B.

6 Design of Forebay

Discharge (Qd) = 57.20 m3/s

Taking 2.5 min detention time for the forebay (2-3mins )

Volume of storage (V) = Q×T

= 57.20×2.5×60

= 8580 m3

Transition zone has horizontal expansion grade of 1:5 and vertical slope 1:4 of length 28 m
at inlet position.

The diameter of the pipe is 3.0 m,

Hence, Ap = π/4×3.02 = 7.06 m2

And there are 3 penstock pipes of similar diameter,

So, velocity of penstock(V)= Q/Ap = 57.20/(3×7.06 ) = 2.7 m/s

For actual depth of forebay,

Minimum submergence should be greater of:

1. Hsub= 0.545×V√𝐷 =0.545×2.7×√3.0 =2.549 m

2. Hsub= (1.5V2 /2g) = (1.5*2.72 /2*9.81) =0.5573m

Adopt minimum submergence 3.0 m

Total depth of forebay(h) = free board + Hsub + diameter of pipe + settling depth

= 1.3m + 3.0m + 3.0m + 1.6m

= 8.9 m

Mean velocity, v = 0.3 m/s (range is 0.2-0.8 m/s)

Width of forebay, = Q/(h*v) = 57.2/(8.9*0.3) = 21.423m

Adopt width(b) = 22m

Length of forebay = Volume/(b*h)

= 8580 / (21.423 * 8.9) = 45 m

Adopt length(l) = 50 m

Check the length of forebay with respect to length of spillway

Let’s take head over the crest (H) =0.8m

Q=C×L×H3/2 (Source:Baral, Sanjeeb:Fundamentals of Hydropower Engineering)

or, 57.20 =1.7 ×L

spillway ×0.83/2

Lspillway = 47.023 m < 50m

Hence, the obtained value is ok.

Check for depth,

For Draw-down or drowning depth

L∗Ap 0.5
Hdrawdown = v*( ¿
g∗Af

L= approxiamate length of penstock = 80m

Ap = sectional area of forebay = b*h = 22m*8.9m = 196.8m2

Af= surface area of forebay = l*b = 50m*22m = 1100m2

v = velocity in forebay = 0.3m/s

Down surge depth (Hdrawdown) = 0.3* ((80∗195.8)/(9.81∗1100)¿ 0.5

= 0.36m

Hdrawdown < Hstorage

So additional depth not required

 Vortex free criteria,

(𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑏/𝑑) > 0.5 + 0.4 𝐹𝑟

Here,
v
Fr =
√ gD
2.7
= = 0.498
√ 9.81∗3.0

Hsub
> 0.5+0.4*0.498 = 0.6991
D

Hsub
( )required = 0.6991
D

Hsub
( )calculated = 3 / 3 = 1
D

Hsub Hsub
( )calculated > ( )required (Hence, Ok)
D D

Hence the dimension of forebay = l*b*h = 50m *22m*8.9m

Air vent in penstock after the penstock intake

F
d2 = Q*
√ E
¿¿ (Source:Baral, Sanjeeb:

Fundamentals of Hydropower Engineering)

Where, d= diameter of the air vent

Q= discharge or max flow of air vent in l/s=57200 l/s

F=10 for exposed pipe

teff=thickness of penstock =12 mm

E = young’s modulus of elasticity = 2.2 * 105 N/mm2

10
d2 = 57200*
√ 2.2∗105
¿¿

d = 1234.66mm = 1.2346m
Adopt d=1.25m as the diameter of air vent

Spillway for the forebay

Discharge through ogee shape spillway

1.5 eqn 1.
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 × 𝐿𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒

effective length of spillway:

𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 − 2 × (𝑁 × 𝐾𝑝 + 𝐾𝑎) × 𝐻𝑒3/2 eqn 2.

Where CD=coefficient of discharge

Le= effective length of spillway

He=effective head over crest

L=length of spillway=48 m; P= height of spillway = 10.0m(let)

He=ho+ht

Where ho=head over the crest of spillway

v2
ht=velocity head=
2g

firstly we determine ho

from eqn 2:[He=ho, in this case]

substituting L=48m; N=no. of piers=4[assuming length of single span to be about 10m]

Kp=Pier contraction coefficient=0.01

Ka=abutment contraction coefficient=0.01

 h0= ?

