Basic Tools of Microwave Engineering

Solution of Assignment-3: Problem Solving on Equivalent Voltage and Current in

Waveguide and on Scattering Parameters
HW 1: Find the equivalent voltage and current for T E10 mode fields in a rectangular waveguide.

Equations of wave traveling towards forward z direction in T E10 mode are given as
jωµa πx −jβ10 z
Ey+ = A10 sin e (1)
π a
−jβ10 a πx −jβ10 z
Hx+ = A10 sin e (2)
π a
where, β10 is the propagation constant in the mode of propagation and represented as
r
π
β10 = µǫω 2 − ( )2
a

Therefore, the Equations Eq.(1) and Eq.(2) can be rewritten as,

πx −jβ10 z
Ey+ = A+
1 sin e (3)
a
πx −jβ10 z
Hx+ = B1+ sin e (4)
a
V+ I+
Let us define, A+ +
1 = C1 and B1 = C2 . So, the equivalent voltage wave, V (z) and current wave,
1 1

I(z) in the waveguide are defined as:

V (z) = V1+ e−jβz + V1− ejβz (5)

I(z) = I1+ e−jβz − I1− ejβz (6)

Now, we can write the equation of complex power flow for the incident wave as,
1 + + ∗ πx πx
ZZ
+
P = A1 (B1 ) sin sin (ây × âx ) · âz dS (7)
2 a a
S
1
= V1+ (I1+ )∗
2
Therefore,
Z bZ a
+ ∗ πx
A+
1 (B1 ) − sin2 dxdy = V1+ (I1+ )∗ (8)
0 0 a
as,
a
V1+ (I1+ )∗ b 2πx
Z
[cos dx − 1] = V1+ (I1+ )∗ (9)
C1 C2∗ 2 0 a
Therefore, from Eq.(9) we get that,
−ab
C1 C2 = (10)
2
V1+ A+1 C1
Also we know that, Z010 = I1+
= 1 as, B1+ C2
=1
A+
So, we have 1
B1+
= −ZT E 10 . Hence by using the above relations, we can write

C1 −1 −1
= = q (11)
C2 ZT E10 π
η/ 1 − ( aω√ 2
µǫ )

q
abZT E10
q
ab
By, solving Eq.(10) and Eq.(11) we get, C1 = 2ZT E10 and C2 = 2

2
Now, replacing the values of C1 and C2 in Eq.(5) and Eq.(6) we can determine the equivalent
voltage and current in the waveguide.
Therefore, s
ab
V (z) = A+1 [e−jβz + ejβz ] (12)
2ZT E10
r
abZT E10 −jβz
I(z) = B1+
[e + ejβz ] (13)
2
HW 2: A four port network has the scattering matrix shown below:

0.1786 90o 0.66 45o 0.46 45o

 
0
 0.66 45o 0 0 0.36 −45o 
[S] = 
 0.46 45o

0 0 0.56 −45o 
0 0.36 −45o 0.56 −45o 0

a). Is this network lossless?

b). Is this network reciprocal?

c). What is the return loss at port-1 when all other ports are match terminated?

d). What are the insertion loss and phase delay between the ports 2 and 4 when all other ports are
match terminated?

e). What is the reflection coefficient seen at port-1 if port 3 is shorted and all other ports are match
terminated?

a). A network will said to be a lossless if the unitary property of the scattering matrix gets satisfied.
Therefore by applying the unitary property in first column, we get,

(0.178)2 + (0.6)2 + (0.4)2 = 0.55

As, the unitary property is not satisfied, hence the network is lossy.

b). A network will said to be a reciprocal network if the scattering matrix of the network is sym-
metric. Therefore,

0.1786 90o 0.66 45o 0.46 45o

 
0
 0.66 45o 0 0 0.36 −45o 
[S]T =  o
 = [S]
 0.46 45 0 0 0.56 −45o 
0 o
0.3 −45 0.5 −45
6 6 o 0

Thus, the network is symmetric.

