, Isabela. The test
microorganism for antibacterial were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus while for
To the community, this makes use of ecological materials. Instead of disposing of the
To the medical practitioners and pharmaceutical agencies, this may help them and
healthcare providers as it can improve treatment cure to the different kinds of infections
and diseases.
To future researchers, this study gives them information about the chemical nature of
The following related literature are different information gathered from legitimate sites
conducted by various people that has the authority to provide different information concerning
Related Literature
Biology & Biotechnology of A.P.S. University Rewa in India(2012), showed that there is an
coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). In the antimicrobial activity, the methanol extract showed the
maximum zone of inhibition against Enterobacter aerogens (1.3 cm). The acetone extract showed
the maximum zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhi (3.0 cm). The hexane extract showed a
maximum zone of inhibition against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (0.5 cm). The ethyl acetate
extract showed a maximum zone of inhibition against Enterobacter aerogens (1.9 cm). The
pyrogens (2.6 cm) and also against Samonella typhi (2.5 cm).
The same study was conducted by Gerard L. Penecilla and Celia P. Magno of the
Biological Science Department, West Visayas State University in Iloilo City (2011). The result
of their study showed that there is an antibacterial activity of several medicinal plants including
the Mangifera Indica or Indian Mango shoots. Their conclusion was obtained through pounding
and solvent extraction evaluated using disc-agar diffusion. The microorganisms tested were:
Susceptibility test results showed that different extract (1000 mcg disc) from ten plants inhibited
Aeruginosa. The common medicinal plant showed highly positive activity of antibacterial
properties including the Mangifera Indica of Indian Mango shoots. (Penecilla & Magno, 2011).
Related Studies
Mangifera Indica commonly known as Mango Tree. This is a full sun tree and very
famous fruit trees in the world. It is a fleshy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera,
mango is native to South Asia, from where it has been distributed worldwide to become one of
the most cultivated fruits in the tropics. Now mango is cultivated in many tropical and
According to Willpower (2012) that some mango leaves also known as Mangifera
indica (MI) are turning brown and mostly their leaves turn between maroon and brown. Around
8% of my mango leaves are brown. Somewhat, other brown leaves come in to view contorted
and crumpled. Bloom of green leaves also appear relatively contorted and crumpled.
A Mangifera indica (MI) looks shiny brown and start to quickly and softly fade from green to
brown until they become a solid brown color. Precisely a solid brown no patches.
It was clear from the present results of Bharti’s study, that hexane-ethyl acetate extract
exhibited pronounced activity against all the tested bacteria. The presence of phyto-constituents
in the leaf extract may be responsible for the antibacterial activity of the plant. It has been
documented that different solvents have diverse solubility capacities for different phyto-
constituents. The difference in activities among the solvents recorded in the study may be
associated with the presence of oils, wax, resins, fatty acids or pigments, which had been
reported to be capable of blocking the active ingredients in the plant extract, thus, preventing the
plant extract from accessing the bacterial cell wall (Bharti, 2013).
Mangifera indica commonly used herb in ayurvedic medicine. All parts are used to treat
abscesses, broken horn, rabid dog or jackal bite, tumor, snakebite, stings, datura poisoning,
heatstroke, miscarriage, anthrax, blisters, wounds in the mouth, tympanitis, colic, diarrhea,
glossitis, indigestion, bacillosis, bloody dysentery, liver disorders, excessive urination, tetanus
and asthma (K. A. Shah, M. B. Patel, et al.,). Various parts of M. Indica tree have been used in
traditional medicine for the treatment of different diseases, and several bioactive phytochemical
constituents of M. Indica have been reported, namely, polyphenols, terpenes, sterols, carotenoids,
vitamins, and amino acids, and so forth. Several studies have proven the pharmacological
potential of different parts of mango trees such as leaves, bark, fruit peel and flesh, roots, and
that can be derived from natural plants similar to the chemical properties of synthetic antibiotics.
The objective of the researcher was to produce acetone from mango leaves as it may be an anti-
typhoid fever against anti-biotic sensitive and MDRS Typhi isolates (Hannan, Asghar, Naeem,
Ikram, Ahmed, Aneela & Hussain, 2013). In addition to the study of Hannan et al. (2013),
mango leaves have various medicinal effects like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, anti-
The mango tree is an evergreen tree of inconsistent size and shape. It has a deep taproot
and prolific surface roots (Litz, 2009), a stout trunk (90 cm in diameter) and an umbrella-shaped
crown that may reach 20-40 m high (Orwa et al., 2009; Litz, 2009). The leaves are unadored,
alternate, borne on 1-12.5 cm long petioles. Leaves are 16-30 cm long x 3-7 cm broad on
flowering branches and up to 50 cm long on sterile branches. Young leaves are orange-red and
turn shiny dark green on the upper surface when they mature. Mango will not stand acidic or
Besides, with the help of mango leaves, it can reinstate saline soils in coastal areas. Finger
millet grown on saline soil treated with mango leaf mulch yielded 20% more than unfiltered
finger millet crops (MSSRF, 1994). The profuse greenery of the mango trees provides shade to
humans and livestock. Mango leaves increase the organic matter content of the soil below the
The current study with the objective of determined such photochemical parameters for
these tiny miniature looking bodies. Photochemical contents, leaf contents, about 6 extracts
(Acetone, Hexane, Methane, Ethyl Acetate, Aqueous extraction) from the Mangifera Indica
where the extracted leave came from. Hexane-ethyl acetate was described as Gas.
Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of different extracts was
examined and subjected to test against human and plant pathogenic bacteria. Hexane-ethyl
acetate extract revealed known roles in inhibiting almost all pathogenic specie. The produce of
the plant was gathered from the village of dahiya (District Rewa m.p). In the year 2013 month of
January. The plant was recognized by the locals; a herbarium specimen of the plant was stored to
maintain its condition in the Department of Environmental Biology in Biotechnology Lab from
APS University Rewa (MP) of the Institute for further observation of sources. The leaves were
separated and dehydrated using shade, powdered through the use of a mechanical grinder,
underwent 40 mesh sieves and are kept in a closed vessel for further use(R Bharti, 2013).
Mangifera Indica made or done in a very simple and basic leaf extracts on some picked
fungal species, namely, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and
Aspergillus niger was carefully thought out using standard methods.to treat with a solvent so as
to remove soluble were fresh cold aqueous (FCAE), Fresh hot aqueous (FHAE) and Fresh
ethanol extract (FEE) while cold distilled water, and 95% were used as controls, respectively.
Inhibition zones to take notice and done with thought and care. All fungal isolates were resistant
in the controls but showed 100% sensitivity in standard (Fluconazole, an antifungal). In the zone
of inhibition, there was a large enough increase, also with increased concentration of the extracts.
The Fresh hot aqueous extracts (FHAE) showed the strongest inhibitory activity with a diameter
and 8.33+0.58mm against A. fumigatus at 40mg/ml (40% of concentration) while FCAE showed
minimal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fresh cold and hot aqueous
extract of M. Indica was 20mg/ml for all the test organisms. The standard antifungal agent
(fluconazole) however showed the highest inhibitory activity for A. niger. Since the cold distilled
water, and 95% ethanol controls did not show any activity on the test organisms, it could be
concluded that the anti-microbial activities shown by both fresh cold and fresh hot aqueous
extracts was due to the effect of the extracts can be used an antifungal agent in the treatment of
infectious diseases implicating the test organism. (Disegha, G.C& Akami, N.P, 2017).
Mangoes or the Mangifera indica belong to the tropical fruit-bearing trees and have 30
different types in their family. The mango belongs to the Anacardiaceae. It is grown in most
areas of the world approximately 3.7 million ha worldwide and is 2nd in production of total in
tropical grown crops. According to Ayurveda, the Mangifera possesses different medicinal
capabilities and each part of the Mangifera indica is connected to treating different kinds of
these recent years in the field of our medicine, we have grown significantly. These drugs are
getting recognized in the developed and underdeveloped countries because of their natural origin
and the less harmful counterpart. Many medicines are taken from medicinal plants, minerals, and
organic matters. The World health organization lists 21,000 plants, which are used in making
different kinds of medicines. In recent years about 30%of the modern pharmacological drugs are
taken from either directly or indirectly from plants. Mango is a fruit them at belongs to the
family of Anacardiaceae, family that is grown in most parts of the world in the order of
Sapindales and is cultivated in most parts of the world, a country where it is common to find
Mangifera indica. It is the national fruit of India and Philippines and the Bangladesh's' national
tree. There are 1000 kinds of mangoes available worldwide. But only some are grown for the
market. Mango is used for exchange in 87 countries. Fruits give off high amounts of vitamins
and other phytochemicals moreover mango helps replenish lost energy, provides dietary fiber,
carbohydrates, proteins, fats and phenolic compounds which are vital to normal human growth,
Tree is medium to large, evergreen with symmetrical, rounded canopy ranging from low
and dense to upright and open. Bark or the skin of Mangifera indica tree is usually dark grey-
and when peeled off, rather than to peel of large pieces of skin. The root and bark can be used as
syphilis, uteritis, wounds, ulcers, and vomiting. The extract of the bark has been marked action
on mucous membrane, in menorrhea, leucorrhoea, bleeding piles, and diarrhea. Leaves used as
astringent, vulnerary and constipation, refrigerant styptic. They are are also handy in handling
some conditions such as cough, hiccup, burning sensation, hemorrhages, hemorrhoids wounds,
