Textile Waste Water Management: Course: Introduction To General Chemistry Course Code: CHE 101

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NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS


DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND
MICROBIOLOGY

Course: Introduction to General Chemistry


Course Code: CHE 101

Assignment about

TEXTILE WASTE WATER


MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Wastewater refers to all effluent from household, commercial establishments and institutions,
hospitals, industries and so on. And apart from that Textile wastewater contains a various type
of dyes and chemical that make the environmental hazardous for textile industry not only as
liquid waste but also in its chemical composition. Most of the pollutants in textile waste waters
from textile industry are high suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, heat, color, acidity,
and other soluble substances. Materials which need to be eliminated from textile wastewater are
mainly COD, BOD, nitrogen, heavy metals and dyestuffs or colorants.

To remove textile wastewater many precautions taken to get rid of from serious
environmental pollution. Many methods have been used such as biological, physical and
chemical treatment of dye containing wastewater. Among these biological and chemical
treatment processes are frequently used to treat textile effluents. The measures taken for
removing the textile wastewater is called textile waste water management or effluent treatment
plants (ETP). These methods are used for purifying water and remove any toxic and non-toxic
materials or chemicals from it. These methods are used by all companies for environment
protection. The treatment of effluents is essential to prevent pollution of the receiving water. The
effluent water treatment plants are installed to reduce the possibility of pollution; biodegradable
organics if left unsolved, the levels of contamination in the process of purification could damage
bacterial treatment beds and lead to pollution of controlled waters. The ETPs can be established
in the industrial sectors like Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals and Leather industry and tanneries.

DIFFERENT METHODS
Biological and Chemical methods will be discussed in this section.

1. BIOLOGICAL METHOD: Biological Treatment Plant that is an important and integral


part of any wastewater treatment plant that treats wastewater from either municipality or
industry having soluble organic impurities or a mix of the two types of wastewater sources.
The obvious economic advantage, both in terms of capital investment and operating costs, of
biological treatment over other treatment processes like chemical oxidation; thermal
oxidation etc. has cemented its place in any integrated wastewater treatment plant. Based on
the process, biological treatment of waste water methods are majorly classified into two types
and are as follows:
I. BIOLOGICAL AEROBIC TREATMENT: Aerobic wastewater treatment is a
biological process that takes place in the presence of oxygen. It is the rapid and the
most efficient biological waste treatment which remove up to 98% of organic
contaminants. This process causes effective breakdown of organic pollutants and
yields a cleaner water effluent than anaerobic treatment. Aerobic biological treatment
processes include many processes such as activated sludge process, trickling filter,
aerated lagoons and oxidation ponds etc. Activated sludge process is the most widely
used process for domestic and industrial wastewater. Aerobic biological treatment
will remain efficient and stable in all conditions.

II. BIOLOGICAL ANAEROBIC TREATMENT: This treatment process is


effectively utilized to treat high strength waste water and it employs organisms that
function in the absence of oxygen and it will typically treat high-strength waste water
to a level that will permit discharge to a municipal sewer system. Here, the amount of
sludge produced is very small when we compared to aerobic treatment. Anaerobic
treatment is a slow process and it occurs in many different stages. Anaerobic
digestion is biological process which is used in wastewater treatment plants for sludge
degradation and stabilization. Once the process is completed, the wastewater can
undergo many additional treatments. This process is accepted because it is able to
stabilize the water with little biomass production. Biogas is produced as the bacteria
feed off the biodegradable material in the anaerobic process. Overall, the process
converts about 40% to 60% of the organic solids to methane (CH4) and carbon
dioxide (CO2).

The following terms are the most used in biological treatment processes:

1. DO: Dissolved Oxygen (mg L-1)

2. BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg L-1)

3. BOD5: BOD (mg L-1), incubation at 15°C for 5 days


4. COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg L-1)

5. CBOD: Carbonaceous BOD (mg L-1)

6. NBOD: Nitrogenous (mg L-1)

7. SOD: Sediment Oxygen Demand (mg L-1)

8. TBOD: Total BOD (mg L-1)

Finally, the type of biological treatments selected whether aerobic or anaerobic depends on a
many range of factors.

2. CHEMICAL METHOD: Chemicals are used during wastewater treatment in an array of


processes to expedite disinfection. These chemical processes, which induce chemical
reactions, are called chemical unit processes, and are used alongside biological and physical
cleaning chemical neutralization and stabilization, which can be applied to wastewater during
cleaning. Its purpose is to remove of floating and settleable materials such as suspended
solids and organic matter.