Le=48-2*(4*0.01+0.01)ho

So from eqn 2: :[He=ho, in this case]

57.20=2.2[48-2*(4*0.01+0.01)h0]ho1.5

Or, 57.20=2.2[48-0.1ho]ho1.5

By trial and error to find the value of ho,

He=ho=0.6651m

P 10
so for Cd=2.2; = =15.0353
H e 0.6651

for P/He = 15.0353; Cd=2.15 from above graph

again for Cd=2.15 from above eqn

57.20=2.15[48-0.2*ho]ho1.5

By trial and error method

He=ho=0.675m

P 10
so for Cd=2.15; = =14.806
H e 0.675

for P/He = 14.806; Cd=2.15 from above graph, which matches the assumed value of Cd

therefore, ho=0.675m=0.7m

Q 57.20
now, approach velocity, v= = = 0.1116 m/s
L(P+ ho ) 48(10+ 0.7)

v 2 0.11162
velocity head(ht)= = =0.000635m[negligible compared to ho]
2 g 2∗9.81
hence He=ho=0.7m

so effective length of spillway Le=48-2*(4*0.01+0.01)*0.7

= 47.93m

Similarly, Qactual=2.15*47.93*0.73/2

=60.352 m3/s >57.20m3/s(OK)

Profile of spillway

d/s profile

X21.85=K2*He0.85*Y2

K2=2.0 ; He=0.7m

X 21.85 2
Y2= …(1)
1.48

To determine the tangent point, taking d/s slope of spillway as 0.75H:1V

dY 2 1
So = …(2)
dX 2 0.75

Differentiating eqn (1) wrt X2, we get

dY 2 1.85∗X 20.85
= = 1.25*X20.85
dX 2 1.48

On comparing with eqn(2), we get

1.25X20.85 = (1/0.75)
 X2=1.079m; Y2=0.7775m

X X2 Y2
0 0
0.1 -0.00954
0.2 -0.03441
0.3 -0.07285
0.4 -0.12404
0.5 -0.18743
0.6 -0.26261
0.7 -0.34928
0.8 -0.44715
0.9 -0.55602
1 -0.67568
1.079 -0.77773
1.1 -0.80596
1.2 -0.94672

u/s profile

0.724 ( X 1 +0.27∗H e )1.85

Y1 = + 0.126 He - 0.4315(He)0.375 (X1+0.27He)0.625
H e0.85

Substituting He=0.7m

Y1 = 0.9804(X1+0.189)1.85 + 0.0882 - 0.377(X1+0.189)0.625

X1 upto 0.27He=0.27*0.7=0.189m

X1 Y1
0 0
-0.04 -0.00245
-0.08 -0.01009
-0.12 -0.02427
-0.16 -0.04836
-0.189 -0.0882
 Profile of Forebay Spillway

0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1

Trash rack in forebay

From IS 11388:2012

Velocity through trash rack = 0.75 m/s

Design discharge Qd = 57.20 m3/s

Trash rack opening (a) = 100mm

Thickness of bar (t) = 30mm

Shape factor (K) = 2.42 (rectangular bar)

The trash rack at forebay should be placed at a slope of 1:3 both for efficient hydraulic
performance and ease of cleaning

Angle of inclination with horizontal =90o-tan-1(1/3) = 71.5°

Submergence depth of trash rack = 4.0m

For width of 22m, provide 3 compartments each of 7m, so width = 7 × 3= 21m

Gross submerged area of trash rack = 21×4

sin71.5o
 = 88.577 m2

% opening of trash rack = a / (a + t) = 76.923 %

Effective opening of trash rack = 76.923 % of 88.577m2 = 68.136m2

Qa 57.20
Approach velocity(v) = = = 0.84m/s [range 0.6-1.5m/s]{OK}
A eff A eff 68.136
Again
Head loss through trash rack(ht) = k¿ sinα

30 4 /3 0.84 2
=2.42*( ) *sin(71.5)
100 2∗9.81

=0.0166m

Again ht is multiplied by a factor (1.75-2) to take care of bracing and frame

Therefore, ht = 0.0166*2 = 0.033m