dysentery, pharyngoplasty, scorpion string, and stomachopaty. The ash of the disintegrated
leaves are used for the treatment of hot water burns. The smoke from the burned leaves of mango
leaves when inhaled can be the relief of throat diseases. Fruits: Fruits that are bared unripe are
acrid and acidic, antiscorbutic, refrigerant, digestive and carminative. They are useful in
dysentery ophthalmia, eruptions, urethrorrhea, and vaginopathy while fruits that are ripe can be
fridged, tangy and sweet, hemostatic, aphrodisiac, and tonic. They are also applied in conditions
such as yata and pita, anorexia, dyspepsia, cardiopathy, hemoptysis, hemorrhages from uterus,
lungs, and intestines, emaciation and anemia. Stone: The seed kernel can give off high amounts
of protein (8.5%) and gallic acid. It is sweet, acrid, astringent, refrigerant, anthelmintic,
constipating, hemostatic, vulnerary and uterine tonic. It is helpful also in vitiated conditions of
hemorrhoids, ulcers, bruises, leucorrhea, menorrhea, diabetes, heartburn, and vomiting. Nutrient
and phytochemical. The energy given off by every 100g (3.5 oz) is 250 KJ (60 kcal) Mango
possesses a variety of phytochemicals and nutrients. Mango peel and pulp contains different
compounds such as pigment carotenoids and polyphenols, and omega -3 and -6 polyunsaturated
(Sahrawat A et al., (2013) The aqueous and ethanol extract of leaves and stems of mango at
faecalis. The antibacterial capability of its extract can also be derived from salmonella enterica,
using Mangifera indica leaf on methanol, ethanol and benzene extract were studied against
mango extract upon a gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Candida albicans were
also demonstrated and it is thought to have antibacterial because of Gallontanin and Magnifera's
presence Antifungal: The potential of methanol to possess antifungal properties, ethanol, and
aqueous extracts was located against Alternaria alternata at 6.25 mg/mL concentration.
Studies of the present were used to examine the anti-inflammatory and analgesic,
antibacterial and antifungal capabilities of ethanol leaves extract derived from Mangifera Indica
L. In order to conclude, acetic acid-induced writing response model and carrageenan paw model,
a model used for swiss albino rats, respectively. The leaves conducted were given the
comparison with the antibiotic and analgesic available in the market. In the bioassay or test to
measure the concentration of the substance, the oral management of the leaves was 55.8%
greater in comparison to the usual effects of common drugs. Diclofenac sodium (75.88%)
Though the leaves do not help in reducing paw edema, the are no visible effects whatsoever. The
antibacterial and antifungal activity of what is extracted from the leaves of Mangifera indica
carried out through uses of disc diffusion. The test to test the effectiveness of antibiotics on a
Global production of mangoes is concentrated mainly in Asia and more precisely India
that produced 12 MMT per annum. Mangoes are enlightened in 85 countries (FAO STAT,
2007). One of the main tropical fruits is considered as M. Indica L. that is originated from Asia.
The highest mango cultivating country is India and it has been reported that China, India, Brazil,
Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico, Thailand, and the Philippines are widely known for raising mango.
The world’s total production of Asia and oriental countries produced 80%.
Based on the studies conducted and literature cited, it shows that Indian mango
or Mangifera Indica has anti-fungal property, especially the mango shoots where studies showed
Phytochemical
Leaves of Obtaining plant Properties
Mangifera Indica specimen
and other Anti-fungal
equipments Plant extraction property
FEEDBACK
Information, tangible application.
From the researches written in the review of related studies, there have been species of bacteria
that can be killed using the mango leaf ethanolic extract. The present problem evaluates the
efficiency of the leaf extract on its antifungal and antibacterial effect. The researchers also made
a phytochemical screening on the chemical properties of mango leaves which can explain the
presence of antifungal and antibacterial property to make a tangible product which can be used
by the public. To realize all of these, the researchers have undergone series of steps like
Definition of Terms
contains the surfactants, soap and other alcohol-soluble constituents of the detergent
sample.
Candida albicans-
Escherichia coli- is a bacteria that normally live in the intestine, this can cause diarrhea
wild in India and cultivated varieties have been introduced to other warm regions of the
world.
active substance found in plants. Substance examples are flavonoids, antioxidants, and
phenolic compounds.