c). When all the ports other than port-1 are match terminated, then no reflection will come from
the other ports. Therefore, the reflection coefficient at port-1 under this condition will be,
Γ = S11 = 0.1786 90o . Hence,
RL = −20log|Γ| = 15dB

d). The generic relation between reflected voltage and incident voltage can be written as:
 −    +
V1 0.1786 90o 0.66 45o 0.46 45o 0 V1
V −   0.66 45o 0 0 0.3 −45  V2+ 
6 o  
 2−  = 
0.56 −45o  V3+ 

V   0.46 45o 0 0
3
V4− 0 0.36 −45o 0.56 −45o 0 V4+

3
 Now, when port-1 and port-3 are matched, then V1+ = V3+ = 0. Hence, expanding the matrix
relation we get the following set of equations.

V1− = 0.66 45o V2+

V2− = 0.36 −45o V4+
V3− = 0.56 −45o V4+
V4− = 0.36 −45o V2+

V2−
Therefore, the reflection coefficient between port-2 and port-4 is Γ24 = V4+
= 0.36 −45o . Hence
the insertion loss can be calculated as: −20log|0.36 −45o | = 10.5 dB and the phase delay is
−45o

e). When, port-3 is short circuited, then V3− = −V3+ . It is also mentioned that the port-2 and
port-4 are matched. Hence, V4+ = V2+ = 0.
So, from the matrix equation, V1− = 0.1786 90o V1+ + 0.46 45o V3+ and V3− = 0.46 90o V1+ .
Now substituting the value of V3− by −V3+ we get,

V1− = 0.1786 90o V1+ − (0.46 45o × 0.46 45o )V1+ (14)
V1−
= 0.0186 90o
V1+

Therefore the reflection coefficient in port-1 under this condition, is 0.0186 90o

HW 3:Determine the scattering matrix of the network given below

The network given above can be viewed as interconnection of three independent networks in cascade.
The cascaded network is given below.

Hence, we can determine the ABCD parameters of the individual networks. So, for the first
and third network, the ABCD parameters can be calculated as:
 
cos βl jZ0 sin βl
[ABCD]A = [ABCD]C = (15)
j Z10 sin βl cos βl
Where, it is assumed that the transmission lines in network A and network B are having length l
and phase constant β.

4
 Similarly, the ABCD parameter of network B can be determined as:
 
1 Z
[ABCD]B = (16)
0 1
Therefore, the overall [ABCD] parameters of the cascaded network is
   
cos βl jZ0 sin βl 1 Z cos βl jZ0 sin βl
[ABCD] =
j Z10 sin βl cos βl 0 1 j Z10 sin βl cos βl

cos βl Z cos βl + jZ0 sin βl

  
cos βl jZ0 sin βl
= j
Z0 sin βl cos βl + jZ
Z0 sin βl
j Z10 sin βl cos βl

jZ
" #
cos 2βl + 2Z sin 2βl jZ0 sin 2βl + Z cos2 βl
= 0
j Z10 sin 2βl − ZZ2 sin2 βl cos 2βl + jZ
Z0 cos βl sin βl
0

Therefore, the [ABCD] matrix can be directly converted to its corresponding [S] matrix. Assuming
the characteristic impedance as Z0 the [S] matrix is determined as:
 −j2βl 
Ze 2Z0 e
−j2βl
Z+2Z0 Z+2Z0
[S] =  (17)
 

2Z0 e−j2βl Ze−j2βl
Z+2Z0 Z+2Z0

HW 4: Determine the scattering matrix of the resistive pi network shown below

As, the network given above is a π-Network, therefore, the [Y] matrix of the network can be easily
determined. The [Y] of the network is
 2 1

174 − 174
[Y ] = 1 2 (18)
− 174 174

The [Z] matrix of the above network can be calculated by determining the [Y]−1 :
 
116 58
Z= (19)
58 116

Now, the [S] matrix of the corresponding network can be easily determined from the [Z] matrix by
using the formula given below.
[S] = [Z − U ]−1 [Z + U ]
Where [U] represents the unitary matrix.
 −1    
117 58 116 58 0.98 0.01
Therefore, [S] = =
58 117 58 116 0.01 0.98