 CHEMICAL UNIT PROCESSES:


 Chemical unit processes are always used with physical operations and may also be
used with biological treatment processes.
 Chemical processes used the addition of chemicals to the wastewater to bring about
changes in its quality.
 Example: pH control, coagulation, chemical precipitation and oxidation

 pH CONTROL:
 To adjust the pH in the treatment process to make wastewater pH neutral.
 For acidic wastes (low pH): NaOH, N a c o3, c a c o3or C a ( OH )2
2

 For alkali wastes (high pH): H 2 s o 4 , HCL

 CHEMICAL COAGULATION: Coagulation refers to collecting the minute solid


particles dispersed in a liquid into a larger mass.
Chemical coagulants like Al2(SO4)3{also called alum} or Fe2(SO4)3are added to
wastewater to improve the attraction among fine particles so that they come together and
form larger particles called flocs.

 CHEMICAL FLOCCULATION: A chemical flocculent (usually a polyelectrolyte)


enhances the flocculation process by bringing together particles to form larger flocs,
which settle out more quickly. Flocculation is aided by gentle mixing which causes the
particles to collide.

COMPRARATIVE DISCUSSION OF
FOLLOWING METHODS

The methods of choice are largely dependent upon the pollutants that need to be removed. As
mentioned above, each of these methods only removes certain pollutants efficiently, so you’re
often required to use one method or the other.

Although treatment methods can vary, in biological wastewater treatment, the standard
process includes:

 Pretreatment to remove particulates or insoluble solids;


 Biological treatment, which is typically aerated but could also be anoxic (treatment
methods could be anaerobic where you’re fermenting down to methane, CO2, and
biogas), but 95% of biological wastewater treatment is aerobic. Biological wastewater
treatment uses technologies like moving bed bioreactors, fixed bed bioreactors,
membrane bioreactors, biological trickling filters, rotating biological contactors,
sequencing batch contactor, etc. In the biological world, you have the whole microbial
kingdom to draw upon to accomplish your treatment objectives;
 Posttreatment to clarify out bacterial solids to further purify the water.

On the other end, chemical wastewater treatment standard processes typically include:
 Precipitation of the metals
 Coagulation and flocculation; after all the larger objects settle out, various chemicals
are added to a reaction tank to remove the bulk suspended solids and other various
contaminants. This process takes out all the finer particles in the water by combining
them into heavier particles that settle out. The most widely used coagulates are
aluminum-based such as alum and polyaluminum chloride. Sometimes a slight pH
adjustment will help coagulate the particles, as well.
 ion exchange, which is common for drinking water applications or any other applications
that require high-quality water (like recycling the water for use in other processes or
making steam)    
 Disinfection, where chemicals like chlorine remove any kind of bacteria that may be in
the wastewater that needs to be disinfected before it’s discharged

To know which method is best for a particular problem, you have to consult your water
treatment specialist to ensure the technologies your facility pursues are the right fit for your
process and needs. For example, a gold mine in remote areas that doesn’t have access to the
proper utilities might not be able to use biological treatment, and chemical may be preferred in
that case. Biological systems, in general, may require pumps and aeration or steam, which would
all use considerably more electricity than with chemistry, where you may not need as much
steam to keep things in the right balance.

CONCLUSION

The proposed methods are extremely effective in terms of removing the possibility of pollution;
biodegradable organics if left unsolved, the levels of contamination in the process of purification
could damage bacterial treatment beds and lead to pollution of controlled waters. Among
biological and chemical waste water treatment, particular place needs specific methods to get rid
of from those pollutions and contaminations. The textile industry will continue to choose and
utilize advanced innovative water treatment solutions not only to reduce their operating costs, but
to reduce their water footprint and decrease the ecological impact from their wastewater
discharge and solids sludge generation on the surrounding ecosystem. Wastewater treatment
process optimization will continue to be a key focal point for textile industry companies as the
costs of wastewater disposal and fresh water consumption continues to escalate due to issues
involving water scarcity. It must be said that the advanced oxidation processes or even the hybrid
methods may not be useful in degrading large quantum of the effluent with economic efficiency
and hence it is advisable to use these methods for reducing the toxicity of the pollutant stream to
a certain level beyond which biological oxidation can take care of the complete mineralization of
the biodegradable products.

REFERENCE
1. Cuiping B, Xianfeng X, Wenqi G, Dexin F, Mo X, Zhongxue G,and Nian
X.2011.Removal of rhodamine B by ozone-based advanced oxidation
process.Desalination.274:84-90.
2. Khamparia S,and Jaspal D.2017.Adsorption in combination with ozonation for the
treatment of textile waste water: a critical review Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 11:1-18.
3. Lin, S. D. (2007). Water and Wastewater Calculations Manual (2nd Edition), McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc., ISBN 0-07-154266-3, New York, USA.
4. Samer M. (2015). GHG Emission from Livestock Manure and its Mitigation Strategies,
In: Climate Change Impact on Livestock: Adaptation and Mitigation, V. Sejian, J.
Gaughan, L. Baumgard & C. Prasad (Eds.), In Press, Springer International, ISBN 978-
81-322-2264-4, Germany.
5. Babu BR, Parande AK, Raghu S, Kumar TP (2007) Textile technology-cotton textile
processing: waste generation and effluent treatment. J Cotton Sci 11:141–153

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