The pharmacological potential of different parts of mango trees such as leaves, bark, fruit
peel, and flesh, roots, and flowers are essential for using for many types of diseases like anti-
Thus, mango shoot showed that it has components that can use as a treatment of different
This chapter will show the methods and procedures in gathering the data. This chapter
includes the research design, research instruments, and data gathering procedure. It will serve as
Research Design
The type of study is an experimental type of research. The researcher's purpose was to
examine the properties and components of (Mangifera indica) leaf extract using qualitative
analysis. In order to get the antibacterial and antifungal efficiency, the ethanolic extract was
• 1 kilo of Indian Mango leaf was obtained from 5 different trees located in San Fabian, Echague,
Isabela. The leaves collected where the shoot which is located in the axial regions of the plants.
The collected specimen where tested at the DOST center, Tuguegarao City.
The result of the Antibacterial and antifungal screening was interpreted as:
>6…..
Plant Collection
• Fresh leaves of Mangifera indica were collected from San Fabian, Echague, Isabela.
Preparation of Extracts
• Leaves of plant samples were air-dried. These air-dried leaves were ground and pulverized.
95% ethyl alcohol was added until the plant samples were completely submerged. These amber
bottles were covered and set aside and stored at room temperature for 48 hours.
• The plant samples were filtered using a Buchner funnel with gentle suction. Each filtrate was
concentrated in a rotary evaporator until approximately 20% of the filtrate was left. These
extracts were used both for the phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites and
• Ethanolic leaf extracts prepared were analyzed for the presence of alkaloids, glycosides,
• Two bacterial strains namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli and one fungal
• Bacterial and fungal colonies were inoculated using sterile swab cotton.
Plans for Data Analysis
This study is under a descriptive research design, the gathered data will be analyzed
through the use of descriptive statistical method to know its properties/components. This study
aims to determine the percentage and components of the Indian Mango, and its potential to be
served as an anti-fungal. Other materials to be used in conducting the test includes a strainer to
extract. The researchers will be able to understand the properties by accommodating the help of
From the phytochemical screening, three biochemical have been investigated. The table
indicates the presence of flavonoids and tannins but shows no existence of saponins. Flavonoids
are powerful antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and immune system benefits while tannin is
ETHANOLIC EXTRACT
ANTIBACTERIAL ANALYSIS
ZONE IN INHIBITION (mm)
Sample Sample Staphylococcus Escherichia Coli Candida Albicans
1148 extract
NEGATIVE 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
CONTROL:
Distilled Water
Table III
presented result that mango leaves extract exhibited the same value with distilled water. There is
a 6 mm zone of inhibition from the ethanolic extract which means that the extract has no effect in
killing strains of staphylococcus aureus and e-coli bacteria as well as the fungi candida albicans.
It is stated in the zone of inhibition that less than 10mm of it, is considered as an
inactive., 10-13mm is partially inactive, 14-19 is active, and greater than 19 mm is very active.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This study was conducted to determine the phytochemical analysis, antibacterial and
antifungal effect of Mangifera indica ethanolic leaf extract. The study is an experimental type of
research. This study started on November 2019 and was completed on March 2020. This study
answered the following question. 1.) What are the phytochemical properties of Mangifera
indica? 2.) To what extent do these phytochemicals present when measured qualitatively? 3.)
Does ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Escherichia coli bacteria? 4.) Does
ethanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica kills Staphylococcus aureus bacteria? 5.) Does the
Mangifera indica leaves were submerged in ethanol extract with the use of petri dishes, agar
plates, ethanol material for extraction and inoculation. The test was to identify the two bacteria
which is Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and the fungi which is Candida albicans.
Based on the phytochemical screening, two biochemical have been identified which are the
saponin and flavonoid present in moderate amount. When tested with its antimicrobial property,
it showed less than 6 mm zone of inhibition which means that it does not kill the species of E
CONCLUSIONS
Environment and Biology and Biotechnology of A.P.S University Rewa in India. There is an
antibacterial activity of Magnifera indica or mango leaf extract. It was tested against nine
bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Pseumodonas aeroginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, and
Staphylococcus aureus). In antimicrobial activity, the methanol extract showed maximum zone
Meanwhile, based on the presented results, Mango Leaves, (Mangifera indica L.) aqueous
extract exhibited the same value of activeness as the value of activeness of water. The
antibacterial and anti-fungal property of the two liquids are very low. Thus, the said plants’
leaves do not carry both anti-fungal and antibacterial. Thus, the present study disproves the
There is also a moderate amount of flavonoids and saponins based on the phytochemical
screening. Therefore, based on the established function of flavonoids and tannins, mango leaves
RECOMMENDATIONS
The results presented the significant effect of mango leaves (Magnifera indica L.) as
antibacterial and anti-fungal. Based on the study and analysis of the presented result, this paper
The researchers will conduct the same research but with other different parts of Indian
The researchers will conduct the same research about indian mango leaf but use the
Further researches should conduct additional studies that directly evaluate the
On this research topic in other researches which they could compare with the finding of
this research.
Expand the sample size to be experimented and lengthen the time of observation.